Theory of Emergence

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4 Κεφάλαιο 1 Το Emergence, μια χειραψία με την έννοια…

description

A brief overview of "Emergence" as a new system of thinking

Transcript of Theory of Emergence

  • 4

    1 Emergence,

  • 5

    , .

    .

    .

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    .

    emergence

    .

    . emergent

    .

    .

    (holism) (reductionism),

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    Emergence

    reification, multistability and invariance. [Steven Lehar, Gestalt Isomorphism and the

    Primacy of Subjective Conscious Experience,

    Behavioral & Brain Sciences September 1999].

    emergence

    ,

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    emergence mergere,

    , ex, ( ).

    , ,

  • 7

    [xford Advanced Learners Dictionary, A S Hornby],

    emergence.

    .

    , ,

    emergence.

    George H. Lewes (1817-1878)

    1843 Problems of Life and Mind resultant

    (, ) emergent [Blitz, David (1992), written at

    Dordrecht, Emergent Evolution: Qualitative Novelty and the Levels of Reality, Kluwer

    Academic]. resultant

    ,

    emergent

    . Peter A. Corning The Re-Emergence of

    "emergence: A venerable concept in search of a theory

    Lewes

    ,

    .

    , .

    Lewes ,

    (qualitative novelty),

    .

    1920

    Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936),

  • 8

    , [Alex Ryan, Emergence is

    coupled to scope, not level September 2006]. Morgan

    ,

    (irreducible)

    .

    (higher level

    emergent phenomenon)

    (lower level parts),

    .

    feedback

    (), downward causation,

    ,

    ... Morgan -

    (progressive tendency),

    emergent [C. Lloyd Morgan.

    The Emergence of Novelty. Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1933.].

    emergence 19

    1920.

    . ,

    ,

    ,

    [P. Checkland. Systems thinking, systems practice. John Wiley and Sons,

    Chichester UK, 1981.]. emergence, Lewes

    Morgan, ,

    .

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    .

    .

  • 9

    ,

    . Bertrand Russell

    -

    [Russell, Bertrand (1993).Our

    Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy.

    Routledge.pp. 251].

    -

    emergence

    [Marc A Bedau (1997). Weak

    Emergence].

    emergence

    .

    Corning [Corning, Peter A. (2002), "The Re-Emergence of "Emergence": A

    Venerable Concept in Search of a Theory"] ,

    .

    20

    ,

    . - ( ,

    , )

    ,

    .

  • 10

    ,

    . Corring

    Roger Sperry

    emergence

    , emergent

    causation top down determinism. Sperry

    1981

    ( emergent ).

    Corring Tom De Wolf and Tom Holvoet

    Leuven, , Emergence Versus Self-

    Organisation

    ,

    emergence [Tom De Wolf and Tom

    Holvoet (2001) Emergence Versus Self-Organization:Different Concepts but Promising

    When Combined]:

    (Complex

    adaptive systems theory).

    Santa Fe ,

    ,

    .

    .

    (attractor),

    - .

  • 11

    (Synergetics School). synergetic

    patterns .

    .

    Far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics.

    Ilya Prigogine

    emergent (dissipative structures)

    .

    .

    emergence.

    emergence

    .

    emergence

    (genetic algorithms, adaptive computation), , ,

    , .

    emergence

    ( ) .

    .

    ,

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    .

    emergence

    ,

    emergence.

    .

    emergence:

    - (micro-macro effect):

    , ,

    .

    .

    (Radical Novelty):

    .

    .

    .

    (

    ). context

    .

    (Coherence):

    ,

    () .

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    (higher level unity),

    .

    :

    . emergent

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    (Interacting Parts):

    .

    ( ) .

    ( Decentralised Control):

    .

    .

    -

    .

    , .

    (positive-negative feedback):

    (feedback)

    .

    ,

    .

    ( ) ,

    .

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    (Self organization):

    .

    emergent

    emergent .

    emergence.

    (Collective intelligence):

    emergent

    .

    Swarm Intelligence ( ).

    Bottom Up Intelligence-Design:

    emergence

    emergent ()

    .

    (Spontaneous Order):

    .

    .

    emergence .

  • 15

    .

    .

    .

  • 16

    2 Emergence ,

  • 17

    emergent , ,

    .

    .

    . ,

    emergent

    (

    ) .

    emergent

    emergence .

    emergent

    ,

    :

    .

    [ ]

    .

    [Chalmers, David J. (2002), Strong and Weak Emergence]

    ,

    .

    [Goldstein, Jeffrey (1999), "Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues", Emergence:

    Complexity and Organization 1: 49-72]

  • 18

    .

    [Fromm, Jochen (2004), The emergence of complexity, Kassel University Press]

    emergent

    .

    (weak) (strong) emergence. emergence

    .

    .

    . weak emergence

    . emergence

    ,

    .

    . emergent

    ,

    - .

    emergent ,

    , , -

    , , ,

    .

  • 19

    emergence

    emergence

    .

    emergence. David

    Chalmers Strong and Weak Emergence

    [Chalmers, David J. (2002), Strong and Weak Emergence]. Mark A.

    Bedau 3 emergent

    [Marc A Bedau (1997). Weak Emergence] : (nominal) emergence,

    .

    emergence,

    ,

    . Yaneer Bar-Yam [Bar-Yam, Y. (2004), "A Mathematical Theory of

    Strong Emergence using Multiscale Variety"] 4 emergence

    .

    .

    (weak

    emergence) .

    (multiple feedbacks) ,

    strong emergence. ,

    Dynamic emergence,

    (new emergent forms).

    Jochen Fromm

    Kassel ,

    Types and Forms of Emergence

    emergence

  • 20

    (feedbacks)

    (cause and effect

    relationship).

    emergence

    .

    , .

    . .

    , , .

    .

    emergence ,

    (Feedback).

    O Fromm [Fromm, Jochen (2004),

    The emergence of complexity, Kassel University Press]:

    : / Emergence (Nominal)

    I. emergence ( Simple Intentional )

    I. emergence (Simple Unintentional)

    I : mergence (Weak)

    . emergence/ (stable, negative

    feedback)

    . emergence/ (instable, positive

    feedback)

  • 21

    II : Emergence (Multiple)

    III . (multiple feedback)

    .

    (adaptive emergence)

    IV : emergence (Strong)

    .

    .

    .

    -

    .

    .

    .

    emergent .

    .

  • 22

    2.1 emergence.

    2.1.1. emergence.

    emergent .

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    (, , )

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  • 23

    . ,

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    emergence

    2.1.2. emergence.

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    emergent . ,

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    emergent

  • 24

    .

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    ,

    , emergent

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    ,

    , .

    emergent

    ()

    ( ).

    emergent .

    Mbius. Alex Ryan

    Emergence is coupled to scope, not level

    Mbius

    1.

    .1 Mbius

    [Alex Ryan, Emergence is coupled to scope, not level September 2006]

  • 25

    emergent

    .

    3 , 2 ( ) .

    ()

    , , .

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    3 , 2

    .

    2.2 (weak) mergence

    Emergence

    .

    emergence ,

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    (top down feedback).

    emergent .

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    emergent ,

  • 26

    ( )

    .

    , ,

    .

    . M.A. Bedau

    emergence ,

    . emergent

    ,

    downward causation [Marc A Bedau (1997). Weak

    Emergence]. emergence ,

    .

    Jochen Fromm,

    ,

    ( ). (direct interaction)

    ( ),

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    *

    o ,

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  • 27

    .

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    (Pheromone trick),

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  • 28

    2

    2.2.1 emergence.

    emergence

    . (weak)

    , ,

    .

    ,

    .

    (negative feedback) ,

    .

    emergence

    . , ,

    , emergent

    . .

    ,

  • 29

    momentum, ,

    emergent .

    ,

    .

    , ,

    [Stephen Johnson (2001) Emergence. The Connected lives of Ants,

    Brains, Cities and Softwares].

    emergence ,

    20 . Stephen Johnson

    Emergence.The connected lives of ants, brains, cities and softwares,

    ,

    .

    (pacemaker) ,

    .

    .

    1960 Evelyn Fox Keller,

    ,

    .

    , Alan Turing ( ,

    )

    ,

    . Keller

    (slime mold)

    Lee Seger

  • 30

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    emergent

    .

    . (

    ),

    15 [Bak Per (1996).

    How Nature Works: The science of self-Organized Criticality].

    , ,

    , .

    ( ),

    .

    ,

    . ()

    :

    ( ),

    ( )

    . (

    )

    [Stephen Johnson

    (2001)].

  • 31

    , , ,

    .

    .

    . ,

    ,

    (collective intelligence) [Stephen Johnson (2001) Emergence. The Connected lives of

    Ants, Brains, Cities and Softwares].

    emergence

    . John Holland, Michigan

    Santa Fe,

    . Holland

    Turing

    .

    ,

    .

    Holland

    .

    , ()

    .

    ,

    ()

    () . Danny Hillis,

  • 32

    MIT

    Thinking Machines Corporation,

    ()

    (sic) [Steven H. Strogatz (2003). Sync: The Emerging

    Science of Spontaneous Order].

    .

    .

    ,

    . -

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    emergence ,

    ,

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    2.2.2 emergence

    (Positive Feedback).

    .

    .

    ,

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    .

    .

    emergent ,

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    emergent .

    . emergent

    1990 ,

    .

    2.3 Emergence .

    emergence.

    .

    emergence.

    ( ,

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    ).

  • 34

    (). Philip Ball [Ball, P.: The Self-

    Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature. Oxford University Press (1999)],

    .

    .

    ( )

    ( ).

    ,

    ,

    (

    ).

    2.3.1 Emergence

    (adaptive emergence).

    H emergence

    . ,

    ( emergence),

    .

    emergence emergence

    .

    emergence

    emergence

    .

    .

  • 35

    ,

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    ( ). 2.2.1

    ,

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    emergence.

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    emergence

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    (.. ) ,

  • 36

    , (

    ).

    , .

    ,

    .

    ,

    ( ) .

    ( )

    ,

    [Anderson, P.W. (1972), "More

    is Different: Broken Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure of Science"].

    (, , )

    emergent .

    Thomas Kuhn,

    [Kuhn, T.S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago:

    University of Chicago Press, 1962.]. Kuhn

    (Paradigm)

    ( ..

    ) () (..

    ),

    .

  • 37

    2.4 (strong) emergence.

    emergence ,

    .

    - ,

    . emergent

    .

    .

    emergent emergent

    ,

    .

    [Laughlin,

    Robert (2005), A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down].

    emergence.

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    emergent , ,

    . emergence

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    emergence

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  • 38

    ,

    (,

    ).

    Philip Warren Anderson, ,

    More is Different Science 1972 :

    .

    ,

    ,

    . [Anderson, P.W. (1972), "More is Different: Broken

    Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure of Science", Science 177 (4047):

    393-396] Anderson

    emergent (

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  • 39

    ) , .

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    , Anderson More is different.

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  • 40

    ,

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    (

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    ( )

    () ().

    emergence

    [Marc A Bedau (1997). Weak Emergence]. emergence

    .

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    4 emergence .

  • 41

    3

    [Fromm, Jochen (2004), Types and Forms of Emergence, Kassel University Press]

  • 42

    .3

    Emergent ,

    , , .

  • 43

    Emergence

    . ,

    . ,

    , , .

    , Emergence

    [Michael Weinstock (2004), Morphogenesis and the

    Mathematics of Emergence, AD Emergence: Morphogenetic design Strategies].

    ( )

    .

    .

    Emergence ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    . .

    Darcy Thomson, , On Growth and Form,

    [DArcy W. Thomson (1917), On Growth And

    Form, Dover Revised Edition]. Whitehead

    (process) (substance)

    (bundles of relationship) [Alfred N.

    Whitehead (1920), The Concept of Nature, Cambridge University Press] .

  • 44

    ,

    ,

    . pattern, feedback, inner loop, self organization,

    cellular automata, dynamic differentiation, evolving forms, generative design,

    genetic algorithms,

    . ,

    , ,

    ,

    -

    ,

    .[ Stephen Johnson (2001) Emergence. The Connected lives of Ants,

    Brains, Cities and Softwares].

    ,

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    . , ,

    ,

    ,

    , , .

    ,

    .

    .

    (decision making), -

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    .

    (,

    )

    . Gaudi Frei Otto,

    .

  • 45

    , .

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    . ,

    , [Michael Weinstock (2004),

    Morphogenesis and the Mathematics of Emergence, AD Emergence: Morphogenetic design

    Strategies].

    ,

    60 .

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  • 46

    3.1

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  • 47

    Emergence , ,

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  • 48

    3.2

    , Emergence 4

    :

    : / Emergence (Nominal)

    I. emergence ( Simple Intentional )

    I. emergence (Simple Unintentional)

    I : mergence (Weak)

    . emergence/ (stable, negative

    feedback)

    . emergence/ (instable, positive

    feedback)

    II : Emergence (Multiple)

    III . (multiple feedback)

    .

    (adaptive emergence)

    IV : emergence (Strong)

    Fromm,

    ,

    Emergence ,

    . ,

    -,

  • 49

    (. - -

    ) ,

    (emerges) .

    .

    2 ( emergence ) emergent

    . ,

    ,

    , , ,

    .

    emergence .

    .

    Terzidis Algorithmic Architecture,

    , -

    . . Douglas Hofstadter

    Gdel Escher Bach, An eternal

    Golden Braid

    ,

    .

    , .

    [Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1979), Gdel,

    Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, Basic Books].

  • 50

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  • 51

    * ( ) . . , , , . ( ) . , emergent , .

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  • 52

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  • 53

    Emergent

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  • 54

    3.2.1 Emergence

    emergence,

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  • 55

    Emergent ,

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  • 56

    .

    Emergence Emergence.

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  • 57

    3.2.2 mergence.

    , Emergent

    . emergence

    .

    emergence , (),

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    emergence

    .

    Feedback Emergence

    . Emergence. ( ) . . () () . , . , .

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    emergence

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  • 58

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  • 59

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  • 60

    ()

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  • 61

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  • 62

    Emergent, ,

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  • 63

    Emergence .

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  • 64

    3.2.3 mergence.

    Emergence ( Emergence)

    (weak) Emergence.

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    . . Emergence 2 . 2 ( ), (). (feedback). .

  • 65

    Emergence

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  • 66

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  • 67

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  • 68

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  • 69

    emergence

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  • 70

    3.2.3 Emergent

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  • 71

    . Emergence ( ) : ( ), ( - 3) ( ). .

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  • 72

    Emergent.

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    (Complex Energy and Material systems),

    , ,

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    Environmental Intelligence, ,

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    individual signature,

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  • 73

    3.3

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  • 74

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  • 75

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    Goldstein, Jeffrey (1999), "Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues", Emergence: Complexity and Organization, e-paper Gleick, James (1987), Chaos, Viking Penguin Inc. Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1979), Gdel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, Basic Books Johnson, Stephen (2001) Emergence. The Connected lives of Ants, Brains, Cities and Softwares, Scribner Fromm, Jochen (2004), The emergence of complexity, Kassel University Press Kuhn, T.S (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,. Laughlin, Robert (2005), A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down, basic books Lehar, Steven (1999), Gestalt Isomorphism and the Primacy of Subjective Conscious

    Experience, Behavioral & Brain

    Sciences

    Morgan, C. Lloyd (1933). The Emergence of Novelty. Henry Holt and Co., New York Russell, Bertrand (1933). Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy. Routledge Ryan , Alex (2006), Emergence is coupled to scope, not level, e-paper Strogatz , Steven H. (2003). Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order, Hyperion

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    Thomson , DArcy W. (1917), On Growth And Form, Dover Revised Edition Terzidis, ostas (2006), Algorithmic Architecture, Elsevier Whitehead , Alfred N. (1920), The Concept of Nature, Cambridge University Press Tom De Wolf and Tom Holvoet (2001), Emergence Versus Self-Organization:Different Concepts but Promising When Combined, e-paper