KIT – The Research University in the Helmholtz Association

INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE RESEARCH, ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES AND REMOTE SENSING

www.kit.edu

Tropopause-following analysis of water vapour and ΔD for the monsoon systems and the tropics

Gabriele Stiller, Norbert Glatthor, Stefan Lossow, and the MIPAS team at KIT

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 2 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017

Motivation / open questions How is water vapour transported into the stratosphere?   In particular: What role plays overshooting of convection?   Are there systematic differences in relevance or frequency for monsoon

systems and tropics, respectively?   Tropopause altitude varies

considerably, on altitude, pressure and potential temperature levels

Therefore: analysis directly on tropopause surfaces   Data base: MIPAS

observations of tem- perature, water vapour and HDO for 2002 to 2012

5 June 2017 Pan et al., 2016

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 3 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017

Motivation / open questions How is water vapour transported into the stratosphere?   In particular: What role plays overshooting of convection?   Are there systematic differences in relevance or frequency for monsoon

systems and tropics, respectively?   Tropopause altitude varies

considerably, on altitude, pressure and potential temperature levels

Therefore: analysis directly on tropopause surfaces   Data base: MIPAS

observations of tem- perature, water vapour and HDO for 2002 to 2012

5 June 2017 Pan et al., 2016

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 4

Processes leading to depletion and enrichment of heavy water (ΔD)

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 5

H2O, HDO and ΔD at 16 km altitude, JA 2003

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

H2O HDO ΔD @16 km

AMA NAM

S-TRO

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 6

LR Tropopause altitudes from MIPAS

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

Tp-height

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

15

25

35

45La

titud

e / d

egkm

10

12

14

16

AMA Tp-height

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

152025303540

Latit

ude

/ deg

km

10

12

14

16

NAM Tp-height

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

-30-25-20-15-10

Latit

ude

/ deg

km

10

12

14

16

S-TRO

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 7

TP temperatures

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

Temp at Tp+0 km

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

15.022.530.037.545.0

Latit

ude

/ deg

K

185190195200205210215

Temp at Tp+0 km

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

152025303540

Latit

ude

/ deg

K

185190195200205210215

Temp at Tp+0 km

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

-30-25-20-15-10

Latit

ude

/ deg

K

185190195200205210215

AMA

NAM

S-TRO

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 8

General behavior of TP

  Altitude: §  S-TRO: TP highest during SH Summer (16-17 km), lowest around July

(< 16 km) §  AMA: highest TP on absolute scale, 17-18 km; highest and the most

North around 15 July §  NAM: lower than AMA (~15 km), phase and extension as AMA

  Temperature: §  S-TRO: T lowest during SH summer (<190 K), highest around July (~

200K); è lowest WV above TP in SH summer; lowest WV absolute §  AMA: coldest and furthest North around July, T ~ 195 K; strong

temperature contrast and meridional gradient between monsoon and extra-tropics; è low WV during monsoon season, but higher than tropics

§  NAM: less cold than AMA (~200 – 205 K), less strong meridional gradient; è highest WV of all three regions expected

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 9

H2O, Tp+0 km

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

152025303540

Latit

ude

/ deg

ppmv

0

5

10

15

H2O for AMA, NAM and S-TROP at TP

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

H2O, Tp+0 km

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

1525

3545

Latit

ude

/ deg

ppmv

0

5

10

15

AMA

NAM

S-TROP

H2O, Tp+0 km

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

-30-25-20-15-10

Latit

ude

/ deg

ppmv

0

5

10

15

S-TRO

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 10 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

@ 16 km

TP-2km

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 11 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 12 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 13 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 14 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

Pattern of low water vapor on TP surface seems to be linked to West Pacific low CPT region and not to the monsoon region

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 15 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 16 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

Low water vapour comes along with reduced D depletion, in particular over Bay of Bengal and over the Caribbean

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 17

AMA, H2O, delta D, TP-2, TP, TP +2

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

H2O, Tp-2 km

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

1525

3545

Latit

ude / d

eg

ppmv

0

5

10

15

H2O, Tp+0 km

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

1525

3545

Latitu

de / d

eg

ppmv

0

5

10

15

delta D, Tp+0 km

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

15

25

35

45

Latitu

de / d

eg

per mil

-1000

-800

-600

-400

delta D, Tp+2 km

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

15

25

35

45

La

titu

de

/ d

eg

per mil

-1000

-800

-600

-400

H2O, Tp+2 km

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

1525

3545

Latit

ude / d

eg

ppmv

02468

delta D, Tp-2 km

Jan2003

Jan2004

Jan2005

Jan2006

Jan2007

Jan2008

Jan2009

Jan2010

Jan2011

Jan2012

-30-25-20-15-10

Latitu

de / d

eg

per mil

-1000

-800

-600

-400

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 18 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 19

Summary so far

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

AMA NAM

S-TRO

q  Low water vapor just below and at monsoon tropopause q  Pattern of low water vapor on TP surface seems to be linked to West

Pacific low CPT region and not to the monsoon region q  Low water vapour comes along with reduced D depletion, in particular over

Bay of Bengal and over the Caribbean q  ΔD enhancements over Bay of Bengal and Caribbean seem not to travel

further North in the central monsoon areas q  ΔD enhancements over Bay of Bengal and Caribbean seem to be unique

features; no similar features exist in the SH during DJF => monsoon related

q  Compare to convection areas over land:

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 20

Seasonal averages over selected regions

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

-800 -600 -400 -200 0delta D / per mil

-4

-2

0

2

4

Alti

tude

wrt

Tp

/ km

ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130E

NAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160W

south. hem., JJA, 10-30S

south Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80W

Africa, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40E

IND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W

1 10 100H2O / ppmv

-4

-2

0

2

4

Alti

tude

wrt

Tp

/ km

ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130E

NAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160W

south. hem., JJA, 10-30S

south Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80W

Africa, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40E

IND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W

-800 -600 -400 -200 0delta D / per mil

100

10

1

H2O

/ p

pmv

ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130ENAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160Wsouth. hem., JJA, 10-30Ssouth. Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80WAfrica, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40EIND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 21

Seasonal averages over selected regions

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

-800 -600 -400 -200 0delta D / per mil

-4

-2

0

2

4

Alti

tude

wrt

Tp

/ km

ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130E

NAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160W

south. hem., JJA, 10-30S

south Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80W

Africa, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40E

IND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W

1 10 100H2O / ppmv

-4

-2

0

2

4

Alti

tude

wrt

Tp

/ km

ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130E

NAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160W

south. hem., JJA, 10-30S

south Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80W

Africa, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40E

IND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W

-800 -600 -400 -200 0delta D / per mil

100

10

1

H2O

/ p

pmv

ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130ENAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160Wsouth. hem., JJA, 10-30Ssouth. Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80WAfrica, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40EIND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 22

Seasonal averages over selected regions

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

-800 -600 -400 -200 0delta D / per mil

-4

-2

0

2

4

Alti

tude

wrt

Tp

/ km

ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130E

NAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160W

south. hem., JJA, 10-30S

south Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80W

Africa, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40E

IND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W

1 10 100H2O / ppmv

-4

-2

0

2

4

Alti

tude

wrt

Tp

/ km

ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130E

NAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160W

south. hem., JJA, 10-30S

south Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80W

Africa, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40E

IND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W

-800 -600 -400 -200 0delta D / per mil

100

10

1

H2O

/ p

pmv

ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130ENAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160Wsouth. hem., JJA, 10-30Ssouth. Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80WAfrica, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40EIND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W

Randel et al., 2011

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 23

Preliminary conclusions and further work   In contrast to analyses on pressure/altitude/Tpot levels the tropopause-following

analysis demonstrates that water vapor (WV) minima are located below and at the monsoon tropopauses

  Above the tropopause WV is slightly (~ 0.5 ppmv) increased above the monsoon systems, compared to the rest of the tropics

  The Asian monsoon WV minimum is directly connected to that over the West Pacific/maritime continent

  ΔD helps to understand the phase transition processes during water WV uplift into the stratosphere

  The monsoon regions have about the same ΔD depletion as other convective regions over land, but are less depleted than the SH inner tropics, and H2O is higher

  Both findings hint towards uplift and deposition of ice in the TP region (± 2km) to play a more dominating role than in the SH inner tropics

  Convective processes over the Bay of Bengal and the Caribbean produce clearly enhanced ΔD values hinting towards strong ice lofting processes

  Future work: refine analysis using also radio occultation temperature data, studying the intra-seasonal variation, and resolving this mystery:

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 24

Preliminary conclusions and further work   In contrast to analyses on pressure/altitude/Tpot levels the tropopause-following

analysis demonstrates that water vapor (WV) minima are located below and at the monsoon tropopauses

  Above the tropopause WV is slightly (~ 0.5 ppmv) increased above the monsoon systems, compared to the rest of the tropics

  The Asian monsoon WV minimum is directly connected to that over the West Pacific/maritime continent

  ΔD helps to understand the phase transition processes during water WV uplift into the stratosphere

  The monsoon regions have about the same ΔD depletion as other convective regions over land, but are less depleted than the SH inner tropics, and H2O is higher

  Both findings hint towards uplift and deposition of ice in the TP region (± 2km) to play a more dominating role than in the SH inner tropics

  Convective processes over the Bay of Bengal and the Caribbean produce clearly enhanced ΔD values hinting towards strong ice lofting processes

  Future work: refine analysis using also radio occultation temperature data, studying the intra-seasonal variation, and resolving this mystery:

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

-800 -700 -600 -500 -400 -300delta D / per mil

10

H2O

/ p

pmv

ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130ENAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160Wsouth. hem., JJA, 10-30Ssouth. Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80WAfrica, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40EIND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W

Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 25

Preliminary conclusions and further work   In contrast to analyses on pressure/altitude/Tpot levels the tropopause-following

analysis demonstrates that water vapor (WV) minima are located below and at the monsoon tropopauses

  Above the tropopause WV is slightly (~ 0.5 ppmv) increased above the monsoon systems, compared to the rest of the tropics

  The Asian monsoon WV minimum is directly connected to that over the West Pacific/maritime continent

  ΔD helps to understand the phase transition processes during water WV uplift into the stratosphere

  The monsoon regions have about the same ΔD depletion as other convective regions over land, but are less depleted than the SH inner tropics, and H2O is higher

  Both findings hint towards uplift and deposition of ice in the TP region (± 2km) to play a more dominating role than in the SH inner tropics

  Convective processes over the Bay of Bengal and the Caribbean produce clearly enhanced ΔD values hinting towards strong ice lofting processes

  Future work: refine analysis using also radio occultation temperature data, studying the intra-seasonal variation, and resolving this mystery:

3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017

-800 -700 -600 -500 -400 -300delta D / per mil

10

H2O

/ p

pmv

ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130ENAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160Wsouth. hem., JJA, 10-30Ssouth. Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80WAfrica, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40EIND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W

Thank you!