The Six Kingdoms
description
Transcript of The Six Kingdoms
Use the words in RED to fill in the blanks!
6 Kingdoms
• Archaebacteria• Eubacteria
• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia
• These 2 are sometimes combined together to form the Monera Kingdom when only 5 Kingdoms are used
Cell Types Prokaryotes Eukaryotes• No nucleus• No membrane-
bound organelles• Most 1 -10 μm in
size• Evolved 3.5 billion
years ago• Only
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms
• Has nucleus• Many organelles• Many 2-1,000 μm
in size• Evolved 1.5 billion
years ago• Includes Protista,
Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms
Types of Nutrition: Autotrophs or Heterotrophs
• Autotrophs: 1.) photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food, and 2.) chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H2S, sulfur, and iron is consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food. All autotrophs make their own food!
• Heterotrophs: organisms that cannot make its own food—must eat other organisms or organic wastes– Absorbers: produces enzymes that break down food
particles outside its body, then absorbs the digested molecules
Prokaryotic cells Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms
Bacteria Shapes
Coccus (spherical shaped) Bacillus (rod shaped)
Spirillum(spiral/curved walls)
Singular PluralCoccus cocciBacillus bacilliSpirillum spirilla
Singular PluralCoccus cocciBacillus bacilliSpirillum spirilla
halophile
halophile
halophile
methanic
methanic
sulfurous
Kingdom Archaebacteria• Cell Type: Prokaryotes (original life form on earth and
gave rise to eukaryotes; believed to be the ancestors of the protists; called the “ancient bacteria”)
• Cell structure: no nucleus, no organelles, have cell walls that contain lipids found in no other organism
• Body Forms: unicellular• Nutrition: autotrophs or heterotrophs• Niche: extreme environments such as deep sea volcanic
vents, hot springs, salt flats and brine pools, and black organic mud that lacks oxygen (anaerobic)
• Reproduction: asexual • Neat Facts: fewer than 100 species
Examples of Archaebacteria
• Halophiles (Salt lovers)• Acidophiles (love acidic environments)• Sulfurous bacteria (high sulfur
environments)• Methanic bacteria (high methane
environments)• Anaerobic bacteria (no oxygen)
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria• Cell Type: Prokaryotes - gave rise to eukaryote cell
organelles; believed to be the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts; considered the “true bacteria”
• Cell Structure: no nucleus; no organelles; cell walls contain complex carbohydrates; all species have at least one inner cell membrane
• Body Forms: unicellular• Nutrition: photosynthetic and chemical autotrophs, and
heterotrophs• Niche: Common environments, live in and on organisms• Reproduction: asexual• Neat Facts: extremely diverse—5,000 species; many cause
disease; some make vitamins; used for food and drugs
Examples of Eubacteria
• Strep (Streptococcus aureus)• Cyanobacteria• Salmonella• Clostridium botulinum• E. coli
Bacterial Fossils of blue-green algaecyanobacteria
Algal mats preserved in rock Modern day
3.2 billion years old2.6 billion years old
Eukaryotic Cells – Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Protists – yellow; fungi – red; plantae – green; animalia - blue
Kingdom Protistafrom microscopic to 150 feet large
(the “catch-all kingdom”)
Diversity in Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Protista• Cell Type: Eukaryotes (“catch all” kingdom) • Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, and
some have chloroplasts • Body Forms: mostly unicellular, some multicellular,
some colonial• Nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic; ingestion,
absorption, or photosynthesis• Niche: freshwater and ocean water, in and on
organisms; anywhere where there is water or a moist environment
• Reproduction: asexual or sexual• Neat Facts: autotrophic protists produce 1/3 of
oxygen in the atmosphere; wide range of sizes
Examples of Protists
• Euglena• Paramecium• Amoeba• Diatoms• Slime mold• Algae• Kelp• Red Tide
Kingdom Fungi
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no
chloroplasts; cell wall of chitin • Body Forms: some unicellular, most multicellular • Nutrition: heterotrophic (absorption); mostly
decomposers• Niche: most are terrestrial (land), some live on
organisms • Reproduction: asexual and sexual (rarely) • Neat Facts: some cause disease; fix nitrogen; make
medicine; release free oxygen into the atmosphere
Examples of Fungi
• Bread molds• Mushrooms• Yeast• Mildews• Truffles• Penicillium
Kingdom Plantae• Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, and
chloroplasts; cell walls of cellulose; advanced differentiation of tissues (roots, leaves, reproductive structures)
• Body Forms: multicellular • Nutrition: photosynthetic terrestrial autotrophs• Niche: on land (terrestrial)• Reproduction: sexual• Neat Facts: provide oxygen; convert energy to food;
used for paper, textiles, medicine
Examples of Plants
• Trees• Flowers• Ferns• Mosses• Grasses
Kingdom Animalia• Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria,
but no chloroplasts and no cell walls; advanced differentiation of tissues and complex organs
• Body Forms: multicellular • Nutrition: heterotrophic• Niche: anywhere—land (most), water, sea and
air• Reproduction: sexual and asexual • Neat Facts: used for food, clothing
Examples of Animals• Snails• Sponges• Fish• Turtles• Snakes• Mammals• Birds• Worms• Insects
Homework
• Use your notes to complete the chart entitled “Major Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms”
Major Characteristics of the 6 KingdomsPHYLUM Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
CELL TYPE(prokaryote or eukaryote)
Prokaryotes (gave rise to eukaryotes); “ancient bacteria”
Prokaryotes (gave rise to eukaryotic cell organelles); “true bacteria”
Eukaryotes (catch-all kingdom)
Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes
CELL STRUCTURE(description of various organelles)
Have cell walls, lack cell nuclei, and membrane-bound organelles
Cell walls contain complex carbohydrates; all have at least one inner cell membrane
Have a nucleus, mitochondria, some have chloroplasts
Have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts;Has cell wall of chitin
Have a nucleus, mitochrondria, chloroplasts, cell walls of cellulose; tissue differentiation
Have a nucleus, mitochondria, no chloroplasts, no cell wall; advanced tissue/ organ differentiation
BODY FORMS(unicellular or multicellular)
Unicellular Unicellular Mostly unicellular, some multi-cellular; colonial
Some unicellular, most multicellular
Multicellular Multicellular
NUTRITION(autotophic or heterotrophic)
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Photosynthetic and chemical Autotrophs,and heterotrophs
Autotrophic or heterotrophic;
Heterotrophic (absorption);mostlydecomposers
Photosynthetic terrestrial autotrophs
Heterotrophic
NICHE(where they live)
extreme environ-ments, no oxygen, volcanic vents, hot springs, brine pools
Common environments;Live in and on organisms
Freshwater, seawater, in and on organisms
Most are terrestrial, live on organisms
terrestrial
Anywhere – land, freshwater, oceans, air
REPRODUCTION(asexual or sexual)
Asexual Asexual Both Both Sexual Sexual
NEAT FACTS Fewer than 100 species
Many cause disease; some make vitamins; used for food/drugs
Autotrophic protests produce 1/3 of O2 in atmosphere
Some cause disease; fix nitrogen; make medicine; release free O2 into air
Provide O2; convert energy to food; used for paper, textiles, meds
Food; clothing
EXAMPLES
Methanic bacteria, halophile bacteria; anaerobic bacteria; acidophile bacteria
Strep, anthrax, cyanobacteria, salmonella, gonorrhea, E.coli
Algae, kelp, slime molds, red tides, amoeba, paramecium
Bread molds, mushrooms, yeast, mildews, truffles, penicillin
Trees, flowers, ferns, mosses, grasses, vascular & non-vascular plants
Snails, turtles, fish, mammals, birds, insects, spiders, snakes, worms