The Greek Science, Technology, Innovation and Diffusion System

The Greek Science, Technology, Innovation and Diffusion System

Yannis Caloghirou, Aimilia Protogerou and Evangelos Siokas, Laboratory of Industrial & Energy Economics (LIEE), National Technical

University Athens (NTUA) meeting with RAND EUROPE at NTUA, 30/3/2011

Greek SDTI System, Greece in EU funded RES NETs

1YCAL, AIMPR, VAGSIOK,

LIEE/NTUA,Athens 30-3-2011

The Greek Science, Technology, Innovation and Diffusion System

Strengths• High participation (both as participants and

coordinators) and central role (based on composite indicators) in the EU-funded- on a competitive basis- research networks (FP1-…FP7) [1984-2009].

• Increasing citation record.• Islands of excellence or active presence in the

EU (and international) research community.Greek SDTI System, Greece in EU funded RES NETs



The Greek Science, Technology, Innovation and Diffusion SystemWeaknesses• Systemic weaknesses• Missing Links in the System• Little domestic integration, more European or

international• Vey little funding from the business sector.




The Greek Science, Technology, Innovation and Diffusion SystemThreats• Under-funding at the national level (0.57% of GDP in

2007 compared to… EU average).• Brain drain, especially under the current crisis

situation.• Problems (i.e. lower annual earnings of researchers

and academics compared to EU levels) in attracting researchers from the international research community as research becomes more global.




Strategy

• Integrated STID (Science, Technology, Innovation and Diffusion) policies in an attempt to activate knowledge for growth and development.

• Integrate Universities and Public Research Institutes in a more organic way.

• Build on the competitive advantages of the Greek System (i.e. high participation in European Collaboration schemes).

• Establish and fund flexible schemes to attract prominent researchers from the Greek Diaspora.

• Encourage continuous Internationalization of Greek researchers and research groups.

• Link with the domestic business sector and the public sector as a smart buyer.




Policy measures

• Gradual increase of the RTD expenditures in absolute terms.• Involve more the business sector.• Attract private funds for scholarships etc.• Establish a regular national research programme (basic

research, applied, commercialization of research results, Humanities and Social Sciences, support young researchers)

• Institutional funding on a competitive basis.• Long-term flexible funding scheme for exchange of researchers

(visiting fellows to Greek Universities and Research Institutes and Greek researchers visiting foreign Universities).

• Promote knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship




7

AUSTRIA

BELGIUM

FINLAND

FRANCE

GERMANY

GREECE

IRELAND

SPAIN

SWEDEN

DENMARK

ITALY

LUXEMBOURG

NETHERLANDS

PORTUGAL

UNITED KINGDOM

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Intensity of Participation

Net

wor

k R

eadi

ness

Network readiness index vs. intensity of participation in RJV-IST networks (EU-15)High participation, but low propensity of Greece to leverage ICT based opportunities

for development


YCAL, AIMPR, VAGSIOK, LIEE/NTUA,Athens 30-3-2011

8

Science & technology endowment vs. intensity of participation in RJV-IST network (EU-15)

High participation, but low R&D input and technologically weak industrial structure

BELGIUM

DENMARK

IRELAND

GREECE

SPAIN

ITALY

LUXEMBOURG

NETHERLANDS

AUSTRIA

PORTUGAL

FINLANDSWEDEN

GERMANY

FRANCE

UNITED KINGDOM

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Intensity of Participation

Sci

ence

& T

ech

no

log

y E

nd

ow

men

t


YCAL, AIMPR, VAGSIOK, LIEE/NTUA,Athens 30-3-2011

Description of the dataset

STEP-to-RJVs database: an extensive database

which has been constructed and is maintained

by LIEE/NTUA.

It contains information on:• 24638 collaborative research projects

funded by EU in FP1-FP7 (1984-2009)• 54641 organizations with 177238

participations mainly from EU countries




The changing characteristics of research projects across FPs

FP1 FP2 FP3 FP4 FP5 FP6 FP7

Number of projects 828 1598 2131 4778 9232 3292 1482

Number of participations 3636 12096 15398 34620 51603 44590 15301

Average number of participations per project

4.39 7.57 7.23 7.25 5.59 13.54 10.32

Average EU funding per project (million €)

- - 1.36 1.92 1.34 3.43 3.57

Average project budget (million €)

- - 2.18 3.55 2.40 5.37 5.13




Evolution of the FP budget (in million €): increasing importance of the EU-funded research projects

FP1 (1984-1987)

FP2 (1987-1991)

FP3 (1990-1994)

FP4 (1994-1998)

FP5 (1998-2002)

FP6 (2002-2006)

FP7 (2007-2013)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

37505369 6600

13164 13700

17883

50521




Distribution of entities and their participation by organization type

organizations

24.1% 25.9% 26.9% 22.2% 25.4%34.3% 34.7%

19.8% 21.9% 21.0%19.7%

23.0%18.3% 17.2%

53.3% 48.7% 48.9%51.7% 41.0%

39.4% 40.6%

2.8% 3.4% 3.2% 6.4% 10.6% 8.0% 7.4%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%


Education Research Industry Other

participations

16.9% 16.1% 13.2% 11.0% 10.2% 14.2% 14.6%

11.5% 10.7% 11.5% 10.5% 12.7%12.8% 13.1%

61.4% 60.6% 63.4% 65.2% 60.2% 57.5% 56.3%

10.2% 12.6% 11.9% 13.3% 16.9% 15.5% 15.9%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%






Participation in EU-funded research partnerships: 82.3% of organizations have a sporadic participation

but 4% of them have a stable presence

82.3%

10.3%

3.6% 2.4%1.5%

1 to 23 to 56 to 911 to 25>25




The social network analysis tool help us to:

• Visualize collaborative research networks among EU-Member States

• Examine the evolution of the structural characteristics of EU-funded research networks across FPs

• Examine the role of different research actors using a composite index incorporating different centrality measures (degree, closeness, betweenness and eigenvector centrality)




PTES

GR

IT

AT

FIN

SWE

IRE

UK

FR

GERLUX

BLNL

DEN

1st FP

2nd FP

3rd FP

4th FP

5th FP

6th FP

7th FP

LIEE-NTUA

PTES

GR

IT

AT

FIN

SWE

IRE

UK

FR

GERLUX

BLNL

DEN

LIEE-NTUA

1st FP

2nd FP

3rd FP

4th FP

5th FP

6th FP

7th FP

PTES

GR

IT

SLNRO

HUN

AT

FIN

SWE

IRE

UK

FR

GERLUX

BLNL

DEN

POL

SLK

LIEE-NTUA

1st FP

2nd FP

3rd FP

4th FP

5th FP

6th FP

7th FP

PTES

MLT

GRCY

IT

SLN

BUL

RO

HUN

AT

FIN

EST

LAT

LIT

SWE

IRE

UK

FR

GERLUX

BLNL

DEN

POL

SLK

CZ

LIEE-NTUA

1st FP

2nd FP

3rd FP

4th FP

5th FP

6th FP

7th FP

PTES

MLT

GRCY

IT

SLN

BUL

RO

HUN

AT

FIN

EST

LAT

LIT

SWE

IRE

UK

FR

GERLUX

BLNL

DEN

POL

SLK

CZ

LIEE-NTUA

1st FP

2nd FP

3rd FP

4th FP

5th FP

6th FP

7th FP

PTES

MLT

GRCY

IT

SLN

BUL

RO

HUN

AT

FIN

EST

LAT

LIT

SWE

IRE

UK

FR

GERLUX

BLNL

DEN

POL

SLK

CZ

LIEE-NTUA

1st FP

2nd FP

3rd FP

4th FP

5th FP

6th FP

7th FP

PTES

MLT

GRCY

IT

SLN

BUL

RO

HUN

AT

FIN

EST

LAT

LIT

SWE

IRE

UK

FR

GERLUX

BLNL

DEN

POL

SLK

CZ

LIEE-NTUA

1st FP

2nd FP

3rd FP

4th FP

5th FP

6th FP

7th FP

Evolution of research networking among EU-Member States through time




Research networking among EU-Member States through time

• Research networking activity across countries

becomes more intensive through time• Core partners become more central due to

preferential attachment of the newcomers, while at the same time they act as bridges between more peripheral countries

• There is a gradual integration of peripheral countries and new Member States in the research network, therefore, a strong cohesion effect is present




Evolution of structural characteristics (1)


Nodes 1769 5144 7254 15103 19859 15953 6467

Edges 7021 50924 68018 143023 247512 399972 90948

Edges >1 827 7432 6347 13053 29964 43801 6387

% Edges >1 12% 15% 9% 9% 12% 11% 7%

No of Comp 40 35 84 108 57 12 8

Size of GC 1535 4978 6728 14269 17730 15856 6421

% of GC 86.8 96.8 92.7 94.5 89.3 99.4 99.3

Density 0.0045 0.0038 0.0026 0.0013 0.0013 0.0031 0.0043

Clustering coefficient

Actual 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.84

Random 0.0045 0.0038 0.0026 0.0013 0.0013 0.0031 0.0043

Characteristic path length

Actual 3.84 3.15 3.29 3.28 3.08 2.71 2.88

Random 3.61 2.86 3.03 3.27 3.08 2.47 2.63

Diameter 9 7 12 9 8 6 7

Mean degree 7.9 19.8 18.8 18.9 24.9 50.1 28.1





• The research networks examined are found to be highly connected. In particular, FP6 appears to become tightly networked than earlier FPs indicating that EU-funded research networks have the capacity to create and strengthen connectivity through time.

• These network’s connectivity is highly dependent on a core of influential actors, mainly universities, research centers and large firms which have strengthened their positioning and strategic role through the years. There is also a smaller group of rather frequent but lower profile actors and finally an extremely large number of partners for which participation is an exceptional event.





• The networks analyzed display ‘small-world properties’ and therefore may be considered as relatively e cient mechanisms of knowledge fficreation and di usion.ff

• The creation and maintenance of a stable network core, does not allow for possibly dynamic but more peripheral organizations to assume central positions. Therefore, there is always a risk of lock-ins and di culties in changing the networks’ orientation to ffinew and perhaps more promising research fields.




The distribution of central actors by organization type (1984-2009)

55.2%

17.4%

24.6%

2.8%

25.9%

39.4%

24.9%

9.8%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%


Top 1%

Top 5%




Participation intensity and centrality role of Greece in FPs (1984-2009)

No Country Organizations Co-ordinators Top 1% most central actors1 GERMANY 8650 (27952) 1594 (3800) 81 (9988)2 UNITED KINGDOM 6302 (23915) 1568 (4081) 93 (10268)3 FRANCE 6389 (22995) 1380 (3443) 70 (8410)4 ITALY 5344 (17609) 1158 (2388) 52 (5244)5 SPAIN 3965 (12201) 776 (1567) 40 (3824)6 NETHERLANDS 3266 (11194) 744 (1838) 33 (4183)7 BELGIUM 2358 (7595) 515 (1180) 15 (2501)8 GREECE 1625 (7248) 276 (893) 22 (3429)9 SWEDEN 1786 (6228) 251 (603) 19 (2301)

10 DENMARK 1478 (5042) 351 (760) 17 (1670)11 PORTUGAL 1317 (3829) 179 (309) 12 (1042)12 AUSTRIA 1415 (3795) 249 (486) 12 (914)13 Finland 1025 (3716) 161 (415) 9 (1501)14 IRELAND 746 (2492) 130 (311) 7 (882)15 POLAND 813 (2135) 108 (179) 7 (330)16 CZECH REPUBLIC 547 (1356) 32 (40) 5 (203)17 HUNGARY 550 (1290) 42 (56) 2 (191)18 SLOVENIA 315 (783) 26 (33) 5 (275)19 ROMANIA 430 (738) 21 (27) 020 BULGARIA 262 (561) 22 (28) 2 (43)21 SLOVAKIA 225 (499) 19 (25) 2 (53)22 ESTONIA 155 (375) 17 (23) 1 (34)23 LITHUANIA 147 (317) 15 (17) 024 LUXEMBOURG 161 (284) 28 (45) 025 CYPRUS 111 (271) 6 (7) 1 (74)26 LATVIA 120 (237) 17 (19) 1 (23)27 MALTA 39 (112) 1 (1) 0




Greek actors in top100 central organizations (1984-2009)

Organization Name Type Centrality Score Coordinator Participations

NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS Education 15 (5) 75 (18) 727 (4)

ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI Education 59 (18) 27 (77) 294 (36)

UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS Education 91 (29) 24 (93) 252 (52)

NATIONAL AND KAPODISTRIAN UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS Education 117 (39) 14 (182) 254 (51)

FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY - HELLAS (FORTH) Research 120 (40) 44 (33) 306 (32)

NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 'DEMOKRITOS' Research 225 (74) 35 (46) 171 (82)

CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY HELLAS (CERTH) Research 230 (77) 34 (54) 149 (100)




0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

Quality of life (life sciences, biotechnology,

biomedical research)

Information and communication technologies (IT,

communications, telematics)

Competitive and sustainable growth

(industrial and manufacturing

technologies including aeronautics)

Energy (nuclear and non-nuclear),

environment (including transport) and

sustainable development

Other areas

Greek participation Total participation

Breakdown of Greek participation per research area in six FPs (1984-2006)




Quality of life (life sciences, biotechnology, biomedical research) –10 most central Greek actors (1984-2006)

Ranking Centrality group Organization Type Country

13 Top1% Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Education Greece

19 Top1% National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Education Greece31 Top1% Agricultural University of Athens Education Greece

37 Top1% National Technical University of Athens Education Greece

81 Top1% Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas Research Greece

90 Top1% Centre for Research and Technology Hellas Research Greece

92 Top1% National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Research Greece

101 Top5% University of Crete Education Greece

139 Top5% Centre for Renewable Energy Sources Research Greece

158 Top5% National Agricultural Research Foundation Research Greece




Information society (IT, communications, telematics) 10 most central Greek actors (1984-2006)



25 Top1% University of Patras Education Greece26 Top1% Intracom SA Industry Greece



42 Top1% National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Education Greece

57 Top1% Centre for Research and Technology Hellas Research Greece

62 Top1% Research Academic Computer Technology Institute Research Greece


69 Top1% Athens University of Economics and Business Education Greece




Competitive and sustainable growth (industrial and manufacturing technologies including aeronautics) –

10 most central Greek actors




13 Top1% University of Patras Education Greece



161 Top1% Research Academic Computer Technology Institute Research Greece

212 Top5% Technical University of Crete Education Greece


277 Top5% Hellenic Aerospace Industry Ltd Industry Greece

284 Top5% Istram - Institute of Structures and Advanced Materials Research Greece




Energy (nuclear and non-nuclear), environment (including transport) and sustainable development

10 most central Greek actors (1984-2006)




19 Top1% Centre For Renewable Energy Sources Research Greece




77 Top1% National Observatory of Athens Research Greece


96 Top5% National Centre for Marine Research Research Greece

118 Top5% University of Crete Education Greece




Other (Community research - Improving human potential - Socioeconomic - SMEs participation) –

10 most central Greek actors (1984-2006)




36 Top5% Centre For Research and Technology Hellas Research Greece


124 - National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Education Greece

127 - Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas Research Greece

143 - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Education Greece

195 - Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration Research Greece

205 - Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy Other Greece

246 - Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences Education Greece




The Greek Science, Technology, Innovation and Diffusion System

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