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Transcript of Theory of Emergence
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4
1 Emergence,
-
5
, .
.
.
emergence
.
emergence
.
. emergent
.
.
(holism) (reductionism),
.
.
. (
) 20 ,
.
-
6
. (
[. 1045a10, , ,
.] ,
,
( ( ) ), , ,
-[ ,
, 412b. ].
( ),
(). ,
,
.
Gestalt
(), , ,
.
Emergence
reification, multistability and invariance. [Steven Lehar, Gestalt Isomorphism and the
Primacy of Subjective Conscious Experience,
Behavioral & Brain Sciences September 1999].
emergence
,
.
emergence mergere,
, ex, ( ).
, ,
-
7
[xford Advanced Learners Dictionary, A S Hornby],
emergence.
.
, ,
emergence.
George H. Lewes (1817-1878)
1843 Problems of Life and Mind resultant
(, ) emergent [Blitz, David (1992), written at
Dordrecht, Emergent Evolution: Qualitative Novelty and the Levels of Reality, Kluwer
Academic]. resultant
,
emergent
. Peter A. Corning The Re-Emergence of
"emergence: A venerable concept in search of a theory
Lewes
,
.
, .
Lewes ,
(qualitative novelty),
.
1920
Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936),
-
8
, [Alex Ryan, Emergence is
coupled to scope, not level September 2006]. Morgan
,
(irreducible)
.
(higher level
emergent phenomenon)
(lower level parts),
.
feedback
(), downward causation,
,
... Morgan -
(progressive tendency),
emergent [C. Lloyd Morgan.
The Emergence of Novelty. Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1933.].
emergence 19
1920.
. ,
,
,
[P. Checkland. Systems thinking, systems practice. John Wiley and Sons,
Chichester UK, 1981.]. emergence, Lewes
Morgan, ,
.
, , ,
.
.
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9
,
. Bertrand Russell
-
[Russell, Bertrand (1993).Our
Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy.
Routledge.pp. 251].
-
emergence
[Marc A Bedau (1997). Weak
Emergence].
emergence
.
Corning [Corning, Peter A. (2002), "The Re-Emergence of "Emergence": A
Venerable Concept in Search of a Theory"] ,
.
20
,
. - ( ,
, )
,
.
-
10
,
. Corring
Roger Sperry
emergence
, emergent
causation top down determinism. Sperry
1981
( emergent ).
Corring Tom De Wolf and Tom Holvoet
Leuven, , Emergence Versus Self-
Organisation
,
emergence [Tom De Wolf and Tom
Holvoet (2001) Emergence Versus Self-Organization:Different Concepts but Promising
When Combined]:
(Complex
adaptive systems theory).
Santa Fe ,
,
.
.
(attractor),
- .
-
11
(Synergetics School). synergetic
patterns .
.
Far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics.
Ilya Prigogine
emergent (dissipative structures)
.
.
emergence.
emergence
.
emergence
(genetic algorithms, adaptive computation), , ,
, .
emergence
( ) .
.
,
-
12
.
emergence
,
emergence.
.
emergence:
- (micro-macro effect):
, ,
.
.
(Radical Novelty):
.
.
.
(
). context
.
(Coherence):
,
() .
-
13
(higher level unity),
.
:
. emergent
.
,
,
.
(Interacting Parts):
.
( ) .
( Decentralised Control):
.
.
-
.
, .
(positive-negative feedback):
(feedback)
.
,
.
( ) ,
.
-
14
(Self organization):
.
emergent
emergent .
emergence.
(Collective intelligence):
emergent
.
Swarm Intelligence ( ).
Bottom Up Intelligence-Design:
emergence
emergent ()
.
(Spontaneous Order):
.
.
emergence .
-
15
.
.
.
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16
2 Emergence ,
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17
emergent , ,
.
.
. ,
emergent
(
) .
emergent
emergence .
emergent
,
:
.
[ ]
.
[Chalmers, David J. (2002), Strong and Weak Emergence]
,
.
[Goldstein, Jeffrey (1999), "Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues", Emergence:
Complexity and Organization 1: 49-72]
-
18
.
[Fromm, Jochen (2004), The emergence of complexity, Kassel University Press]
emergent
.
(weak) (strong) emergence. emergence
.
.
. weak emergence
. emergence
,
.
. emergent
,
- .
emergent ,
, , -
, , ,
.
-
19
emergence
emergence
.
emergence. David
Chalmers Strong and Weak Emergence
[Chalmers, David J. (2002), Strong and Weak Emergence]. Mark A.
Bedau 3 emergent
[Marc A Bedau (1997). Weak Emergence] : (nominal) emergence,
.
emergence,
,
. Yaneer Bar-Yam [Bar-Yam, Y. (2004), "A Mathematical Theory of
Strong Emergence using Multiscale Variety"] 4 emergence
.
.
(weak
emergence) .
(multiple feedbacks) ,
strong emergence. ,
Dynamic emergence,
(new emergent forms).
Jochen Fromm
Kassel ,
Types and Forms of Emergence
emergence
-
20
(feedbacks)
(cause and effect
relationship).
emergence
.
, .
. .
, , .
.
emergence ,
(Feedback).
O Fromm [Fromm, Jochen (2004),
The emergence of complexity, Kassel University Press]:
: / Emergence (Nominal)
I. emergence ( Simple Intentional )
I. emergence (Simple Unintentional)
I : mergence (Weak)
. emergence/ (stable, negative
feedback)
. emergence/ (instable, positive
feedback)
-
21
II : Emergence (Multiple)
III . (multiple feedback)
.
(adaptive emergence)
IV : emergence (Strong)
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
emergent .
.
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22
2.1 emergence.
2.1.1. emergence.
emergent .
emergent .
emergence
.
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.
.
.
(, , )
.
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emergent .
.
.
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-
23
. ,
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).
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emergence
2.1.2. emergence.
,
.
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.
emergent . ,
, emergent
.
. ( ,
)
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- .
emergent
-
24
.
.
,
, emergent
.
,
, .
emergent
()
( ).
emergent .
Mbius. Alex Ryan
Emergence is coupled to scope, not level
Mbius
1.
.1 Mbius
[Alex Ryan, Emergence is coupled to scope, not level September 2006]
-
25
emergent
.
3 , 2 ( ) .
()
, , .
- . 1
3 , 2
.
2.2 (weak) mergence
Emergence
.
emergence ,
,
. ,
,
(top down feedback).
emergent .
.
,
,
.
emergent ,
-
26
( )
.
, ,
.
. M.A. Bedau
emergence ,
. emergent
,
downward causation [Marc A Bedau (1997). Weak
Emergence]. emergence ,
.
Jochen Fromm,
,
( ). (direct interaction)
( ),
.
,
( , )
.
(,
) .
*
o ,
.
-
27
.
.
(indirect interaction)
,
.
.
( ),
.
(Pheromone trick),
,
. ( )
(),
.
( ), (
)
.
.
,
. 2
.
-
28
2
2.2.1 emergence.
emergence
. (weak)
, ,
.
,
.
(negative feedback) ,
.
emergence
. , ,
, emergent
. .
,
-
29
momentum, ,
emergent .
,
.
, ,
[Stephen Johnson (2001) Emergence. The Connected lives of Ants,
Brains, Cities and Softwares].
emergence ,
20 . Stephen Johnson
Emergence.The connected lives of ants, brains, cities and softwares,
,
.
(pacemaker) ,
.
.
1960 Evelyn Fox Keller,
,
.
, Alan Turing ( ,
)
,
. Keller
(slime mold)
Lee Seger
-
30
.
.
,
.
.
emergent
.
. (
),
15 [Bak Per (1996).
How Nature Works: The science of self-Organized Criticality].
, ,
, .
( ),
.
,
. ()
:
( ),
( )
. (
)
[Stephen Johnson
(2001)].
-
31
, , ,
.
.
. ,
,
(collective intelligence) [Stephen Johnson (2001) Emergence. The Connected lives of
Ants, Brains, Cities and Softwares].
emergence
. John Holland, Michigan
Santa Fe,
. Holland
Turing
.
,
.
Holland
.
, ()
.
,
()
() . Danny Hillis,
-
32
MIT
Thinking Machines Corporation,
()
(sic) [Steven H. Strogatz (2003). Sync: The Emerging
Science of Spontaneous Order].
.
.
,
. -
.
,
.
,
emergence ,
,
.
2.2.2 emergence
(Positive Feedback).
.
.
,
-
33
.
.
emergent ,
.
emergent .
. emergent
1990 ,
.
2.3 Emergence .
emergence.
.
emergence.
( ,
), (
).
-
34
(). Philip Ball [Ball, P.: The Self-
Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature. Oxford University Press (1999)],
.
.
( )
( ).
,
,
(
).
2.3.1 Emergence
(adaptive emergence).
H emergence
. ,
( emergence),
.
emergence emergence
.
emergence
emergence
.
.
-
35
,
.
.
,
( )
( ). 2.2.1
,
.
.
emergence.
.
:
,
.
emergence.
emergence
.
(.. ) ,
-
36
, (
).
, .
,
.
,
( ) .
( )
,
[Anderson, P.W. (1972), "More
is Different: Broken Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure of Science"].
(, , )
emergent .
Thomas Kuhn,
[Kuhn, T.S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1962.]. Kuhn
(Paradigm)
( ..
) () (..
),
.
-
37
2.4 (strong) emergence.
emergence ,
.
- ,
. emergent
.
.
emergent emergent
,
.
[Laughlin,
Robert (2005), A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down].
emergence.
, , ,
.
, ,
.
emergent , ,
. emergence
emergent
,
.
emergent .
emergence
.
-
38
,
(,
).
Philip Warren Anderson, ,
More is Different Science 1972 :
.
,
,
. [Anderson, P.W. (1972), "More is Different: Broken
Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure of Science", Science 177 (4047):
393-396] Anderson
emergent (
)
.
-
,
.
.
emergence .
emergence
,
, .
,
. - (
-
39
) , .
.
emergent
, Anderson More is different.
emergence .
, , .
.
,
emergent ,
.
emergent . 24 .
10 ,
2470 ( 96 ).
. ,
,
.
.
,
.
-
40
,
.
.
.
,
(
)
( )
() ().
emergence
[Marc A Bedau (1997). Weak Emergence]. emergence
.
.
.
4 emergence .
-
41
3
[Fromm, Jochen (2004), Types and Forms of Emergence, Kassel University Press]
-
42
.3
Emergent ,
, , .
-
43
Emergence
. ,
. ,
, , .
, Emergence
[Michael Weinstock (2004), Morphogenesis and the
Mathematics of Emergence, AD Emergence: Morphogenetic design Strategies].
( )
.
.
Emergence ,
,
.
,
. .
Darcy Thomson, , On Growth and Form,
[DArcy W. Thomson (1917), On Growth And
Form, Dover Revised Edition]. Whitehead
(process) (substance)
(bundles of relationship) [Alfred N.
Whitehead (1920), The Concept of Nature, Cambridge University Press] .
-
44
,
,
. pattern, feedback, inner loop, self organization,
cellular automata, dynamic differentiation, evolving forms, generative design,
genetic algorithms,
. ,
, ,
,
-
,
.[ Stephen Johnson (2001) Emergence. The Connected lives of Ants,
Brains, Cities and Softwares].
,
.
. , ,
,
,
, , .
,
.
.
(decision making), -
(structural integrity-buildability), (form finding),
.
(,
)
. Gaudi Frei Otto,
.
-
45
, .
()
. ,
, [Michael Weinstock (2004),
Morphogenesis and the Mathematics of Emergence, AD Emergence: Morphogenetic design
Strategies].
,
60 .
, -,
.
Emergence
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Emergent .
, emergent
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Emergence ,
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Emergence .
-
46
3.1
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Emergence , ,
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( ), Emergence
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Emergence, ,
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,
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-
48
3.2
, Emergence 4
:
: / Emergence (Nominal)
I. emergence ( Simple Intentional )
I. emergence (Simple Unintentional)
I : mergence (Weak)
. emergence/ (stable, negative
feedback)
. emergence/ (instable, positive
feedback)
II : Emergence (Multiple)
III . (multiple feedback)
.
(adaptive emergence)
IV : emergence (Strong)
Fromm,
,
Emergence ,
. ,
-,
-
49
(. - -
) ,
(emerges) .
.
2 ( emergence ) emergent
. ,
,
, , ,
.
emergence .
.
Terzidis Algorithmic Architecture,
, -
. . Douglas Hofstadter
Gdel Escher Bach, An eternal
Golden Braid
,
.
, .
[Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1979), Gdel,
Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, Basic Books].
-
50
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emergent
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3.2.1 Emergence
emergence,
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Emergent ,
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Emergence ( ),
.
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-
56
.
Emergence Emergence.
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-
57
3.2.2 mergence.
, Emergent
. emergence
.
emergence , (),
( , )
.
emergence
.
Feedback Emergence
. Emergence. ( ) . . () () . , . , .
, Emergent .
Emergent
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emergence
. (feedback)
-
58
.
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3.2.3 mergence.
Emergence ( Emergence)
(weak) Emergence.
,
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-
65
Emergence
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-
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3.2.3 Emergent
Emergence
:
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Philip Warren Anderson More is different
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-
72
Emergent.
Emergence
.
. Achim Menges,
(Complex Energy and Material systems),
, ,
-.
,
( ).
Emergence Urban
Environmental Intelligence, ,
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individual signature,
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-
73
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-
76
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Control,
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-
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,
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-
81
.
,
.
(emerges) ,
.
-
82
Paper Strip Experiment, Differantiation and Proliferation
Achim Menges
,
Achim Menges,
1.
( ), ,
.
Menges
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
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1,
.1 .
, ,
-
83
,
.
. 2
().
.
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,
(Logics of Material). ,
,
(.2). ,
.
Menges
,
(Surface
Developness), (Tangency)
.
.
-
84
, Menges
,
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,
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().
,
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,
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-
85
,
.
(render) .
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,
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), ( )
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-
86
,
.
Menges,
.
,
( )
.
.
, ,
.
(interactions) (feedbacks).
-
87
Achim Menges, ,
.
, (feedback),
,
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.
,
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.
Menges ,
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,
-
88
. ,
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, ,
(stripes).
Achim Menges
. ,
,
() (
), ,
.
-
89
HoneyComb Morphologies, Generative Algorithmic Definition
Andrew Kudless (Menges, Hensel, Weinstock)
project, Andrew Kudless
A Emergent Technologies,
Michael Hensel, Michael Weinstock Achim Menges.
Menges (Paper Strips). ,
.
,
.
, Menges
, kudless
.
, ,
.
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,
-
90
. Emergence,
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-
91
) ( ),
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(). ,
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