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OXI Day Special2 THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015

By Constantinos E. Scaros

Greek leader Ioannis Metaxas’ famous “NOheard ‘round the world” to Italy’s BenitoMussolini on October 28, 1940, regarding

the fascist dictator’s demand for Italian troops tooccupy certain regions of Greece for strategic pur-poses during WWII led to the subsequent celebra-tion of OXI Day.The fanfare and camaraderie, though largely butnot exclusively limited to Greece – as evidenced byan opinion piece in this issue by U.S. CongressmanBob Dold (R-IL) (see page 5) – needs to extend be-yond a single event and even a single nation.That the modest Greek forces stood up to Mus-solini, a bully who aligned himself with the world’ssupreme bully at the time, Adolf Hitler, was a re-markable accomplishment in itself, rendered evenmore noteworthy in that the soldiers’ battlefieldperformance matched their off-field valor. Speaking to that, Great Britain’s timeless states-man Winston Churchill said “Hence, we will notsay that Greeks fight like heroes, but that heroesfight like Greeks.” The significance of OXI, which earned Greece theaccolades of Churchill, the United States, and theworld, was twofold: 1) the righteous indignation tostand up for oneself; and 2) the means by which toback up that stance.And on a host of issues spanning the globe nowa-days, that is what good people – who comprise themajority of every nation – need to do. To say OXI topolitical corruption, violent religious zealotry,greed, incompetence, and indifference. It is anabomination that America, which continues to bor-row almost half a million dollars per minute, risks

losing its sovereignty, that Greece has alreadypassed that point, and that millions in the MiddleEast on the wrong side of the sword-wielders’ ide-ologies risk have their heads chopped off.OXI, then, was brilliance in its simplicity: boldwords backed by bold actions. Today’s Greeks,Americans, and leaders the world over can learn athing or two from the WWII-era Greeks.Just as the critics of individuals on public assis-tance who falsify a claim and cheat the governmentout of a few dollars extra on a welfare paymentmiss the point when they don’t criticize – or evenrecognize – the existence and abuse of corporatewelfare, i.e., welfare for the rich, so, too, is theirony lost on Americans who condemn the Greeksfor having destroyed their nation yet fail to ac-knowledge that “there but for the span of a fewmore years go I.”We Greek-Americans should not be defensive whenour fellow Americans take cheap shots at the cur-rent state of the Hellenic Republic. It’s not that theyare entirely wrong, it’s that they are predominantlyclueless that their – our – own doom is not that faraway, either; whether the battlefield in question isa military or economic one.To many, OXI is a way to celebrate past gloriesamid present embarrassment. Like a sports teamthat hasn’t won a championship in decades saying:“we were really something back in the day…”Instead, OXI needs to be a call to action: not protestfor the sake of protest, but a principled and coura-geous response where circumstances warrant. Then, perhaps, one day, an addendum toChurchill’s unforgettable quote can be: “the peoplesought and gained empowerment – how veryGreek of them.”

OXI Beyond WWII and Beyond Greece

OXI Day was Greece’s “NO heard ‘round the world,” as captured on the New York Times’ frontpage, Oct. 28, 1940. But OXI Day must be more than a celebration of past glories; it must be a callto action by the people of many nations regarding an array of principled positions long ignored.

By Constantine S. Sirigos

In history’s long sweep, itwould appear to be folly to de-clare that one date stands aboveall the rest. The dates of the bat-tles fought between the flower ofthe youth of great nations that al-tered its course, the lucky birth

days and untimely deaths of greatmen and women who shaped theworld we know are countless.And who can say which dayswere critical for the survival ofhumanity in the time before therewere calendars and scribes?

But each nation and devoteeof history can nominate a mo-

ment in time for special note. WeHellenes can do the same.

Before October 28, 1940 thefuture looked bleak. The litera-ture of the Washington Oxi DayFoundation, which is “dedicatedto informing American policy-makers and the public about theprofound role Greece played inbringing about the outcome ofWorld War II” describes the worldscene this way:

“The free world watched asone by one countries across Eu-rope surrendered to Hitler’s Axisforces. At 3:00 a.m. on October28, 1940, a representative of theAxis forces arrived at the Greekprime minister’s residence anddemanded Greece’s surrender.The prime minister replied withone single word – Oxi – No.

“A few hours later, the Axisforces descended on Greece, ex-pecting that it would quickly fall,but the Greek resistance forcedHitler to change his plans. News

of Greece’s victory flooded the ra-dio airwaves and covered thefront pages of newspapers aroundthe globe. A grateful world cele-brated – no one expected such asmall nation to derail the seem-ingly unstoppable Axis forces.”

The heroic acts of the Greekpeople during WW II were notlimited to the battlefield, and theywere enacted at all levels of soci-ety.

It is to the discredit of Europethat only one of its top religiousleaders publicly challenged thenazi’s plans for the holocaust.That one was the Archbishop ofAthens and All Greece, Damaski-nos. The significance of his ac-tions has been documented theRaoul Wallenberg Foundation.

The Archbishop’s response tothe threat of death by nazi firingsquad still inspires. He informedthe nazi officials that Greek clericsare not shot, but hanged, andasked that that they respect tra-dition. Time Magazine featuredhim on its cover.

75 Years Later, OXIDay Still Inspires

When the entire worldhad lost all hope, theGreek people dared toquestion the invincibilityof the German monsterraising against it theproud spirit of freedom,”

President Franklin D.Roosevelt

“

I am sorry because I amgetting old and I shall notlive long to thank the GreekPeople, whose resistancedecided WW II… You foughtunarmed and won, smallagainst big… You gave ustime to defend ourselves…We owe you gratitude.”

Joseph Stalin

“

Hence, we will not saythat Greeks fight likeheroes, but that heroesfight like Greeks…“Ifthere had not been thevirtue and courage of theGreeks, we do not knowwhich the outcome ofWW II would have been.”

Winston Churchill

“

OXI Day SpecialTHE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015 3

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OXI Day Special4 THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015

We Salute the Heroes of «OXI Day»

Who Defied Fascism and Tyranny

«The heroic struggle of the Greek people to defend theirliberties and their homes against the aggression of Germanyafter they had so signally defeated the Italian attempt atinvasion has stirred the hearts and aroused the sympathy ofthe whole American people.» – President Franklin DelanoRoosevelt (AHEPA Member) to the AHEPA Supreme Lodge,April 25, 1941

The American Hellenic Educational Progressive AssociationStrengthening Communities since 1922

1909 Q Street, NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC 20009www.ahepa.org

Are you a Member? Join Today!

By Rep. Bob Dold

[U.S. Congressman Bob Dold(R-IL), for the occasion of the cel-ebration of OXI Day, October 28,2015, shared his commentarywith The National Herald.]

Seventy-five years ago thismonth, the Nazis were sweepingthrough Europe with frighteningease. The Nazi war machineseemed horrifyingly effective ascountry after country fell. Thiswas the backdrop on the earlymorning of October 28, 1940when the Axis forces requesteda meeting with Greek PrimeMinister Ioannas Metaxas.Surely, when the emissary forthe Axis forces arrived in Greece

to meet with Prime MinisterMetaxas, one can only assumethat they viewed their meetingwith the Greek leader as a mereformality – that any sensiblecountry would have witnessedthe carnage brought upon Eu-rope and would be desperate toavoid bringing that home at allcosts.

The Axis’ agenda for themeeting was short. They camewith only a simple demand:Greece must unconditionallysurrender and allow the Axisforces unfettered use of strategicmilitary sites or the Greek peo-ple would face war.

The Axis forces clearly un-derestimated the Greeks’ re-solve. They did not understandthat the same people who, justa decade earlier, had seen thou-sands of their friends, families,and neighbors slaughtered bythe Ottoman Empire, would notsit idly by while a new menaceterrorized a continent withunimaginable cruelty. Despitethe Greeks having been war-weary people, Metaxas shockedthe Axis powers by giving hisnow famous one word answer:“OXI!”

Perhaps it was precisely be-cause the Greek people saw theOttoman Empire perpetrate thefirst – and largely forgotten –genocide of the 20th centurythat Greece showed its resolve.Maybe it was Greece’s face-to-face confrontation with thatlevel of evil just a few decades

prior that made Prime MinisterMetaxas make his decision tofight rather than allow that evilbe directed elsewhere. Whileothers in Europe chose to stayout of the conflict in hopes theywould be spared, the Greekswillingly inserted themselvesinto the fray, costing hundredsof thousands of Greek lives butsaving millions by continuallystunting and stifling the Axisforces.

Greece’s refusal to aid andabet Axis saved countless livesas Greek forces fought hero-ically and prolonged the fightlonger than anyone imagined,but Greece paid a terrible priceas well, losing practically an en-tire generation of men andwomen. By war’s end, Greecelost 10% of its prewar popula-tion – one of the highest totalsfor any country during the fight.

As we remember OXI Dayand the Greeks’ bravery, let usalso remember the millions ofGreeks who perished so thatAdolf Hitler and he Nazis mightbe stopped.

The story of OXI Day, whilewell known to many Greeksacross our community, is a les-son that more of America woulddo well to internalize. As welook around the world and seethe troubling trend of risinganti-Semitism across the globeand the persecution of OrthodoxChristians and other religiousminorities in the Middle East,we have two options: we can be

filled with despair and lamentthat we are powerless to do any-thing to stop the work of evil

men, or we can learn from theGreeks and say in a clear andstrong voice that, no we will not

tolerate this evil barbarity. Wecan band together and say,“OXI.”

OXI Day SpecialTHE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015 5

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GEORGE LIKOUREZOS, Esq., glikourezos@cdfslaw.comTHEODOSIOS KOUNTOTSIS, Esq., tkountotsis@cdfslaw.com

ΜΙΛΑΜΕ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ

Ζήτω το Επος του ’40

Ζήτω η 28η Οκτωβρίου

Carter, DeLuca, Farrell & Schmidt, LLPIntellectual Property Lawyers

445 Broad Hollow Road, Suite 420Melville, New York 11747

Tel.: (631) 501-5700 • Fax: (631) 501-3526

German soldiers enter Athens in 1941.German soldiers enter Athens in 1941.

German soldiers raising the German War Flag over the Acropolis. It would be taken down by Manolis Glezos and Apostolos Santas in one of the first acts of resistance.

OXI Then, and OXI Now

OXI Day Special6 THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015

Voula Papaioannou, along with Balafas, Meletzis andTloupas, is one of several prominent Greek photogra-phers who came to maturity during the Occupationand Greek Civil War. Her images from the Occupationare unique documents of the period that skillfully tran-scend the demand for realistic information. Her pho-tographs present the misery and pain of the occupationas part of life, and her subjects are infused with thebreath of spontaneity.

Voula Papaioannou was born in Lamia and grew up inAthens (Greece). She began working as a photographerduring the 1930s, concentrating at first on studies oflandscapes, monuments and archaeological exhibits.

The outbreak of war in 1940 marked a turning point inher career, as she was intensely affected by the sufferingof the civilian population of Athens. Realising the powerof her camera to arouse people’s conscience, she doc-umented the troops departing for the front, the prepa-rations for the war effort, and the care received by thefirst casualties. When the capital was in the grip of star-vation, she revealed the horrors of war in her movingphotographs of emaciated children.

After the liberation, as a member of the photographicunit of UNRRA (United Nations Relief and RehabilitationAdministration), she toured the ravaged Greek coun-tryside recording the difficult living conditions faced by

its inhabitants. She often exceeded her brief, immortal-ising the faces and personal stories of ordinary peoplein photographs that stressed dignity rather than suffer-ing. […]

Voula Papaioannou’s work represents the trend towards“humanitarian photography” that resulted from theabuse of human rights during the war.

Her camera captured her compatriots’ struggle for sur-vival with respect, clarity, and a degree of personal in-volvement that transcends national boundaries and re-inforces one’s faith in the strength of the common manand the intrinsic value of human life.

Voula Papaioannou: Photographer of the “Katochi”

OXI Day SpecialTHE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015 7

Dr. Kousoulas was ProfessorEmeritus of Political Science atHoward University in Washing-ton, DC, author of several booksand numerous scholarly articlesand a close associate of TNH. Hisarticles were always “most read”and was a source of inspirationfor Greek-Americans, as he waspassionate about Greek historyand a huge supporter of Greeknational issues as well as the Ec-umenical Patriarchate. During the war years,

Kousoulas was scheduled for ex-ecution on Monday, January 15,1945 but the execution was post-poned when the British comman-der Lt.Gen. R.M. Scobie signedwith the Greek Communist lead-ers a truce that came into effectat midnight of January 14 to 15.Kousoulas was awarded theGolden Cross of the Order ofPhoenix by the Government ofGreece, the Medal for ExceptionalActions for his participation inthe Resistance during Greece's oc-cupation by the Nazi's, and hasbeen named Archon Deputatos ofthe Ecumenical Patriarchate inConstantinople.He past away in July 2012.The following article was pub-

lished in October 2005 and weare re-printing in his memory 10years after.

By Dr. D.G. KousoulasSpecial to The National Herald

Greece is the only Europeancountry which celebrates anevent of the Second World Waras one of her two national holi-days. There is a good reason forit.

The significance of Greece’sheroic resistance to the Fascistattack can only be understoodand appreciated when it is seenin the context of what was hap-pening in Europe at the time,and of its eventual effect on thedefeat of Nazi and Fascist forces.

By 1933, with Hitler’s rise topower, the ominous clouds ofwar were gathering in Europe.Inside Greece, the political lead-ership, as well as the nation it-self, was sharply divided be-cause of the disastrous feudbetween King Constantine andEleftherios Venizelos over thequestion of whether Greeceshould have entered the war onthe side of the Allies or re-mained neutral in the FirstWorld War.

At a time when Greeceshould have been preparing mil-

itarily and diplomatically for theoncoming conflict, her leaderswere squabbling over partisanprerogatives and personal gains.Parliamentary democracy hadbecome a victim to fierce politi-cal infighting.

For the British, Greece was avital country strategically be-cause of her location in theMediterranean and proximity tothe sea routes to the Eastthrough the Suez Canal. Theypromoted the return of KingGeorge to the throne after a 12-year exile because he was afriend of Great Britain and aman they could trust. When allefforts to bring a strong and co-hesive government through theparliamentary process failed,King George and Prime MinisterIoannis Metaxas suspended sev-eral articles of the Constitutionand established a dictatorialregime on August 4, 1936.

For the next four years,Metaxas made a serious effort,with the country’s rather limitedresources, to strengthen its mil-itary forces, and to bring someorder to the economy. No dicta-tor was ever popular in modernGreece, and Metaxas was no ex-ception. Still, there was littleovert opposition to his regime.The Metaxas governmentadopted some of the rituals andsymbols of the Nazi and Fascistregimes, but it turned out to bea deliberate attempt to createthe impression of a connectionto the totalitarian regimes inGermany and Italy. It was a de-ception perpetrated with Britishblessing.

When the war broke out inSeptember 1939, the Metaxasgovernment did not mobilizethe army and pretended to re-main neutral, avoiding anyprovocative act. But behind thescenes, the government beganto send out "personal invita-tions" to the young men whohad completed their regular mil-itary training and who had goneback to civilian life. The recipi-ent was given specific informa-tion on the location of his mo-bilization center, and asked tokeep the "invitation" secret. Inthis way, when the Mussolini’sdivisions attacked Greece on Oc-tober 28, 1940 the Greek armycould be mobilized in a matterof hours. Their weapons andmilitary equipment was alreadystored in mobilization centerswaiting for them.

* * *Most ordinary citizens in

Greece were taken by surprisewhen, in the early morning ofMonday, October 28, they heardon Greek radio a dramatic an-nouncement that Italian forceshad attacked Greece, and that"our forces are fighting in de-fense of our national soil." Justthe day before, the Italian em-bassy in Athens had thrown alavish reception, attended bymany high-level government of-ficials, during which the Italianambassador raised a toast toGreek-Italian friendship.

A few hours later, aroundthree o’clock in the morning, themilitary attaché drove ItalianAmbassador Count Grazzi toMetaxas’ modest home in Kifis-

sia, an affluent suburb in north-ern Athens. Metaxas, wearing anight robe, opened the doorhimself. He took his visitor to asmall sitting room, and there,the Italian ambassador gave himto read an official communica-tion from the Italian Govern-ment. It read that, "as a guaran-tee of Greek neutrality, Greeceshould allow Italian armedforces to occupy certain strate-gic points… Should Italiantroops meet with resistance," theItalian ultimatum continued,"they have orders to suppresssuch resistance by force, and theGreek Government will bear theensuing responsibility."

Metaxas had expected thismoment. A few weeks earlier,on August 15, an Italian subma-rine had torpedoed the Greekcruiser Elli in the waters nearthe island of Tinos, while hon-oring the celebration of the Dor-

mition. In late August, Hitlerand Mussolini had met in Vi-enna and settled, as they sawfit, several territorial disputesaffecting Hungary, Romania andBulgaria. In mid-September,while signing the Tripartite Pactwith Japan, Germany hadagreed that "Greece and Yu-goslavia belong exclusively tothe Italian sphere of interest."In early October, General IonAntonescu had overthrown KingCarol of Romania, and had in-vited German troops into hiscountry. Italian forces had al-ready been in Albania, onGreece’s northwestern frontier.

Metaxas did not hesitate. Hehad already decided. Greece

was not going to surrender.With a simple gesture, he gaveback to the ambassador thepiece of paper with the follow-ing response: "Alors c’est laguerre," he said in French."Then, we are at war."

The Italian ambassador triedsome diplomatic talk. "Not nec-essarily. If you agree…" At thatmoment, the old man in thenight robe carried the honor ofGreece, a history of three thou-sand years, on his frail shoul-ders. He did not use the word"No," which a day later was usedby a Greek newspaper in a his-toric headline, "OXI." But whathe said meant exactly that. Itwas an answer that would standforever next to Leonidas"MOLON LAVE (come and getit)" at Thermopylae.

The German dictator, whowas preparing "Operation Bar-barossa" – the invasion of Russia– was upset by Mussolini’s ac-tion. It was a complicationwhich could affect the Opera-tion Barbarossa. He rushed tomeet Mussolini on October 28at the Brenner Pass. He tried todissuade his Italian partner fromcarrying out the operationagainst Greece and instead toplan a joint action to seize theisland of Crete, which wasstrategically more important.

Mussolini assured him thatGreece would fall within days,and after that, they could takecare of Crete. According to theBritish ambassador in Athens,Mussolini’s optimism had beenfed by Count Grazzi’s reportswhich stressed Metaxas’ unpop-ularity, low profile and overcau-tious policies. Had the Italianambassador so grossly misun-derstood Metaxas, or had he de-liberately misinformed Mus-solini? Whatever the case, theItalian dictator was in for apainful surprise.

After advancing a few milesinto Greek territory, the Italiandivisions were forced to retreatby the mobilized Greek army,which reached the front withindays thanks to the silent mobi-lization through the "personalinvitations." The Greek citizen-soldiers may not have had thesuperior weapons of the Italiandivisions, but they were fightingfor their country, for their free-dom.

World public opinion, accus-tomed until then to read aboutthe dazzling successes of theGerman army with its blitzkriegtactics, was astonished by theGreek mil-itary resis-tance. TheI t a l i a n shad 59 in-fantry bat-t a l i o n s ,400 ar-t i l l e r ypieces, 150light tanksand 300airplanes.T h eG r e e k shad 39 infantry battalions and120 guns. They had no tanks,but tanks were not very usefulin the mountainous terrain.They had 115 planes, and onlyhalf of them had been pur-chased in the previous threeyears. Italian weapons superior-ity was soon rendered irrele-vant. In the end, the fightingcame down to man-to-mancombat on the ground. Greekofficers and soldiers fought withsuch determination that, by No-vember 8, no Italian troops re-mained on Greek soil.

Events moved fast in the fol-lowing weeks and months. TheGreek army liberated severaltowns and villages inhabitedmostly by Greeks in the south-ern region of Albania known asNorthern Epiros. An offensivelaunched by the Italian army inthe spring – with Mussolini pre-sent – failed dismally.

Metaxas died in January. Hislast official statement was, "Weare determined to face a possi-ble German attack by whatevermeans and sacrifices may benecessary, but in no way do wewish to provoke such an attack.In any event, we shall do ourduty." His reference to a possibleGerman attack was not idle talk.

Germany was now facing thepossibility of a British presencein Greece, while Hitler waspreparing for the attack on Rus-sia. In his view, Germany nowhad to secure her flank in theBalkans. The Italian war againstGreece, which may have ap-peared as a sideshow at first,had now become a vital, nega-tive element in Hitler’s warplans.

The death of Metaxas hadleft King George as the principaldecision maker in Greece. ByFebruary, the threat of a Germanattack was quite evident. OnFebruary 17, Bulgaria, alreadyon Germany’s side, signed atreaty of nonaggression withTurkey, effectively taking Turkeyout of any involvement in favorof Greece, if and when Germanywould attack. Next, Hitlerpressed Yugoslavia for permis-sion to use its transportation fa-cilities to move troops to Bul-garia. Initially, the YugoslavGovernment succumbed andjoined the Tripartite Pact, butthen it was overthrown in a mil-itary coup.

Early on April 6, Germanplanes blasted Belgrade merci-lessly, while German armoreddivisions crossed the Yugoslavand Greek borders.

Again, the Greek armyfought valiantly and slowed theGerman advance. It was on themorning of April 27 that a longcolumn of motorcycles appearedon the main thoroughfare goingthrough Kifissia to Athens.Mainland Greece came underAxis occupation.

But the island of Crete wasstill free.

British units with troops fromAustralia and New Zealandwere still there. Hitler nowneeded to take control of Crete.This posed a serious dilemma.Any attempt to take Cretemeant a delay in launching theattack on Russia, and this didnot seem wise. But then again,it appeared equally dangerousto leave Crete under British con-trol and allow it to become astrong Allied naval and air base.After a long debate within theGerman High Command, thedecision was reached to post-pone Operation Barbarossa andinvade Crete. On May 20, 1941hundreds of troop-transportplanes dropped German para-troopers on strategic locationson the northern coast of Crete.

German intelligence had toldHitler that the British forces on

Crete were weak and poorlyarmed – which was largely true.A swift victory was expected. Yetthose forces, together with localCretan inhabitants and the smallGreek military units stationedin Crete, put up such a fiercedefense, it took the Germansnine days and heavy losses togain control of the island.

By then, the launching of Op-eration Barbarossa was alreadyone month behind schedule. Ittook one more month to shiftmilitary units from the Balkansto the Russian border. Finally itwas not until June 21, 1941,that the attack on Russia waslaunched.

Two years later, when thefight in Russia was going verybadly for Germany, a Bulgarianvisitor asked Hitler if he wouldhave started Operation Bar-barossa had he known how dif-ficult it was going to be. "Iwould have started earlier," hereplied.

The Greek resistance had un-dermined Hitler’s timetable. Bythe time he was to be approach-ing Moscow, the Russian winterhad already arrived. The Ger-man army never enteredMoscow. Hitler’s war effort wasalready doomed.

OXI Day Special8 THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015

On the 75th Anniversary of Oxi Day,

The Washington Oxi Day

Foundation

celebrates the profound role

Greece played in bringing about

the outcome of World�War�II�

and honors today those whose

David vs. Goliath courage,

like the Greeks in WWII,

can�alter�history and

preserve freedom and democracy.

Andy Manatos, PresidentMike Manatos, Executive Director

OXI DAYOCTOBER�28,�1940

www.OxiDayFoundation.org

October 28th: Silent Mobilization Caught Axis Powers Off-Guard

Young members of the Greek National Youth OrganizationEON hail in presence of Ioannis Metaxas. The Metaxas govern-ment adopted some of the rituals and symbols of the Nazi andFascist regimes, but it turned out to be a deliberate attempt tocreate merely an impression of connection to the totalitarianregimes in Germany and Italy.

OXI Day SpecialTHE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015 9

We�proudly�celebrate"OXI�DAY"

ΖΗΤΩ�Η�28η�ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ�1940JOHN�CATSIMATIDIS

OXI Day Special10 THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015

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ΖΗΤΩ Η 28 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ 1940