() ()

2009 2009

7 ( 7 (EN 1997)EN 1997) 7 ( 7 (EN 1997)EN 1997)

. , .

7.1 ( EN 1997-1 )

1. 2 2. 3. 4 4. , 5. ,

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

6 :

:

: ( ) ( )

6 :

1. : ( GEO)

( GEO)

( EQU)

( GEO) ( GEO)

1.1

V RVd RvdVd = .

, , . .

Rvd = ( ).

Rvd = (1/R) R (Fk , Xk)

R (Fk , Xk) . 1997-1.

1.1 Vd Rvd

1997-1, 2* (DA-2*), :E V (Fk , Xk) (1/R) R (Fk , Xk) V (F Fk , Xk) (1/R) R (Fk , Xk)E ( k , k) ( R) ( k , k) (F k , k) ( R) ( k , k)

1 + R2 :1 : F = = 1.35 1.50 R2 : R = 1.40

: FS = F R 1.40 x 1.40 = 1.96

1.2

: :

Hd Rd + Rp;dH ( ) Hd = ( ) . .

Rd = .

Rp;d = , .. ( ( ).

2* (DA-2*)

: d = E H (Fk , Xk) d = H (F Fk , Xk)

, 2 (DA-2 )

Rp;d 1 ( .3) :F = = 1.35 1.50

1.2 Hd Rd + Rp;d

Rp;d Rp;d = Rp / R R =1.40 ( .5)

Rd :

: R = (V tan ) /

R 1.40 ( .5)

: Rd = (V k tan k) / R;h : Rd = (Ac cu;k) / R;h

V k = k = .

, ('cv;k), (2/3 'cv;k) .

Ac = cu;k =

( 5 ) R;h = ( .5, ). DA-2* : R;h = 1.1

: FS = F R;h 1.40 x 1.10 = 1.54

1.3 ( EQU )

E < E E E

EdstEstb

Edst,d < Estb,d dst Edst,k < stb Estb,kEdst,d =

Estb,d =

2* (DA-2*). .1 1997-1 :

: FS = dst / stb = 1.10 / 0.9 = 1.22

1.4

: , , , , .

, , 11 1997-1, .

, 3 (DA-3) 11

Rd > Ed

R ( F X / ) ( F X / )R (F Fk , Xk / M) > (F Fk , Xk / M)

: ( 2*, DA-2*)

: : = 3m , : L = 4m : D = 1m

:E ( ): = 20 kN/m3 ): = 20 kN/m3

: ' = 28

: c' = 10 kPa

:

( ) :

: Gk = 1800 kN : Qk = 350 kN

: Gk = 360 kN : Qk = 70 kN : = 0 kN : LGk = 0 kN : LQk = 0 kN

( ) : MG k = 1080 kNm ( ) G,k ( L) : MLG,k = 0 kNm ( ) : MQ,k = 210 kNm ( L) : MLQ k = 0 kNm ( L) : MLQ,k 0 kNm

( ) : qk = 0

:

1. :

E E ( F X )Ed = E (F Fk , Xk)

.3 .5 1997-1 ( 1 2*). ( )

: d = Vd = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 1800 + 1.50 x 350 = 2955 kN

( ) : d = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 360 + 1.50 x 70 = 591 kN

( ) : ( ) : Ld = G LGk + Q LQk = 0 kN

( ) : d = G MG,k + Q MQ,k = 1.35 x 1080 + 1.50 x 210 = 1773 kN

( L) : = M + M = 0 kNLd = G MLG,k + Q MLQ,k = 0 kN

2. ( ) :

1997-1 ( DA-2*) :

Rd = (1/R) R (Fk , Xk)

( )

( ) :eBk = MBk / Vk = (1080+210) / (1800+350) = 0.6m

: eLk = MLk / Vk = 0

( B) : tan ( ) = / V = (360+70) / (1800 + 350) = 0 20 = 11 31otan (Bk) = B / V = (360+70) / (1800 + 350) = 0.20 Bk = 11.31o

( L) : tan (Lk) = Lk / Vk = 0 Lk = 0

: = 2 eBk = 3 2 x 0.60 = 1.80mL = L 2 eLk = 4m = L = 7.2 m2

2. ( ) :

(pu) :

Rd = (1/R) R (Fk , Xk)

1

R = pu B L

( )1 212u c c c q q qp c N s i q D N s i B N s i = + + + i (' = 28) :

Nq = e tan' tan2 (45.+ '/2) = 14.720( 1) / ' 2 803Nc = (Nq - 1) / tan ' = 25.803

N = 2 (Nq- 1) tan ' = 14.590 :

sq = 1 + (B' / L' ) sin ' = 1.2113s = 1 0 3 (B'/L' ) = 0 8650s = 1 0.3 (B'/L' ) = 0.8650sc = (sq Nq -1) / (Nq - 1) = 1.2267

2. ( ) : (i i i ) :

i = [1 H / (V + A' c' cot ' ) ]m

(iq , i , ic) :m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' / L' )] = 1.6897

iq [1 H / (V + A c cot ) ]i = [1 H / (V + A' c' cot ' ) ]m+1ic = iq - (1 iq ) / ( Nc tan ' )

: V = pu B L : H = V tan()

(i , i , i )

( )1 212u c c c q q qp c N s i q D N s i B N s i = + + + (iq , i , ic) , pu ( ). : iq = 0.6949 , i = 0.5602 , ic = 0.6727

: pu,k = pu = 588 kPa : Rk = Vu,k = pu B L = 588 x 1.80 x 4 = 4233 kN

DA-2* :Rd = Rk / R = Vu,k / R,v = 4233 / 1.40 = 3024 kN

(R,v) .5 ( R2 DA-2*) 1997-1.

2. ( ) : :

Vd Rd Vd = 2955 kN 3024 kN = Rd (FS) (FS) :

FS = R / V = 4233 / (1800 + 350) = 1.97

FS (1 35 1 50) 1 40 1 40 1 40 1 96 : FSmin = F R = (1.35 1.50) x 1.40 1.40 x 1.40 = 1.96

3. : Hd Rd + Rp;d ( ) ( ) : Rp;d = 0. ( ) : = + = 1 35 x 360 + 1 50 x 70 = 591 kNd = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 360 + 1.50 x 70 = 591 kN

, ( 2*) :

Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;hVk = Gk + Qk = = k = R;h = .5.

DA-2*, R;h = 1.1 ( R2).

3. :

R = (V tan ) / R = R / Hd Rd + Rp;d

Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;hVk = Gk + Qk = 1800 + 350 = 2150 kN

Rp;d = Rp / R;e

, () ('cv;k). : = 28 o, :cv;k Rd = ( 2150 x tan(28) ) / 1.10 = 1039.2 kN Rp;d = 0 / 1.40 = 0 : Hd Rd + Rp;d Hd = 591 1039.2 + 0 (FS) : FS = Rk / Hk = ( 2150 x tan(28) ) / (360 + 70) = 2.66 : FSmin = F R = (1.35 1.50) x 1.10 1.40 x 1.10 = 1.54 : FSmin F R (1.35 1.50) x 1.10 1.40 x 1.10 1.54

2. : ( (, ) .

. ( ).

(.. , , ) , ). , ( ).

7 : : : :

GEO : -

GEO :

STR : ,

GEO : GEO : (.. )

:V

HV

:Vd Rd

1997-1, 2* (DA-2*), : V (F Fk , Xk) (1/R) R (Fk , Xk) 1 + R2 :1 : F = = 1.35 1.50 , R2 : R = 1.10 R =

R R RR = Rs + Rb

( Rk ) :

7 7 , () (n) (n) (. (n) (. ).

Rk : k1. (n) (..

)

2. (n)

3. (n)

4. (fsu) (qbu)

: (4) (). , (m) (4) (4) .

1 : ( Ru,k )

( ) * ( ) (n) * (.. ). (.. cu qc ) (f ) (q ) (fsu) (qbu). Ru. (n) Ru .

* =

AR = zfDR susu

i (i = 1,2, n) : (fsu , qbu ) bubbu qAR =bRRR += busuu RRR +

(Ru,mean) (Ru,min) ( ) :

= n RR 1 { }uu RR minmin ==i

umeanu RnR

1, { }uu min,

1 : ( Ru,k )

iRR

=

4

min,

3

,, ,min

umeanuku

RRR :

, 3 4 n :

.

2 : ( Ru,k )

n Ru :

(Ru,mean) (Ru,min) ( ) : ( ) :

= n umeanu RR , 1 { }uu RR minmin, =

= min,, ,min

umeanuku

RRR :

=in 1

, ,

21,, ku

, 1 2 n :n :

, 10% ( 1)

R = Rs + Rb

4 : ( Ru,k )

R :

(.. SPT, CPT, PMT) / (.. UU, CU, DS)

R Rs Rb

/ (.. UU, CU, DS) (.. cu , qc , N) (fsu,k ) ( qbu,k ).

: :

{ } { }, ,1 1su bu su k b bu kR R R DL f A q = + = +m m 1997-1 : m = 1.30

m = 1.30 :FS = F * R * m 1.40 x 1.10 x 1.30 = 2.0

: FS = (Rsu + Rbu) / V Vd = Rd F V = (1/R) [ (1/m) (Rsu + Rbu) ]

:

:

:

. D=0.8m, L=15m.

(Vk) . 80% (permanent) 20% 80% (permanent) 20% (transient).

: , = 18 kN/m3 : cu = 125 kPa

: , = 20 kN/m3 SPT N = 45

7, f DIN 1054 2005 fsu qpu. DIN 1054 : 2005

:

4 : m= 1.30

DIN 1054:2005 :

: , = 18 kN/m3 : c 125 kPa : cu = 125 kPa : fsu = 45 kPa

: , = 20 kN/m3 SPT N = 45 , qc = 0.5 N = 0.5 x 45 = 22.5 MPa. : fsu = 120 kPa qbu = 3.75 MPa

2* (DA-2*) :

:

( )

:

( ) ( ) VVVQPF 3812050180351 =+=+= ( ) ( ) kkkkQkGd VVVQPF 38.12.050.18.035.1 =+=+= :

fDR 1 = zfDR ksum

ksu ,, :Rsu,k = (1/1.3) x [3.14 x 0.80 x (45 x 12 + 120 x 3)] = 1043.5 + 695.6 = 1739 kN

kbubm

kbu qAR ,,1= :

A 3 14 0 82 / 4 0 5024 2 R (1/1 3) 0 5024 3750 1449 kNAb = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2

:

Rbu,k = (1/1.3) x 0.5024 x 3750 = 1449 kN

14491.1

117391.1

111,,, +=+= kbu

bRksu

sRdu RRR kNR du 2898, =

: dud RF , 1.38 Vk 2898 Vk 2100 kN

(FS=2) :

:

= zfDQ :

zfDQ susu Qsu = 3.14 x 0.80 x (45 x 12 + 120 x 3) = 1356.5 + 904.3 = 2261 kN

bubbu qAQ = :2261 kN

Ab = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2

Qbu = 0.5024 x 3750 = 1884 kN

: Qu = Qsu + Qbu = 2261 + 1884 = 4145 kN

: Qall / FS = 4145 / 2 = 2072 kN

: FS=2

8 : :

, , .

:

(investigation tests), /. , .

, :1 (s itabilit tests)1. (suitability tests)2. (acceptance tests).

: , .

, . (proof load), Pp, EN 1537:1999 ( ) .

:

:

: . , . EN 1537:1999 ( ). P 1 25 E P = 1.25 k Ek (). , (lock-off load) Po = (80-90%) k. .

Pd Ra;d :

d a;d

Pd = () . (.. )

R = (R ) Ra;d = (Ra ) Ra;d = min { Ra;k / a , Rt;k / m }

: Ra;k = (

). /

a = , 3.3.4(1) A.12. DA-2*, : R2, : a = 1.10

Rt;k = As y k = Rt;k As y,k , . As , y,k

m = 1.15 () : Rt;d = Rt;k / m =

: FS = F a2 a 1.4 x 1.0 x 1.1 = 1.54

( Ra;k ) Ra;k :

. . ( ( ).

(Ra;k) , (a) : (n) : (Ra,1), (Ra,2), (Ra,n) .

(Ra;k) :( ) ( ) min,,min mameanma RRR = 2 min1; ,min aa meankaR ( ) = n iRR 1 ( ) [ ]RRRR min=( )

=iiameanma

Rn

R1

,, ( ) [ ]naaama RRRR ,2,1,min, ,....,min= (n) : 1 2 3

1 20 1 15 1 10a1 = 1.20 1.15 1.10a2 = 1.20 1.10 1.00

:

:

.

( ) :

: PGk = 320 kN : PQk =70 kN P 320 70 390 kN : Pk = 320 + 70 = 390 kN

: , ( ). , (Pk) , (.. ).

() (Pd) : , . , . .3 1997-1):

Pd = G PGk + Q PQk = 1 35 x 320 + 1 50 x 70 = 537 kNPd G PGk + Q PQk 1.35 x 320 + 1.50 x 70 537 kN

(Ra;k): : , :

Ra;k = d L fsu,k = 3.14 x 0.12 x 8 x 200 = 603.2 kN , :

Ra,1 = 640 kN, Ra,2 = 662 kN , Ra,3 = 700 kN. : (Ra,m)mean = 667.3 kN : (Ra,m)min = 640 kN. , : a1 = 1.10 a2 = 1.00. : ( ) ( )

=

2

min,

1

,; ,min

mameanmaka

RRR = 606.7 kN 21 aa

: Ra;k = 603.2 kN

(Ra;d) :Ra;d = Ra;k / a = 603.2 / 1.1 = 548.4 kN

(a) A.12. DA-2*, R2, : a = 1.10. (Ra d) (Ra;d) (Rt;d) : Rt;d = Rt;k / m = ( As y,k ) / mAs , y k s , y,k m = 1.15 (). , , 140 mm2 y,k = 1600 MPa. : Rt;k = As y,k = 3 x (140 x 10-6) x 1600 = 0.672 MN = 672 kN, :

R = R / = 672 / 1 15 = 584 3 kNRt;d = Rt;k / m = 672 / 1.15 = 584.3 kN : Ra;d = 548.4 584.3 = Rt;d : Ra;d = 548.4 kN. : Pd Ra;d d a;d : Pd = 537 548.4 = Ra;d (FS) : FS = Rk / Pk = ( d L fsu,k) / (PG+PQ) =

= (3.14 x 0.12 x 8 x 200) / (320 + 70) = 603.2 / 390 = 1.55

9 : ( , , ) , :

(gravity walls) (gravity walls) (embedded walls) ( )

:

:

: ()

:

: . (GEO)

(wale)

(GEO) ( ), , .

, , (wale) (strut) . (STR) . .

( GEO). 11 1997-1.

(hydraulic heave) (hydraulic heave) (piping). 10 1997-1.

, .

- . - .

:

:

:

:Rd > Ed ( > ) E

E

:

d d ( )

R

.

. , ,

( ( , ).

( DA-2* ).

, , ( ). , .

DA-2* :

:

( )

EE

Rd > Ed ( > ) R

( ) / R > F ( ) F ( ) 1.40 1.35 1.50 1.00

1 : B0 q = 20 KPa

: = 24KN/m3

P

= 20 KN/m3c = 0

6

m

(, )

x0

W

Pav = 37.5

H

=

6

= 2/3

Pah

a

M

T

h

p

Pph 0: = 20 KN/m3

h

a

B/2

N: = 20 KN/m

c = 10 KPa = = 30B/2

1. ( ).

2. (GEO) : Ed < Rd ( ) d dEd = 1.35 + 1.50 = 1.35 x 75.60 + 1.50 x 25.2 = 139.86 kN/m,ah gP ,ah qP

( )1 tanR N P = + R = 1.10 1.40 ( )tand phR

R N P = + R

: Ed < Rd 139.86 < 175.93 .

3. (EQU) : Edst,d < Estb,d

E =

H

=

6

m

Edst = . 1.10 () 1.50 ()

E tb = .

h

p

h

a

Estb . 0.9 ( )

Edst,d < Estb,d 109.08 < 496.89

4. (GEO) : Ed < Rd ( ) 1N i D N i B N i

6

m

( )1 22u c c c q q qp c N s i q D N s i B N s i = + + +

Vd = 454.29 1050.7 = Rd

H

=

6

h

a

.

h

p

2 :

. (D) .

fillfilla,h,qfillPa,h,q

fillPa h ga,h,gfilla,h,g

soila,h,q soila h gsoilPsoil p,h,g

a,h,gPa,h,q

soilPa,h,g

soilPp,h,g

1. GEO :

. R . , () 20% .

fill ( filla,h,qfillPa,h,q

fillPa h g

( q) .

a,h,gfilla,h,g

soila,h,q soilsoilsoil p h g soila,h,gsoilPa,h,q

soilPa,h,g

soilPp,h,g

p,h,g

D C :1 35 ( ) 1 50 ( ) ( ) / 1 401.35 x ( . ) + 1.50 ( . q) = ( . ) / 1.40

D=6m (

20%

( , , R) Rk = 1696 kN/m. 20%, , : D = 1.20 * 6.0 = 7.20m

2. STR :

() . ( ( ) () , :

1. : (g k) ( g,k)

2. ( + ) : (g+q,k)

: :q,k = g+q,k - g,k

: d = 1.35 *g,k +1.50* q,k

(.. )

10 :

UPL ( lift) UPL : (uplift) . ( ( ).

HYD : . . , , (boiling).

UPL HYD

1. UPL ( )

: V G + R : Vdst,d Gstb;d + Rd G,dst Gdst + Q,dst Qdst G;stb (Gstb + R)

Vdst,d = ,

Gstb;d = Rd = ( Rd (.

) - ()

: FS = 1 / = 1 / 0 9 = 1 10 : FS = 1 / G;stb = 1 / 0.9 = 1.10

RRd

Vdst,d

: = 200 kPa ( ) =150 kPa ( ) G =150 kPa Q =50 kPa ( ). =12m () () .stb;d = G;stb stb;k = G;stb G = 0.9 x 150 = 135 kPaudst;d = G;dst udst;k = G;dst (W H ) = 1.0 x 10 x 12 = 120 kPa : udst;d stb;d 120 < 135 .

1. HYD ( ) : S G

HYD : Sdst;d G stb;dSdst;d = Gstb;d =

Sdst,d Gstb;d

: FS = G;dst G;stb = 1.35 / 0.90 = 1.50

11 : : , ,

, (cut or buried structures), .

, 3 (DA-3)

3 (DA-3) :

:(1) ( ) (1) ( ), (2) ( ),

( ( , , ) .

,

3 (DA-3) :

( : cd , d : cu;d) (m), :

kc tan1tan kuc ; 1 25 1 40mM

kdc = kmMd

= tantanmM

kuduc

;; = = 1.25 1.40

:(1) : m = 1.1.

(FS) : (FS) :FS = m = 1.25 x 1.1 = 1.38 FS = m = 1.40 x 1.1 = 1.54

(2) 1(2) : m = 1. (FS) :FS = m = 1.25 x 1 = 1.25 FS = = 1 40 x 1 = 1 40 FS = m = 1.40 x 1 = 1.40

: 15 2:3 (:) ( ) : ( ) : : = 20 kN/m3 , () : c = 15 kPa () : = 25 , : q = 20 kPa

qd = F q = 1.30 x 20 = 26 kN/m2

:c = c / 1 25 = 15 / 1 25 = 12 kPacd = c / 1.25 = 15 / 1.25 = 12 kPad = arctan (tan / 1.25) = arctan (tan 25 / 1.25 ) = 20.46o

( 3)

= 20 kN/m3

cd = 12 kPad = 20 46od 20.46

> 1.0, .

: 1998-5 :(1)

(F = = 1).

(2) ( )(2) () (R) ( = R = 1).

(3) (m) ( ) (m) . .

(4) 2 DA-2* (4) 2 DA-2 , 3 (DA-3) 3 (DA 3).

, : 1. : FS = 12. : FS = 1.303. : FS = 14. : FS = 15. : FS = 1.1 ( )