The effects of heterosis on corn, with reference to yield, its components and various other characters
Athula Lokhamaniya Thilak Perera, Gemma Takuma journal or publication title
Research bulletin of Obihiro Zootechnical University. Series I
volume 12 number 1 page range 67-78 year 1980-11-29 URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1588/00002216/
∫βCγJ27β677
The Effects of Heterosis on CornWith Reference to Yield
its Components and Various other Characters
Athua Lokhamaniya Thilak PERERA
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gγ1′5
TakuI¶a GEMMA
′JrgC0′ n‘L
tiverlN†ay1
Summry
The objctLtiYtOf thi5Study was to evaLuiLte the e‡ecLtqL heterosis on yieldits
eomponmtSand variousother charactersThese ects were eYauated ollCOrllhybri1
varietie5inclmpi5011tptlleifpure11tSanIalocalmlnrCialvritySuh kTl11WIc1
iLnlexpeTirICe COul1be al1Le1Tn ther planttOOinttOlee1fr rd†iL≡
hytlTid vnrietiS Sulftlle VqriS11mati8reafSrank
‰n1iffntrielinfrll11iHtjng rf htSnrilllretllilleN19To15and
CMV3tlleir F1ylrjflNXllt5anrlMX CM17la¶1lrrmmerCial
varisllmateWhieisa¶5Shet7eentl¢tWnF⊥hybrdWeuSetl
HOSis wSl10lrVelin5ize ofelllbrvorlry weight dfembryo alldlry welglt
of emlprm11he sien1lry18f emlJryQlidI10llaV1y rliohship to
rapltlltyf germinatiom
fheter11Sisin plantt1igllt
11etr√lSjs was ntIerVCdinlf numterbut wasb5erVedinaareame
irlre21Sei11fwaslue to anillrenSinlengtlland breadtl18fleaves
HeteTtis waalelerly obsrV1inthce uf ele1utnqtin the sielfth
3kloeStotlleearTllerehrlltlincreaseil11eaf arta nftheearleafcItfibuletL
mo5tly t1lTetrOSisinleaf ara
A1rect uhtrOSis was obrVeilinLed pcr unit areaTlelin rea1
fr tlis jIICreaSe WS tlleincreein tlle nu‡nr Dkernl5per TOW
1t ctn beOnLuded that th′ieiaSeln tlleIJblrdWaSdt¢tlei†1nrea
1nn111llrr kerIlelper rVi111Itle jraSein tlleIreOferleaf
ThiPaptlrisinlKIcdS a part Of thcIissertation of AlTPEfEl‡A preseTlted for the Dcgre nf asterillifoIuVerSity of Agrict1111r111′’Lerinary M
67
eCllSideEh mple rWld2bqrdplants
t ei‡h
fSa bSaldreingCd
tbereen hSelny5191VhtmareW
telirtlin tlle1dthee2
eds pEr hj11andlater thinnerl‡0∩1e plamt per
m11billtte green h11
f
manment pratieSrearrid 1
be Id wa k
thI10ut tlle EXperilneIltEacllhafter5
Result
yielddviuqtllerlfaCte8f a plant
TlQtiv¢fsstudywSl¢eValue tll
TIldywednetedin therdill
Illlitl’tlitli∫rlullur11Jl
iyMeTte001ytmtisd8f
frm
CV3and tmerci1
rWlis ab¢tWn tlle tW¢1
hybr
h′eitieWeplmtin afIlyr11mi TllefWing terms ar¢ ‘1tompre tl
blk8thaninOWi‘fd penc…IeaSlinS
betenfcmcllVari i′RPparmt′rttepen†htbe hi
818M8aValrsiand′dWihtfInllry an1thgif‰cI8nrminatin
Sif lryweight TtO50 embryQcm mbfyO EndSprm frInLnil‡i
†
N19Ti5Fl
5

u U U n


4 5 5 4 d L
7 1 U 4 h 1 3 7
1 h d ∩ ∂ 7 ′ l
′ n M n U Y U Y U U
EtSHetrtSis np Cnrn
Taelb′te8nValuS for size of emlryOand dry wejg1tS fmbrO anJelldoerm
SLze8rembrrd1 Dryweit Uavs to
Heitlireadth Ernbryo Endosperm 5germinatiD‡l
7 7 4 4 3 4
∩ “ ∩ U ∪ U U
2 2 6 1 7 5 5 1
5 3 3 q 3 h
3 8 q 9 U U U 2
m
U J
5 1 4 7
∩ U U U U
A B C n E l U
AN∴BrO15CCM37nChIV3EN19xTo15 FCM37C≠IV GWSehom
3Sizcf kernel
si8tSO tlad tlle higkst dry weighrwh1le fhe
Tabl¢1eMean vIllle1hightan 1reilt18rIlryO
Embryom Brea inbredlineCMV31he5malletinsize had H1ight
N19T15 l31
45ger11inatiml
5
545
vqluel
5
tI5U
7 6 0 0 5 5 4 3
6 b L 7 6 1 3
455 SerVedundeTgTeenh8uSCUnditiunsThcFIhybTid
47l ntionasitBtOpparenlbutwasnlUChquikerthan
51l itspntalavrageTheFhybrilCI37xCMV3
231 ttUk one day Le thnittOp Parent rr5
i25 germinatiunandit was unday earlir thanits
226 parentalageWaseh‡maTektheleaRtime
fofrl1inatldnThisdainditeSlbat the
Flllybrids antlWaellO‡n8fe Okless time tllan aver7alu
iiPf¶ttlaverePareIltalmeTllV
agaTlef t1e tWreSleCtive parentsLe
e milpart11ue
1HetUSiinsizeall1weiglltOfseedan11‡Crmi
¶tiln11111e L1hle
1Size alllflryemhry
NtSiicaIlifFerles Werenl5erVlletll7een
tlleFllylridslndWitlmareandther resltive
rareltSiIlIieutiILlilCk rLlleterrSis
2lWdlt1f etlrlperm
NIkiicant1ifFeTInCeS WrObsrVedbetween
the FL1yhTidandWasehorrLareandthcirrespeetive
theLr paTetlS fr germiIlatitnThiIllre1
1illeN19ting dlelargjISize11aVi∫tl
Iarge5t dry weightOf embryo and endospcrmtook
thelngeSttjme togrminateWllereaSWasehonlare
IS N19rmjnte1fastest′11heimbredIineC1V
3leilg1e Snlall¢Stin sie aldligllte5tip wellt
tOkalmostc se tilnC for5geTminatiollilS
it5FlhybridThese resultsindicate tht the sie
alld dryht of mlryO du not seem t111aVe
any relalionsllip t1ity of gfnatin
2Heternsisiplant hdght
69
NOf
813 1635 11811
767 154 11731
797 2111 16B11
71 1dJ 1311
694 1461 93
67 258 1⊆55
833 225j l5
815 12 17731
431 668 7102
311 482 517
N19′ro15
Tp parent
5
CoYNE1RAOnd h4TY197qalld QNBY
197
ndtobesuprimlttheir FeSpeCe pareim
plantlligbtAltboughtlle1llybrid58ndWase
OnWardsHerO5isiTlplnt height w Clely
Qbervedlnbth FlIlybrid5and WasellOmare
PlantheightnumberJinodesvergeint8r
h Fhybrids andlaseb1mareldgratef
rLurnter OfllDdes than their top parentaS We11as
tIleir pentIaYergeSbeincTee WS nOt
siiantindietiTl alact of heterJ5iin be
number olnodes
a sig†lic8ntiTreSe OVer their t parentS a
theirental8VegeSindicatiClearlytlleeffect
cIPlant height at maturity
Tabl3CompDnent81ysisof heterosisinplantllegbt
Nulner of node5
Internda
lengthcm
W m 1 1
1 4 1 4 A
71x1611772
833×146311B94
833x225318768
7001410430
67x1432 9838
77×21111625
867×225S19577
11811
116
186
18311
9594
111
19655
7102
5117
N 19
To 15
5
1 3 3 3 9 7 1 1
7 a 7 6 T a
Ectsf11ctUis ollC
KOrObtajnleafreaOfindividua11af
maximumlenhl1maxjnmWitlthoftbeleaf
slOW1a11incTSeinlta 1∫e nVer their t
pantSISWelttleirparent1a′eragesOnlyth
anditspremtalVerSignintAILhgh
wasnnticantlydifrerellfromthatnfits top
hybridsdabaTehadvaluesf¢rlefrea
lligbertlaTtheirtop paTentSanrCM37×CMV3
shrWea sicntliemeemlea area ov
itsprentalmean1etSismaylpreSentinlea
lf sie w become a major componeut df
ternlimi1e′afareaThllS htdisi111eaf ar
anle analysed byspIitiipg tllis chaCtTintoit
crmpOnentSthelngtlland breadtt ¢fleaves as
sh8WnLllT1e5Theminumlngtllad maxi
mumlJredtb werel11eaSured
illS1iantValueibothlcngth and breadth of
kS OVrits t8plaTent anditsparenlalaverge
Table51earlValues foriegth an1 lreadthfleaves
butllFLllytri≠7s shlthcrea6e OITr
theieetlvetopparedtlleirparentalave
BottlFhybritlssltowe1a sLgllieant jn‘rTeaSiTl
l1ant hightin10th tlleTCOrdlilltiIltllel‘1
Wi1hcalculat1lleiHllL TllSe re1ts
uIparlyill1cate tlllerSis jplnt heightin
thcI√⊥hyhrirls was rl11e thrtSisiIiefIPdal
lfngth
Arlincrea5einlefreais allimportan†11ara
Nicantli¶eS WerOlrVeetWeen
the FhyllTirlsandraseharuandtheirrSptive
parents Thisdata shlWa CleaT abscmcc ofllLe
rtSisin Lef nlmbr
ance ofrerdmLnane’1d heterqsihrlefarea
Fl1ylrids Tf aris a prdlt Of the num
lerflealreS and te sje nfleaves Thize of
aleafismadelp Ofleth andwih∴lCOm
ppentSTlle frIula de5Cr1ereilq
S
NIlumler OflVeS
Table4MValues fT tlr numltr
anle8f arEa
l′11 2∴10
14 12i
531 1i5R22
149 5757
l47 56118
L97 25∴j5
LenhcmBredthcm
534 ih7
7l 49
8
7∴i5
219 1
3031 7
ll1
5
5 UInleailrtllnlliltt‾
1
i¶dre8ehval11eVerits tparent blt7Signi
ntlyhigher thanits parentalaveragin both
lengthdleadth1fleave5 Althob Weht
pafe1avfge forlengthnd breadtb ofleaves
lengthalllnfl′eaves
The contTilution oth2earlaf tiIICreaSein
grain yeldis we11kncmThereflre1eaf Ere
ofeafleaf was also analyse1and thfreSults8re
sbpwninTable6′1hemaximumlengthabfeadtb
thanits top prellt firleaLlethbutit wS rlOt
sigicathuughit hd SiiftcamtinreaSe
higher value fQrleaf breadth overit tOp Parent
andits pa∫entalaveraeb11t thes Values were
not signcantrhediereIICeSinvaluesf8rlength
toppaTept anditpaTentalaverage were highly
Te m¢abfe8dtllGearleaf ofa5ehomare was
816Mean valuforlenhnd bredth of earleaf
1ess thnits top pebuthighertllanitsparental
menalthhinsignificantThis dabiit
lue toilereaSeinl11gth11asdth of
theleaf Tht1ncreasein izE Otllrleaf¢f
WasehomarWaS1uf mainly ttlleincreaseinits
the ear′1dlle7
The cpntril1tion of the threel IfSeSt tn
tte erillleearleaf†thmmediatelyabDVe
itantlthelnCimmelitely†1nwitWaSalson
ydand the resLllts are slOWnin Tble7
BlthFlhylrids gave vdues furmeanlengthand
meanlreal111hjgher th their respectiY tOp
parents anltheir respecive parentaIVerSbut
they wre mt SignaTTThe valtleS Of Wasc
homar ≠ith rcspect tn meanlengtlland mn
brdth wteless†hanit t¢p Paret adits
pare1taarera
Were nSigmifnt dieTeneS1f numberl
inTeSeinleaf are8bet7CCn the Flhybriand
their respe⊂tive parentsand tetWeen WSehQmare
andis ParelltSiWaS′nOl1e tO aninerea5ein
Tbl7Muan valufor thIengtllandbfeadt1 0f thc31eaves cose5t tO the ear
lenhcnlBrlthcIn
91 1b′01
899 Top pafnt
47 Parentai averaRP
861 CM7xCMV3
5 P1ntalavcrge
978 Wasehmart
952 Pare†11ilV
17 5
sehImare 8786
′rop prent 553
L SD1 127
5 921
andlreadof tle earleaves DIlbtllFlylrids
ItOUld beOnCude1atheinreaSeillealarea
nf the earleaf contributed mSty tolleterOSisi11
leaf area of thlFlhybrids
4Heterosisin the yield compunentS
Sie thcrOrk of SIiULL1914ithasbenWell
kn tht sir1e crSeSFlhybridsbetreCn
illbre11ines of rrL nOrmally yleld more than
eithcr of the parentallinJSand this hS beell
Lltilizelin the commercialproduction Ef hybrid
lOrnAnadequate geneticplan8tion for yield
heter5jsinrnrequlreSifm8tionrrdingthe
Fects oflleterSi tlle maj1r CmpOnentS Of
grairL yield
pTjduct of the following compoIlentS
lNumberf ears peTl⊃lnt
2WeigIILf grains per ear
aRermeleigllt
iRowllumber
heset111ubr nf ears per pantkernel
weightrOW numberand thenumberofkernelspef
r≠nOtleiurtller Subdivided nd may be
regarded as pTimary compnntS Of ain ield
The wejght1f Rrains peT earnd thc numheT Of
kernelpreararetheprcuctsoftwOrmOrepri
COmpOnentSAdvancesilAgronomy27
LENG1954has shWIlbat heterosis aS eS
SentialLy Ln the n11mtfains per rowbecIu
the1umberofrowswas either domiTlant Or Pitr
tiIy dminantHis dnta alsindicted a small
degree of heteTCSisinlnnO kernelweightYet
Verylittlinformationis avaLlabe fgarding tlle
number of pottialkernes per rowininbred
ParentSand theirhybrids Thekernelweightdoes
1954GmLDIYAL and SINHAl973Butthekernel
weight would be depended upQn the sie Ofembryo
and enlosperm Hence a furtller analysisf grain
weightintoits eomponents wSinvestigatcd
ponents are presentediTITable Ba rosllyWlnga
COmParison of the vaues of the Fhybrids and
Wasehomare with tlOse uf ther respective t
prentS and their respective TarentaLavefages
1YLeld per u1it afea
The Flbybrids N19×To15and CM37×CMV3
h8d highly signifCat iereIICeS OVr thir re
eetie tOP ParentalmeaTIS and their resICtive
parentalaveragesWasellOmare t10Sl10Veds11aT
rc5ults ThereSultsildica‡e a clear effect of
hderosis on yie
WCightgrainsfearOVertheir respectivc top
Yield per barren pLants
8 2
3
13 22
12 24
8 47
15 35
12 4∠
1875 1
45556
8ig Gi1GillWeht
74
r r prgn′ 17 5f1 267tI
2 5∴j 7I
14 5711 37l
12
19H7 3300
34 75l 3733†1
114 7547 2177
WSehmaTe SI
ith pre1
54B 1573
Yleld per L
47 4
CM37xChlV3 3X
5
N19x′7815
aln
Wi11tfinsprrg Yield pef unit arem
Li‡1e 8p p¢11t niell¢e
127 6533 62
119 57 5
Row nt‡mbr
N×′ro15 853 137 51
CM7CM7 727 31215 41
Waie l216 5 673
1nweighg
4
37i ∴
U 3 5

thghWafehomareshowed higher valuesforgrain ear
welghtrer thanitstopparentandits parenta1 3NumlefelS Per plant
meanthey were10t SigrlantTbe5YC rCSults NoantinrCaSCi1thetlumbe…earPer
74
T1e gfCumparisonQfield compollentSWitlltqp prentalmean
kcrneLs produced
Line Tolprt1 e ′rptDi
Nl√115 47 38 9 4 22 21
C37xMV3 35 24 1 25 14 11
Wlqlnare 42 47 5 34 43 9
L S1
5
‘rlleSele11ts‡nIiate an senIJf hetISis jn
thnumbr Of cTS pr plLnt
1†grai1Veight
5Rln11nb
Therewas¶SigllHkntincreasei11theFllybrids
lessn11lrfTthanitsIOp parentrlleSe
feSultsinlcate a alSenCe Of heterSis jn W
nljmbeT
NS¶ntdifffeneSerelTVe‘Th
rSults1ia1dlSe tf helrOSisaltlh
theWaSalaeiJ16reSeintlenUmlCTOfspjk1els
7KerTlelprW
lntllnumlrlnIs11OVert1eirparn†al
a11gWhrSthehfeaSerthjrrespCtir
thenleIull111erOfkeelsper rlWaSitsparenal
inlicatthat tli†lUrtlitlkernpL1r rW WnS
1rlyll1
kerels nve1eirtnlWhile Whomare
h1SSknltllantnp peindiati
9iJtlliln1iImtrlfear′l’11le
′’hmilhnhldmteTr1rariTl1iat1
LenhcmDiameterin
rop pTent 1771
Tparet ll12
PaTentalavera 078
WSehomaTe 1878
prentalVerge 18
5 93
O n 5 q q 5 7 TbelII′fen Values for dimeteT Of stalk
Li8mtercm
N19×′r15
5
3
7 5 7 7 1 7 7
l l r l l 1 1 1 1 1 U
in Tal1e9Both the Fhytrid5howesignicant
increas51rer tleirparetsa1their pareta
avragCSindicating clearly theffeLltfOfheteroifi
rlldleng†lland diametr Ief df Wlhcmre
wereless thanitstop parent
75
wS nUt relat1tu siOrtlTyWeig′0emry00
n5pm1ty bdueto aniIICreaSeillOme
HeterDSiilplant height was Iea∫ly¢bserved
in bntllFlllylridsand7SehmareTheyddnt
sl10W aIly graL erenceirllleight ove∫ tbeir
rSpeLtivelJarS1uritlle flIthre Weeks of
gruwthin thc tleldlut∈1rapidincreasein height
wa5nb5eTVerlfrr1the third week rWardsThere
wil1O Signic111tinreaSein the ntlmberofnde5
BotllFllVIJriLIs sllLWela signiantimreSein
thclth ofinternodcs ovtlr tbeir ttp pafent
inditinlare∋ofl1eterOSisininterlOdal
the productJf thc numbcrofnodcsandthcavera
interno1allFngth BFlhybrid5Sbuwed hete
pLant hcightELS due theterois nintefnO1
†e11th
ellt81averagesIlle diere11eS Were nOt S
a11tinlicati1g aIl1Se ¢flletefdsisinleaf
umber
siLeaf sizis ma1e up oflng111and widtlT8S
9
rSPeCtive tprentS and pantalaveragesOnly
tllatnflγhylrirlCMi7×CMV3was siint
aTeaSln†ltpre was nohtrlJSisinleafn11mber
it col111lei11frrrlthat hfternSIsineaf areais
due thetJSi8ihlefsWhicllCnuld be split
intits compuntS tllelnaXLnlullllel1and m
iIIImlrea1th BIIFllLytrids arld Waseh1are
hadlurt1iLtrfCe5OYer their respedive pa7ental
averLlgeS but only the vIllle for CM37CMV3
wSSlicatlv rlirentThus tbincreasein
are giveni111able tlllβ Fllyhridd
Wa5ellOmare hadvallJeShighcrthantheirrSpeCtiv
bCne Of heterosisatl10Ilttle1ierencS Were
drly1eitltlleeld
shQWed valueslessthantheir respectivetopp8rentS
for heightnd bTeadthpfmbryosieAlotIl
dle F⊥bybrid19′ro15lld a ve Similar to
its pafentalaverethe hybrid CM37xCMV3
hadueslightlyIjgherthttSp8rentalaveTa
less thanits top parent bltSilar toits parentaL
avcfeTh¢Se VaLuesiqdicate tlattheTe WaS nO
∈ctOf heterosIs ollSIze of emlryo
WitllreSpeCttOdrywigllttOOoth fhybri
Wre hdau11iglleT than their top p
ent5h11t thcy werel10t Signi6antindicting an
aeneOrhcterusi11tllelrywejgh18fendorm
coelationtoildryweightt TheinbredlineN1
bdtheltWeSt dry wightBtlle Sle and dry
weitof embrrOllullOt SeemtO havc any corr
lIion tn rapidity ugerIninati Thi5WSirldi
ated bytbeft1ttlinbre11ine Nl1iI
tbelargStiSan1posseSiIlg the heaviest dTy
weitQfemfyDt00kthelonSt timfor
Qytwolayfor50gmtion wllereS the
fasletamnngthe rStOf thelleStOPk8d8yS for
Efrects of Heternsisn Corn
1cafea nlay he s†1to k due tu an Ln⊂TaSei1
1nEth as wcllasbreadtl10fleave
leaf area waβ als allalvsed Thelata LnJicatS
tIlaeimcrain si7e Pf earleaf va11i1y
icanllreCttOtlleFllybridsandas1ue
to anincrease jnlength as wellIS breah uf thc
leaf1’heincreaseinsiCUfthtearleIr Of W1Se
10mare Wamainlyduetotlleincrcaseinitsleth
Tlle011trlltltil110f the threIeaves closest tl
arll1LS also eraluae1Althf hoth F
hyhTid5 hd vues fnr meanle1gtllall1Tllean
lea1tllhhcr than thtlir respetive tlpiirerltS
all1tlleir respettive parentalaYCraFe5theylre
noi1iIllLTlle Yal1eS f rasehnmre WerC
lS thallits prentAavera
Tlliataim1ieateLIlat thinrSei111eLre
illtle FlllVbli1s an1jn7asellmarCS TU1tle
tJnincreaseilllealllnlerlut majnly11e tl
anlllCreaSeinleaf sizeTllisilereaSCinl¢si
buth tlltllth LLnllJrearlth of theearlefLfinlOth
tllrhyri1siIl1iaimg tllat tlelrea Ofhe car
leIfhad alarge contribution tu the totiLLleiifilrea
l1e pla1t
ThurWerellO Si1icantlirencesin meLEl
oIJSerVedinhc1d
effect of heterisThc main raSJrfor thyield
illCreaSe WaS tleirlCrSe Ln thenuI11berflFfnels
pelr11hisgLveri Lq anireaSeilthe
lengthiLnd1iameter ofthettarsrllhLuglltle F
hyhridshadvalueshigller tllan theirpareTltSinall
tlle yield compontntSLlle Vaue Were Signihant
onlyin the number of kernels per row
AckntIWledg∋mtmtS
So111eiSAWADA andrTohr1SJlI†ATA∫tr111ir
reaLly assstalle and we arindtted tthem fl
their kindnessincrreetngtheoTiginalmanuscript
Expcrimcnt Stationh′1emuroCl HokkaidofoT
providiIlg uS With the rLCCeSSaryeed materialand
fr t1eir guidallCe11emeerit was stht
We areindcedgratefultQ tleJapalleSe Govern
nlent forhavng spQnSOred the StudEnt Txehange
Irogme betwen thebihirlJnjversity or
Agriculturand′eteTinry TIeditine and the Uni
veTSity of SriLankatllrOugh wllich AT
PERERA was abe tp GDrnPlele aninteresg and
usfulproammefgraduates‡udlesHeal
Cul1iolProfessor Hm′WmATl1for
grJltin31himthisscholarllipandtherequire1leave
ing”3rd edWileyNew Yorl
ALLISCINJCS1971AnnApplBiol6S8192
AsllBYE193fATl¶BotLondon444575
AsTIBYE1932AnnBotLndon461rX17 132
AsHfrYEi937ArLn rSotLontlonNS1 1l41
AuIUSLJ1963LPIAntrWtllSullStames
LeonrdIIl011don
353
edPrenticeHallh1ewd CliNewJersey
CoYNEDP19Crnp Si51718
GHILlYALMCSKSINHA197jlndianJ
eet3a293∩4
HAGIM4NRNERLENCJWDtJDEY1967
AdvAgn1945
HAYESH K1952“HelrOSis’JWGlWen
cd195lowa State U11vPssAmes
IIAYESKFRTMDCSMTli1955
“†ethrsfPlantBfeeing”1cGRAWHILLNew
York
45473IowState UnivPressAm
KEMPTONlIJJWMcLANE1942JAgri Res6465∧80
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