Three Flavor Oscillations of Atmospheric Neutrinos...

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 Three Flavor Oscillations of Atmospheric Neutrinos in Super Kamiokande Roger Wendell  20080409 Virginia Tech.

Transcript of Three Flavor Oscillations of Atmospheric Neutrinos...

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Three Flavor Oscillations of Atmospheric Neutrinos in Super Kamiokande

Roger Wendell 20080409

Virginia Tech.

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Outline

  Super – Kamiokande  Neutrino Oscillations  Signatures of θ

13

  Oscillation Fitting  Results

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Introduction

Neutrinos are included in the Standard Model, but are massless. However, there is now a lot of compelling evidence to suggest that in fact, neutrinos are massive

 We want to constrain the last unknown mixing angle in neutrino oscillation physics by searching for evidence of electron neutrino appearance in atmospheric neutrinos

Much of this evidence comes in the form neutrino oscillation experimentswhich have constrained several of the parameters governing the behavior of neutrinos. 

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50 kiloton Water Cherenkov Detector  

11,146 Photomultiplier TubesInner Detector (ID):

22.5 kt fiducial volume

Under Mt. Ikenoyama, western Japan,at depth of 2700 m.w.e

In operation since 1996

Outer Detector (OD):Cylindrical Shell ~ 2m 

1885 PMTs

Super­Kamiokande

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Phases of Super­KamiokandeOn November 12th 2001 a PMT imploded  creating a shock wave that destroyed thousands of PMTs

 The run period prior to July 2001 is termed SK­I (1489 days) Detector was rebuilt from 2001 ­ 2003

Half as many PMTs were installed in the IDID are covered in a fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) shell topped with an acrylic windowThe OD was completely rebuilt

 Data taken from 2003 – 2005 in this configuration is known as SK­II (804 days)

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...fully reconstructed and taking data since June 2006!

The ν news at SuperK 

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θ

Detection With Cherenkov Radiation

cos=1n

 Charged particles traveling faster than the speed of     light in a medium emit light, known as Cherenkov      radiation

electromagnetic analogue of a sonic boom   A cone of light is formed with opening angle

photons

 Light is projected onto the         Super­K PMTs as a ring

(n is refractive index, β  is the particle velocity)

θmax  

= 42  in water

 Charge and time information from the PMTs is used to reconstruct a vertex, direction and momentum of the particle 

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About Neutrinos

  Neutral, Spin­1/2, lepton  Undergo weak interactions

Only three light active neutrinos (LEP)  One neutrino flavor for each charged lepton

Determined by lepton accompanying reactionν

ε , ν

µ , ν

τ

νl

p

 CC reactions can occur if there is enough energy to produce l­

 Charged current quasi­elastic ( CCQE )

ν

l + n p + l­

νl + p n + l+

Neutral current ( NC )

νx + n(p) n(p) + ν

x

 Charged current quasi­elastic ( CC1π )

ν

l + n p +π+ l­

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Atmospheric Neutrinos

 Neutrinos produced in the decay products of cosmic         ray interactions  with air nuclei

p N air

e e

 Two νµ's and one ν

e

  Flux is isotropic about the EarthLarge variation in ν path lengths  ­ 15 ~ 1.5 x 104 km

  Large variation in energy  100 MeV – 1 TeV 

Very useful for studying neutrino oscillations....

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Two Types of Rings

e­likee­like µ­like

 Electrons have low mass and multiply scatter and may produce e+e­ pairsCollection of Cherenkov light produces a diffuse ring pattern    e­like

  Muons are more massive and pass relatively undeflected Produce Cherenkov rings with well defined edges     µ­like

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Neutrino Oscillations

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Neutrino Oscillations

 Neutrino mass eigenstates ,νi , under which they propagate, are different than        

   their  eigenstates of the weak interaction, να 

  For two flavors α and β, U  is a rotation, parameterized by a `mixing angle`, θ 

∣ ⟩=∑iU i

∗ ∣i ⟩

 Probability of starting as α and being β  after traveling L with energy E:

U= cos sin− sin cos

P =sin2 2sin2 1.27m2 LE [ eV 2 km

GeV ] m2≡m22 − m1

2

  Non­zero ifU is not diagonal , ie θ m

mi m

 Amplitude  ~  sin2 2θ , Frequency  ~ ∆ m2

  Large range of L/E is useful   Atmospheric ν

Look for appearance of β     or     disappearance of α

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High Energy Atmospheric Neutrinos at Super­K

  Deficit seen in µ­like events coming from below the detector (long baselines )  E­like event rate is consistent with expectation 

Cosine Zenith Angle Cosine Zenith Angle

disappearance

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Energy [ GeV ]

Cosi

ne Z

enith

 Ang

le

νµ ∄

ντ

Long Pathlengths

Short Pathlengths

data well described by dominant two­flavor νµ   ν

τ oscillations with maximal mixing 

Two­flavor Result: sin22θ = 1.0 , ∆m2 = 2.5 x 10­3 eV2

Two Flavor Oscillations at Super­K

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Three Active Flavors•  s

ij  sin θ

ij and c

ij  cos θ

ij 

  With three ν flavors there are3 Mixing angles      :  θ

12 , θ

23 , θ

13

3 Mass states         : m1, m

2, m

3

2 Mass differences : ∆m212

 , ∆m231 

1 cp violating phase: δcp

  If all of these angles are non­zero it becomes possible to measure CP­violation in          

   leptons...

Atmospheric Solar 

 Each piece of the mixing matrix (MNS matrix) is a rotation among two states Oscillation probabilities in vacuum can be written in a closed form and maintain an        

   L/E type dependence in each mass splitting

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Current Experimental Knowledge

  Solar :   

∆m2

127.6 x 10­5 eV2 [ 7.3   , 8.1    ] x 10­5 eV2   KamLAND, SNO, Super­K

  sin2 θ12

0.32 [ 0.23, 0.37 ] Atmospheric :

  

| ∆m231 

| 2.4 x 10­3 eV2 [ 2.1   , 2.7    ] x 10­3 eV2  K2K, Super­K, Minos

  sin2 θ23

0.50 [ 0.38, 0.63 ] Other :

   sin2 θ13

0.007 [ 0.00, 0.033] CHOOZ    δ

cp    ???

Parameter Best­Fit 2 σ C.L. Contributing Experiments

Normal Hierarchy

∆m2sol

∆m2atm

ν3

ν2

ν1

Inverted Hierarchy

ν3

ν2

ν1

∆m2atm

∆m2sol

OR ?

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Searching for  θ13

Look for the appearance of νe against the main disappearance of ν

µ

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Matter Effects  Neutrinos traveling through matter are subject to additional scattering amplitudes:

Z0 exchange flavor blind, no net effect

 WExchangeOnly ν

e

  Effective potential added to the  hamiltonian

 Alters  νe  ν

α oscillations....

neutrino

anti­neutrino

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Matter Effects (2)

neutrinoanti­neutrino ( ∆m2 > 0 )

Density [g/cm3]si

n2  2θ M

P e = sin2 2M sin2 1.27M2 LE

  Resonance depends on sign of ∆m2  and whether neutrino or anti­neutrino  There exists a resonance region for a set of oscillation parameters for some density  Ideas carry over well to three neutrino flavors

Leads to a resonance condition

For two flavors: replace vacuum variables with “matter” variables

“Matter” variables

neutrino

anti­neutrino

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Three­Flavors and Matter Effect in the Earth

PREM ModelHere

   Extend νµ ν

τ oscillations to include ν

µ ν

   Three flavor oscillation probabilities in matter                  cannot be written in a simple form

But in constant density evolution is solvable  Same resonant features are present

 Under the normal hierarchy:    ν's  and not  ν's  Under the inverted hierarchy: ν's  and not  ν's Magnitude of the effect is regulated by θ

13

  Use these properties to look for non­zero  θ13 

 and test the hierarchy

sin2θ13

= 0

sin2θ13

= 0 sin2θ

13 = 0.01

sin2θ

13 = 0.03

Energy [ GeV ]

Cosi

ne Z

enith

 Ang

le

Radius [ km ]

Dens

it y [g

/cm

3 ]

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Pure Oscillation Probabilities At the CHOOZ limitν

µ ∄ν

τ ν

µ ∄ν

e

 At the CHOOZ limitMay be a noticeable effect on ν

µ ν

τ probability in the 

matter resonance regionEffect on ν

µ ν

e probability can be quite large

However,  generation and subsequent disappearance  are competing processes

sin2θ13

= 0.04

Energy [ GeV ]Energy [ GeV ] Energy [ GeV ]

Cosi

ne Z

enith

 Ang

le

Cosi

ne Z

enith

 Ang

le

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 Consider the excess of events after three­flavor oscillations relative to two­flavorsAlternating bands of excess and deficits in the ν

µ's 

Resonance region clearly visible in νe's 

  Look  for high energy e­like events in the Super­K data  Detector resolution effects have not been considered so far.... 

Energy [ GeV ]Energy [ GeV ] Energy [ GeV ]

After Incorporating the ν FluxesCo

sine

 Zen

ith A

ngle

Cosi

ne Z

enith

 Ang

le

Relative excess θ13

=CHOOZ / θ13

 = 0      νµ

Relative excess θ13

=CHOOZ / θ13

 = 0      νe

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The Reconstructed bins

 Matter resonance is visible but now represents only a 20% excess Fortunately, the bins in the resonance area are well populated 

 Main signal For the inverted hierarchy there is only an 8% excess in the resonance Muon event samples have a much lower effect  4% in just a few bins

Evis

 [ log GeV ]Evis

 [ log GeV ]

Cosi

ne Z

enith

 Ang

le

Cosi

ne Z

enith

 Ang

le

Relative excess θ13

=CHOOZ / θ13

 = 0   Multi­Ring e­like

 Multi­Ring e­like Bin Contents

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Total σ 

νµ

  Above ~2 GeV CC 1­π production and DIS are important  CCQE still present 

 Look at high energy single­ring  and multi­ring e­like events  for signs of θ13

What to look for?

Matter resonance

νe

CC Quasi­elasticCC Single πDeep InelasticNC Single πNC Elastic 

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High Energy  ν's

  High energy ν interactions often produce multiple charged particleslook for events with multiple rings

  At such high energies though it becomes difficult to tell what is νe and ν

µ

left image is  νµ (background) and right is  ν

e (signal)

   Other aspects of the data can be used to determine the difference

construct a multi­GeV multi­ring e­like data sample using a likelihood method:SK­I 75% pure, SK­II 73% pure

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Oscillation Fitting

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 Analysis Structure

 Oscillation Space Over 3 oscillation parametersSolar oscillations are neglected ­­   5%                                                                          effect on the main resonance Fits to SK­I, SK­II and SK­I+SK­II Fits to MC for both hierarchies

sin2θ13

sin2θ23

∆m2Systematic Uncertainties

66 sources of uncertainty, 26 common between SK­I and SK­II ν flux uncertainties  (13) ν interaction uncertainties (13) Event reduction uncertainties (7 SK­I + 7 SK­II )   Event reconstruction uncertainties (13 SK­I + 13 SK­II ) 

Look for evidence of non­zero θ13

 and the mass hierarchy by comparing data with several oscillation models

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About the Fitting Method

 Fit is done using the “Pull” method of systematic uncertaintyMC expectation is adjusted directly during the fit to minimize χ2

Adjustment is controlled by εε is constrained by penalty term 

  χ2 is based on a poisson likelihood n indexes bins  and i indexes systematic errors

  χ2 is minimized over εi by inverting a matrix equation obtained by differentiating

Fast fitting methodEquivalent to fitting using a covariance method 

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sin2θ13

sin2θ23

∆m2 ∆m2

sin2θ13

sin2θ13

sin2θ23

sin2θ23

∆m2

Drawing Contours from a 3­dimensional χ2 surface

 Easier to visualize in two­dimensionsso “project” χ2 surface onto each 2­variable planeminimize over the 3rd variable

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Results : Normal Hierarchy 

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SK­I Contours: 320 Bins 99% C.L. 90% C.L.

  Atmospheric variables fit in the same place as two­flavor            result  Extent of atmospheric contours is consistent 

∆m2 = 2.5 x 10­3 eV2

sin2 θ23

 = 0.5

sin2 θ13

 = 0.00

χ2 = 317.4 / 318 dof

This FitSK­I Normal

∆m2

sin2θ23sin2θ23sin2θ13

sin2 θ 13

∆m2

(Preliminary)

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∆m2 = 2.8 x 10­3 eV2

sin2 θ23

 = 0.5

sin2 θ13

 = 0.00

χ2 = 289.6 / 268 dof

This FitSK­II Normal

SK­II Contours: 270 Bins

   Range of ∆m2 is larger than SK­I ∆m2 best fit point is higher than SK­I  Extent of θ

13 contour slightly smaller than SK­I

 99% C.L. 90% C.L.∆m

2

sin2θ23sin2θ23sin2θ13

sin2 θ 13

∆m2

(Preliminary)

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∆m2 = 2.6 x 10­3 eV2

sin2 θ23

 = 0.5

sin2 θ13

 = 0.00

χ2 = 602.7 / 587 dof

This FitSK­I+SK­II Normal

SK­I+SK­II Contours: 320 Bins SK­I  270 Bins SK­II

 Common to SK­I alone  Range of ∆m2  and ∆m2 best fit point are consistent

  Extent of θ13

 contour smaller than SK­I alone

 99% C.L. 90% C.L.∆m

2

sin2θ23sin2θ23sin2θ13

sin2 θ 13

∆m2

(Preliminary)

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SK­I+SK­II SK­I+SK­II

CHOOZ Exclusion

 SK­I + SK­II : Sensitivity and CHOOZ

  Combined θ13

 contour is smaller than sensitivity  90% C.L . is right on the border of the CHOOZ limit

 99% C.L. 90% C.L.

 Sensitivity Data

(Preliminary) (Preliminary)

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  500 Toy MC generated at the best fit point  Larger Contours and  Smaller Contours in the Toy MC  Extent same as data in  98 / 500  

 Data has a larger extent than ~20% of   the toy MC 

Toy MC  SK­I + SK­II : Extent of θ13

 Contour ( 320 Bins )

 0.2 

Data

20%

Sensitivity

SK­I + SK­II result is consistent with statistical fluctuations

57%

sin2θ13

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SK­II

SK­I

So why is the θ13

 contour so small ? 

 SK­I and SK­II allowed regions do not overlap completely

SK­I

SK­II

SK­I + SK­II 90%

90% C.L. cut ~ 4.6

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Results : Inverted Hierarchy 

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 Similar to Normal Hierarchy case though θ13

 contour is         not as strongly constrained

∆m2 = 2.6 x 10­3 eV2

sin2 θ23

 = 0.5

sin2 θ13

 = 0.00

χ2 = 602.7 / 587 dof

This FitSK­I Inverted

SK­I+SK­II Contours: 320 Bins SK­I  270 Bins SK­II Inverted Hierarchy 99% C.L. 90% C.L.

∆m2

sin2θ23sin2θ23sin2θ13

sin2 θ 13

∆m2

(Preliminary)

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Conclusions

  Fits for SK­I, SK­II, and SK­I + SK­II performed  SK­I Atmospheric variables are consistent with previous two­flavor analyses  SK­II results are consistent with SK­I 

Slightly larger/shifted Atmospheric variablesSlightly smaller θ

13

   SK­I + SK­II results

Atmospheric contours are consistent with other data sets and slightly improved over SK­I aloneθ

13 contour is smaller than either SK­I or SK­II alone

and smaller than the CHOOZ limitToy MC studies indicate that the contour is 20% likely and the smallness is consistent with statistical fluctuations Inverted Hierarchy fits are similar 

All fits are consistent with θ13 

= 0No preference in the data for either mass hierarchy

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 Measuring θ13 

 is the goal of the next generation of ν oscillation experiments

The Future of θ13

ν's from reactors

T2KNOνA

T2KNOνA

 Double CHOOZ Daya Bay

ν beamline experiments

 Super­K Taking data as SK­III Improvements to reconstruction algorithms and MC Gd in Super­K?

 Improved measurement of θ13

!!

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Supplements

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Fitting Scheme

 Data and MC are binned SK­I  (1489 days data and 100 yr. MC ) SK­II (  804 days data and   60 yr. MC )  

 The MC is oscillated at each point on a grid in an oscillation space Data is then fit to the oscillated MC at each point

“Fit” is achieved when the χ2 is minimized  The MC point returning the smallest χ2 is deemed the “best fit” point  Contours are then drawn expressing the level of agreement between the data and MC     

    at all of the oscillation points relative the “best fit” point. Fits to SK­I, SK­II and SK­I+SK­II Fits to MC for both hierarchies

Look for evidence of non­zero θ13

 and the mass hierarchy by comparing data with several oscillation models

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Gadolinium Studies The Super­Kamiokande collaboration is considering adding   0.2% gadolinium trichloride to the experiment

~100% of n captures occur on Gd at this concentration

Currently investigating    tag anti­neutrino events?   benefits/detriments Gd brings to other physics topics

Muon Gd Gammas

l+

Gd γ

γγ

υ

n

p

Rings are MC Truth

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Gadolinium Studies: Good Stuff

neutron distance from Vertex (m)  Time [µs]

main event window

Gd Captures

Gd capture events are well separated in space and time from the main event vertex      distinguish from decay electrons

Characteristic 8 MeV Gamma cascade, can possibly be handled by low energy reconstruction tools

94% that start in F.V. stop in F .V.

SK 2km

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Gadolinium Studies: Good Stuff (2)

Light from Gd captures is isotropic

Gd Capture Gammas Electrons

Possible to distinguish Gd events from other low energy light sources

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Gadolinium Studies: Difficult Stuff

Tagged by Gd (31%) Tagged by Gd (44%)

Background neutrino events at T2K's 2km detector

Because of high energies, even neutrino events can create neutrons 

Large number of neutrons, well separated in time may cause overlaps 

Additional studies are underway...

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 Contours generally larger Best fit is the same as normal hierarchy

∆m2 = 2.5 x 10­3 eV2

sin2 θ23

 = 0.5

sin2 θ13

 = 0.00

χ2 = 317.2 / 318 dof

This FitSK­I Inverted

SK­I Contours: 320 Bins SK­I Inverted Hierarchy

sin2θ13sin2θ23sin2θ13

 99% C.L. 90% C.L.∆m

2

sin2 θ 23

∆m2

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 Slightly larger contours than Normal Hierarchy∆m2 = 2.8 x 10­3 eV2

sin2 θ23

 = 0.5

sin2 θ13

 = 0.00

χ2 = 289.6 / 268 dof

This FitSK­I Inverted

SK­II Contours: 270 Bins SK­II Inverted Hierarchy

sin2θ13sin2θ23sin2θ13

 99% C.L. 90% C.L.∆m

2

sin2 θ 23

∆m2

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Binning 

Multi­ring multi­GeV e­like

 Multi­GeV e­like

 Sub­GeV e­like

Multi­ring multi­GeV µ­like

 Multi­GeV µ­like

 Sub­GeV µ­like

PC Stopping

PC Through­going

Upward  Stopping µ

Upward  Through­going  µ

Log 

     SK­I  32 x 10  = 320 bins     SK­II 27 x 10  = 270 bins

Binning is different due to differences in livetimes

 = 10 Zenith angle bins

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About the Contour Plots:

 Contours are not a simple projection Contours are drawn around all points that satisfy

90 % C.L. :  χ2( x, y, zmin

 ) χ2min

 + 4.6   

99 % C.L. :  χ2( x, y, zmin

)    χ2min

 + 9.2    The third variable in each of the two­variable plots has been minimized  at                  

each (x,y) pair in the space

x

y

z y

x

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Systematic Uncertainties

A Bin A Bin at + 1 σ  ~ 10% more CCQE events

  Systematics are taken to have a linear effect on the contents of the bins  A given systematic may affect only a subset of a bin's events  Example: 

CCQE ν  interaction cross­section 10%

% Change in red is f in

 Coefficients are computed using the MCDuring fitting the MC expectation is adjusted by the error parameters, ε

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Multi­GeV Multi­ring E­like Sample

  Select and enrich a Multi­GeV Multi­ring e­like sample using a likelihood method  Probability density functions are built from 4 variables  If Multi­Ring, FC, Most Energetic ring e­like, and  likelihood selection (w/oscillations):

SK­I   ~75 % pure signal SK­II  ~73 % pure signal 

Background Signal: CC νe

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Event Types at Super­K

Fully Contained Partially Contained Upward Stopping µ Upward Through­going µ

 These categories are divided into                     e­like and µ­like subsamples

10 event samples in total

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 PC Sample is composed of mostly νµ

 Regions of excess and deficit presentConfined to a few binsMagnitude of the difference is smallLower bin populations

 Similar effect in other µ­like samples

Relative excess θ13

=CHOOZ / θ13

 = 0  PC Through­going

 PC Through­going Bin Contents

Now looking at reconstructed binning

Evis

 [ log GeV ]Evis

 [ log GeV ]

Cosi

ne Z

enith

 Ang

le

Cosi

ne Z

enith

 Ang

le

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Total σ 

CC Single π CC Quasi­elastic

Deep Inelastic Scattering

νµ

  Above ~2 GeV CC 1­π production and DIS become          important  CCQE still present 

 Look at high energy single­ring  and multi­ring e­like events  for signs of θ13

What to look for?

Matter resonance

νe

CC Quasi­elasticCC Single πDeep InelasticNC Single πNC Elastic 

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 SK­I  SK­II

Up / Down Ratio Single Ring E­like Events

N.B. the scale is different between the plots

DataMC at Best FitMC at Best Fit w/ CHOOZ Limit

Looking for clues as to why SK­I +SK­II θ13

 contour is smaller than SK­I

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 SK­I  SK­II

Up / Down Ratio Multi Ring E­like Events

N.B. the scale is different between the plots

DataMC at Best FitMC at Best Fit w/ CHOOZ Limit

 The excess in the SK­II bins does not seem statistically significant May explain small improvement seen with SK­II over SK­I

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SK­I  Best Fit Distribution

DataOsc. MCUnOsc. MC

SubGeV e­like low SubGeV e­like high SubGeV µ­like low SubGeV µ­like high

MultiGeV e­like  MultiGeV µ­like  MultiRing µ­like MultiRing e­like 

Up Through µ Up Stop µ PC Stop PC Through