Grafika un datorgrafika

Grafika (grieķu valodā γραφικός (grafikos) – kaut kas uzrakstīts):1) vizuāli attēli;2) skices un projekti uz kādas virsmas, lai ilustrētu un informētu.

Attēli, kuri tiek veidoti ar datoru, tiek saukti par datorgrafiku (computer graphics).

Jāpielāgo lietošanai datorā

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Vizualizācija (visualization)Glabāšana (storage)

Sameklēšana un izgūšana (search and extraction)Relāciju DBSRelaciju-objektu DBSXML DBS

Computer graphics are graphics created using computers and more generally, the representation and manipulation of graphics data by a computer

The phrase “Computer Graphics” was coined in 1960 by William Fetter, a graphic designer for Boeing. Early projects like the Whirlwind and SAGE Projects introduced the display and interaction interface and introduced the light pen as an input device.

Computer graphics may be used in the following areas:Computational biology, Computational physics, Computer-aided design, Computer simulation, Digital art, Education, Graphic design, Infographics, Information visualization, Rational drug design, Scientific visualization, Video Games, Virtual reality, Web design

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Skaitļošanas ģeometrija (computational geometry)

Computational geometry is a branch of computer science devoted to the study of algorithms which can be stated in terms of geometry.

The main branches of computational geometry are:

1. Combinatorial computational geometry, also called algorithmic geometry, which deals with geometric objects as discrete entities. A groundlaying book in the subject by Preparata and Shamos dates the first use of the term "computational geometry" in this sense by 1975.

2. Numerical computational geometry, also called machine geometry, computer-aided geometric design (CAGD), or geometric modeling, which deals primarily with representing real-world objects in forms suitable for computer computations in CAD/CAM systems.

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Skaitļošanas ģeometrijas problēmas

1. Ģeometrijas objekti kā diskrētas vienības (geometric objects as discrete entities)Problēma: nepārtrauktā telpa (reālā dzīve) un diskrētā telpa (datori)

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2. The convex hull or convex envelope of a set X of points in the Euclidean plane or Euclidean space is the smallest convex set that contains X.

3. Line segment intersection problem supplies a list of line segments in the plane and asks us to determine whether any two of them intersect, or cross.

4. A Delaunay triangulation for a set P of points in a plane is a triangulation DT(P) such that no point in P is inside the circumcircle of any triangle in DT(P). Delaunay triangulations maximize the minimum angle of all the angles of the triangles in the triangulation; they

tend to avoid skinny triangles. The triangulation is named after Boris Delaunay for his work on this topic from 1934.

5. Closest point pair problem is a problem of computational geometry: given n points in metric space, find a pair of points with the smallest distance between them.

6. The Euclidean shortest path problem: is given a set of polyhedral obstacles in a Euclidean space, and two points, find the shortest path between the points that does not intersect any of the obstacles.

7. Polygon triangulation is the decomposition of a polygonal area (simple polygon) P into a set of triangles, i.e., finding the set of triangles with pairwise non-intersecting interiors whose union is P.

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Vektoru un rastra grafika (vector and raster graphics)

In computer graphics, a raster graphics image or bitmap is a data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of pixels, or points of color, viewable via a monitor, paper, or other display medium. Raster images are stored in image files with varying formats.Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygon(s), which are all based on mathematical equations, to represent images in computer graphics.

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Vektoru grafika (objekti un telpa)

Rastra grafika

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Grafisko datu pamat-tipi un to interpretācijas

1. Point. Geometric aspect of an object, for which only its locationin space, but not the extent, is relevant.

city

2. Line (polyline). Moving through space, connections in space.rivercablehighway

3. Region. Abstraction of an object with extent.forestlakecity

4. Partitions.

5. Networks (graphs).

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Grafisko datu pamat-tipu (spatial data types) lietotie nosaukumi angļu valodā

GEOMETRY (abstract superclass)

POINT (a single coordinate, usually but not necessarily 2 dimensional)

LINESTRING (a set of two or more coordinates, with a linear

interpretation of the path between the coordinates)

LINEARRING (a linestring of three or more coordinates in which the

start and end points are the same, usually not instantiable, but used to build

polygons)

POLYGON (a set of one or more closed linearrings, one exterior ring that

defines a bounded area, and a set of interior rings that define exceptions

(holes) to the bounded areas)

MULTIPOINT (a set of points)

MULTILINESTRING (a set of linestrings)

MULTIPOLYGON (a set of polygons)

GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (a heterogeneous set of geometries)

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Grafisko datu standarti

This basic model is defined in the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) “Simple Features for SQL” (SFSQL) specification and defines the playing field shared by all the particular spatial database implementations we will be discussing.The SFSQL specifies the particular rules for building valid geometries, the legal representations of geometries in both ASCII and binary form, and a set of basic functions for constructing, inspecting, measuring and manipulating geometries.

Simple Features (officially Simple Feature Access) is both:1) an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC);2) an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard ISO

19125 that specifies a common storage model of mostly two-dimensional geographical data (point, line, polygon, multi-point, multi-line, etc.)

The ISO 19125 standard comes in two parts. Part one, ISO 19125-1 (SFA-CA for "common architecture"), defines a model for two-dimensional simple features, with linear interpolation between vertices. The data model defined in SFA-CA is a hierarchy of classes. This part also defines representation using Well-Known Text (and Binary). Part 2 of the standard, ISO 19125-2 (SFA-SQL), defines an implementation using SQL. The OpenGIS standard(s) cover implementations in CORBA and OLE/COM as well, although these have lagged behind the SQL one and are not standardized by ISO.The ISO/IEC 13249-3 SQL/MM Spatial extends the Simple Features data model mainly with circular interpolations (e.g. circular arcs) and adds other features like coordinate transformations and methods for validating geometries as well as Geography Markup Language support.

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Standartu dokumenti

1. ISO/IEC: ISO 19125-1:2004 Geographic information -- Simple feature access -- Part 1: Common architectureISO 19125-2:2004 Geographic information -- Simple feature access -- Part 2: SQL optionISO SQL/MM part 3

2. OpenGIS: OpenGIS Implementation Specification for Geographic information - Simple feature access - Part 1: Common architecture (05-126, 06-103r3, 06-103r4), current version 1.2.1OpenGIS Simple Feature Access - Part 2: SQL Option (99-054, 05-134, 06-104r3, 06-104r4), current version 1.2.1, formerly OpenGIS Simple Features [Implementation Specification] for SQLOpenGIS Simple Features Implementation Specification for CORBA (99-054), current version 1.0OpenGIS Simple Features Implementation Specification for OLE/COM (99-050), current version 1.1

http://www.opengis.org/GIS Standards and Interoperability (ESRI)http://www.esri.com/software/opengisGIS Standards (NCGIA Core Curriculum 1990)http://www.geog.ubc.ca/courses/klink/gis.notes/ncgia/toc.htmlInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO)http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htmSpatial Data Standards and Interoperability White Paper (ESRI)http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/spatial-data-standards.pdf

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Grafiskās sistēmas (graphical systems)

1. CAD/CAM (computer aided design/ computer aided manufacturing) sistēmas

2. GIS (geographical information systems) sistēmas

3. Vadības informācijas sistēmas (management information systems)

4. Pētniecības informācijas sistēmas (research information systems).

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CAD/CAM sistēmas

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a) projektēšana (design)

b) izstrāde (manufacturing)

Ģeogrāfija un ģeometrija

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Locations on the Earth’s surface is usually marked using the longitude and latitude.

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As seen in the above figure, a one degree longitude difference differs greatly depending on the latitude. A longitude 1° from the equator is 111.321 km, but longitude 1° from latitude 60° is only 55.802 km.

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GIS sistēmas

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Vadības informācijas sistēmas (management information systems) ar grafikas izmantošanu"A picture is worth a thousand words" refers to the notion that a complex idea can be conveyed with just a single still image. It also aptly characterizes one of the main goals of visualization, namely making it possible to absorb large amounts of data quickly.

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GIS companies with High Market Share1. Autodesk – Products include Map 3D, Topobase, MapGuide and other products that interface with its flagship AutoCAD software package.

2. Bentley Systems – Products include Bentley Map, Bentley PowerMap and other products that interface with its flagship MicroStation software package.

3. ERDAS IMAGINE by ERDAS Inc; products include Leica Photogrammetry Suite, ERDAS ER Mapper, and ERDAS ECW JPEG2000 SDK (ECW (file format))are used throughout the entire mapping community (GIS, Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and image compression).

4. ESRI – Products include ArcView 3.x, ArcGIS, ArcSDE, ArcIMS, ArcWeb services and ArcGIS Server.

5. IDRISI – GIS product developed by Clark Labs, a part of Clark University. Economical but capable, it is used for both operations and education.

6. Intergraph – Products include GeoMedia, GeoMedia Professional, GeoMedia WebMap, and add-on products for industry sectors, as well as photogrammetry.

7. MapInfo by Pitney Bowes – Products include MapInfo Professional and MapXtreme. integrates GIS software, data and services.

8. RegioGraph by GfK GeoMarketing; GIS software for business planning and analyses; company also provides compatible maps and market data.

9.Smallworld – developed in Cambridge, England (Smallworld, Inc.) and purchased by General Electric and used primarily by public utilities.

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Open source desktop GIS projects

GRASS GIS – Originally developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, open source: a complete GIS

SAGA GIS – System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses- a hybrid GIS software. SAGA has a unique Application Programming Interface (API) and a fast growing set of geoscientifc methods, bundled in exchangeable Module Libraries.

Quantum GIS – QGIS is an Open Source GIS that runs on Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, and Windows.

MapWindow GIS – Free, open source GIS desktop application and programming component.

ILWIS – ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) integrates image, vector and thematic data.

uDig

gvSIG – Open source GIS written in Java.

JUMP GIS / OpenJUMP – (Open) Java Unified Mapping Platform (the desktop GIS OpenJUMP, SkyJUMP, deeJUMP and Kosmo emerged from JUMP)

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Raster graphics editors

Proprietary softwareCommercial Freeware

Ability PhotopaintACD Canvas (formerly Deneba Canvas)Adobe FireworksAdobe PhotoshopAdobe Photoshop LightroomAdobe Photoshop ElementsAutodesk SketchBook ProApertureArtRageCodedColorCorel PainterCorel Painter EssentialsCorel Paint Shop Pro PhotoCorel Photo-Paintcosmigo Pro Motion

Digimage Arts Color It!ERDAS IMAGINEGraphicConverterHelicon Filter Home/ProiPhotoKonvertorLView ProManga StudioMicrosoft Office Picture ManagerMicrosoft PaintMST ViewerNaked lightNeoPaintOpenCanvasPhotobrushPhotogenicsPhotolinePhoto Mechanic

PhotoPerfectPicMasterPictor PaintPixBuilder Photo EditorPixel image editor (formerly Pixel32)PixelmatorPortrait ProfessionalProject DogwaffleQFXSAISerif PhotoplusTVPaintTwistedBrush Pro StudioUnified Color HDR PhotoStudioUlead PhotoImpactUltimate PaintWinImagesZoner Photo Studio

ArtRage Starter EditionArtweaverBrush Strokes Image EditorEffectbankFastStone Image ViewerFotografixIrfanViewLunapicPaint.NETPicasaPicnikPixiaProject Dogwaffle 1.2 Free VersionStylePixSView5TwistedBrush Open StudioXnview

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Vector graphics editors

CreatorFirst released Latest version List price (USD)

Raven Aviary 2009 1.00.00b Free (closed source)CorelDRAW Graphics Suite Corel 1989 X5 (15) $489, $189 upgrade

(includes Photopaint)Macromedia Freehand Adobe Systems 1988 MX (11) $399, $99 upgrade

Adobe Illustrator Adobe Systems 1987 CS5 (15) $599, $199 upgrade

Drawit [3] Bohemian Coding 3.7.3 (March 2009) €29, Free Drawit Lite version

Chittram Chittram 2010 1.0 (July 2010) Free (closed source)Inkscape Inkscape Team 2003 0.48 (Aug 2010) Free (open source)Intaglio [4] Purgatory Design 2003 3.1.2 $89MagicTracer Elgorithms 2005 1.0 $49Mayura Draw [5] Mayura Software 4.3 (Sept. 2007) €39

Microsoft Visio Microsoft 1992 12.0$560, $350 upgrade (Pro), $260, $130 upgrade (Standard)

Microsoft Expression Design Microsoft 2007 4.0 (7.0.20516.9)

(June 2010) (closed source)

OpenOffice.org Draw The OpenOffice.org community 2000 3.2.1 (June 2010) Free (open source)

PhotoLine Computerinsel GmbH 1995 14.01 €59Serif DrawPlus Serif Europe 2010 X4 £79.99sK1 sK1 Team 2009 0.9.0 (May 2009) Free (open source)Sodipodi Sodipodi 2000 0.34 (Feb 2004) Free (open source)Swift 3D Electric Rain 2000 6.0 (June 2009) $249Synfig Synfig Team 2005 0.61.09 Free (open source)Xara Xtreme Xara 1995 3.2 $79Xara Xtreme LX Xara 2006 0.7 Free (open source)ZCubes ZCubes 2006 2007 Dec Free (closed source)

Populārākās grafiskās datu bāzes sistēmas

1. Oracle RDBMS with Spatial or Locator

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2. SQL Server 2008 with Spatial

3. PostgreSQL with PostGIS

4. IBM DB2 with Spatial Extender

5. IBM Informix with Spatial Blade

Grafisko datu datu bāzes sistēma

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Standartu realizācija grafiskajās datu bāzes sistēmas

Part 2 of Simple Feature Access is implemented to varying degrees in:1) MySQL Spatial Extensions, although "All of the functions that calculate relations between geometries are implemented using bounding boxes not the actual geometries." MySQL DBMS implements the datatype geometry plus some spatial functions that have been implemented according to the OpenGIS specifications. However, in MySQL version 5.5 and earlier, functions that test spatial relationships are limited to working with minimum bounding rectangles rather than the actual geometries. MySQL versions earlier than 5.0.16 only supported spatial data in MyISAM tables. As of MySQL 5.0.16, InnoDB, NDB, BDB, and ARCHIVE also support spatial features.2) PostgreSQL DBMS (database management system) uses the spatial extension PostGIS to implement the standardized datatype geometry and corresponding functions.2) PostGIS extension for PostgreSQL, also supporting some of the SQL/MM Spatial features. 3) SpatiaLite extension for SQLite. SpatiaLite extends Sqlite with spatial datatypes, functions, and utilities.4) Oracle Spatial, which also implements some of the advanced features from SQL/MM Spatial. 5) IBM DB2 Spatial Extender and IBM Informix Spatial DataBlade. IBM DB2 Spatial Extender can be used to enable any edition of DB2, including the free DB2 Express-C, with support for spatial types6) Microsoft SQL Server since version 2008, with significant additions in the 2012 version.

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Ģeometrijas objektu modeļi Oracle Spatial ģeometrijas objektu modelis

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Ģeometrisko objektu tips SDO_GEOMETRY un tā elementi

SDO_ELEM_INFO SDO_ORDINATES SDO_ SDO_ SDO_GTYPE SRID POINT SDO_STARTING_OFFSET X1, Y1, X2, Y2, . . . SDO_ETYPE SDO_INTERPRETATION

create type SDO_GEOMETRY as object( SDO_GTYPE number, SDO_SRID number, SDO_POINT SDO_POINT_TYPE, SDO_ELEM_INFO SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY, SDO_ORDINATES SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY);

create type SDO_POINT_TYPE as object( X number, Y number, Z number);

create type SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY as varray(1048576) of number;

create type SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY as varray(1048576) of number;

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IBM DB2 Spatial Extender ģeometrijas objektu modelis

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MS SQL Server ģeometrijas objektu modelis

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Jaunie grafikas datu tipi DBVS PostgreSQL

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PostgreSQL grafisko datu apstrādes funkcijas(functions)

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PostGis vienkāršība (simplicity of PostGis)

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JGeometry klase1

MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY JGeometry

java.lang.Object   oracle.spatial.geometry.JGeometry

A Java class that maps Oracle Spatial's SQL type MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY. Provides basic access functions to the geomeries stroed in Oracle Spatial database.

Packagesoracle.spatial.geometry

Provides support for the Spatial SQL SDO_GEOMETRY data type.

oracle.spatial.network Provides support for the Oracle Spatial network data model.

oracle.spatial.topo Provides support for the Oracle Spatial topology data model.

oracle.spatial.util Provides classes that perform miscellaneous operations.

Class Summary

JGeometry A Java class that maps Oracle Spatial's SQL type MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY.

JGeometry.Point A convenient class that represents a double-typed point.

1 http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/appdev.102/b14373/oracle/spatial/geometry/JGeometry.html#GTYPE_POLYGON

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Specializētas datu bāzes sistēmas veidošanas varianti

1. Jaunu datu tipu izmantošana (new data types) datu bāzes sistēmās

(piemēram, PosgreSQL).

2. Jaunu SQL funkciju izmantošana (new SQL function use) (piemēram, Oracle Analytical function (OVER tipa vaicājumi), datu noliktavas

realizēšanas vaicājumi (GROUP by CUBE, Grouping), hierarhiskie vaicājumi).

3. Datu bāzes sistēmas paplašinājuma veidošana izmantojot papildus

programmu paketes (extended DBS packages);

- IT firmu produktu izmantošana (piemēram, Oracle Spatial);

- programmu pakešu izstrāde izmantojot datu bāzes servera

programmēšanas valodu (piemēram, PLSQL un Java (Oracle DBVS))

izmantošana.

4. Datu bāzes servera kodola paplašinājumu veidošana (use of cartriges)

(piemēram, Oracle cartridges, DB2 data blades, spraudņu (plug-ins)

izmantošana).

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