The main climatic zones of Russian Federation (Fig.1)

Main factors 1. Central 2. North-West 3. Southern 4. Volga river 5. Ural 6. Siberia 7. Far EastClimate features:Precipitations, mm/year

Effective air temperatures above +10о (Σ to > 10o)Days without frostPeriod of fields works:StartFinish

400-600 (max.900)

1775-2725

110-165

10.04-02.0530.09-25.10

500-700 (max.1200)

1600-2100

65-140

25.04-11.0525.09-11.10

200-250 (max. 600)

3100-3550

180-200

21.03-11.0401.11-11.11

South 150--North 700

3500 - 1625

180 -105

05.04-21.0525.10-30.09

South 300-North 700

2675-1450

165-80

05.04-21.0511.11-11.09

South 200--North700

2350-200

130-60

28.04-25.0510.09-05.10

400-700

1600-2500

74-110

10.-20.0425.09-10.10

Soils Types

Stones in arable layer, %

Soddy-podzolic

Chernozem, Loam,

Loamy sand 40-50

Podzolic, Soddy-

podzolic, Loamy sand

60-70

Chernozem, (somewhere

solonetz)

0-5

Chestnut, Solonetz,

Soddy-podzolic,

Loamy sand 0-5

Chernozem,Soddy-

podzolic, Loam,

Loamy sand 10-25

Chernozem,Soddy-

podzolic, Loam,

Loamy sand 8-10

Soddy-podzolic, Loam,

0-3Fields conditions for working machinery

Relief of fields surfaceLength of field passes, mSizes of fields, ha - (%)

Distance of transportation of agricultural products, km

Various300-1000less 15 - (33%)

2,0

Various (20% of arable land (gradient 5о)

150-400less 10 - (80%)

3,0

Mostly flat surface

600-1200up to 30 -

(20%)

5,0

Various

600-1200up to 30-

(10%)

5-10

Various but partly flat

surface300-1000

up to 30 -(3%)

6-8

Various

300-1200up to 30 -

(3%)

до 15

Various

300 - 600up to 60-

(15%)

3 - 5

Typical conditions for plants production in all federal regions of Russia (average data for the last 10 years)Table 1

*At present time Southern region subdivided for two regions one of them North- Caucasus.

Types of transport network

Cargo weight, mln.ton

Cargo turnover,

billion ton-km

Transportation of passengers, mln.

people

Total: 8339 4916 21894

Railways 1382 2128 993

Auto roads 5663 223 -

Bus, Trolleybus, Tram, Taxi

- - 13305, 2152, 2004,8

Underground (Metro) - - 3351

Tubes (gas, oil, etc.) 1131 2422 -

Rivers transport 128 61 14

Sea transport 34 77 1,3

Airways 1,2 4,9 66

Main indicators of transportation network of Russia in 2011 Table 2

Farm-resources, Technique,

Economy Indices

Number ofPriority Regions*

Total amount used in priority regions,%

Mineral Fertilizer 9 52

Machines for Mineral Fertilizer Application 20 40

Chemicals for Plants Protection, including: -diseases control chemicals

-pest control chemicals

55

7063

Machines for Chemicals Application 10 40

Diesel Fuels, Lubricants 12 50

Tractors, Grain Harvesters, Forage Harvesters 15 44-53

Sugar-beet Harvesters 10 81

Average Gross output of farm-products, $/ha 18 130…200 and above

Profitable Farm-producers, numbers 15 70% (32% - low profitable)

Level of profitability on all activity without the State subsidies and compensation

15 34% farms with profitability 10-40%; 32% farms-less 10%

Supplying the priority regions with main agro-resources (average data for 2006-2009) Table 3

*) Total number of regions in Russia–89, about 45 regions with developed Agrarian Sector.

Indices * 1992 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011

Total arable land, Mha 130,0 127,6 119,7 115,4 115,3 115,3

Sown area, Mha, including area under:- Grain and grain-leguminous;- Forage crops, total, including: - annual and perenial grasses;-corn for silage, green forages,haylage;- Sugar-beet;- Potato;

114,661,9442,5

30,029,541,443,4

102,5454,4

37,0628,8686,151,093,41

84,6745,628,9

23,993,670,812,84

75,8443,5921,6

19,491,570,8

2,28

75,243,218,1

16,141,5

1,162,2

76,6643,57218,137

16,047 1,628

1,292,225

Fallow ground, Mha 13,03 17,38 18,04 14,9 14,66 13,99

Mineral fertilizer used, mln.t, including per I ha, t/ha Total fertilized area, %

10,18966

1,51725

1,41927

1,42532

1,93842

2,03946

Manure used, mln. t, including per I ha, t/haTotal fertilized area, %

3473,57,4

127,41,43,2

66,00,92,2

49,90,93,4

53,11,07,5

52,61,07,3

Pesticides used, thousand t,Total treated area, %

101,574,6

65,056,0**

25,232,66

25,945,3

29,546,0**

29,5**45,6**

*) Data from “Russia in Figures, 2012”, **) Estimation.

Total Agro - Recources Used in Russian Agriculture (1992, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2011) Table 4.

Indices 1992 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011

Average yield of grain, t/ha 1,8 1,31 1,56 1,85 1,83 2,24

Gross grain output, mln.t 106,9 63,4 65,4 77,8 61,0 94,2

Average yield of sugar-beet, t/ha 19,2 18,8 18,8 28,2 24,1 39,2

Gross sugar-beet output, mln.t 25,5 19,1 14,1 21,3 22,3 47,6

Average yield of potato, t/ha 11,4 11,8 10,5 12,4 10,0 14.8

Gross potato output, mln.t 38,3 39,9 29,5 28,1 21,1 32,7Average yield of vegetables, t/ha 14,5 14,8 14,3 17,0 18,0 20,8

Gross vegetables output, mln.t 10,0 11,3 10,8 11,3 12,1 14,7

Average yield of sunflow, t/ha 1,16 1,06 0,99 1,19 0,96 1,34

Gross sunflower output, mln.t 3,1 4,2 3,9 6,5 5,3 9,7

Average yield of soya-bean, t/ha 0,85 0,75 1,0 1,05 1,18 1,48

Gross soya-bean output, mln.t 0,5 0,29 0,34 0,69 1,22 1,76

*) Data from “Russia in Figures, 2012”

Main Indices of Agricultural production in Russia (1992, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2011)Table 5.

The crucial cut down of Agricultural machinery Fleet in the Russian Agricultural Enterprises* for the period of 1992-2011 (thous. units)

Table 6

*) Agricultural Enterprises without micro farms;

**) Tractors without of the special equipment for the road, ground and melioration works. The Agricultural Enterprises in 2011 have had 292,6 thous. units of agricultural tractors, the Private farms had about 70 thous. units, the Population farms had about 420 thous. units of the one axle motobloks of power~ 3- 8 kW and of mass ~70-200 kg;

Machinery and Equipment 1992 1995 2000 2005 2010/ 2011 Tractors ** 1290,7 1052,1 746,7 480,3** 310,3 / 292,6

Moldboard Plows 460,3 368,3 237,6 148,8 87,7 / 81,9 Cultivators 541,6 403,5 260,1 175,5 119,8 / 114,1 Drills 582,8 457,5 314,9 218,9 134,0 / 123,7 Harvesters: -Grain Harvesters 370,8 291,8 198,7 129,2 80,7 / 76,7 -Forage Harvesters 120,1 94,1 59,6 33,4 20,0 / 18,9 -Sugar-beet Harvesters (exclude tops cutting) 24,7 19,7 12,5 7,2 3,6 / 3,1 -Potato Harvesters 30,9 20,6 10,0 4,5 1,9 / 2,8

Mowers 208,2 161,6 98,4 63,9 41,3 / 39,3 Pick up press balers 79,5 65,1 44,0 32,4 24,1 / 24,2

Headers, swathers 218,7 152,2 85,2 46,9 27,0 / 25,2 Irrigation sprayers 69,5 46,3 19,2 8,6 5,4 / 5,3

Fertilizer spreaders 111,3 71,6 34,3 19,7 16,6 / 16,5 Inter soil manure applicators for: -Hard manure 80,0 48,8 22,0 10,9 6,5 / 6,1 -Liquid manure 38,6 26,2 12,1 5,8 3,9 / 3,8

Tractor sprayers and sprinkles 88,6 56,9 32,5 24,6 23,2 / 23,2 Milking machines and equipment 197,5 157,3 88,7 50,3 31,4 / 30,1

Machinery and Equipment 1992 1995 2000 2005 2010/2011

Tractors * 11 9 7 6 4 / 4

Field crops load, ha 92 108 135 181 236 / 247Harvesters:

-Grain Harvesters 6 6 5 4 3 / 3

Field crops load, ha 160 173 198 270 327 / 354-Forage Harvesters

6 5 4 3 2 / 2 Field crops load, ha

170 210 240 330 450/ 460-Sugar-beet Harvesters

(exclude tops cutting) 17 18 16 11 4 / 3

Field crops load, ha 60 55 62 93 278 / 344-Potato Harvesters

33 56 46 32 16 /16

Field crops load, ha 30 18 22 31 62 / 61

Dynamic of cut down of technical provision for the Russian Agriculture with key machinery (units / 1000 ha) and specific annual field crops load for one machine (hectares / units)

Table 7.

*) Tractors without of the special equipment for the road, ground and melioration works.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Labor cost Technique Fuel Seeds N60P60K30 Tilt 2,4-D+Granstar

Bread Grain

Fig. 3. Domestic and Foreign prices on Labor, Technique,Technological resources and Bread Grain (2000-2003)

Russian prices World prices

$ / Kg, $ / Hr

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Labor cost Technique Fuel Seeds N60P60K30 Tilt 2,4-D+ Granstar

Total cost Yield cost

Fig. 4. Total cost for Food wheat producing on Basic Technology (3,5 t / ha) with use of Domestic and Foreign Technique (2010)

Domestic Technique and prices

$ / ha

Imported Technique and World prices

регионов и областей


Processing plants, Flour mills, Fodder mills

10….20%



Elevators, Storages 5….10%



Chemical Industrial Factories

Fertilizer, Chemicals



Oil Companies Fuel



Agricultural machinery, equipment

and spare parts Manufacturers

Technique

Mid

dle

men

20

…30

%



Agricultural farms, farmers

-20…+150%

Middlemen 30…40%

Middlemen 15…20%

Mid

dle

men

20

…25

%

ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬ CONSUMER

Fig. 5. Increase of Agricultural products costs and Middlemen’s interests on the way of producing, storage, processing and realization

“Agro-Holding”, “Manage Company”

Warehouses, Storages

MTS

Grain Elevators

Wholesale Trading Centres

Trade Houses

Processing

Plants

Technological resources, Technique

Grain

Products of processing

Finances, Resources, Equipment, Technique Сельхозпредприятия Сельхозпредприятия

Reorganized Farms

Technological resources, Technique

Fig. 6. Cooperation of Reorganized Farms under “Agro-Holding” Management

Services

№List of expenses Cost of

operations and agro-resources, RF / ЕU, $/ha

Share in total

technology, %

Average prices on technique agro-resources, labor cost share of

expenses, US $/KgRussia (RF) ЕU

1. Direct expenses: 53,8/111 35,6-labor; 3,8/13,3 2,5 0,15 $/h

(1,5 man-h/t)12-15 $/h

(0,15 man-h/t)-technique amortization,maintenance and repair;

39,8/87,2 26,3 4-6$/Kg 14-16$/Kg

-fuel and lubricants 10,2/10,5 6,8 0,17 $/Kg(60Kg/ha)

0,35 $/Kg(30Kg/ha)

2. Grain seeds 35/80 23,1 0,175 $/Kg(200Kg/ha)

0,5 $/Kg(160 Kg/ha)

3. Fertilizer 24,6/41,6/59,2 16,3 N60P60K30 N90P90K60

-ammoniac nitrate 8,5/13,6/19,2 5,6 0,05 $/Kg(170Kg/ha)

0,08 $/Kg(170/240 Kg/ha)

-superphosphate 14/21/30 9,3 0,1 $/Kg(140Kg/ha)

0,15$/Kg(140/200 Kg/ha)

-potassium nitrate 2,1/7/10 1,4 0,03 $/Kg(70 Kg/ha)

0,1 $/Kg(70/100 Kg/ha)

4. Pesticides: 19,6/20 13-tilt 17,4/17,4 11,5 34,8 $/Kg

(0,5 l/ha)34,8 $/Kg(0,5 l/ha)

-2,4-D

+ gtanstar;

2,1/2,4

0,17/0,17

1,4

0,1

1,4 $/Kg(1,5 Kg /ha)

11$/ Kg(15 g/ha)

~1,6$/ Kg (1,5 Kg /ha)

11$/ Kg(15 g/ha)

5. Additional direct expenditures 3/5,8/6,1 2

Structure of expenses and specific cost of cereals production in main grain growing regions (calculation on average indicators for prices 2003-2006)

Table 8

6. Over expenses 15/28,9/30,7 107. Specific cost of production, $/ha 151/289/307 1008. Specific cost of wheat ($/t),

at different yield:-2,5 t/ha;-3,5 t/ha, -5 t/ha, -7 t/ha;

60/116/12343/79/8300/00/6100/00/44

Price of bread wheat

0,12 $/Kg

Price of bread wheat

0,12 $/кг

9. Profit, $/ha at

different yield:-2,5 t/ha;-3,5 t/ha;-5 t/ha;-7 t/ha;

149/11/-7269/131/113

00/00/29300/00/533

Structure of expenses and specific cost of cereals production in main grain growing regions (calculation on average indicators for prices 2003-2006)

Table 8 (continue)

Typesof Farms

Total arable land,

Mha

Including

Grain crops

Technical crops

Potato, vegetables, melon-field crops

Forage crops

All Agricultural Farms

75,2/76,7 43,2/43,6 10.9/11,8 3,0/3,1 18,1/18,1

Agricultural Enterprises

56,1/56,7 32,1/32,1 7,9/8,5 0,3/0,4 15,8/15,7

Private Farms 15,6/16,5 10,6/11,0 3,0/3,3 0,3/0,3 1,7/1,9

Population’s plots 3,5/3,5 0,5/0,5 0,0/0,0 2,4/2,4 0,6/0,5

Agricultural crops in all Types of Agricultural Farms, 2011/2012, (Mha) Table 9

*) Including Individual owners;

Agricultural products

Agricultural enterprises Population’s plots Private farms

2005 2010 2011 2005 2010 2011 2005 2010 2011

Grain after cleaning 80,6 77,1 76,8 1,1 1,0 1,1 18,3 21,9 22,1

Sugar-beet 88,4 88,7 86,4 1,1 0,4 0,5 10,5 10,9 13,1

Sunflower seeds 72,1 73,0 71,9 0,5 0,6 0,4 27,4 26,4 27,7

Potatoes 8,4 10,5 13,0 88,8 84,0 79,6 2,8 5,5 7,4

Vegetables 18,7 17,1 19,7 74,4 71,5 66,6 6,9 11,4 13,7

Cattle and poultry meat (dead weight)

46,2 60,6 63,2 51,4 36,5 33,8 2,4 2,9 3,0

Milk 45,1 44,9 45,4 51,8 50,4 49,7 3,1 4,7 4,9

Eggs 73,6 77,1 77,5 25,7 22,1 21,7 0,7 0,8 0,8

Wool (physical weight) 25,7 19,7 … 54,7 54,4 … 19,6 25,9 …

The structure of main agricultural crop production in all types of farms (In % of total production of all types of Farms)

Table 10

Dynamic of the agricultural production (1992-2011) of all types of farms shows that the input of population’s plots and large agricultural enterprises close to each other during of the last 20 years in spite of the fact that population have 22 times less of arable land (Table 8; 9 and 10).

TYPES OF FARMS 1992 1995 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010 2011

Farms of all types 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Agricultural enterprises 67,1 50,2 45,2 44,6 48,1 45,4 44,5 47,7

Population’s plots 31,8 47,9 51,6 49,3 43,4 47,1 48,4 43,4

Private farms 1,1 1,9 3,2 6,1 8,5 7,5 7,1 8,9

DYNAMIC OF THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION STRUCTURE (1992-2011)DEPENDS ON TYPES OF FARMS

(In % of production cost for every type of Farms)Table 10

*) Including the individuals;

Priority problems for Machine Testing Stations (MTS) of Russia to test a new machinery of domestic production and imported machines including secondhand machinery under control of Ministry of Agriculture

of Russia Federation•The main tasks of the Machine Testing Stations of Russia consist of:-testing the new and modernized machinery concerning the requirements of standards (GOST R );-periodical testing of industrial produced machinery for confirmation of their manufacturing quality, exploitation-

techno-logical indicators;-testing of the new agro technologies for main crops production in different soil-climatic zones of Russia;-informative support of the efficiency of complexes of machines and progressive technologies in agriculture;-monitoring of manufacturing quality of agricultural machinery in different soil-climatic conditions;-taking part in working out and introducing the new national and international standards and methodics;-consulting the agricultural workers and specialists of Agro-Industrial Complex in using the new rules for proper

application of modern technology and machinery;-working out the specialized stands, equipments and precision instrumentations for the testing of agricultural

machines;The 10 Machine Testing Stations located in different zones of Russian Federation are testing of about 1200 annually

and more than 200 testing of machines for confirmation the certificates. The MUS has financial budget support and subsidies for modernization. The useful expenditure of increased subsidies of Federal and Regional governments for the agricultural producers to buy the new techniques required more control for the effective use of budget money also not only for the testing the agricultural tractors, harvesters and other agricultural techniques in different soil-climatic zones to fit the requirements of the standards (for designation, safety and durability) but also for special tasks – to check the efficiency of adaptation of the new machinery (domestic production, imported and second-hand machinery) to the new agro technologies suitable for the main regions of Russia and which were worked out by the Russian scientists.

Now the new leadership of Ministry of Agriculture plans to evaluate the new machinery for adaptation them to 550 new agro technologies in most regions of Russian Agriculture in order to make necessary innovations and modernization agricultural machinery fleet. This helps to spread the agricultural machinery market in Russia. The Machine Testing Stations of Russia are under Ministry of Agriculture and they not depend on influence of industrial structures. We hope the new initiatives of Ministry of Agriculture will be successful.

INFRASTRUCTURE OF ACTIVITY OF STATE REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL MACHINE TESTING STATIONS

Povolzhskaya MTS

Архангельская обл. Вологодская обл. Калининградская обл. Ленинградская обл. Мурманская обл. Ненецкий АО Новгородская обл. Псковская обл. Республ. Карелия Республ. Коми

Кировская обл. Нижегородская обл. Оренбургская обл. Пермский край Республ. Марий-Эл Республ. Мордовия Республ Удмуртия Республ. Чувашия

Астраханская обл. Волгоградская обл. Оренбургская обл. Пензенская обл. Республика Башкортостан Республика Татарстан Самарская обл. Саратовская обл. Ульяновская обл.

Алтайский край Республика Алтай Республика Бурятия Республика Тыва Республика Хакасия

Амурская область Еврейская авт. область Забайкальский край Камчатский край Магаданская область Приморский край Республика Бурятия Республика Саха (Якутия) Сахалинская область Хабаровский край Чукотский АО

Брянская обл. Владимирская обл. Ивановская обл. Калужская обл. Костромская обл. Московская обл. Орловская обл. Рязанская обл. Смоленская обл. Тверская обл. Тульская обл. Ярославская обл.

North–Caucasian MTS

Kubanskaya MTS

Kirovskaya MTS Altayskaya MTS

Siberian MTS

Vladimirskaya MTS

A G R I C U L T U R A L P R O D U C E R S i n 8 9 r e g i o n s o f R U S S I A

Podolskaya MTS

MANUFACTURERS

of Agricultural Machinery

Centr.-Chernozemnaya MTS

Departament of scientific-technological policy and education

M I N I S T R Y O F A G R I C U L T U R E

O F R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N

STATE TESTING CENTER (GIZ)

ROSSELKHOSACADEMY

Республ. Адыгея Республ.Карачаево-Черкессия Краснодарский край Республ. Дагестан Республ. Ингушетия Республ Кабардино-Балкария... Республ. Сев. Осетия-Алания Республ.Чечня Ставропольский край

Ростовская обл. Республ. Калмыкия Краснодарский край Республ. Дагестан Республ. Ингушетия Республ. Кабардино-Балкария Республ. Сев. Осетия-Алания Республика Чечня Ставропольский край

Белгородская обл. Воронежская обл. Курская обл. Липецкая обл. Тамбовская обл.

Иркутская область Кемеровская область Красноярский край Курганская область Новосибирская обл. Омская область Свердловская обл. Томская область Тюменская область Ханты-Мансийский АО Челябинская область Ямало-Ненецкий АО

North-West MTS

The main climatic zones of Russian Federation (Fig.1)

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