To continue…. We can speak of “Organic Chemistry” And “Inorganic Chemistry”

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Transcript of To continue…. We can speak of “Organic Chemistry” And “Inorganic Chemistry”

To continue…

We can speak of “Organic Chemistry”

And

“Inorganic Chemistry”

What’s this kind of chemistry?

H2 + 1/2O2 = H2O ΔG -58 kcal/mole

This is an INORGANIC chemical reaction. Why?

Not based on the chemistry of CARBON

Me, ME, ME!

Organic chemistryis the chemistry

of

Carbon Molecules

Let’s pause for a moment…

What’s the “Delta G” partof a chemical reaction?a. it’s the atomic weightb. it’s how much energy is madec. it’s the strength of the bondsd. it’s the energy input/release

What’s the “Delta G” partof a chemical reaction?a. it’s the atomic weightb. it’s how much energy is madec. it’s the strength of the bondsd. it’s the energy input/release

Recall:A Chemical Reaction involves the

Making or Breaking of bonds, which are

Electron Relations between atoms

And when we look at living systems,from atom to organism,

we can view it in terms ofLevels of Structure

Carbon molecules doing living things!

Organic molecules doing living things!

I’m EXTREMELY organic!

CARBON, Hooray!

That was a fairly simpleorganic molecule. Let’s look at one a bit more

complex, and let me saya few words about it.

Oops! Maybe too complex?

Not really—it illustrates several points we’ll need.

What should interest usare the various classes of

Organic Molecules

most common in Living Systems

The Classes of Organic Molecules

are:Carbohydrates

ProteinsLipids

Nucleic Acids(mostly)

And how do we build the thousands of

different organic molecules that we find in any living system?

I call it “building the Chemical Cathedral”

But METABOLISM consists ofTWO parts:

ANABOLISM—the “building up”of large molecules from

smaller ones.But also there is

CATABOLISM, the breakdown of larger moleculesinto smaller ones.

The breakdown process…

Hydrolysis is DOWNHILL towards

less structure, and theUniverse favors processes like this

over those in the direction of more structure

Let’s begin to lookat building up and breaking down

in relation toone of our classes of Organic Molecules,CARBOHYDRATES

The Basic Carbohydrate(for our purposes)

Is a hexose,A monosaccharide,A simple sugar…

GLUCOSE

But subtle differences in structure(ISOMERS)can producesugars of

different types

(Q. What does “subtle” mean?)

And there are other kinds of Sugars than Hexoses [6C]

We can find:

Trioses [3C]Pentoses [5C]

Let’s do a little“Cathedral Building”

We call this dehydration synthesis

We call this dehydration synthesis

And we have made aDisaccharide; here, Maltose

We call this dehydration synthesis

And we have made aDisaccharide; here, Maltose

Table Sugar, Sucrose

Table Sugar, Sucrose

Table Sugar, Sucrose, is a Disaccharide, too

At this point we should begin to consider a

key idea when we are dealing with the

biomolecules that are most common in a l.s.

That is: very large ones can be made by combining together

many similar smallunits.

Key words: Monomers and Polymers

We see this well illustrated with carbohydrates

here:Glucoses are the—MONOMERSAnd the larger biomolecule is a

POLYMER, in this case, aPOLYSACCHARIDE

But there is more subtlety inStructure as we continue.

Let’s consider the situationthat involves Alpha-bonds

And Beta-bonds(NOT Barry Bonds)

STARCHvs.

CELLULOSE

Quite different…?

And WHY?

Let’s consider Starch, and Higher Levels of Structure

Beyond the structureWe’ve seen from Covalent Bonds

Let’s consider HYDROGEN BONDS

To be continued…