t. Σταμπούλογλου - 99 Κείμενα Για Την Τέχνη

8/18/2019 t. Σταμπούλογλου - 99 Κείμενα Για Την Τέχνη

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ΤΑΣΟΣ ΣΤΑΜΠΟΥΛΟΓΛΟΥ

Δ Ο Κ Ι Μ Ι Α

99 μικρά κείμενα για την τέχνη

U_d\ pe^d^_dn ¨ΓΙΑΤΙ¨, e^]a. 34MLL>D 2011


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KedpT]\ b j \b Uhb\ _^ ^bmabT \f, mh^ aU pmdgf ajeâdnf dg ^`âdn, ``T pobf d Udf \fb^_âb^_Vf peZa^_m\f. j \b dgW jb peZaTjb _^

mh^ dgf W_^dgf _^ ^f p\Ùf daWh`f pdg pe^YT``dgb. `]aUb\ bW`\i\ m^ \ Uhb\ Wb^ a^ aU]ddf pedYd`Vf dg

jeWdg, Uh^ _^ \b pdhV af pd``dnf gpd\e^_Uf. eb\^_VgV ]U\ êW pm \b Uhb\ d gba^_m \f d^hWd, pdg bWb^ T``d pm db j`â^^_m \f peddeâm. Uhb\ b Wb^p^hbW^, ``T \ gbUp^ a^f gpe_Vf bZ_^m\f. d jeWd\b peWpj\ \f `\]^bVf Uhb\f Wb^ d aUd a d dpdWd d _`-`Ûhb\f \a^dgeZmf pedp]W b pedj]V^ ^f ]U^f _^ ^f Zbo-

^f dg.Wb^ YUY^d pjf \ Uhb\ Wb^ _T^ chje^m aU \b ^deW

\f [jVf. ^' _ma pjf db Ubd Zob dg b]eopdg Z^ \ \-a^dgeZW dg pd`^âdn _^ \b \]^_V dg bT\, \ Uhb\ ê-aT^ em`d pd^^_m.

FUb pjf pgeVbf dg pd`^âdn _T] pdhV Wb^ \ Uhb\.Kjf i\`W pbV^f Zjbô\ ejVa, pdg pTb p-hd`dnb db Tb]ejpd. bW`\i\ gV Uh^ p`^dnf _^ Ydnf

pedZmbdgf. `dZdhbW, pdg Wb^ \ bgehW \f Uhb\f, ^_^j-


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a^_T YeW_^ \ ]adZeW jb p^mejb _âUbjb.MWZdge, a a^_eT gT _Wab b pedp]o b _]Uj _e-

pdnf pejdgpWf. ` m gpepW[da^ Uhdgb gpd\eWc^

Zb^_Uf ZeaaUf T``d^ c^med^ pm aUb. >``T, pÛi a: >gmpdg Wb^ Zbjm apdeW b' b`g]W pe^med _^ ^jaUbd _Tjpm Ub _^bdne^d peWa b af beo^ _egaaUbf `V]^f.

dna W_dgf _êdnf. ne nbb _^ _d^bdW bd-`dmhd^ af p^YT``dgb a^ _dg`dne pdg b Wb^ ^_V af. Kdg_a^T b Uh^ hU\ a \ [jbbV _dg`dne dg `dn. @dne^d

ppd ... af p`\aageW[dgb a hgW gpdpedkmb Uhb\f.f ]U`dgb gpd`Wf a^ _^bdne^, pbga^_V gV \ deT,

pd^_^d_eW.pTehdgb _ma\ me]^d^ ``\bf. @b Wa `WZd^. ' b^-]dna. jbTcdga. pdàVdga. hdga _^ Zbo\ _^_eW\. aWf b ^Ùcdga _^ b' c^d`dZVdga. aWf b p^bU-dga _^ b __eWbdga. a\b peâUbdga b af ejVdgb.@ ] d _Tbdgb pdU.

f pdW[dgb mp^d b ' eb\]dna. f =[dgb _dgmhded, ba\b d hdna. _e^Ve^d d gaUedb _^ \b ^]\^_V dg

`dn af b' b^]dna. pdàVdga, b a\b ``de^j]dna.pTehdgb bUd^ \a^dgeZdW, b dgf b]eenbdga. dgf W-cdga emadgf. dgf pdna b' dgZ_eT[db^ \ g``dZ^_V g-

bW\\ \f _d^bjbWf, pjf \ ^^ddcW, \ `pW _^ \ eT\, Wb^d jf dg jmf aU d napb. Wb^ gbdW _jp\`Tf \beZaUb\ ]T` pdg Wb^ \ [jV, a ^f b^cdm\f _^ ^f p-ecbÛf \f.

dgf gpb]gaWdga m^ b pm d UeZd Uhb\f ̀ Wp^ d pàmf

_^ d pT]df, d poedf _dpmf _^ mhdf, d gZ_^b\^_m _Wbdd^hWd pdg ] ^ha`jW^ d _d^bm, d UeZd gm ]jeW^ b_em,Whjf \ gbm\ b _^bdYd`V^ bUeZ^.

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D>D @DJLJ

CP?FH τ>H “εσLτεG@AH” αD7H. 3IDε@δ>τ Aα@ αI?OGC>τ>

δ>C@FIGτGα. ΓG7φFICε Aα@ δ>C@FIG-

``T _^ a^ \a^dgeZW g]mea\\ b apdeW b a\b peÛhâUedf pm pepTbj d^hW. M\b Uhb\ b gpTeh^ pe]bdZU-

b\. Md ag`m _^ \ gbW\\ dg \a^dgeZdn Wb^ YUY^d pjfpedlpTeh^ \ Zbo\ _^ d eU]â _Wbd pdg bTY^ \ `mZ \f

_``^hb^_Vf \a^dgeZWf.J _T] Tb]ejpdf Uh^ aU dg gbTa^f pdg Z^ b `g]ej]dnb_^ b bej]dnb he^T[db^ deâUb _Wb\e. Mgb]V_f Ud^f,pdg b Yd\]dnb \b _V`j\ _^ \b U_eV dgf gZ__eâUb\adeV eT\f. ^ \ \a^dgeZW Wb^, g^_T, a^ gba^_V adeVeT\f.

J \a^dgeZmf Wb^ peo _^ pTbj p' m` U_\f. @Uh^ e-]Wa pm d g^_m _^ _d^bjb^_m dg pe^YT``db. M\ gbUh^

ZWb^ am\f. Kedp]W b ao^ \ gZ_Wb\\ pdg mb\


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\b _e^T dg, \b pWe _^ \ Zbo\ pdg p^n^ m^ UZ^b _Vadg, \b \]^_V V _d^bjb^_dpd`^^_V dg ]U\ _^ T\. J _``Û-hb\f \a^dgeZmf pedp]W b p\eT^ db bZbo\, db _ed-

V V d ]V. Tb^ a `WZ `mZ^ ped\`gâm. KedYT``^ ^f^]\^_Uf dg b^`Vi^f, ^f ^`dd^_Uf dg ]U^f, \ T\ dgpUbb^ \ [jV _^ pedY`VaT \f.

>gm pdg pd``dW dbdaT[dgb g]mea\\ _``^hb^_V \a^dge-ZW* \b peZa^_m\ b gpTeh^. Wb^, YUY^, ZZdbmf pjfpd``dW _``Ûhbf, pm \b eh^m\ jf ^f aUef af, ̂ hgeW[db^pjf \a^dgeZdnb g]mea\, Whjf gZ__eâUbd _dpm V mhd.

^,\a^dgeZW Z^ hTe\ \f \a^dgeZWf. ^ \b peWpj\ pdg

Wb^ ^`^_e^bWf pUhdgb pm \b `V]^. >b iTcdgb aU dgf ]Yedgb `\]^bT _Wb\e \f \a^dgeZWf dgf. a^T eT\ \[jV b Wb^ T_dp\ _^ ghW. eT\ Wb^ pTb d _ne^d he-_\e^^_m jb UaYgjb mbjb. @eT\ Z^ p^YWj\ V _`gUeg\jb gb]\_ob, g^_ob _^ _d^bjb^_ob.

Wb^, pdaUbjf, bbW`_d m^ pbdn gpTeh^ _Tpd^d _Wb\ed.`^_m V \]^_m. ad V Uaad. F^Zmed V pe^med bem. Mpeo T^ \f Uhb\f _Wb\e d\Zdnb a^ adbTh adeV

eT\f. M\b pedpT]^ b adnb d^ __Uf gbTa^f (aZW)_^ b Yd\]\]W d Zobf Z^ \b p^YWj\. @b gpTehdgb T``f cWfb b^_Wabd \f Uhb\f. >gUf d^ cWf ] pedW]b^ d e-peme^d dg _``Ûhb\ a d pUea jb h^`^\eWjb _^ a ^f

bUf gb]V_f _^ bTZ_f pdg ] \a^dgeZ\]dnb d acn.MVae ]jeW^ p^bV p^Wjc\ \ phm`\\ dg _``Ûhb\

daWf mpdg d^ \]^_Uf cWf apWbdgb geme\ adWe. >bmajf eWc^ _bWf a^ a^T \ ea^_V pdeW \f b]ejpm\f

pedf db pd`^âm ] b]jeV^ pd`Ùf pm ^f p^pm`^f ]U^fdg pTbj [\Va \f Uhb\f. Wi Z^ `g]eW _^ ^_^dnb\ Wb^ pedôb^df pm]df dg

b]eopdg. ^ d _dpm gm ZjbW\_ _^ ZjbW[^ \ Uhb\. ^pTb bTa pm hW`^ apm^ _^ bêT^f. >``T d aZ`Wd_^ \ adb^_m\T \f YeW_^ o. \ âmej\ _T] deTjb _T``\`jb adeob bWe\f _^ \b p^`dZV jb e\Z^-_ob _Wbjb pdg \ Yd\]dnb p^d pdà^_T, apme \ Uhb\

b cpeT^ apm^ _^ b aZ`dgeZV^. \eWc^ db Tb-


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]ejpd \ aZ`ô\ dg cmea\\ b __V^ d ne^d.J^ ^`mdd^ m`jb jb pdhob _^ m`jb jb mpjb pedpT]\b

b ea\bndgb db _mad a db Ub V db T``d empd. _Wbd majf

pdg peUp^ b af bÛe^ b Wb^ d^ ea\bWf _^ d^ ^pô-^f. Uhb\ peUp^ b Yd\]V^ b beZdpd^\]dnb d^ gbTa^f _W- bf pdg apdednb b Yd\]Vdgb \b ``ZV jb gb]\_ob \f [jVfpedf d _`ned.

bWf \a^dgeZmf b Wb^ gmjdf. \a^dgeZW dg bpm-g_ pêT[^ pd \b pWe\ dg _d^bjb^_dn peWZgedg, jbôb _^ jb _``^hb^_ob egaTjb pdg _geêhdnb \b pdhV_^ db mpd dg. ^ _ma\ dnd: Md UeZd Uhb\f b^_Wabd _^

gpd_Wabd, ^_m _^ dgdp^_m, gpe_m _^ b^_m ZWbdbÛb pebobf pd d _aWb^ pdg _W^ eUb _^ \b _e^T dg_``Ûhb\.


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M KJDJM >K>D

@ ατεBεLτεH ?εLGεH D τJD>. GQτεH AG@τ@AH

εAτ@Cσε@H αRO τ> δ@αRστLσ> σε RF@FIH αRεI?PDετα@ > τJD>.

Gα αRO τF “ε AF@DLD@A α@-

σ?>τ@A σIσ>. BαD?ασCD> (Aα@ RFBP δ@αδFCD>) αDτB>K>

Oτ@ F Aα?DαH RαGDε@ O,τ@ τFI αGσε@. τJD> δεD εDα@ δGIH Rε-σFPσα, αBB7 R>


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_d^bjb^_V daT _^ Wf* a^ _d^bjb^_V Tc\. da^_V ^]\^_V gZ_Wb\\, \ ^]\^_V \`V Û-

Ze\ bmf aadbjaUbdg b]eopdg b apdeW b Wb^ _dpmf

_bbmf Wdgf Uhb\f. bbddna a^f Uhb\f [jbbVf _^ _-aWf _^ mh^ a^f Uhb\f \f pe_aVf.

Uhb\ Wb^ Ub nb]d _d^bjb^_m ^bmabd _^ ZbbV-]\_ pm a^ _^ amb\ Y^_V bZ_^m\: \ \a^dgeZWa^f md ZWb^ p`ne\f _d^bjb^_Vf gbW\\f pTbj [\-Va Zbo\f _^ \]^_Vf gape^deTf. ^f gbW\\f, pdgde^d]obf a ^f __V^f \f _dT^ _^ \b be-

hW ] T^ d p^]ga\m pdUà, pdg b Wb^ T``dpm \b p^YWj\ _^ \b md ZWb^ ^_^me\ _bdaV \fgghWf. Uhb\, ̀ d^pmb, hjeWf b peÛh^ _d^bjb^_V dgW, bapdeW b af phd`W.

J^ aZT`d^ ^`Ûf a^`Tb Z^ _]eV* Uhb\, p``Z-aUb\ pm j`â^^_T* d^hW pdg \ bd]ndgb. Mb dgfaZT`dgf amêdgf pdg h^T[dgb bna gi\`dn Zdn-dg, chbobf pbòf m^ d Tb]ejpdf p^bm\ d Ubgamh^ Z^ b _Tb^ am, ``T Z^ b pedg`hW pm ^f _ê^_Ufgb]V_f _^ ^f g^_Uf b^cdm\f.

^ T``\ `b]aUb\ (_^ pd`n ^daUb\) bW`\i\ Z^\b Uhb\ Wb^ gV pdg gpd\eW[^ m^ pm Ub UeZd Uhb\f d_]Ubf pWeb^ m,^ dg eU^. @egmf pdn\f... \`V. d UeZd Uhb\f b _daa^T[^. Wb^ Ub b^Wd nbd`d _^b Ud^d ̀ ^dgeZW ^]\^_T V ̀ ^dgeZW. Uhb\ Wb^

egf pdn, ``T p\ZV `Ùdg. Wb^ d b^_]eUâa^f daUb\f _d^bjb^_Vf peZa^_m\f _^ \ peZa^_m-\ gV b apdeW b Wb^ pehV _T d Ub \f aVa_^ a\ pehV _T d T``d. _eT[^ a^ `V]^ V b\b _eT[^. ``d peTZa, g^_T, b d _]Ubf b^àYT- b^ pe^me V ̀ ^Zme pm \b peZa^_m\ gV. J\a^dgeZmf b _]U^. KedUe^ gba^_m UeZd, pmeed^

a^f igh^_Vf _^ pbga^_Vf eT\f, a^f Uce\f pdg Uh^


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_dpm b Wc^ _^ b jW^.dbd`dZWf, \ Uhb\ Wb^ U_e\\f _d^bjb^_Vf [jVf _^

b Ud^ peUp^ b bâjpW[^ _^ b c^d`dZW^. >gV

pgeddW pTbd ^f peddg^_Uf gbTa^f, Z^W Wb^ _^ \W^ a^ nba\ peddg^_V. ^ b Wb^ ghWd m^ gV a-Z`dneZ\ _^ aZ`dgeZW d p`gem gob jb gbTajb.

J \a^dgeZmf peUp^ b Uh^ \b ̂ _bm\ b ^^n^ \bpeZa^_m\ \f b]eop^b\f apêWf, d YT]df jb _d^- bjb^_ob _^bVejb. >gm ] p^ m,^ af bÛe^ md \p^Tb^ ``T \ dgW, \ Zne\ _^ d aU`^, d pgeVbf jb peZ-

aTjb. _d^bjb^_V pemddf, \ cU`^c\ jb aUjb peZjZVf _^d^ _^bdne^f hb^_Uf pdg p^bddnb^ \a^dgeZdnb nd bW-]f gbTa^f. aW pdg pedp]W b pene^ pedf a-pemf d nbd`d dg pd`^âdn _^ \ T``\ pdg gZ_eW dn\\b deaV. aW aT`` `mZ^ Wb^ peddg^_V _^ \ T``\ \gb\e\^_V T\*.@. j^T\f jV _^ Uhb\*.

M _Wab pdg _d`dg]dnb ]' be]dna pd`Ùf deUf [\Va gT, b`ndbf V b^_bndbf pd^_W`pedY`Va pdg hW[db^ a \b Uhb\.


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D@ >D M M

τJD> σα CGFH τ>H =Qσ>H RGαταH. &@7φFGF IB@AO Aα@

δ@7φFGα εAφGαστ@A7 Cσα. GOBFH τ>H AαBB@τεJD@AH δ>C@FIG-

gT ] apdednb b ^pj]dnbZb^_T Z^ \b Uhb\, Z^ pemgp _^ gpd^Za^_T UeZ jbaZT`jb ]b^_ob pd`^âob, _^ _ma Z^ ^f ^^T[dgf \a^-dgeZ^_Uf adeUf jb cj^_ob* _^ pejmZdbjb òb.

gb^\V \a^dgeZW Wb^ a^ ̂ ^m\ dg mad MTp^bf,pdg _enY^ aU \f \b Û \f pd^d^_Vf bmdg. ^ \ Tbd-

df gV Vb eZV _^ _dp^^_V. J Tb]ejpdf bUY^b pedf pTbj, _TYdbf _`^T db Ym`^]d.

Uhb\ gpTeh^ gZ__eâUb W\ - `dZdhbW, [jZe-^_V, adg^_V _.`p. - ^ b ZWb^ majf _``^hb^_V peZa^-_m\ \ Uapbg\ V \ p^bm\\ dg \a^dgeZdn, peUp^ \^_mb, pdg \a^dgeZW d daUbd UeZd Uhb\f, b apdeW bpdd]W U^ pdg b Wb^ ped^V ^]Va _^ Yô-

a dg _d^bdn d dpdWd pg]nb^. ^ b YUY^ Wb^ UeZd


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peddg^_m b apdeW peT b pg]nb^ d `m. gZ__eâUb UeZ Uhb\f bV_dgb pTb dnd V

_Wbd d Wdf, pdg Uh^ ^_V dg Zò _^ ^^dadeW, ^_Uf

dg gbm\f _^ ^_V dg _``^hb^_V gpm\. b^_âb^_V cW ^Tde W\ \f Uhb\f _]deW[-

^ pm d m^ _]Ub pm gT, \b pedpT]^T dg b' b^_-]eW^, Ta V Uaa, m`\ \b pd`gadeW _^ \Zd\g^_V pd^_^`W \f [jVf, bpeTZ^ a Y]n\ _^bTeZ^* deâUbf pm ^f p`geUf \f _^ _eT[^ dnf V_Wbf ^f mi^f \f ^]\^_Vf hU\f af pedf gVb.

>bT`dZ, `d^pmb, a d Wdf \f Uhb\f pdg hd`W^ d_T] _``Ûhb\f, he\âdpd^W ^de^_m, g`^_m _^ ^Tde_e^_T aU Z^ b be_o^ \b UapbgV dg UeZdUhb\f _^ b d _Tb^ aUedf \f eo\f peZa^_m\f.

,̂ \ [jZe^_V, a d jf _^ d heoa b _ne^ d -̂hW, pedYT``db^ dp^_T b^`\pUf ^_mbf. `dZdhbWhe\âdpd^W \b _``^hb^_V pe^_V nba\ \f Ùc\f.Md ]Ued, bW b' p^_dbW[^ d Tb]ejpdf V b bpndb-^ \Z\a^_T d^ peTc^f _^ d^ _Ui^f dg, d^ W^d^ d^ \]d-pd^dW be_obdgb ^f adeUf-# Vejf V ^f gZ_edn^f _^ ^fb^]U^f \f [jVf \b _d^bjb^_V cU`^c\.

eh^_db^_V he\âdpd^W daUb g`^_T g^_T_^ YT[dbTf Tc\ _^ ghâdnf \a^dgeZW d hb^_mpe^YT``db aU V Znej pm d dpdWd [^ _^ _^bW^ d Tb]ej-pdf. adg^_V a dgf Vhdgf _^ \b eadbW _eT[^ ^]\-

^_T dgf _eadnf _^ a\bna dg \a^dgeZdn. Z`gp^_V, pT`^ a daUb g`^_T, bpe^Tb^ e^f ^-T^f db Tb]ejpd _^ \ eT\ dg aU d hoed. Uhb\dg hdedn Uh^ adb^_m \f b^_Wabd db Tb]ejpd. e\^-adpd^W \ eg]a^_T deZbjaUb\ ^dhV ^f ]U^f pdg pWeb^,a _]deâUbd n\a, d b]eop^bd oa. U`df, d _^b\a-dZeTdf, Wb^ a^ nb]\ adeV Uhb\f, mpdg ' gmb gbg-

pTehdgb _^ pd`Ùf T``f adeUf \f.


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^ b ZbjeWdga p^d _`T \ n\ \f Uhb\f _^ \ ]U\pdg pWeb^ \ [jV _^ \b _d^bjbW, Wb^ peW\d b a-`Vdga d em`d pdg Up^c _^ pW[^ _T] Wdf _``^hb^-

_Vf \a^dgeZWf chje^T. \ ZUb\ _^ \b cU`^c\ \f _T]a^f pm gUf.

^ `d^pmb ]' _d`dg]Vdgb b`g^_T _Wab Z^ d _T]Wdf Uhb\f a \b pe_Tj êT: demf, jZe^_V, >eh^-_db^_V, `gp^_V, FdZdhbW, Ued, dg^_V. ped-p]Vdga, md ZWb^ gbdp^_T _^ pe^`\p^_T (_^ mdZWb^ _bd\T) b' b`ndga _^ b ped^deWdga

_ne^ he_\e^^_T _^ ^f ^^dadeWf _T] Wdgf Uhb\f c-hje^T. apdeUdga U^, ZbjeW[dbf aUe\, b h\aWdga

d`d_`\ejaUb\ _^ ê^_V bW`\i\ Z^ \b d`m\ \f U-hb\f _^ \b peddeT \f db Zob dg b]eopdg Z^ \b_T_\\ boejb Y]aWjb côb. Wb^ Zd\g^_V \ ^d-eW \f Uhb\f _^ peZa^_V gâdbW b pe_d`dg]Wf _^ b' b_`np^f, YVa d YVa, \b pdeW \f _^ dgf ]-adnf pdg \aTib d pUeaT \f.

`m ] Wb^ b _Tbdga pd \b ehV a^ ^g_eWb\\.FWZd ] af phd`V^ \ Uhb\ jb ea\^_T _`ôb _n-_`jb jb ag\aUbjb* pdg dgf phd`dnb d^ ^^m\f \fmeaf _^ mh^ \ Ta\ hU\ \f a \b `\]^bV [jV.


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J JLJM

G@σCOH τ>H τJD>H τFI JFGFP. AID>σ> RFBICFGφα τFI JFGFP. σJσ>

Cε τ>D Aα?>CεG@D =L Aα@ δGαστ>G@Oτ>τα. αMA δ>C@FIG F>, a `WZ ambd `mZ^, b odga db de^-am \f Uhb\f dg hdedn, ] Upep b pdna: demfWb^ \ Uhb\, mpdg ' gVb pedYT``db^ d^ _Ui^f

_^ ^]Va dg b]eopdg _``^hb^_Uf ^_mbf. J^ ^-_mbf gUf bY`n[dgb pm \ eg]a^_T deZbjaUb\ ^dhV^f ]U^f pdg, a _]deâUbd n\a pWeb^ d b]eop^bdoa.

Uhb\ dg hdedn Wb^ papT`^. h^ ^f eW[f \f \bpejmZdb\ b]eop^b\ _d^bjbW _^ p^d gZ__eâUb \bpdhV pdg d Tb]ejpdf pm \ g``_^_V peWdd pebT^ a\ heV\ p^d U`^jb mp`jb \ g``_^_V _^ _gb\Z^_V p-eWdd.

M\b pdhV gV d Tb]ejpdf apdedn b pÙi^ a e_Vp^ghW a [o pd`n p^d gbT pm gmb _^ b b^_V^.

d _T] Ud^d _me]ja _mb Ubf ]eWaYdf Z^ \b b-]eop^b\ daT, pdg bUejb \ heT \f Znej pm d poadg [odg a hdedp\Va _^ Tbe]ef _egZUf. >gT hd-edp\Va, _n_`d Znej pm d b_em [od _^ d^ hednabfTbe]ef _egZUf pdg _eT[b gb^]Va dg pejm-Zdbdg _Wbdg b]eopdg, T]\_b ' eh^_T pUea \f U-hb\f dg hdedn.

bW`\i\ pjf d hdemf cpV\ aU pm ^f aZ^_Uf _^


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]e\_g^_Uf Ùf, b Wb^ jV. aZW T]\_\eW dg hdedn, ``T Ubf pm dgf \ab^_dnf ]adnf\f cU`^cVf dg. ^ gm, Z^W _me]j a \ gb^\V V

nb^\ igW]\\ b pW^ db Tb]ejpd m^ apdeW b' `-`Tc^ \b pdeW jb ZZdbmjb Te _^ \ adWe dg.

b_T`gi\ dg medf a \ `W]^b\ ^haV _^ eZmedg mcdg Uj db Tb]ejpd bUf gbm\f. ]of ^pW-j \b cW dg _gb\Z^dn b _ne^p\ZV edVf _^ Ubg-\f, gZ_Ubej \b peddhV dg \b _`ne\ deZTbjVdg. T`Y m^ d _gbVZ^ jb aZT`jb ]\eaTjb Upep

b pWebdgb aUedf ambd d^ p^d bUd^, d^ p^d gbdW _^ d^ p^d p^-Uc^d^ Tbef. ^ bo p^d pe^b m`d^ gpdUhdbb a hdedp\V-a _^ _egZUf d gapja^_m _mja bmf [odg, oem`d^ md^ pm \b daT b Upêbb aUedf d _gbVZ^, cped-Yddnb dgf _gb\Zdnf a mad^f _\ò^f (hdedp\Va_^ _egZUf). Wedbb ped_Yd`^_T Z^ d pdUà pdg] dgf heW^ p`dn^d Zna _^ gZhembjf b]eenbdgb _^pedeUpdgb dgf _gb\Zdnf, dgf Wbdgb ]Teedf. ^, pm peo _^m`f YVa, d hdemf pWeb^ a^b T``\ cW. Wb^`dgeZ^_mf _^ pedep^_mf.

Kd`n eZme, \ aZW, d hdemf ] pTe^ \b p^d ZbjVdg adeV, \ hdedaâ^_V. ]of a \b bTpgc\ \f hb^_Vfp`dgW[^ _^ c`W^ _^ d `mZdf, d^ eh^_Uf Tbe]ef_egZUf, pdg gbmgb db pejmZdbd hdem, ehW[dgb _^pWebdgb bm\a _^ ̀ UZdb^ a`j^_T _d`dg]obf dgf eg]-

adnf dg hdedn. ^ a[W a d hdem ZbbÛ^ _^ d eZdn^,pdg d pe^hmabm dg ehW[^ b' Z_`^T[^ pd``T pe^^_Tpm \ [jV dg pejmZdbdg Tb]ejpdg.

d pUea jb h^`^\eWjb d hdemf p`dgW[^ _^ ^-genb^. d eg]am, d eZdn^ _^ \ aâ^_V _eT[^ ^fpd^_W`f _\ò^f \f b]eop^b\f [jVf _^ e\e^m\f.M_\bUf pm ^f ]e\_g^_Uf dcWf, db pmàd, \b Zed^_V

[jV, _eT[db^ p^ a d hdem pdg aeUp^ ^f g^_Uf _^-


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bV^f dg b]eopdg _^ ^f ap`T]^ _``^hb^_T U^, pdg b' pd_dnb eg]a^_V p`^_m\ _^ gZ_^b\^_V _e^-_m\.

M\ a_e^bV _^m`f eh^m\, \b ``T, \b >WZgpd,^f DbWf _^ ``dn, Uh^ T^ d hdemf aZT`\ bTpgc\.e\âdpd^W^ ̀ eg^_m gp^_m pdg _`W^ pm pZ-ZàWf hdegUf. J hdemf Uh^ bm am a d eZdn^,\b pbdaWa _^ \ ]e^_V peT\. M^ZT - ^ZT majfc`Wh\_ ^^mgpd _^ bcTe\d Wdf Uhb\f. c_d`dg]Wmajf b gbdn^ pm adg^_V V eZdn^. Uhb\ dg

hdedn cgZbW[^ _^ cgiob^ d b]eop^bd oa a \b _`-`^hb^_T p`^_V `^m\. Md hdem, \ gZ_^b\^_V p`\-em\ _^ \ _e^_m\ pdg Uh^ \ ^dhV \f meaf _^jb eg]aob _]of _^bW^ d oa, gbê^T[db^ a \bp`^_V dade^T \f ^_mbf Tb]ejpdf.

d pUea dg hembdg pemY`b _^ âdeo]\_baUe\ W\ hdedn. ad^ mpjf ̀ k_T eZdn^ U^ _^dgf pd^_W`dgf ̀ k_dnf hdednf b^_]eW[^ Ta \ _-]\ae^bV [jV _^ e\e^m\. M T]db hdeg^_T W\_^ meaf YeW_^ \ ZbV^ U_eV \f \ bcTb`\\ g-e\a^_m\ _^ pd`gadeW \f `k_Vf \a^dgeZWf.

_mf pm dgf ZbV^ `k_dnf hdednf gpTeh^ _^ d `Zm-abdf pZZà^_mf hdemf. >b _^ Uh^ ^f eW[f dg ̀ k_Ufmeaf, d Wdf gm dg hdedn a \ gbhV pedpT]^ _^_``ÛeZ^ jâUbjb hdegob _^ hdedZeTjb bUY\_

i\`T pWp pmd\f.>boe\ mea hdedn b Wdf Uhb\f Wb^ d apÙd, pdg

_d`dn]\ \b _p`\_^_V Tbdd \f gb]^_Vf adg^_Vfdb 18d _^ 19d ôb. Md apÙd, _mf pm \b c^b^_g-aUb\ p`^_m\ dg b]eop^bdg _dea^dn, Wb^ \ gbm-\ b peÛh^ d hdemf _^ ea^_V \Z\a^_m\.


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L>D

$Dαδ>C@FIGH D AαBIτGεIσ> τLD OGLD δ@αLσ>H τFI RGLτOD IR>Gεσα τFI αD?GQRFI,

ORLH Aα@ F@ 7BBεH τJDεH. GOδGFCFH τ>H D D>D \ Uhb\ dg heoadf. M bW-]\ a \ Z`gp^_V, pdg bpeTZ^ ^bmab d g`^_m a e^f ^T^f _^ Uh^ Z^ dnd pe^deâU- bf gbm\f, \ [jZe^_V b\a^dgeZW \b ^_mb dg b-]eopdg _^ db p`dnd dg g^_dn pe^YT``dbdf pTbj 'pWp\ p^Tb^.

[jZe^_V Uh^ pe^me^f gbm\f b' bpeW- b^ db p`dnd dg peZa^_dn V b^_dn _madg heo-a. d Zboeâ gm Wb^ a^ pm ^f dg^^_Uf^^dadeWf \f [jZe^_Vf b Uhb\. >p^_dbW[^ deT ^-

bmab _^ bpeWb^ \ [jV ^f pd`nadef _\ò^f\f.

[jZe^_V Wb^ pbTeh^ Uhb\. jf \ p^d p`^T p'

m`f. bbV]\_ _^ gV, mpjf m`f d^ Uhbf, pm \b bTZ_\dg b]eopdg Z^ gdgbVe\\ _^ Z^ b db Yd\]V^ mdZWb^ ^f n_d`f pe^mdgf \f ^deWf dg.

gaYd`V \f \b p^YWj\ dg b]eopdg _^ \b _`g-Ueg\ jb mejb ^YWjVf dg Wb^ peZa^_T \ab^_V.>e_W b b`dZ^dna m^ \ ZeV Wb^ pmeed^ \f [jZe-^_Vf cU`^c\f (gaYd`^_V ZeV, êdZ`g^_T, _.`p.).

peo WZa \f [jZe^_Vf dg poedg pe`]mb-


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df Ub jf aTf a ^f p\`^dZeWf. (jZe^_V _^ h-e_^_V dgf YeThdgf jb p\`Wjb).

p^d p`^T WZa bV_dgb a^ peWdd ^_d^pUb

h^`^Tjb hembjb pm Vae. Wb^ bpeT^f b]eopjb_^ [ojb pdg YeU]\_b d^hoa jb p\`Wjb \f Dp- bWf _^ \f ``Wf. Wb^ YUY^d majf m^ d^ pe^mefp^_dbW^f ([ojb _geWjf) pdg o]\_b pm \ ]deT dg hembdg b Wb^ _^ d^ p`^mef pm \ [jZe^_V e\e^m-\ dg b]eopdg. >bV_b pòf a^ gZ__eâUb\ peWdd\f a_eTf pdeWf dg b]eopdg pedf \b cU`^c\ _^ db pd-

`^âm. Wb^ \ peWddf \f pedhje\aUb\f _gb\Z^_Vf pe^m-dg.Wb^ Zbjm m^ d Tb]ejpdf c_Wb\ g`Ù_\f edob.

ejZ _epdnf, eW[f, _dg`V_^, `^Z_Te^ V m,^ UYe^_Udâd \ n\ Z^ edV. [\ U^ Z^ _dbTf h^`^Tfhemb^. ]of majf T``[b d^ _`âd`dZ^_Uf gb]V_f dgp`bV\ (peWdd^ pZobjb _.`p.) d^ Udâf edUf b gpVe-hb pTb V b pe_dnb. eh^ m, pm bTZ_\, b _g- b\ZT^ aZ`ne [o `^dpdôbf _^ pejmZdbpUe^b V cn`^b eZ`W dg. _Wb\ U^ \ peoâ\ _gb\Z-^_V V a^_V peWddf (g``_^_V _^ _gb\Z^_V).

M\b geop\ _^ \ ?me^ >W, mpdg d^ _`âd`dZ^_Ufgb]V_f Vb p^d bWcdf, d Tb]ejpdf pUe nbda \b_ne^ _gb\Z^_V peWdd. Ye^_ edV hmb pd_`^^_Tpm d _gbVZ^. ( pdhV pdg d Tb]ejpdf UZ^b peZjZmf ed-

ob Ve] pd`n eZme).]of, `d^pmb, d^ b]eop^bf daTf [dnb, _geWjf,

p\`Ûf, d^ \`^_^jaUbd^ _^ Uapêd^ _gb\ZdW ]U`dbf b agV-dgb p^^T _^ dgf bUdgf W\ _^ ^f gbV]^f jb[ojb, Teh^b b [jZeW[dgb pe^ZeTaa jb [ojbdgf YeThdgf jb p\`Wjb. ^ \ [jZe^_V apV_ \b gp\eW dg b]eopdg, Z^ b Yd\]V^ aU pm ^f _^bdn-

e^f gb]V_f pdg Whb âdej]W.


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J^ pe^mef YUY^ p^_dbW^f [ojb pdg o]\_b ^fp\`Ûf bV_dgb aZbUef pdhUf, mb d Tb]ejpdfa ^f gpdWc^f \f aZWf pWg m^ _]\òb^* d [od

pdg [jZeW[^ _^ d _Tb^ b gpdh]W g_d`me db Tb-]ejpd - _gb\Zm. ^ eZme _ma [jZeT^[ d [od - dUa,pdg _]me^[ \b _ZjZV dg ZUbdgf V db pedTg pmdgf h]ednf dg.

_Tpjf b`g^_V bedaV ^f gb]V_f pdg ZUbb\b\ [jZe^_V bdaW[j m^ Wb^ T_dp\, _]of pd``dW Wb^_Wbd^ pdg p^ndgb m^ \ [jZe^_V c_Wb\ pm a^ ]o

^T]\ dg b]eopdg - _``Ûhb\ b pWc^ a heoa V_ma\ Z^ b ^_daV^ pW^ _^ b^_Wab.J^ p^_dbW^f jb p\`Wjb _^ eZme jb bob, jb

b_mejb _^ jb ZZWjb, aTf Yd\]dnb b ZbjeWdga, a[Wa T`` W\ \f Uhb\f, ^f gb]V_f [jVf _^ d pWpdpd`^âdn jb òb pdg \a^dneZ\b.

hdga p^ \b ehV m^ \ [jZe^_V Uh^ Tpêf gbm-\f b _eT^ _^ p^_dbW^ ^f pd^_^`Wf, ^f dadeÛf _^^f b^]U^f \f [jVf. d ambd \f a^dbU_\a Wb^ dnd:>p^_dbW[^ a^ ^ZaV ambd pm \b daUb\ peZa^_m\.@b apdeW b pdo^ pe^^_T pdg gaYWbdgb ^d-e^_m hembd. Ke' m` gT Wb^ a^ Uhb\ pdg Uh^ edaeV[jbTb^ _^ \b pdhV af _^ Wb^ pTapd``d^ gdW pdg \bZpdnb _^ \b gp\ednb.


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>LDJD

JD> Cα= Aα@ εR@στC>. ΆCεσ> σJσ> Cε τFD 7D?GLRF. GFMODτα

τFI αD?GQR@DFI COJ?FI, RFI αDτ@Aα?Gεφτ=FID τ>D RF@Oτ>τα τ>H

AF@DLD@AH =LH. 3AFR@COτ>τα στ>D AατασAεI τLD Cε-

CεLD τ>H αGJ@τεAτFD@AH. AIGαGJ> AFσCF?εLGα A7?ε εRFJH.

B7CK> τ>H αGJααH εBB>D@AH αGJ@τεAτFD@AH.

> > b odga a `WZ ̀ mZ^ db deâm \f e-h^_db^_Vf, pdg Wb^ Uhb\ _^ p^Va\ a[W, ]Upep b pe^de^dna d cVf: >eh^_db^_V, Wb^d g`^_mf peWZgedf pdg \a^dgeZW^ pm \b b]eop^b\ eZ-W _^ pdg aU gmb [^ _^ e d Tb]ejpdf.

eh^_db^_V Wb^ \ Uhb\, pdg p^med p m`f Uh^

Ta\ hU\ a \b b]eop^b\ p^YWj\, _]of g`^_T \f_Wa db pedndgb pm \ YedhV, db Ue _^ ^f a-ZT`f ^_gaTb^f \f ]ead_eWf _^ âdeobdgb dhoed najb a ^f g`^_Uf V ^f pbga^_Uf dg bTZ_f.KUe majf pm \b j`â^^_V dgf pdd`V, _WagT dg b]eop^bdg amh]dg, b^_]eW[dgb \b pd^m\\f _d^bjb^_Vf [jVf _^ d g`^_m _^ pbga^_m pWpd \f

_d^bjbWf d daUbd hembd. ^]\^_T d^hW pdg peÛhdb^ ^f eh^_db^_Ufmeaf _^ pdg gT bpndb^ _^ p`dgW[db^ pm dbehÛ_db _``Ûhb\, ZWbdb^ d aUd pdg _eT[^ ^fÛf _^ Yôa md dg \a^dgeZdn, md _^ \ _dpâm-\ \f _d^bjb^_Vf pdd`Vf dg _êWdg.

_W, majf, pdg \ ^]\^_V cW \f eh^_db^_Vf pd_-`np^ a chje^V p`\em\ _^ bm\ Wb^ _W-a _d^bjb^_dn npdg, _Wb pdg Uhdgb hU\ a \b


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pd`^^_V, \b ̂ d`dZ^_V _^ \ adej^_V e\e^m\ \f_d^bjbWf. ^ gm gaYWb^ Z^W ^f pe^po^f gUf d_``Ûhb\f Uh^ pe^me^dgf g`^_dnf pmedgf _^ ^]Uâ

eZ^_T hUe^, _]of aeâbT Z^ m` gT d Tehdbf, \ pd-`^W V d _eTdf. @b Uh^ U^ dgf bh^_dnf peTZdbfdg _mdgf V \f p^dnab\f gZ_bej^_Vf dg`^Tf.

eh^_db^_V, hTe\ db p`dnd pdg ^]Udgb d^ ^-Uf meaf _^ hTe\ \b _e^_m\ pdg Uhdgb d^ b`d-ZWf \f hU\ a d g^_m pe^YT``db, _eT[^ _^pd_`np^ ^f hU^f \f _d^bjb^_Vf [jVf _^ pedYT``^ \b

_dad]jeW \f. aZT` eh^_db^_T ab\aW _T] `dn _T] pdhV\f ^deWf, b^_]eW[dgb gV \ Y^_V _dad]jeWpdg Vb _geWeh\ gmb V _Wbd db mpd, gmb V _Wbdd hembd. ]of d _``Ûhb\f Wb^ deUf _^ _eVf \f_d^bjb^_Vf _T] deT peZa^_m\f, b Wb^ ghWd m^ _^d UeZd dg _eT[^ gV \b peZa^_m\.

J^ Z^ZTb^f >^Zgp^_Uf pgeaWf a \ ab\a^_V _^ pej-mZdb\ Zjae^_V dgf, a dgf eT^dgf mZ_dgf dgf pdgb Uhdgb _aW eadb^_V b`dZW a d pe^YT``db _^ ^f b-]eop^bf ^T^f, cgp\ednb WZdge, _Tpd^ _dpâm-\. ]`b b pdWcdgb d aZ`Wd \f pd^_VfcdgWf d `m _^ \b Tpdi\ m^ \ nba\ dg eo Wb^ gpeTb]ejp\ _^ ^T^\. W\_b c T``dg pd_`^^_TZ^ dgf eo _^ b cgp\ednb _aW pm ^f bTZ_f

dg `dn.>bW] \ ``\b^_V _`^_V eh^_db^_V Wh _dpm b

pedYT``^ apedT aT^ af \b ^b^_V dade^T _^ \b`^m\ dg b]eop^bdg ag`dn a^ p^d ^``n]e\ _d^- bjbW. J^ >]\bWd^ d^_dma\b db Ke]bob mh^ Z^ ^fbTZ_f bmf Tehdb V bmf Y^`^T, a b _Ubed Z^ \b `-eg^_V _^ _d^bjb^_V [jV \f pm`\f _eTdgf.

M gm d eh^_db^_m ]na, d^ \a^dgeZdW dg gbn-


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b Tpêf eUf, a daUbf ^f d^_dda^_Uf gbm\f\f pdhVf _Wb\f. >eadbW, dade^T, \a^dgeZ^_V gbnpec\a d g^_m pe^YT``db, p`m\, ^Zdge^T, ^deedp\aUb\

hTe\. @nba\ _^ `^m\, bW _^ aUed. @b gpTehdgbpdg]bT gpeYdÙf. ^ m` gT gbgaUb a \b pd-d`V _^ \ he\âm\ dg UeZdg.

``d Ub peT^Za Wb^ \ eh^_db^_V dg aWjb,mpdg _geWehd d^hWd \f _d^bjb^_Vf gbW\\f _^ _dad-]jeWf Wb^ d ag^_âmf _^ \ ̂ `^^_V bW`\i\ \f ]e\-_Wf. eh^_db^_V \f pdhVf gVf \a^dgeZW bdnf a

beV \ _dpâm\ \f __gVf dgf. J^ a^d_m^bd^hoed^, d^ p^Y`\^_Uf _^dbdd^hWf, d^ eT^d^ ]m`d^ pm dgfdpdWdf hnb^ d jf, Uhdgb b _dpm b peddâTdgb d_d^bm Z^ _\enZa dg êWdg.

`k_V eh^_db^_V V \ eh^_db^_V jb _d^_ôb Te-h^ YUY^ _^ gV pm m pdg d Tb]ejpdf U_b d peod_`nY^ a _`^T, Z^ b c`^h]W a d pUea jb ôbjb_^ najb a ^f bTZ_f pdg \a^dgeZV]\_b _^ ^f _T_êdnf g`^_Uf _^ hb^_Uf gbm\f. J _T] ̀ mf najba \b g`^_V _^ pbga^_V dg bTpgc\, najb a ^f _^-e^_Uf _^ g^_Uf gb]V_f aU ^f dpdWf U[\, \a^dneZ\\ `k_V eh^_db^_V dg.

dg`^T mh^ ambd U_b md _^ m hb^_T _-_gTa pdg ZUa^b db p`bV\ af, T`` pedpbmfU_b db Tb]ejpd b chjeW^ pm T`` [o.

dg`^T pdg U^bb hUe^ U_b d ag`m b dgÙi^Ze\Zdeme. \ dg`^T Y`ô]\_b d^ gb]V_f [jVfpTbj \ Z\. d^ b d cUedgb b apdednb b _`TYdgbdn \b Uhb\, dn \ _dpâm\ \f npecVf \f.


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FKD

α RGQτα δεH τα τ>H ABασ@AH εBB>D@AH αGJα@Oτ>ταH.

GOBFH τLD ?G>σAεIτ@AQD δFEασ@QD D RαGαAC τ>H σ>H τLD ε@AODLD Aατ7 τF %I-

=7Dτ@F.

FKD >KJFD aUedf jb ^_^_ob hbob. h^, _T pedWa\\, b b^_Wabd db Tb]ejpd.db bpeWb^ e^f ^T^f a mZ_dgf _^pdW^ \b g`^_V dg g^dZbjaW d hoed. e\âdpd^WeT g`^_T pdg bUhdgb \ ^Yej^_V pWe\ dg hembdg. KUe, aU``d, cn`d, TeZ^`d.

Z`gp^_V, _]of Wb^ gpdhejaUb\ b bpeWb^ d[jbbm Tb]ejpd V b^_Wab \ g^_V, e`^^_V dgf gpm\ _^ b dpd]V^ aU d g^_m hoed, Uh^dpjVpd p^d pe^deâUbf gbm\f pm gUf \f [j-Ze^_Vf. _W, d _``Ûhb\f pedYT``^ b^_Wab ^-_mbf a peddp^_V, a \ YdV]^ dg heoadf _^ jbjd_^Tjb, hjeWf b pd`gbÛe^ Z^ \ e`^^_V

bâop^\ dgf. @\a^dgeZW pW\f Ubb hb^_m peWZged,Uhdbf Tpêf p^`dZUf _^ gbm\f.

?^_V ^deT \f Z`gp^_Vf pm \ [jZe^_V Wb^ _^d ZZdbmf m^ bo \ [jZe^_V p^_dbW[^ db _mad a m`ddb heja^_m dg p`dnd, \ Z`gp^_V pe^deW[^ gpdhej^_Td heoa dg g`^_dn pdg he\âdpd^W. jeWf g^_T gm bWb^ _bmbf, a^f _^ e_dW Z`npf hejaW[dgb b^-

_Wab pdg ^`dhbdnb.


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peo WZa Z`gp^_Vf bTZdb^ dgf pbTeh^dgfpedkde^_dnf hembdgf, _pUb h^`^Tf hemb^ peWpdg pmVae. Wb^ gb\]Ue, peT^f Zgb^_ob _^ gaYd-

`W[dgb \ Zdbâm\. Wb^ _`âUb \^^_V pUe, _m_` V dgf YeThdgf jb p\`Wjb.

J^ ea^_Uf gb]V_f _Wb\f \f pe^mdg b pUepbYUY^ db Tb]ejpd b hd`W^ a \b Uhb\ a \b Ubbd^pdg aWf Wbdga Vae db _``Ûhb\. b aZT`\ pd`g-U`^ Z^ gmb _Tj pm ^f gb]V_f pdg [dn (_end, pWb,]\eW, eeo^f).

^ ] Whb b af pdgb pTbj d ]Ua gm md^ gpd\eW-[dgb m^ \ Uhb\ Wb^ p^hbW^; bbdo g^_T dgf ^`Ûf,pdg gpd\eW[dgb hjeWf p^hêVa \ ZbjV ]jeW %\Uhb\ Z^ \b Uhb\&. Wb^ pdU gbm, d Tb]ejpdf jb p\-`Wjb b U^hb Uhb\, hTe^b p^^Tf; b aT`^ \ ^]\-^_V bW`\i\ dg % jeWdg& Vb _T^ d TZbjd V _ma\_]me^d Z^ gmb;

pep b peTdgb h^`^\eWf _^ h^`^\eWf Z^ b T-^ d \aWd b _Tb^ gb^\V Uhb\. ambâ\ Z_T\jb bdaTjb _^ \ \a^dgeZW jb pm`jb, a[W a \b `^-dpdW\\ jb eZ`Wjb _^ jb mp`jb T``cb ^f gb]V_f[jVf jb b]eop^bjb _d^bjbôb pedf d _`ned. J^ b^`V-i^f Z^ \ [jV, db peWZged, ^f ]m\f, d ]Tbd apV_b _Tpd^ Tc\. db _êm Teh^ \ ^^d`mZ\\ jb ^bd-aUbjb pdg Wb^ d peod pUea \f p^Va\f.

^ b T^ \ Z`gp^_V \b `^m\ \f _`^_Vf `-`\b^_Vf eh^m\f V \b p`^_V gba^_m\ jb UeZjb\f >bZUbb\\f pUe pm pd``T b^Ta T^ pdg WhbTa\ hU\ a ^f dcWf \f pdhVf _^ \b _d^bjb^_V peZ-a^_m\. Tb]^\ \f Z`gp^_Vf \b _`^_V eh^m\dW`dbb _T aUZ aUedf \b eh^_db^_V jb bob mpdgd^ Z`gpUf peT^f Vb bpmpd aUedf _^ d ZZd-

bmf m^ \ ehW ``\b^_V ]e\_W Wh gW^ ^f ]m\f


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d aUed _^ ^f gbV]^f dg b]eopdg.T^ pemad^d UZ^b a \b [jZe^_V d aWjb, _]of

\ eh^_db^_V jb ?g[b^bob _VeZ\ Z`gpT _^ g^d-

]U\ ^f [jZe^_Uf peT^f pm \ [jV jb ZWjb _^jb aenejb.

^, ^bndbf a^ eT^ hedb^_V peWdd \b b]eo-p^b\ ^deW, \ Z`gp^_V, pm ^f gaYd`^_Uf hdbed_daaUbfpeT^f pTbj \^^_V pUe V _m_`d U UeZ n``\p\f `^m\f b db %eaV& dg Kec^U`\ Vd %@^_dYm`d& dg nejb, db %@YW& dg ^hV` ZZ`dg

V \b %K^T&.M UeZ gT d^ b`dZWf pdg Uhdgb d^ meaf, \ hb^_VpceZW pTbj d g`^_m, Wb^ ̂ b^_Uf. gaaeW _^ d^_^bV^f d b]eop^bd oa, d he_Vef \f ^`dgUf pdgpm Wb^ Veadf pm Wb^ gba^_mf, pm peTdedf _^pm Z`Vb^df (Ta gbaUbdf a \b U_e\ dg ped-opdg) pedYT``dgb YW d \a^d`dZ^_m pe^hmabd dgUeZdg.

hje^V pd^_^`W \f Z`gp^_Vf Wb^ d bTZ`gd. M gVd^ e^f ^T^f \f meaf pedYT``db^ pWpd. J^p^_dbW^f pedYT``db^ a _Tpd^ peddp^_V YT]dgf, _T^pdg ]gaW[^ \ [jZe^_V.


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FJJD>

BOD BF τ>H τεH. αRεG@OG@στ> δ@7δFσ> τLD @δεQD. GOBFH τ>H BFD AF@DLD@A δ@αCOGφLσ>. $Iτ στ7?>Aε τF αBτG@ RFI

EεJGσLσε τF DFI Aα@ F?>σε στ>D αφPRD@σ> τLD Cα=QD.

I>D >LO pjf d `mZdf b Wb^ _T^ pdg m]\_pm \ n\ db Tb]ejpd. db \a^dneZ\ \ bTZ_\_^ U_^, Zdge, \ p^d pdgW pm ^f __V-^f dg. J^ mf pW_\f ^_bm\f pdg bUpgc d Tb]ej-pdf, d ea^_m _^ p^_m dg Zob Z^ \b p^YWj\,U_db^ geme\ adWe.

]of Vb gpdhejaUbdf b [V^ _^ b eZ]W da^_T,Ub aUd p^_d^bjbWf Vb peW\d, Ucj pm \ a^a^_V _^^f Tbe]ef _egZUf. bTZ_\ \f p`\edme\\f _^ \f a-Td\f \f gZ_bejaUb\f pWef ZUbb\, a \b pTeddjb h^`^\eWjb, db Ube]ed ̀ mZd. ehV g^_T UZ^b a \heV\ jb dg^^_ob, mpjf Vb peW\\ \ %\adm-\\& jb b^_^aUbjb dg g^_dn peWZgedg. pep b Ye-

]W Ub mbda Z^ _T] [od, d pdTa^, d Ubed, \b pUe, db_egbm, \ YedhV, db Tbad.

J^ bjbgaWf _^ eVa, eZme, p`dn^b d `mZd.J^ \e\aUbf Ubbd^f _^ d gaYd`^_mf `mZdf Ujb \bpedde^_V da^`W g`gZ^W _^ pe^_m\. ^ he\^-adpd^V]\_ \b ehV Z^ _]eT pe_^_dnf `mZdgf.

FdZdhbW, mpjf d beob^ _^ \ ̀ Uc\, Wb^ \ Uhb\ dg

`mZdg, Zepdn V pedde^_dn, dn gbU^ ^Tp a


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\b pedde^_V `k_V Uhb\ (]en`df pean]^ eZdn^ p^_V VZ\\ pedâWf _.`p).

`dZdhbW c_Wb\ a \b VZ\\ bmf pe^^_dn,

peZa^_dn V ag]^_dn, _^ \ ehV \f hTb^ bcen- b\ YT]\ \f b]eop^b\f ^deWf. Wb\em \f T]\_ \ `-hTe dg \Z\V b _Tb^ _^ dgf T``dgf _d^bjbdnf gobjb pe^^_ob, b dgf _Tb^ b [Vdgb bdeT m \ZW^_^ b d_âTdgb ^f gZ_^bV^f pdg gmf d_Wa. ad^-eW ^f apêWf dg _^ a db empd gm b Yd\]V^ dgf_edUf dg _^ b cnZ^ _^ d W^df pm \b pdambj\ dg

%Zo&.^ b pnh^ gm d _dpm d \Z\Vf, Upep b peda\-]n^ hVa e]âdn, b gpd_T dg eh^_dn e-]âdn pdg d W^df d_Wa. >gm YUY^ b Vb n_d`d UeZd,\ ^ZaV pdg [\dn pm d _d^bm dg b bêT^ peTZ-a pdg gbUY\b T``d mpd _^ hembd a db W^d empd b gbUY^bb _W _^ \b W^ ^ZaV.

d nbd`d jb pd^_W`jb p^bd\aTjb pdg Uhdgb ne^ pm\b gZV dg pd`^âdn, peag]Tf _^ eijdW, ÙZôe Uhb\ \f `dZdhbWf.

M peo \f T^ \ `dZdhbW Wh Ta\ hU\ a \[jV \f daTf, \b pejmZdb\ ag]d`dZW _^ _dadZdbW. \ej^_dW an]d^ _^ \ aTb^\ \f aZWf pd`dnb ]am\b cU`^c\ \f `dZdhbWf. M^f `dgeZWf _^ ^f da^-_Uf aZ^_Uf Ùf, Vb peW\\ _^ a^ Uce\ dg ̀ mZdg

eZdn^ b aUedf bpmpd dg hdedn _^ dg eg]adn.@b peUp^ b af ^nZ^ d ZZdbmf, m^ eZdn^, hdemf,eg]amf, a`jW, peT\ Vb \b ehV choe^f Ub- bd^f.

d Y]a^Wd choeâ dg eZdg^dn pm \b `dgeZW_^ dg ̀ mZdg pm \ a`jW, dg hdedn chje^dn WdgfU_e\f _^ \f peT\f pdg c`Wh]\_ ]Ued, dW-

`^ \ a_edhemb^ êZW \f _d^bjb^_Vf cU`^c\f.


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aTb^\ dg Zepdn `mZdg p\eU aZT`d Y]am\b pdeW _^ \b cU`^c\ \f `dZdhbWf. >b _^ gV po-` aZT`d Y]am \b Ta\ pV \f a d _d^bm _^ Uh

U^ aZT`d aUedf pm \ gZ_^b\^_V \f Zd\W, pm_\jmd bUf gbm\f, pdg^me\ pm ^f dpdWf Wb^ \aZT`\, hmb pe^me^\ ^TdV \f. ^ bo aUhe^ m \`dZdhb^_V \a^dgeZW Vb bobga\, m]\_ cb^_T \ g- bm\ ped^_âUb Tda b _``êZVdgb pe^medd ̀ mZd _^ b pedg^Tdgb UeZd. ̀ dZdhbW Wh pTe^ p^\ adeV pdg ] \ mc[ _^ ] \b _]^dn mp`d _^ aUd

\b gp\eW \f b]ejpm\f.d Updf, d eTa, \ _jajW, d ag]^me\a, Up^cb _^gbhW[dgb b pW[dgb \ab^_m em`d \b _d^bjb^_V af ^-amej\. ^ gm Z^W \ _d^bjb^_V [jV YeW_^ \ ̀ dZdhbWd U`^d b^_]eUâT \f _]of c^d`dZW p^d pdgW_d^bjb^_T ^bmab _^ b[\W \b ^^d`dZW dgf.

`dZdhbW, _]of Uh^ \ nba\ b bpeTZ^ dg^-^_Uf ^ZaUf _^ p`geUf pm \b _d^bjb^_V [jV _^ db _d^- bjb^_m Zob, pedYT``dbf ^f gZ_edn^f \f [jVf \bcU`^cV dgf _^ \b pd^_^`W _^ ``\`cTe\V dgf, Uh^ eT-^ ^d`dZ^_V pWe\. >gV T]\_ d Ùe^ pdg chUe-j d bdg _^ YdV]\ md _aW T``\ Uhb\ \b npb^\jb a[ob _^ \ ^Td\ jb peddg^_ob ôb.


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J >LJ

F RGLτO


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Z`mpbdd dham \f.>b _^ Vae _ma\ gpTehdgb gm bjajaUbf _^

T``f adeUf Uhb\f, mpjf \ adg^_V, d hdemf, \ ^_^_V p^-

_mb^\ (_\b^_T, _ddna^, ^_ma\\) b dnd^f d _Wabddg UeZdg Wb^ d p^d pdgWd aUedf. ajf Z^ b ZWb^ d _`-`^hb^_m pe^hmabd dg UeZdg pm ̂ ^maded ̀ dZdhb^_m _W-abd ]e^_V peT\ ]Ua _^ b pedY`\]dnb m`f d^_``^hb^_Uf gbm\f pdg gm apeÛh^, peUp^ d UeZd b p^h]W \ _\bV _^ b p`^^j]W pm dgf \]dpd^dnf. J^\]dpd^dW apedT d ]V peWbdgb Vejf, aeUpdgb

a `WZ `mZ^ dgf Vejf dg _âUbdg %eob pemjp&.d ]Ued pm \b W^ \ n\ dg _^ \ ZUbb\V dg bWdf Uhb\f Wb^ `mZdf _^ bW`dZdf, eT\ _^ bWe\,]U\ _^ bW]\. J^ gZ_edn^f, d^ bT^f _^ d^ po^fjb aadbjaUbjb pedopjb dg UeZdgUhdgb ^f ped_T^fdgf d Zb^_m, _d^bjb^_m _^ ^de^_dpd`^^_m peWZged.

hdbf b _ne^d p`dbU_\a \b Ta\ pV dg a d_d^bm d ]e^_mf gZZeUf _^ eadgeZmf Wb^ pemjpd(pWj pm pemjp jb \]dpdôb) pdg a \ \a^dgeZ^_Vdg nba\ Uh^ Tpêf gbm\f b p\eT^ pedf \eT\ V \b bWe\, \b pemdd V d gb\e\âm, \b\]^_V V \b pdh`Wbj\ dg _d^bdn dg. b \a^dgeZW UeZdboed, gi\`m, `\]^bm peohb^ a nba\ db edhm dg b-]ejpâdn _^ jb ^jbWjb \]^_ob côb. J eêW_df MW`-è Uh^ W_^d mb gpd\eW[^: %@b Wb^ `V]^ gm pdg

gpd\eW[dgb ae^_dW (^`Ûf) m^ d _d^bm _YT[^ \bUhb\. J^ _``Ûhbf _YT[dgb d _d^bm _^ m`dgf dgf_êdnf pdg \ Uhb\ cUp, cpU^ pm dgf _``Ûhbf. d_d^bm he^T[^ Wpd T``d pm g^]\W _^ gV \bUh^. T]^ apedT \b g`W a pd``pÙf gbm\f.Ueb^ a[W dg \b ^_bm\ Z^ d gi\`m&.

d ]Ued Uh^ Ub pd`n aZT`d _^ pd^^_m pedU-

e\a. pdeW _^ bpeTZ^ Ta apedT aT^ dg


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]V db Zob _^ ^f gZ_edn^f pdg \a^dgeZdnb ped-jp^_T _^ _d^bjb^_T bÛedb dg _T] Vej, pdg a ^-fpeTc^f dg pedYT``^ ^f b^]U^f pdg gpTehdgb bTa

^f ^de^_Uf _^ _d^bjb^_Uf gbTa^f. p^d pdgW eVdg ]Tedg Wb^ pjf bpeTZ^ Ta ^f gZ_edn^f \f[jVf \b cU`^cV dgf, ^f gZ_edn^f pdg be_obdgb dbZob dg p`^dn a d bUd, dg _`dn a d __m, dg `\]^bdna d in^_d.

jeWf gUf ^f gZ_edn^f ^f b^`Vi^f, ^]VaV \ gape^deT b gpTeh^ ]e^_V p`d_V. d ]Ued a

\b pe^_V e^m\ pdg d^ \]dpd^dW (_geWjf) pedW-dgb ZZdbm _^ a \b Ta\ bdeT dg ^f p`ÛfaT[f pdg YÙpdgb UeZ, a ^f Ûf _^ a\bnaT dg _-_T _^ gZ_^bW d ]V. \b `V]^ gV \b Whb b^-`\]W \b ehW >]\bk_V (_geWjf) \ad_eW _^ Z^ d`mZd gm Ujb chje^V \aW d Wdf gm \f U-hb\f.

d ]Ued, pdg Wb^ pdgWd Wdf Uhb\f, _d`dn]\ d^de^_m _^ _d^bjb^_m ZWZb]^ _^ U]\_ bpmp a\b ^d`dZ^_V gape^deT jb b]eop^bjb _d^bjbôb. h^b _ne^d ]Ua dg db Tb]ejpd _^ db Zob pdg gmf ^-cTZ^ Z^ \b p^YWj\ _^ \b \]^_V _^ _d^bjb^_V dg bT\.

ne^df pgeVbf dg (mpjf gm Wb^ ^f ehWf e-ZjWf) d dea\^_m dg c_Wb\a Vb \ dWe. Md W-jb d ]e\_g^_m W]\a _^ d^ ^^âdbWf. M\b

>bZUbb\\ d W]\a \f bce\Wf dg madg. MVaed d^_dbda^_m _^ _d^bjb^_m pemY`\a.

`\]^bV Uhb\ dg ]Tedg, pdg Wb^ mpjf Wpa `mZdf_^ bW`dZdf, Wb^ ZUbb\a \f @\ad_eWf. pjf _^ _T]T``\ adeV Uhb\f ]U`^ `n]ed ZUe Z^ b bpbn^ _^ b [V^. d^ Zpdnb \b `\]^bV Uhb\ Wb^ WZdged m^ Z-pdnb _^ \b _d^bjb^_V pemdd.


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JMD

δ@ε?DH εR@AG7τ>σ> τFI OGFI. COD> τJD> RFI δεD 7φ>σε JD>

τ@AFP

BOH JFGεIτ@AH RαG7στασ>H Aατ7 τ>D αGJα@Oτ>τα. +Bα-

σ@A CFIσ@A Aα@ BαMA τJD>. @ RGRε@ Dα C@FIG-

D \ Uhb\ pdg Uh^ Z`o _^ _-e^_m \f aUd \b eadb^_V peT]\ jb Vhjb.^ d `mZd gm \b eh^m\, \ Uhb\ \f meh\-\f, pdg gbV]jf gbmg dgf eg]a^_dnf ]mZZdgf \f pdW-\\f _T \b pZZ`W V YVa dg hdedn, `Zmb%>eadb^_V&. \ \ae^bV \f dbdaW, pdg b medf p^_eT-

\ ^]bof, \b dW`^ d ZZdbmf m^ b Uhb\ %_`V& \]jednb \b eh^m\ _ cdhVb pedgaUb\ pm ^fdnf.

adg^_V, mpjf _^ m` T`` W\ \f Uhb\f, b^_-]eW[^ \b peZa^_m\ _``^hb^_Uf ^_mbf _^ ped-Ue^ db Tb]ejpd bgpUeY`\\ ^]\^_V gZ_Wb\\. dbbpn^ _d^bjb^_T, ZZW[dbf ^f `pUf hdeUf \f ighVf

dg _^ db _Tb^ b ^]Tb^ U^, pdg _bUb T``d [jbbm\a^dneZ\a b apdeW b pd`n^. %_]eV& adg^_V, \ mea \`V pdg Wb^ `Wjf

pdZgabjaUb\ pm d ̀ mZd eZdn^, \b pZZ`W V d hdem,Wb^ h^_T bUd Wdf. d Wdf gm, \ bmeZb\ gajb^_Vadg^_V, Wb^ \ _denj\ \f eadb^_Vf Uhb\f. M\b peZ-a^_m\, peT \b pdgW an]dg, eT\f, \eojb, mpdg_^ hembdg, \ adg^_V gV Uh^ _p`\_^_V nba\ b Z_`^T-[^ \b peZa^_m\ _^ b c^d`dZW ^]\^_T, b]eo-


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p^b Yôa. _`YWba _`ne _^ ] pdàYT- ba `^me aZT` UeZ \f gajb^_Vf adg^_Vf, bZbjeW[a p^d pe^b ^de^_T V \]^_T _Wb\e pdg bUpbgb

Z^ d gZ__eâUbd UeZd d gb]U\. ^W Wb^ baWYd`dm^ d \a^dgeZmf apbU^ pm \ Znej dg ^de^_V _^ _d^- bjb^_V peZa^_m\. ^ db %Z_adb& d pmYb Wb^bTZ`g db pb\aUbd ̀ m db Zob dg _^ d pd-edbWb \b %eT_`^ gajbW& pd_`np^ _^ _côb^\b pebdnb\ _^ \ nba\ pdg Uh^ d `k_mf he_Vef.

adg^_V pd`dn, pm \b po\ eh^m\, b-

pmpd aUedf dg pd^\^_dn `mZdg _^ \f hdeg^_Vf peT-\f. >gm Wb^ _]eT _^ ^f aUef af d adg^_m]Ued (mpe) _^ ^f nZhedbf hdedZeWf (apÙd). dY]a^Wd choeâ \f pm db hdem _^ d `mZd \b _]Ûejdgf `gWdgf gd ôbf b chje^m Wdf Uhb\f.

`f d^ bWc^f (_^ pdWc^f) af pW]dgb m^ m`d^ d^ e-hWd^ pd`^âUbd^ `dW _``ÛeZ\b \ adg^_V gbdWpeW\\ dg pd^\^_dn `mZdg, jb ]e\_g^_ob nabjb Vjb hdeob _^ jb aZ^_ob ̂ ed`ôb. @gghof majf Wb^\ amb\ b]eop^b\ Uhb\ pdg b T\ Whb\ \f pd^m\Tf \fZ^ d nZhedbd Tb]ejpd.

`k_V adg^_V, a \b _p`\_^_V pd`gadeW _^ dbTbd geVa p`dnd \f, Wb^ \ YT\ _T] aZT`dgadg^_dn UeZdg. d^ d ebdnb^ gm ]U`dgb V b apd-ednb b dgb pjf d chje^m gm Wdf Uhb\f ZbbV]\_ _^

bpnh]\_ bpmp gbaUbd a \b ^de^_V cU-`^c\ \f b]eop^b\f _d^bjbWf _^ a \b pbga^_V \f [jV.

J amf pdg Uh^ \ e`^^_V _`^_V adg^_V a dbbcTb`\d p`dnd \f ̀ k_Vf Uhb\f, \f ̀ k_Vf adg^_Vf, _-eT[^ Zmbâ _^ pd^\^_T Yôa _^ d ]b^_m igh^_mpm]a dg ̀ dn. bWb^ \ ^^g^_m\ _^ \ [jbTb^^f adg^_Uf ^_mbf _^ dgf pedW^ d`m` ]b^_m _^

`k_m he_Ve.


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JD %>>@>SM& M

@ RαD7GJα@εH αDτ@BKε@H D τJD> Aα@ τFD τεJDτ>. Gα αRO

τ@H «DδFEεH» Aα@ «$Aαδ>CαMAH» τJDεH. τJD> σαD Aα?>CεG@D

RGαAτ@A. RFBIτGFRα τFI αD?GQR@DFI RDεPCατFH Aα@ > δIDα-

τOτ>τα AφGασ>H Cε δ@7φFGεH Cε?OδFIH. AOσCFH τ>H φαDτασαH

Aα@ > «=FIσα» RGατα. τJD> εDα@ εR@?ICα A@ εEF- CFBOσ>.

ED >DLI b p^ndga pjf d^ _Ùf Uhbfpe^deW[db^ ^f `Zmabf %Ubdcf& V %>_\ak-_Uf&, gUf, \`V, pdg hejT^ \ aZT`\ \f Va\_^ ̂ deW \ Uhb\. pdW\\, \ [jZe^_V, \ Z`gp^_V, \ adg-^_V, d hdemf, d ]Ued, \ eh^_db^_V, Wb^ `V]^ m^ pd-`dnb ^f boef _eT^f dg _``^hb^_dn ôdgf.

J^ pbTeh^f majf b^`Vi^f Z^ \b Uhb\ _^ db hbW\beobdgb a^ p`ne\ ]oe\\ gdn, pdg Vae dbd-aT[dga \a^dgeZW. J ̀ mf, aUhe^ _^ Vae, ]jeW UeZd U-hb\f Ub _`m gbm, Ub _Ub\a, Ub jeWd _ma\a, a^_`dhâUb\ bgaW. pjf ]jedn p`^me UeZdUhb\f Ub _`ddgàUbd eZ`Wd V mp`d, Ub jeWd ZZWd,

a^ pbdp`W V Ub _`d_`âUbd Z^ dgf Zobf V \ aTh\Tea.

Wb^ pUe pm _T] a^Yd`W m^ \ Uhb\ b pdgWpdU _^ g^_T b pem_^^ b pdg^T^ pm \b _]\a-e^bV pe_^_V, pm \b _]\ae^bV peZa^_m\. dn\ \bV \f pV a \ [jV _^ db Tb]ejpd \b _eT^ \[jV, \b apbU^ _^ \b bbob^. @^de^_T \ npec\ V d

]Tbmf \f ] Whb _aW \aW.


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J^ `dW _^ d^ pd`^âdW d pUeaT dgf Uhdgb V^Tpê b^_Wab ]gaVf Uhb\f, pm p\`m _^ pUe, pmZg`W _^ aU``d, pm gbT _^ cn`d, pm `bmdbd

_^ _âj`W, pm pd`nâf pUef _^ p^bm iaam`^]d. ^ b^_Wab gT b^_dpeW[dgb db pd`^âm _^ \b c-`^_^_V pdeW \f b]ejpm\f mpjf d^ pgeaWf, d Ke]- bobf _^ d d`dWd.

@b Wb^ _]m`dg gpeYd`V. J a\edf UZei ]gaT^dgfWhdgf, d >^hn`df U\ bpbT`\pf eZjWf, a _^ dbobgadf _``Ûhb\f pdg dnì d hegm _^ d Va^

]gaT^ Tb^, _dgèW_^ _^ peÛe^, b gT jb_db^_ob Tjb, b peUp^ b pebT^ peVe\df. bTZ`g\ peT\ bmf ehWdg bdaWadf apdeW b afjW^ ae^_Uf deUf pe^med _^ pm a^ Y^Y`^d]V_\ apTpgedgf.

J Tb]ejpdf Wb^ [od pd`nedpd. ^ \ pd`gedpW dg b-]eop^bdg pbnadf Uh^ Tpêf gbm\f U_e\f. >gmWb^ bem d ^bmabd \f Uhb\f. e\âdpdôbf ^T-def a]mdgf, pm b^ZeTdbf \b gpe_V peZa^_m-\ _^ pm p`T]dbf a^ T``\ p^d p^]ga\V, \ Uhb\pedpT]\ pTb b ga^`ô^ db _mad \f bWf a\b %[Udg& peZa^_m\.

Kd``dW ]je\^_dW gpdVe^cb m^ peUp^ b gpTeh^ \hegV daV V ``ôf \ h\a^_V, ] ÙZa, êZW pdg b^deedpW m^ pg]nb^ \ bm\\ _^ \b ^]\^_V Û-

Ze\. ^ ^deedpW. Uhb\ Wb^ a^ p^]gaW _^ gZhembjf a^ cdad`mZ\\.

cVZ\\ \f [j^_m\f _^ \f g]b^_m\Tf \f YeW_-^ d ZZdbmf m^ gV _d`dg]W p^T \ gbhof c`^m-ab\ b]eop^b\ _d^bjbW. ^, _`m ] Wb^, `WZ\ pm \ mcjb pd^\ob _^ jb [jZeTjb b odga _^ dgf bobg-adgf _Wbdgf pdg gp\eU\b V gp\ednb ^f a\ %>_\ak-

_Uf& Uhbf. ^W _^ gUf pedUeb _^ pedUedgb \b


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pd`^^^_V af pemdd _^ cU`^c\ _^ \ âV b bV_^ adbThdgf pobgadgf.

a\b chbTa m^ d aZ`ned aUedf \f pZ_ma^f U-

hb\f Wb^ bobgad. >pm deâUbf pmi^f, \ ^deW \f U-hb\f apdeW b gZ_e^]W a \b ̂ deW dg pd`^âdn. >b _^gV pòb^ aZT`\ hedb^_V U_\, pm YT]\ \f b-]eop^b\f pedkdeWf, b dnd^f \ peWddf gV nZ_e^\a \b pedgW dg b]eopdg d Z`T[^d af p`bV\ Wb^pd`n a^_eV.

>b bdna m,^ d hembdf npec\f \f [jVf \ Z\ ^d-

gbaW a a^ peêdV jb ^_ob dg jed`dZ^dn, \`. 12oef V 720 `pT V 43.200 gem`p, \ pe^pU^ dg b-]eopdg pm dgf peodgf _dW_dgf jb p\`Wjb aUhe^ d -cW^ \ `Vb\ b^d^hW U_ `gW gem`p.^ m`\ \ ̂ deW dg pd`^âdn, \f Uhb\f _^ \f p^Va\fd `gWd `gWd gem`pd.

pdna o m^ pUe pm dgf pZZàWf pd^\Uf _^d^dnf pdg Vb pemjp YT\b eh^m\, _âdnb-b chje^T d^ hbWf pdg Vceb b dg`ndgb db p\`m,d cn`d, Uea, aU`` V \b pUe. JbdaT[dbb \-a^dgeZdW$ _]of Vb heVâd^ Z^ m`d d Vad. >pm _W Uh^\b_ZjZV \f \ Ùc\ \a^dgeZmf$


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FDJLD> M M

RFBIRBFAOτ>τα Aα@ > @δ@FCFGφα στ> Bε@τFIGH τJD>H. $-

σ?>σ> τFI LGαFI Aα@ RGFFB τ>H H. F RFBIσI=>τ>CDF

RGOB>Cα CFGφH Aα@ RεG@εJFCDFI. Θσε@H Aα@ αDτ@?σε@H. @ H αDα=τ>σ>H DLD τGORLD AφGασ>H.

I>D, DA pe_m m^ d ^bmabd \f ̀ ^dge-ZWf \f Uhb\f pedg^T[^ pd`Ùf ^^dadeWf _^ ^^-êm\f. d pemY`\a Wb^ dYeT nb]d _^pd`np`d_d _^ \ bT`gV dg YUY^ b Wb^ gbm b peZ-adpd^\]W p`W^ bmf p`dn \aôadf. >f pedp-]Vdga ambd b p^\aTbdga ae^_Ufambd pm ^f^^êm\f gUf _Tbdbf \ ^pWj\ m^ _bWf b ped-Uh^ md peUp^ d \ab^_m gm pemY`\a.

Wb^ Y^_mf _bmbf m^ \ Uhb\ `^dgeZW aUj \f `-Zmab\f %^]\^_Vf ddn&, \f adb^_Vf gVf ^^m\f dgb]eopdg b p\eT[^ pm \b pV a d jeWd. jeWf \Û`g\ aU pm gm d Wg`d \ ̀ ^dgeZW \f Uhb\f Wb^_^ nb\ _^ _bm\\.

U pm gV \b %^]\^_V dm& d _``Ûhb\f \a^dge-Zmf YZT[^ pedf Ucj db pedY`\aâm _^ \ Zbo\ dg.^W \ Uhb\ Wb^, V peUp^ b Wb^, a^ adeV Zbo\f _^ aT-`^ Zbo\f pdg Uh^ a^ _Tpd^ boe\ pbga^_V V pe-_^_V cW.

_d^bjb^_V [jV _^ d g^_mf peWZgedf aU db dpdWdêaW[^ gm pdg dbdaT[dga %_d^bjb^_m ZWZb]^&

he\âdpd^W db _``Ûhb\ U_\ _^ pdapm. J \a^dgeZmf


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Uh^ e]Wa _^ bêT aUj \f Uhb\f dg. Uhb\gZ__eâbdpd^W^, pWeb^ Te_ _^ dT a \ mea. mea `d^pmb Wb^ pedlpm]\ peW\\ Z^ \b g`dpdW\\

_^ \b pedYd`V dg _``^hb^_dn pdÙadf. ^ \ adeVbmf UeZdg Uhb\f, \ mea, pe^_`W^ \b dgW _^ d _dpm\f \a^dgeZWf, d pe^hmabd.

M\b pdeW _^ \ gbhV cU`^c\ \f [jVf _^ \f Uhb\f \mea pedeam\_ ^f pedg^[mabf _T] deT _``^-hb^_Uf bZ_^m\f. @\a^dgeZV]\_b gZhembjf deâUbd^_bmbf Zb^_T pe_dW. >gm g^_T Va^b pdU _^

\aWb^ m^ d _``Ûhb\f Wb^ g`_âUbdf aU me^pdg dg ]Udgb d^ mpd^d^ _bmbf dg pe`]mbdf. J peZa-^_mf \a^dgeZmf YeW_^ \ gbm\ b _eW a em-pdgf _^ a]mdgf pdg d W^df p^ÙZ^ _^ pdg d^ empd^ gdWU_e\f ê^T[dgb d b^_Wabd pdg gmf ]U`^ b ped-YT``^.

pVehb _^ gpTehdgb pd`Ùf ]U^f _^ b^]U^f pTbjd pemY`\a jb pe_ob _bmbjb. J dea`âmf _^ db^dea`âmf Wb^ d^ _eWf ]U^f _^ dpd]V^f jb\a^dgeZob _``^hbob. Md mbda bUjb empjb U_e\f_^ \ \a^dgeZW pejdpdeôb UZ^bb dYeUf g]êWf.

hd`^_V, pW\f, pedV`j\ dgf empdgf U_e\fdg pe`]mbdf U\ dYednf eZadnf \b _``^hb^_V\a^dgeZW. FWZd^ Wb^ gdW pdg _bm\b m^ \ cU`^c\ m`f ^f adeUf \f b]eop^b\f e\e^m\f ZWb^ a

Tà d TZbjd, ``T a a^ êZW eZV _^ a]d^_V. bâhmab T_e he\âdpd^dnb aZT` pemgp Z^

b \eW[dgb \ a^ V \b T``\ bW`\i\ pTbj d pemY`\a\f meaf _^ \f _``^hb^_Vf pedYd`Vf. ^ pemgpgT _Tbdgb dYem __m, _]of, ^\a^[mab gbhof, p\-eT[dgb Ta dgf _``Ûhbf _^ d _d^bm. \e\aUb\Uhb\, d dge`âmf, d ]Ued dg pe`mZdg, \ pm`g\

g]êW dg pd^\^_dn `mZdg a \h\eT dbma jb _-


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>D D

>?@A ασ@AOH στOJFH τ>H LφεB@C@στ@AH τJD>H. B7τLDαH Aα@

3BBεG. >?@A RF@Oτ>τα τ>H τJD>H Aα?Gφτ>H τ>H AF@DLD@AH

>?@AH. ΘG>σAεIτ@A >?@A Aα@ >?@A τ>H AF@DLD@AH σICRεG@φF-

G7H. F δ@AαLCα τ>H τJD>H Dα δ@δ7σAε@ Aα@ Dα DFI?ετε. α εC-

RDε@ Aα@ Dα Fδ>


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_d^bjb^_ob êZôb, pdg db bUYb pWp pbga-^_T boe.

b g^_m \ \]^_V, pdg Wb^ a^ pm ^f Y^_Uf aZT`f

cWf, b Uh^ pejeh^_m em`d ^f p^ôc^f _^ dgf _d-pdnf \f Uhb\f. Wb^ pd``dW gdW pdg gpd\eW[dgb m^ hjeWf\b \]^_V \f gpm\ \ Uhb\ ] Wh `mZdgf npec\f. ]U\ gV g^d]V]\_ pm m`dgf bcWe dgf ^bd\Uf\f ``\b^_Vf eh^m\f, a\U _^ gdn dg K`Tjb c^-edgaUbdg. ^ d Ùj gm Z^W Wb^ ZbjUf d^ ^`^^_Uf]U^f dg aZT`dg ^`dmdg Z^ b^_Wab \f Uhb\f.

>gmf, d pUef dg ^`âdn, gpdVe^[ a ]Uea\ \b p-pdW]\V dg, m^ \ Uhb\ peUp^ b pd`W \ YT\ \f ^p^-ZoZ\\f.

J eabmf MW`è, gpdVe^c eZme, m^ \ bTpgc\\f ^]\^_Vf g^]\Wf Vb d ]aU`^d Z^ \b bTpgc\\f `dZ^_Vf _^ \f \]^_Vf. d ^]\^_m eU]â db Tb-]ejpd d ped_`W d %jeWd&. ^ d %jeWd& _eT[^,pUe pm \ n\, d UeZd \f Uhb\f.

\]^_V, mbf cW peW\\ Z^ \b p^YWj\ _^ \b _d^- bjb^_V bTpgc\, b apdedn b a\b pdÙ^ g^_md^hWd \f Uhb\f _T] mpdg _^ hembdg. Wb^ gdbm\d, m^\ ̀ dZ^_V _^ \ \]^_V UY`b a^ bU Tc\ \b b]eop^b\ ga-pe^deT aU \b _d^bjb^_V daT. `^bZjZobf d b-cU`Z_d Ub^_d, Ueb a^ ^deedpW _^ a^ eadbW \bg``dZ^_V gaYWj\.

\]^_V pd^m\ \f Uhb\f T]\_ pTb d _]eU\f \f_d^bjb^_Vf \]^_Vf, mpdgf _^ pdhUf mpdg d Tb]ejpdf U_bpd^^_T YVa Z^ d aU``db _^ \b pemdd. \]^_VT]\_ Ub pm _ne^ ZbjeWa \f Uhb\f. >bW], pdhUf dp^]dema\\f, \ Uhb\ _^ \ \]^_V \f gpm\ Zbo-e^b pe^mdgf _g`âdn.

g^_T o a^`Ta Z^ \b \]^_V a \b p`^T \f Ubbd^.

\b \]^_V \f _d^bjb^_Vf gape^deTf. ]e\_g^_V \]^_V


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bn^ db med _^ db pe^deW[^ pd_`^^_T m^ Uh^hU\ a d ]m _^ d gpepUeb.

Kd``dW ebdnb^ \b Uhb\ d ^_Wja b ^T_^ _^ b

bdg]W. apbU^ _^ b d\ZW db _d^bjb^_m Tb]ejpd boef Wef c^ob. ^ gm a d p^hWe\a m^ Z^ \dg`^T gV gpTehdgb T``d^, ead^med^. J^ eVdef, d^ _V-eg_f, d^ pd`^^_dW, d^ _d^bjb^d`mZd^, d^ p^ZjZdW, d ̂ eWd.^W gdW _^ mh^ \ Uhb\; ^W mh^, _^ gdW _^ \ Uhb\; Wdgf dYW[^;

d^ pd`Ua\b, Zbm\b V _\Zme\b \b Uhb\, ]

^_^j]dnb pdU pm \b ^deW. d^ \ dYdnb^ ] _T- bdgb pdU a^ ZbbW peTc\ \ [jV dgf. Uhb\ ZbbV]\_Z^ b gp\eW gba^_T db Tb]ejpd. h^ Z^ b db bbdgeW-[^.

.Γ.G@σCDεH ασ@AH ?σε@H Aα@ αROKε@H εDα@ αDαROφεIAτF Dα C>D εRα-

DαBαC7DFDτα@ Cσα στα AεCεDα. GQτα, εRαD7B>K>, σαD τF ασ@AO

CFτF τ>H CFIσ@AH, CDC> τFI αDα-

> Cεταδ@δOCεD> . &εPτεGF, τα.


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>D JDD KL>>DJ>

τJD>, σ’ OBεH τ@H εRFJH Aα@ σ’ OBεH τ>H τ@H CFGφH εR>Gε7στ>Aε

αRO τα σPH @στFG@A Aα@ AF@DLD@A RGατα. τJD> εDα@

> RFB@τ@στ@A @στFGα τ>H αD?GLROτ>ταH, Cα Aα@ > BFH τLD RGF-

φ>τε@QD.

M> KL>>DA UeZ \f Uhb\f, Wb^ bem, b^-_dpeW[^ \ ^_mb a^f pdhVf, hgpT \ _e^T a^f^de^_Vf pe^mdg, _eT[^ \ _T] deT daUb\^de^_V _^ _d^bjb^_V peZa^_m\. ZZdbm _T] pd-hVf, \ ^`dd^_V \f ]jeW, d^ ]e\_g^_Uf \f dcWf, \

\]^_V \f pd^m\, Vbdgb \ eZW dgf pTbj b-]eop^b _``^hb^_T \a^dgeZVa. >gm YUY^ Wb^ `\-]^bm. >bbWee\d pW\f Wb^ d ZZdbmf m^ d W^d gaYWb^_^ a d pe`]mb. @b p\eT[^ \b Uhb\ ambd d pemb a_^ d pe`]mb.

Uhb\, m` \f beoa, Wb^ \ ^deW \f b-]eop^b\f pdeWf. >pm \ ^ZaV pdg chjeW[^ pm \b ZU`\_^ deZbob^ ^f peof dg _d^bjbWf, aUhe^ _^ ^f aUef af,^f ZaTf ehV _^ Ub\. Uhb\ Wb^ a^ adeV ̂ deWfa _^ Ub Y^Y`Wd jb ped\ôb, _]of bdWZdbf bUdgf em-adgf peda\bT^ db ehdam bmf bUdg V`^dg pdg ] jW^ \bb]ejpm\ V bmf p^`\^_dn nbbdg pdg _eUa^ dbda`m dg dgebdn.

J Y]amf pdg \ _T] deT _d^bjb^_V _^ ^de^_V êZWp\eU Ub UeZd Uhb\f, W gm Wb^ da^_m _^ pobgad

W g``dZ^_m _^ bobgad, beob^ ^f ^^êm\f _^


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^f ^^dadeWf gVf \f pdhVf.@b Wb^ ghWd m^ d^ p\`^dZeWf dg F_o _^ \f

>àWe, \ ?me^ ``W _^ DpbW, Whb b pd_`^-

^_m dgf hmb ]Ua ^f _gb\Z^_Uf _\bUf _^ ^f bp-eT^f _p`\_^_T e`^^_Uf jb ^Tdejb [ojb. JTb]ejpdf [dn a^ ̂ de^_V pdhV mpdg \ _gb\Z^_V d^_dbd-aW Vb d pd_denjaT \f. [o _^ d _gbVZ^ pd`dn-b a^ daUb\ _d^bjb^_V peZa^_m\.

d W^d gaYWb^ a d \ej^_m Updf, d W^d a ^f eZjWf_^ ^f _jajWf, \ `ge^_V pdW\\, \ ]e\_g^_V Uhb\ dg

aWjb, \b dgab^^_V dg U_dg Ubdg ôb, \b g`^-^_V _^ e`^^_V dg ^_ddn. J \a^dgeZmf _``Ûhb\fpeUp^ a _]em\ _^ ^nZ^, a mà\ _^ pedpbmf aZbo\ _^ gbUp^, b b`n^ ]UaT dg, jW[dbf \aW _Wb \f _d^bjb^_Vf `gWf pdg Uhdgb ]eW _^pedWbdbf `n^f pdg ] p`nbdgb db pmbd dg `dn.

Wpd ^f b]eop^bf peTc^f _^ _\ò^f b Wb^ g-hWd. Uhb\, b \ p^d pdgW pm ^f b]eop^bf e\-e^m\f, `^dgeZW bcTe\ _^ a[^_T, Ucj pm \ Znej\f peZa^_m\. h^ d ^_Wja b bdWZ^ emadgf daU``db, b aped]dg`_V majf \f b]eop^b\f pdeWfpedf apemf _^ mh^ bcTe\ _^ c_daaUb pm gVb. Uhb\ Uh^ Ub peddeâm. b peddeâm ^p`m. _ZeTi^^f gZ_^bV^f dg pembdf _^ b Yd\]T^ b pdegdna dne^d a YVa ]eT _^ pd^^_T.

pep^[mabdf pepTbj pe]Uj Ub a^_em pmp-a pm d Y^Y`Wd dg Te`d M`^bTe^ %Wab Z^ \ FdZd-hbW _^ \b Uhb\& cTbf 1975. %T] pbT\ Wb^pedkmb p`ôb a[ob, jmd ^deZbjVf \f Wb^ a^ pej-dpdeW pdg Uh^ jf mhd [jVf b b^hbn^ dgf empdgf _^dgf emadgf ``ZVf \f ^deWf. M\ pejdpdeW gV Uhj\ Zboa\ m^ peUp^ b gaaUh^ _^ \ ^bm\\


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%>L& M JMM

τJD> τ>H CC>σ>H Aα@ τ>H αDαRαG7στασ>H τFI φIσ@AFP. R@-

?αD εR@?IC>τ RGατα. F RGασCα στ>D AF@DLD@A

τJD>. «αDQτεG>» τJD> τJD> τ>H DO>σ>H. @ αGD>τ@AH εR@-

RτQσε@H τFI σFIGεαB@σCFP. 'R@στ>CFD@A τJD> Aα@ τJD> EL αRO

τORF Aα@ JGODF. F σR7σ@CF τ>H φIσ@AH σIDJε@αH.

D>D M m`dgf Zbjm m^ \ Uhb\ c_Wb\ aWa\\_^ b bpeT\ dg g^_dn. ^ h^`^\eWf dTb]ejpdf, Z^ ^de^_Uf _T] deT bTZ_f _^ _d-pâm\f, bUZei g^_T b^_Wab ([o gT) _^pWg pjf a \b Uhb\ apdeW b p\eT^ d pdUà.(pdhV \f aZWf).

Ud^ pedV`j\ \f Uhb\f \ aWa\\ V \b bpeT-\ dg g^_dn pU[\ aUhe^ _^ ^f aUef af, peT ^fpedpT]^f jb \a^dgeZob _^ jb ]je\^_ob \f Uhb\f bpdeUidgb \b Ud^ pedV`j\. pêd^ _``Ûhbf, [j-ZeTd^, adg^_dW, Z`npf, gZZeWf, pedp]dnb UeZdgf b bpeVdgb Ub jeWd dpWd, Ub eadb^_m b]eo-p^bd oa, d eg]am V db mbd bmf g^_dn Vhdg, b pe^ZeT-

idgb a^b b]eop^b\ e\e^m\ V Ub _d^bjb^_m^bmabd. bpeT\ \f b^_âb^_Vf peZa^_m\f V aU-

edgf gVf \f peZa^_m\f Wb^ d pgeVbf gdn, pdg\b pdhV af dbdaTa e`âm.

Wb^ bem, pjf \b Ud^ Uhb\ _geWehd _^ hmbpd_`^^_m em`d Up^[b d^ ^]V^f. J Tb]ejpdf \b ehVapdedn b bpe^T ambd m^ Up \b Ta\ bW`\iVdg. db _êm, mb _^ \ pbga^_V dg ]d`dne Teh^


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b jW[^ pe^med, Ua] b bpe^T \b p^]bV Vp^]ga\V peZa^_m\.

Md T^d gm peW\\ pedlpm]\ T]\_ pTb \

bTpgc\ dg ag`dn _^ \f _d^bjb^_Vf gbW\\f dg b-]eopdg. ^pWj\ m^ d _madf pdg [dn b Vb ^-_mf _^ m^ apdedn b ZWb^ _`nedf _^ p^d Yd`^_mf Z^ ^fbTZ_f dg, Tbd^c bUf peddp^_Uf \b Uhb\ _^ \ eT\dg. d pmabd YVa Vb d pUea \ ̀ Zmab\ _d^bjb^_Ve\e^m\ _^ gbp_m`dg] \b _d^bjb^_V Uhb\.

\ g^_V gV cU`^c\ db daU \f Uhb\f Ve] b ^-

_mi^ ^f ehUf dg ^_ddn ôb a^ p`\aageW pm bUfT^f a _geWeh\ gV dg dge`âdn. Uhb\ Uh \bam\T \f a \b peZa^_m\ _^ UZ^b _V`j\%boe\& UZ^b a^ Uhb\ \f bm\\f. h U^ \b pV\f a d `m _^ UZ^b a^ Uhb\ Z^ dgf `WZdgf. d ``m_dd_^ d \e\aUbd pVe \ ]U\ dg g^_dn _^ dg `\]^bdn.

J^ eb\^_Uf p^po^f dg dge`âdn, a ^f hW`^f gdpe``ZUf \f T]\_b dÙ]e^f Z^ \ ̀ k_V Uhb\, \b Uhb\pdg bÛe^ d ̀ m. adbUeb Uhb\ UZ^b am _^ b U-d^ b TeZ\ b ZWb^ b^_Wabd apde^_Vf _aT``g\fa \ dYeV ^Va^\ pdg \f UZ^b pm _T] p`geT. ^ Z^_T] Wdgf _dpâm\. T Ub hgp\m peT^Za. e-c^^_V ^]\^_V Wb^ c_T]e ZaUb\ a d d^`^^_me`âm _^ bW]\ a _T] pedpT]^ c^W_g\f \f U-hb\f _^ pdaT_egbVf \f pm d `m. ^ T\ _eT\b d^

dpdW \f ec^^_Vf ^]\^_Vf \b peWpj\ dg V]baZT`dg _^ V]b ec^V K^_Td; pTb\\ YUY^ Wb^p`V. db `^YTb^b Z^W db ]jednb _daadgb^V. (@b gpVec pdU dg). Va\ dg K^_Td _dcn\_ d ^T-\a mb pedgW Ubb a^`Zmabd pWb_ pdg UZ^b]en`df _^ db dbma %_dgUeb^_&. b d mbda a^fpm`\f pdg YdaYTe^b d^ Wf dg eTZ_d db an`^d

\f DpbWf. b \ peo\ deT \b ^deW jb pdÙajb


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pdg d Tahdf p`\]gamf a^f pm`\f ZWbdbb pebT`ja dgpgemf. d ZZdbmf ped_T` pZ_ma^ W]\\. pjf eZm-e \ êdWa.

>b d pWb_f dbda[mb >, ?, V @, _bWf ] db pem-h. M ZeTaT dg, cT``dg, d K^_Td ^_Vegc m^ \ adb-Ueb Uhb\ peUp^ b p]Tb^.

KUe pm d dge`âm ZbbV]\_ ^f aUef af _^ aÛhb\ T``dg Wdgf. ^ Uhb\ _]eVf bm\\f, Ucj mpdg _^hembdg, a^ Uhb\ pdg gdpd_`W^ p^\adb^_V Uhb\. h^ \ a]dd`dZW \f g^_Vf _^ a]\a^_Vf p^Va\f.

>``T o gpTeh^ a^ aZT`\ pecVZ\\. Uhb\ b _^ p-eÛh^ Zbo\, apdeW b Wb^ p^Va\ a \ bV Ubbd^dg medg. Uhb\ Wb^ _T^ T``d, p^d [m, p^d b]eop^bd, p^dped^m, Wb^ Ub b]eop^bd \a^dneZ\a pdg pT``^, pdg Uh^_e^T _^ bn^ \ agej^T dg hoadf, jb `dg`dgôb,dg Wadf _^ dg ̂ eo. @b Wb^ ZUbb\a ambd \f bm\\fa _^ dg he^dn _^ \f _e^Tf _^ dg a^dn _^ dg pT]dgf_^ dg aWdgf _^ \f ZTp\f.


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D@JFJD> >D JFJL>

@ εDα@ @δεFBF.

@ σPCFD@A7 ?εCεB@LCDεH, αDτ@BKε@H. OσF αIτ

εR>Gε7=ετα@ Aα@ σε τ@ α?CO > δ@α εR>Gε7=ε@ τ>D @δεFBF δεIτεGεPFIσα.

L >KJ \b ea\bW dg medg %^d`dZW& p^_eWaZT`\ nZhg\. >pm TZbd^ V pm _dpâm\, d _-]Ubf Wb^ \ ^_V dg ea\bW. Je^d]obf ^f Zb^_TpehUf b^`Vi^f Z^ \b Ubbd^ dg medg, ] Vb heVâd b be]dna Ub pmpa, e_T _dp^^_m, pmd peZa^_T _p`\_^_m Y^Y`Wd %^ZjZV \b d^bjb^d-`dZW& \f eW\f Fg_Wdg.

% dpd^Vpd Uapbg\ _^ n``\i\, \ dpd^Vpd ^-_mb _^ Û ceT^ Ta pm \ g^_V _^ _d^bjb^_VpeZa^_m\. >gm \aWb^ m^ \ pbga^_V e\e^m-\ dg b]eopdg b Wb^ dn bcTe\\ dn gmbda\pm \b g`^_V peZa^_m\. T] Û _^ _Ui\ b apdeWpeT b ped_`W^ _^ b pWeb^ adeV _^ pe^hmabd pm

\ hU\ jb b]eopjb a d Tad g^_m _^ _d^bjb^_m dgpe^YT``db. T`` `mZ^, d^ Tb]ejpd^ Wb^ peZjZdW jbôb, jb b^`Vijb, jb gaYm`jb _^ jb _Uijb, mpjf_^ _T] adeVf %pbga^_dn& UeZdg, a YT\ ^f bTZ_f dgf_^ ^f peZa^_Uf gb]V_f pdg dgf pe^YT``dgb, g^_Uf_^ _d^bjb^_dd^_dbda^_Uf, _^ d^ dpdWf pêdnb pTbj dgf.Dd`dZW Wb^ Ub n\a ôb _^ bpeTjb, Ub

gZ__eâUbd hU^d Z^ \b deZTbj\ a^f _d^bjbWf, empdf


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bW`\i\f jb b^_âUbjb _^ jb ^bdaUbjb pdg bndb-^ Znej af&.

^ ^ Wb^ \ _dg`dne; J medf Wb^ cb^_mf _^ he\âd-

pd^W^ ^]bV _`Wa_ a pd^_W`d pe^hmabd. hdgb _-ZeW peWpdg e^_m^d^ deâdW. geWjf \aWb^pd`^^^_V _` ^̀UeZ^, p^W, Uhb\ _^ ZeTaa. aWf adb med _dg`dne gm bbddna. Uhbf _^ ZeTaa.

^ hU\ ̀ d^pmb apdeW b Uh^ \ ^d`dZW _^ \ _dg`dne;@\`V \ Uhb\; ^ hU\ apdeW b gpTeh^ bTa a^-daUb\ ^d`dZW _^ \b _``^hb^_V \a^dgeZW;

Wb^ bem m^ \ ^d`dZW apdeW b Zbb\]W hjeWf \b_dg`dne. \b Uhb\ _^ ^ aUdg gVf ZbjeW[^ \b ped-Yd`V _^ \ ^TdV \f. ^ pdg \ ̂ d`dZW Uh^ Ta\ hU\a \ g^_V _^ _d^bjb^_V peZa^_m\, gZZbn^ dbdaU gm a \b Uhb\. ^W dn \ Uhb\ ZbbÛ^ gma_^ bcTe\, hjeWf b p\eT[^ pm \ g^_V _^ _d^bj- b^_V peZa^_m\.

apdedna b gpd\eWcdga m^ \ ^d`dZW gpTehâU d UeZd \f Uhb\f. @b apdeW b gpTec^ hjeWf gVb.Wb^ ba^YV\d m^ d^ _geWehf V pâUedgf ^d`dZWfp\eT[dgb jf Ub Y]am \b pdeW _^ d pe^hmabd \f U-hb\f.

^d`dZW ZbbÛ^ b Ub _d^bjb^_m ^bmabd. d W^d_^ \ Uhb\. Wb^ _^ gV Ub _]d`^_m _d^bjb^_m ^bmabd. ^`^^_V `d^pmb ]jeW Z^ \b dgUe\ Uhb\ b Uh^

p^hêVa Z^ b ]W. @b apdeW b gpTeh^ dgUe\Uhb\ pm \ ^ZaV pdg gV _eT[^ d _d^bjb^_m ZWZb]^_^ Wb^ a^ eT\ gba^_V. >_ma\ _^ \ eb\^_V ]U\ %a-_e^T pm ^f ̂ d`dZWf& Wb^ _^ gV a^ pâUedgf ̂ d`dZW.

j _^ eb\^_V.Wb^ bbW`_d `d^pmb m^ \ ^d`dZW, _geWeh\ V mh^,

p\eT[^ \b Uhb\. M a^_em V aZT`d Y]am. Uhb\, pUe

pm \b pedYd`V \f ^d`dZWf, apdeW a \ êT \f b \b


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p\eT^; daW[j pjf b^. >b gW[^ ae^_T a gVb ped-p]W b \ gap`\eo^ _^ b \ Y`ô^. >b Wb^ bW-]\, a \b W^ \b bW]V \f p\eT[^ aUhe^f bmf Y]adn

\b W^ \b ̂ d`dZW. pTehdgb Tpê peWZa pTbj gm _^ Wb^ ZbjUf d^ pedpT]^f pdg _YT``db^ pmdgf _eUf ^mejb ^d`dZôb b pedê^dnb \bUhb\.

pdna _^ gd `mZ^ Z^ db ^`âm pdg Wb^ g^_T_T^ ^Tded pm \b ^d`dZW. >gmf ZZW[^ p^med \ ^`d-d^_V ]oe\\ dg _madg _^ Uh^ [\Va \f Uhb\f

eb\^_V _^ dgdp^^_V T\. ?W[^ \ ]jeW jbôb dg K`Tjb pdg bZbjeW[^ m,^ Wb^ gpeY^_T _-]d`^_m, U`^d _^ ôb^d, bo gpd\eW[^ pjf d g`^_mf _madfWb^ p`T a^ p\`V peU`\ aY``mabjb ^bdaUbjbpdg \ peZa^_m\T dgf Wb^ _ô\f.


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J L>DJ M JL >D MJ KLDJJ

Dα RαCR7Bα@F εGQτ>Cα Aα@ C@α δ@αC7J> RFI AGατ7 J@B@ετ>GδεH.

FP GσAετα@ τF «AαBO» Aα@ τF «LGαF» σ’ Dα GH; $RO

τFIH 3τL@AFPH τ>H αGJα@Oτ>ταH CJG@ τFD +7Dτ Aα@ τFIH αGE@-

στH. ΦFGCαB@σCOH Aα@ $Dτ@φFGCαB@σCOH. C>G@AF AαI


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b^\ dg Wdgf. @gghof Z^ gdnf _^ gghof Z^ \b Uhb\d^ Ud^f b^`Vi^f dgf YeV_b pd``dnf aâ\Uf. ^ \pdhV \b dpdW U[\b Uj peTa^`` UeZ Uhb\f, pem-

gp `^m\f \ adeV _^ a pe^hmabd _^ pedY`\a-âdnf pdg _^ Vae af ZZW[dgb V _`ne afgZ_`dbW[dgb.

J ^`âmf Wb^ eeo^ pdg _ma\ b Uh^ cdbj]WpeT ^hgeT p`VZa pdg Uh]\_ pm dgf e`Ûf _^dgf ecÛf g`Ûf _^ Yd\]dnab\ pm \ _d^^_VbWe\ aTh^ _ma ^f a^dZ_eaâUbf pdàWef

\f.M\ aTh\ bTb^ db ^`âm pdg ]U`^ Uhb\ p``Z-aUb\ pm _d^bjb^_Uf %_dgeÛf& _^ b \f bZbjeW[^ d ^-_Wja b pWeb^ aUedf ^f _d^bjb^_Uf êZWf, pd``dW^T`cb _T``\` aU _^ empdgf Z^ b pdàVdgb.e\âdpd^dnb ^f d`d_`\ej^_Uf a]mdgf jb dea`ôb.pep^[mabd^ d pe^hmabd Z_`Wpdgb \ adeV, d\-Zobf \b Uhb\ a^ bU Teb\\. d pemY`\a, majf Wb^p`m, b d gZm dg d`maYdg. b UeZd Uhb\f Uh^ bTZ_\_^ pm jV mea (adeV) _^ pm pe^hmabd. Wb^ - bem. @Whjf _`V adeV b apdeW b d]W jT d pe^hm-abd. ^ Whjf pe^hmabd pdg b bÛe^ db _d^bjb^_mTb]ejpd, \ adeV p^b^_T, apdeW b af ZZWc^.

V]` o b pj _T^ Z^ b pdnZj a^ pecVZ\\.^`Ta Z^ _d^bjb^_V gape^deT, Z^ _d^bjb^_m ZWZb]^,

Z^ _d^bjb^_V dgW _.`p. g^_T b bbddna _bUb _d^bj- b^_m abÛd. @ ^\aW[dga pd`^^_Uf Ûf. pd\eW-[dga p`T m,^ \ Uhb\ peUp^ b hd`W^ a peZa^_T^bmab \f [jVf. ^ a db Uej p.h. >gm d _d^bm _^peWp`d_d Wb^Za, eTa _^ ]na, mpjf Ù^ d pd^\Vf, dpbTeh^d _^ pTb bUd pdg b c]je^T[^ pm \ pd`nhedb\`dZdhb^_V pd`ghe\W.


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F>SJ> M

@B7Cε τα Aα@ OJ@ AFIBτFPGαH.

3τεGα A@ αDτ@δGαστ@A τJD> Aα@ τJD> Cε εIα@σ?>σεH Aα@ R7?FH.

"Bα τα CεταH. BαOH δ>-

C@FIGH @στFGαH.

> >FJKJJ UeZd Uhb\f Uh^ aU dg d^-hW `k_m\f. jeWf gT, d UeZd Uhb\f, Wb^Wed _^ bê^_m. `k_m\ Wb^ d \amb^

pTbj d dpdWd gWb^ _T] peddg^_m _^ \ad_e^_mUeZd.

_d^bjb^_V `^dgeZW \f Uhb\f peZadpd^W^ ambd\b peWpj\ pdg \ `k_m\ gpTeh^ aU \b _``^-hb^_V \a^dgeZW, mh^ ^m^ U^ Ugh V gbUp, ``T Z^W

gpTeh^ gb^\T Y^_m \f d^hWd. UeZ Uhb\f pdg \ UapbgV dgf bY`n[^ pm d `m,

Whbdgb \ T]a\ \f _d^bjb^_Vf gbW\\f, m`f ^f pd-hUf \f ^deWf _^ m`\ \ a_e^T pdeW dg pd`^âdn.>b^_]eW[dgb _T] deT ^f peZa^_Uf T^f \f _d^bj- bWf _^ db Ubd Zob dg b]eopdg Z^ \b _T_\\ _-`nejb gb]\_ob ^YWj\f _^ a^f [jVf a boe\

pd^d^_V T]a\. h^ ^pj]W pjf _T] pdhV _^ _T] peWdd \f -

c^_Vf _d^bjbWf gpTehdgb _^ `^dgeZdnb gd W\ Uhb\f(_dg`dnef). a^, \ bê^_V, b^`k_V Uhb\, pdg Uh^ Zboeâ \b bêTgV \f _]W d `k_m, aÛhb\ We _^ hjeWf deaV. (^ gV pT`^ hjeW[^ gd _-\ZdeWf. M\b p]\^_V Uhb\ pdg ]U`^ b p^bn^ m^ Wb^

\ _]eV, \ peZa^_V, _^ gVb bV_dgb md^ Wb^ ]^-of dg Zbjdn mZadf %\ Uhb\ Z^ \b Uhb\& _^ \b


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_]gm Uhb\ \f bWe\f, pdg pWeb^ beZm aUedf \baTh\ bTb^ \b pemdd).

T``\ adeV Uhb\f (_dg`dnef) Wb^ mpjf p^d pTbj W-

pa \ _``^hb^_V _Wb\ \a^dgeZW pdg Uh^ d pT]df, \bg^]\W, \b Ub\, \b deaV _^ \b `V]^ aU \f. T`` `mZ^ Uhb\ pdg b`W ^f gbTa^f \f pm d edemj_bm \f `k_m\f _^ d `m gm pedp]W b bYT^ boe pWp ^]\^_Vf jeâm\f, b db pe\ZdeV-^, b db aigho^, b eZdgV^ dgf Zobf dg, b dggape]W \ n_d`\ pedpT]^ Z^ \b _T_\\ jb

^_Wjb dg. ̀ k_m\ Wb^ _Wb\ pdg Ub^ Ub UeZd a \b pdhV dg_^ _eT[^ m`f ^f peddg^_Uf T^f \f. U gT UeZ p`T]db^ _^ Zdbâdpd^dnb^ d^ bUf ̂ Uf _^ d^ _^bdne-Z^f b^`Vi^f Z^ \b pdeW dg _d^bjb^_dn gbm`dg. (peUp^ b ZbjeW[dga m^ \ a[^_m\ b Wb^ WZdged d^-hWd `k_m\f).

p^V pd`nf `mZdf ZWb^ Z^ d ^ Wb^ Uhb\ bê^_V_^ ^ peddg^_V, _`m ] Wb^ b _Tbdga o a^ ^g_eW- b^\. >bê^_V Wb^ \ Uhb\ pdg bâTh^ \b _Wb\\ \f[jVf pedf apemf, pdg gaahobf a \b Tehdg Tc\, gpepW[^ gaUedbT \f. @b \ ^pebdnb eWZ\ pmd aU``db. ^d]W db gpd_âbâm _^ ^deW Z^ \beZjW dg _madg.

Keddg^_V Wb^ \ Uhb\ pdg gpepW[^ \b _d^bjb^_V

\]^_V. >gV pdg b^pedjpn^ mh^ \b da^_m\, ``T \b_d^bV gbW\\ m^ aeW^d pm \b gghW Uhdgb m`d^ d^ Tb-]ejpd^. Wb^ \ Uhb\ pdg pedp]W b Yd\]V^ \ Y`Wj\jb _d^bjb^_ob hUjb. _Tb^ db _mad p^d maded _^W_^d pedYT``dbf \b eV, d jf, db Uej, \b ZTp\Z^ \ [jV. Uhb\ pdg ZbbV]\_ b gp\eW gba^_T dbTb]ejpd^ _^ mh^ b db bbdgeW[^. T`` `mZ^, a^ Uhb\

pdg Wb^ gaah\Vf a d `m.


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F>S M> MJDDJ KJFDDMJ

εBετQDταH τ>D τJD> εDOH BαFP, CεBετ7Cε τ>D RFB@τ@στ@A τFI

@στFGα. δ@7δFσ> σIG@στ@AQD (CFτLD)

αRO τORF σε τORF Aα@ αRO BαO σε BαO, αRFδε@ADPε@ τ@H εR@δG7σε@H

τFI εDOH RFB@τ@σCFP R7DL στFD 7BBF.

K>L>JFJ>M J Tb]ejpd _^ \ g^_V_^ _d^bjb^_V dg cU`^c\, pm ]d`T _ma\ YT]\ \fpedkdeWf dg, ^pôbdga m^ Uh^ _T^ cUhjed

pm T`` [j^_T mb. \b ^_bm\ b _Tb^ Uhb\. Uhb\,a[W a \ heV\ jb eZ`Wjb _^ db Ube]ed ̀ mZd, T]\_]amf \b pdeW dg b]eopdg. Jem\ad pdg db choe^pm T`` W\ \f \a^dgeZWf.

Kd``dW Wb^ d^ p^Vadbf _Wbd^ pdg gpd\eW[dgb m^ d^

e^f gUf pW_\f ^_bm\f bpnh]\_b gmhedbdb Tb]ejpd. @\`V \ heV\ jb eZ`Wjb, d `mZdf _^ \^_bm\ b _Tb^ Uhb\. p^hêVa dgf Wbdb^ pd`n`dZ^_T.

pdg^m\ \f Uhb\f _^ _ne^ \f bobga\f `k_VfUhb\f \b bTpgc\ jb b]eop^bjb pd`^âob Wb^ a-ZT`\. Zbo\ pdg pd_daW[dga aòbf UeZ _T] pd-

hVf, chje^dnf `dnf _^ mpdgf Wb^ hjeWf a^Yd`WgZ_`db^^_V.

Wb^ gdbm\d m^, mb a^`Ta Z^ ̀ k_V Uhb\, b pe^d-e^[ma ambd ^f _ne^f adeUf Uhb\f mpjf \ [jZe^_V, \Z`gp^_V, d hdemf, d eZdn^ _.`p. Uhb\ Vb _^ \ _-_gV eZ`Wjb _^ jb mp`jb, \ _ea^_V, _daVa _^ gbT, \ ^_da\^_V _.`p. `WZ `mZ^ m`f d^ \a^-

dgeZ^_Uf e\e^m\f dg b]eopdg Whb hU\ a \b


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Uhb\. ^ _ma dnd d pdgWd. `k_V Uhb\ T]\_pTbd gba^_V _^ j`â^^_V.

Wb^ WZdged pjf \ Uhb\ b c_Wb\ b pe^V pd`gU-

`^. J a_e^bmf af pemZdbdf pdg pe^b pm W_d^ V e^Tbh^`^Tf hemb^ [jZeT^[ d^hoa jb p\`Wjb \f >`-aWe, WZdge b d U_b Z^ %p^hbW^& V p^V db gZ_^- bdn d %jeWd&. b _T^ heVâd. Wh aZ^_V gpm\,(_T^ pdg pWg m^ ] db Yd\]V^) V Vb \ p`\edde^_Vb_dWbj\ bmf ZZdbmdf pdg Upep b ZbjeW^ d gbTb-]ejpmf dg.

hU\ \f Uhb\f a \b _]\ae^bV [jV _^ d em`df dghbW\ aU \b b]eop^b\ _d^bjbW, mb gV pUe de^-aUb T^ cU`^c\f, Wb^ Ub pm d^hW _Wb pdgYdV]\b db Tb]ejpd b \a^dgeZV^ gm pdg Vae dbd-aT[dga g]We pd`^âm.

_]Ûej\ ambâjb he_\e^^_ob (adWYjb) de^-aUb W\ `k_Vf Uhb\f pW\, mpjf Wb^ g^_m, pd`ÙfêZWf _^ pd`n hembd. cUhje he_\e^^_T bmf ̀ dnV a^f daTf, d g^_mf peWZgedf, \ ]dbW V \ pb^m\deâUbjb g`^_ob, ``T ped pTbjb \ _`ne\ bâop^\jb pedg^[mabjb _T] deT bZ_ob, \a^dneZ\b _^ Ud^ V Ud^ he_\e^^_T UeZ \f `k_Vf Uhb\f.

^Td\ jb ambâjb he_\e^^_ob \b __gV_d^_Wf p.h. V db empd __gVf jb _ea^_ob b^_^-aUbjb _^ eZ`Wjb, hU^ jb gbob, \ ^Td\ jb

an]jb, jb hdeob, jb gp^_ob \f ̀ eWf _.`.p. pm mpd mpd _^ pm `m `m, pd^_bn^ ^f pêT^f dg bmfpd`^âdn pTbj db T``d.

Ubbd^ \f `k_Vf Uhb\f (d`_`me) bpnh]\_ pm dedabâm %g^_m& ^bmabd _^ b bW]\ \ Y^d-a\hb^_V Uhb\ \f pdhVf af. Uhe^ m ]jednbb bUhb\ %_oe\f pd^m\f&, b Uhb\ pdg b apdedn b

_eT^ d %gi\`m&.


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Wb^ bem pjf a^ Ud^ bW`\i\ _pedjpdn \Zboa\ a^f _geWeh\f Tc\f _^ Vb dpjVpd bê-^_V. `k_V Uhb\, b da^_V \a^dgeZ^_V `mZ, Wb^

pUe _^ pTbj pm m` ZbV^ _^ `\]^bV. d^ d Zbddnbgm WZdge b cUedgb \ `^dgeZW _^ \ aZ`dnb\ \f`\]^bVf Uhb\f. ^ md^ pm dgf pobgadgf _``Ûhbf pd-a_enbdb^ pm \ `k_V Uhb\ \aWd pdg b dgf gbU^p^ _aW `k_m\, _bUbf amf V _dpmf, _bUb eWZdf,Z^ pd^db \a^dgeZdnb; >f a\ adg pdgb pm %je^_VbTZ_\&. Md _Tj _Tj \ ^_V dgf bTZ_\, \ %je^_V&

af deT. Uhb\ pdg Uh^ adnf a d `m, gV pdgpedp]W b db Yd\]V^, b db gpbW^, b db bYT^ boef _T`f côb, gV \b Uhb\ he^[ma.


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DM M> >L M

@ αROKε@H τFI $G@στFτB>. τJD> EεAD>σε σα CC>σ> Aα@ αDα-

RαG7στασ> τ>H αDτ@Aε@CεD@AH RGαταH. IRFAε@CεD@-

σCOH δεD εJε ?σ> στα RGQτα στ7δ@α τ>H τJD>H. αφεBH αBB7

AIGαGJ>, αDτB>K> δPDαC> τ>H CC>σ>H.

> >KJ Y^_T d^hW \f Uhb\f, mpjf gpd\eW-[^ d >e^dU`\f \b %Kd^\^_V& dg, Wb^ \ aWa\\.J Tb]ejpdf aâdnabdf \ n\ _^ \b gape^deT

^mejb [ojb _^ pdg`ôb _^ bpeWbdbf a \ aW-a\\ ^Tdef _\bUf pm \b _]\ae^bV dg [jV (_gbVZ^ ]Uedf pmàdf) apme b pejd_Tb^ gm pdg Vae dbd-aT[dga b]eop^b\ Uhb\.

âdnabdf d _`T\\a jb pdg`ôb U_b d eZdn^.Ke_d`dg]obf d eg]a^_m hnp\a jb _gaTjb \b_edZ^`^T p^bm\ db eg]am, pdg db gbU a db pd^-\^_m `mZd _^ pdg gmf d eg]amf db YdV]\ b deZbo^_`ne \b da^_V eZW _^ b ZWb^ ^W _mf pm \bTb]^\ \f pdW\\f b Yd\]V^ pdà^_T _^ \b -`^dpdW\\ \f Uhb\f dg hdedn.

aWa\\ _^ bpeT\ \f b^_âb^_Vf peZa^-_m\f a ^f p^_dbW^f [ojb d^hoa jb p\`WjbV \b __gV ô`jb pm p\`m, pUe V _`âUbd cn`d,b UZ^b, g^_T, pm db pejmZdbd Tb]ejpd Z^ ^]\^_VUei\ _^ b Vb dg`^T eZmhd`jb, pdg \ %]W pembd^&dgf Uj d pedbma^d \f \a^dgeZWf.

J^ peod^ \a^dgeZdW Uhb\f b U_bb Uhb\ Z^ db gm

dgf, Z^ pedjp^_V dgf Uei\, a Z^ d _`m \f daTf, \f


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g`Vf V \f eWf. J gpd_âbâmf b Wh _aW ]U\_]of adb^_mf _dpmf _^ adb^_m _Wb\ed Z^ \b Uhb\Vb \ pem]\ b Yd\]V^ db Tb]ejpd db n_d`d Zob

\f [jVf. Vb d`m` peT`dZd b gpd\eW[dga \b Ûpjf d Tb]ejpdf \f a_e^bVf pdhVf Uhdbf b bâjpWâne^ pedY`Va, ] pbdn hembd _^ pedpT]^ Z^ b_Tb^ _T^ pdg ] dg he\Wag ^f Taf bTZ_f dg.

`Vf ``T _geWeh\ bW`\i\ dg pejmZdbdg b]eo-pdg Z^ \ nba\ \f aWa\\f _eT\ h^`^\eWf _^ a[Wa \b aZW YdV]\ _^ \ ZUbb\\ jb hbob. p^_m-

b^\ bmf [odg a Ub _dbTe^ ap\ZaUbd p`geT dg U^b\ YY^m\ m^ d [od gm _^ \b peZa^_m\ ] ]- bobdbb a gmb db empd. dendbf _^ ``T[dbfmb \ daT c_^bdn Z^ d _gbVZ^ Wh \ YY^m\ m^Yd\]T a db empd gm pdà^_T d b Uedgb d^ _g- b\ZdW _`m _gbVZ^ Z^ edV. \b __gV dad^jaTjb(dUa) _^ ^mejb b^_âUbjb èWf (Wh) pWgbpjf ] cgabWdgb __T pbna _^ ] _Tbdgb ga-aThdgf dgf db Zob \f p^YWj\f.

>gm pdg Vae ^pôbdga hâê^_V V b^_Vj`âm\, \a^dgeZdnab\ peTc\ V eT\ pdg gp\eWaZ^_dnf _dpdnf, db pedkde^_m Tb]ejpd Vb YY^jaUb\]^_m\. Uhb\ ZbbV]\_ b pbga^_V pd`gU`^pm gbTa^f pdg dg peWgb. KemY` b peZa^_VbTZ_\ Z^ Zbo\ _^ jU`^. ``d b eZme gp\eU\

\ aZW _^ ]e\_W, d an]d _^ \b ^deW. ` d^hW aegednb _^ d p^d _d^bmf bdgf b^àYT-

b^ _]eT m^ \ Uhb\ gp\eU\ _dpdnf j`â^^_dnf.Uhb\ hjeWf _dpâm\, a ambd _Wb\ed \b pem_`\\ \f^]\^_Vf heTf, Wb^ _^bdne^d ednd, __Vf pd^m\f _^dpjVpd Uhb\ pe_aVf V bê^_V.


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JDDM >?JFM >D

@ @στFG@AH Aα@ AF@DLD@AH δ@εG τ>D τJD>. @H R@F RFBBH φFGH αIτ τ@H RGFαDα pe_m m^ d^ ^de^_Uf _^ _d^bjb^_UfêZWf p\eT[dgb, a db Ub V db T``d empd, \bUhb\. pTehdgb peWdd^ \b ^deW jb òb, pm

\b poe\ eh^m\ aUhe^ ^f aUef af, pdg d^ gb]V_fgUf YdV]\b \b bTpgc\ \f a^f V \f T``\f adeVf U-hb\f V gbU`b a ^f gb]V_f pdg \a^dneZ\b, \bpe_aV V _^ \b dp^]dema\\ \f Uhb\f.

pjf d g^_mf peWZgedf _^ d^ _ê^_Uf gb]V_f gbddnbV pd_`Wdgb \b bTpgc\ \f a^f V \f T``\f adeVf [jVf. \ ^deT m^ \ Uhb\ apdeW b ^f p^pn^ V b ^f b-U``^. ^ d p^d ]gam, b ^f pedbZZU``^ pd`ÙfdeUf.

J _``Ûhb\f, mbf Tdad _d^bjb^_m, ped^_âUbd a a^bme\ _^ a^b W]\\ pe^med bpgZaUb\, b^àYT- b^ _`ne pm T``dgf ^f êZWf _^ ^f b^bdaWf \f

_d^bjb^_Vf [jVf. d^ pm dgf _``Ûhbf b Uhdgb gb^-\dpd^V^ m^ pTb Znej af c`Wdb^ _^ aYT`-`db^, m^ _d^bjbWf _^ Tc^f _aT[dgb _^ pe_aT[dgb _^m^ heUdf Uhdgb b Yd\]dnb ^f bUf peddg^_Uf gbTa^f pdgabW[db^ d ped_Vb^d _^ deaW[db^ b hWdgb Ubb_`ned _mad, _d`dg]dnb bpmg_ db emad \f p-e_aVf _^ f Uhdgb dpd^dVpd Ùbd.

>b eWcdga a^ a^T \b ^deW \f Uhb\f, ] ^pô-


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dga hjeWf pedpT]^, m^ m`d^ d^ aZT`d^ \a^dgeZdW V bV-_b \b pbga^_V pejdpdeW dg _êdn dgf V pedp-]dnb a ^`^_eWb^ _^ ]Teedf b gpepWdgb Z]T pdg

\ _d^bjb^_V _^ ̂ de^_V pdeW dg ̀ dn dgf ]jedn bb-^_T. Wb^ \ _\ZdeW jb \a^dgeZob, pdg bo YÙ-pdgb \b _d^bjb^_V pe_aV, Uhdgb db \ejâm b `pW[dgb_^ b ZjbW[db^ Z^ \ j\eW. [jV majf Wb^ aW`^_\.Wpd b apdeW b ]W apm^d \b cU`^c\. d Ze\Zd-eme d b^`\]dnb gm d^ _``Ûhbf md d _`ned.

Wb^ he_\e^^_m jb aZT`jb pe^mjb \f Uhb\f m^

d^ Ûf pdg _eT[dbb bUejbb ^f Zb^_Uf bTZ_f \f_d^bjbWf aU \b dpdW bpndbb. J a\edf, d >^-hn`df, d >e^dTb\f b U_bb Wpd T``d pm d b - beodgb dg^^_T he_\e^^_T \f pdhVf dgf _^ bpedp]Vdgb b odgb d `m dgf gm pdg bma^[b m^gmf Uh^ bTZ_\: ejâm _^ \]^_m bT\a, ^^ddcW_^ Zjb^^_m\. dg pd_`nidgb bUf peZa^_m\f_^ b db _Tbdgb ^_bm b _U^ _^ b pdW[^ Z^ \adWe dg.

Wb^ bem pjf _bUbf _``Ûhb\f \a^dgeZW Z^ dbgm dg. \b ^]\^_V dg dpd]U\\, ^f ^pô^f pdg_Tb^, ^f Ûf pdg pedj]W ]U`^ b ^f gaaeW[db^ _^ d^T``d^.

apWb^ \b pejdpdeW jb gbTajb pdg gpmhdb^ b hWdgb Ub _mad _`ned, \ ]U\ gdn pdg pe_aT-

[^ _^ _eeU^ _Tj pm d YTedf \f ̂ de^_Vf bZ_^m\-f. Yd\]V^. pedp]V^.

^ b Wb^ WZdgedf Z^ dnd: b _^ \ bU _d^bjb^_VpeZa^_m\ T^ a \b êT \f \b pe_aV, mb bUf gbTa^f ] pedp]Vdgb b peocdgb d Tea \f ^d-eWf pedf apemf, gmf ] ]eW. aUb^ dem\ad,pneZdf pdg ] beob^ m^ pdÙa\. ^ _bUbf ] ]-

`V^ b dg êU^ n\a.


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LD>> K >DM M >D KDMM

εBετQDταH τ>D @στFGα τ>H τJD>H Aα@ τ>H εR@στC>H δ@αR@στQ-

DFICε τ@H εDτIRLσ@αAH Aα@ αROτFCεH αBBαD RFGεα τ>H αD7RτIEH τFIH. σσεG@H σRFIδαF@

στα?CF Aα@ RεGFδF@ εAG>Aτ@AQD RGFOδLD.

> b apdedna b dna pm Ub pd`n gen peWa \b^deW \f _``^hb^_Vf \a^dgeZWf peT``\` a\b bTpgc\ \f p^\adb^_Vf _Ui\f, ] af Wh W-

Zdge bgpj^T^ \ ^`_^_m\ \b pdeW \f bTpg-cVf dgf _^ d^ n^_f ``ZUf dg Uapdg _^ dg eg]adndgf. ^ mh^ ambd pe\ednb^ aZT`f peWdd^, mpdg \ bT-pgc\ \f _``^hb^_Vf \a^dgeZWf _^ \f p^\adb^_Vf _U-i\f aT \b bd^_V \f pdeW, ``T pe\eW^ _^ d

^bmabd dgb\eob dp^]dedaVjb.J edhmf ehW[^ b ZgeW[^, Z^ \b Uhb\ _^ \b p^Va\,

Znej 1.500 p.. M\b >WZgpd _^ \ dpdaW, peT`-`\` a \b bTpgc\ jb ^_^_ob hbob _^ \ heV\ jbêdZ`g^_ob, ehW[dgb d^ peof edbda^_Uf pe\eV^f_^ _]êobdb^ bda^_dW _bmbf. \b W^ peWpdg pdhV, ^fg_Vbf, \b Wegb] _^ b\^T MbdeWb\ _^ eV\

(bjmf, ^mf) b]W[^ _aWdf pd`^âmf. h^ pd^h]Wm^ \b eV\ gpVeh \b pdhV gV heV\ ZeVf. >gm p^-YYWj \ b_T`gi\ dg peW\adg W_dg \f ^dn.

UeZ Uhb\f \b peWdd gV pedg^T[dgb c^m`dZ\bTpgc\, _geWjf \ [jZe^_V, \ he_^_V _^ \ __gVp`ôb _^ ab\aWjb. M\b >WZgpd Uhdga _^ peo WZ-a \f Uhb\f dg `mZdg. edb^_T dg êWdg _^ ]e\_g-

^_V pdW\\.


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b^_T majf, Znej 1.200 p.. aT \ cU`^c\ gobjb pdgWjb pd`^âob. Mdb ``^_m hoed, eV\, Mb-deWb\, g_Vbf cbW[db^ d`m`. M\b ZZnf bd`V

_^ \b >WZgpd YeW_db^ p`dn pe_aV. e^f V_^ Ue^f ôbf _aW pdgW cU`^c\ b \aôb^\b p^\adb^_V _Ui\ _^ \b Uhb\. J edhmf \f pedmdg`f _^ _m``\ Uà.

>pm d 800 p.. ehW[^ \ ne\ T\ \b bd^_V pdeW\f b]ejpm\f. M^f a_e^bUf DbWf ZeTdb^ d^ ?Uf _^ZbbÛ^ \ ]e\_g^_V ^`ddW. M\b K`^Wb\ ehW[^ \

âmej\ jb _âUbjb pdg eZme ] pdÙdgb \b>ZW eV (400 p..). Mdb ``^_m hoed ZbbÛ^ \ p^_VpdW\\ a peod db Wdd, Z^ b _d`dg]Vdgb ]TbUp\ dg JaVedg. FWZd eZme, db 6d ôb p.. gbbTaUb Z`cW ^`dmjb \ W`\d, \b Ù _^ \ MTad bg[\dnb Z^ \b _ZjZV _^ \b cU`^c\ dg napbdf. >pmdb Kg]Zme, db `V _^ aUhe^ db >e^dU`\, ad`Ydnbe^f ôbf pdg ]a`ôbdgb \b \ej^_V pdhV \f ``\b^_Vfp^Va\f.

Mdb daU \f _``^hb^_Vf \a^dgeZWf Uhdga _p`\-_^_V Tb]^\. >eh^_db^_V, Z`gp^_V, ]Ued, `dZdhbW pejdbV Tbdd.

T \ a_db^_V _T`\i\ \f ``Tf _^ eZme \ejak_V _geêhW, _d`dn]\ a^ peWddf pe_aVf. ^ b_d`dg]V^ a^ hâeW bTe_\ _pUb ôbjb. J g`mf

dg Keda\]U pdg Wh d\ZV^ db Tb]ejpd, Whbdbf dgd emad dg ]Teedgf _^ \f pedmdg Wh YV^. aUhe^ mYY^jaUb\ bW`\i\ m^ \ p^Va\ b apdeW b _Tb^ pWj_^ m,^ Uh^ b_`g]W ZWb^ b pTi^ b ^hn^, _e-eW]\_. bo p.. d^ adejaUbf Tc^f a \ Zbo\ pdg dgfaUjb d^ g^_dW ^`mdd^ Zboe^[b \b pdhV dg >e^-dU`\ m^ \ Z\ Wb^ Ub ê^_m oa aUjed aU d

^T\a _^ peêmabd Znej pm db TcdbT dg, hW`^ _^


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m hemb^ eZme pWgb pjf Wb^ Ubf pWpdf W_df_^ pjf pd`W d _Ubed dg _madg.

Mdb jU_d ôb a.. pe\eV]\_b ae^_T \aT^

Vc\f jb pTZjb _^ ae^_T `p^dme bUa. b d ^-obf dg ?T_jb _^ dg KeZ_eWbd _^ \ pdhV pdg Tb]^[b pbp^Va^ \f Jcme\f, dg MÙebd _^ \f pdò- b^f. ]d`dZW majf dg >_^bTdg gbTe\\ a \b g^d-]W \f e^d`^_Vf g^_Vf dVZ\b T``dgf e^fôbf âm\f _^ êm\f.

J U_df U_df ôbf T]\_ \b ̂ deW \f p^Va\f

_^ \f Uhb\f d p^d _e\_^_mf aT \b \ej^_V pdhV \f p^-Va\f _^ \f Uhb\f pdg Teh^ db 6d p.. ôb db ``-^_m hoed. @W_^ Z^ dnd dbdaT\_ _^ >bZUbb\\. Wb^\ pdhV dg Upè, dg _Wàpe, dg `^`Wdg, dg K_T`,dg FTâpb^f, dg njb.

Wb^ \ pdhV jb _p`\_^_ob bTjb \f Uhb\f _^\ pehV \f _d^bjb^_Vf npb^\f dg b]eopdg.

npb^\ gV a gcbmab\ deaV ] d\ZV^ ^f _d-adZdb^_Uf b_`ni^f \f p^Va\f, \b ào\ bT-pgc\ \f Uhb\f _^ ^de^_Uf _d^bjb^_Uf b_Tc^f.


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@DJLD> >D >FJ

EεJLG@στ ?σ> τFI AαBB@τJD> σ’ OBεH τ@H εRFJH. F ταBDτF

σα ?εF δQGF. F φα@DOCεDF τ>H RFBIεδG@AOτ>ταH. FBστO@, @-

JαB Ά


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pdg Uhdgb Ta\ hU\ a \b Uhb\ dg.^ jmd, _T _bmb, d _``Ûhb\f Uh^ pd`ge^_m\,

aZT`\ dcn\ \b bW`\i\ _^ Z_`^T[^ p`^T \ [jV.

pepTbj p^YYôbdb^ pm d ZZdbmf m^ pd``dW \a^-dgeZdW b pe^deW[db^ pd_`^^_T \ ^_V dgf ^^_VUhb\, ``T Uhdgb pdgW pWd\ _^ T`` W\ \f. Jd`m^ Vb _^ _`mf adg^_mf, d ^hV` ZZ`df pd^\Vf, d?TZ_be ]gaT^df eadgeZmf _.`p.

Uhb\ Z_`^T[^ \ [jV m`f ^f pd^_W`f adeUf _^ _-\ò^f \f. >pdWb^ _T] ^ pdg Wb^ %Zb^_T b^-

Uedb \ [jV& dg b]eopdg. T`` ̀ mZ^ Wb^ d aT^ _^d gW, \ pêaW _^ \ _e^T, pdg dbdnb^ pm pd^_Wè]Wa dg g^_dn _^ dg _d^bjb^_dn af pe^YT``dbdf.

J Tb]ejpdf pdg Wb^ ped^_âUbdf a a^ ambd ^_bm\,gbV]jf n_d` ZWb^ _``Ûhb\f. >gm d _eT[^ pd`n_bd\T d pd^\Vf >Ùcbedf p`d_ ÙZdbf: %J gZZe-Uf Wb^ Ubf pZZàWf. ajf gm d pTZZàT dgWb^ peW\f d^ p^d pd^_W`f ̂ _bm\f. Fpm\ ^-]Va, dcn\ \ nba\ dg bdg, gZ_^b\^_V g^]\-W, pe\e\^_m\, _]Te^df dhamf _^ bW,^W]\\, p`^dW deW[dbf bÛedb&.

_^ d _T] Tb]ejpdf `^Zmed V pe^med Y]amUh^ _T^ pm ^f _``^hb^_Uf gUf ^_bm\f. >b gm bVb `V]^ m d^ Tb]ejpd^ ] apdednb b dad^-odgb _^ b _bdVdgb UeZ Uhb\f. >gUf d^ a^_emef

V aZ`nef _``^hb^_Uf ^_bm\f dg b]eopdg, a \be^YV _^ \b pWe \f [jVf gapg_bobdb^ _^ b^hndb^.^ b gaYWb^ b gpTeh^ _Tpd^ pdgV _^ _``ÛeZ^bpndb^ _ma\ pe^med.


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D@D>DLJM M >DFQM J L>DJ

α@σ?>τ@A αDτB>K> τFI LGαFI δεD εDα@ RαDτFP Aα@ R7Dτα >

δ@α. &@αφGε@ αRO Aα@GO σε Aα@GO, αRO ?DFH σε ?DFH, αRO φIB

σε φIB, αRO τORF σε τORF Aα@ αRO τ7E> σε τ7E>.

KDJ KDKJF>D a^T ^f b]eop^bf pedâV^f

_^ _\ò^f, ] af beo^ ^f ^deUf pdg gpTehdgb _^ ^f ^^êm\f pdg pedg^T[^ \ ^-]\^_V bW`\i\ dg jeWdg aU \b _d^bjb^_V [jV.

J^ ^deUf gUf Wb^ p^d Ubdbf pm _êm _êm, pmU]bdf U]bdf, pm g`V g`V, pm mpd mpd _^ _geWjfpm Tc\ Tc\.

Ke^b pedhjeVdga \b b[V\\ jb ^Wjb pdg \a^-dgeZdnb gUf d^ ^^êm\f \b bW`\i\ dg jeWdg,_`m ] Wb^ b pedp]Vdga b odga db deâm gVf\f bW`\i\f pdg, mpjf pe\eW d @eYWbdf, pedg^T[^_^ pd``T W\ dg [j^_dn Y^`Wdg. @b Wb^ \`V W^dbambd dg b]eopdg \ W]\\ dg jeWdg.

M pd``T W\ pdg`ôb _^ [ojb d eb^_m p^^_bn^ pd`nheja eT V d jeWd dg eWhja Z^ b `T^ d]\`g_m.

Z`g_T _`\Va jb ejob Wb^ ej^_m _Tà_^ aUd Z^ db p\eam dg gbemdg. o b peUp^ baf ^nZ^ a^ Y^_V `pdaUe^. dade^T _^ d %jeWd&he\âdpd^dnb^ \ n\ j`â^^_T.

W]\\ dg jeWdg, md _^ b Wb^ a \b peo\a^T gpd_âb^_V, Uh^ ^f eW[f _^ \ âmejV \f W^ _]eT b^_âb^_T (j`â^^_T).

f Zd\n^ a^ Vgh\ bnh a ZZTe^. M_V_ pdU


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Z^W; >b bdna db gm af aU a^b b]eop^b\daT pdg [^ p\`Ûf pe^b h^`^Tf hemb^ _^ mpdg d _d-T^ _^ d^ Yegh\]adW jb ]\eWjb pd``p`^T[dgb db emad,

] _`TYdga m^ d jf dg ZZe^dn Wb^ a^ pe\Zde^T_]of _Tb^ d _dT^ `^Zmed _]`^p^_m.

p^ Wjf _bWf m^ af eU^ \ dade^T bmf h^dbâU- bdg dpWdg. MjT. >``T ambd b af p\eT[^ d _end _^\ e\a^T dg. ^W b Ye]dna cb^_T YdV]\d^ ^f `p^fV db ?. Km`d, WZdge ] af bgpj^T[^ \ dade^T dgh^dbâUbdg dpWdg.

f eUdgb hegT _daVa. ^ af eUdgb Z^WWb^ pm^c\ p`dndg, peTZa pdg dW`^ \b pb^m\dg aT``dg.

W]\\ `d^pmb dg jeWdg pdg beob^ a gpd_^-ab^_Uf pedeaV^f Wb^ ^f p^mef deUf, b mh^ m`f, pd-Uà p\eadn dg b]eop^bdg ^]Vadf pmpeTZdbf pdg Uhdgb hU\ a \b b^_âb^_V peZa^_m-\.

` gT Wbdb^ _]eme a^ _]d`^_V b]eop^b\_V`j\ mpjf Wb^ \ Uhb\. T] `mf Uh^ ^_T dg e-Zdn^, \ ^_V dg pdW\\, ^_T dg pean]^. d W^d _^_T] ^^Wedf mpdf aU \b W^ peW. `` eZdn^_^ hdedW eUdgb dgf ]`^bdnf, T`` dgf deWY^dgfdpTbdgf _^ g`dmadgf. `` UeZ Uhb\f eUdgb \b e^-d_eW V \b Tehdg Tc\ a^f hoef _^ T`` \b ^_V

V \b eZ^_V Tc\.>gm gaYWb^ Z^W d _]Ubf najb a \ amej\, d

gaUedb V \b _d^bjb^_V Tc\ aU \b dpdW bpn^ \e\e^m\ dg, Uh^ ^^Wef pmi^f _^ ]U^f Z^ peTZa pdg gaYWbdgb Znej dg. h^ ^f heUf _^ dgf pm-

bdgf dg, ^f `pWf _^ ^f pedd_Wf dg _^ m` m gb]U-dgb db je^_m dg _mad. ^ c\ZW^ d ZZdbmf pjf

_T^ pdg eU^ ^^We a^ Tc\ Vb^ `Wjf ^Tde\


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a^b T``\.>p m` gT YZWb^ d gapUea pjf d^ ^]\^_Uf ped-

âV^f Uhdgb _d^bjb^_m he_Ve _^ pjf gUf d^ pedâV-

^f âdeobdb^ aU ^f ̂ ^Wef gb]V_f \f [jVf _^\ a_emhedb\ êZW \f ^de^_Vf cU`^c\f.

òbf \b ^deW \f Uhb\f a[W a \b _d^bjb^d`d-ZW _^ \b pd`^^_V d^_dbdaW _^ Uhdbf gp mi^b _^ dgf Z- b^_dnf bmadgf \f ighd`dZ^_Vf n\f dg b]eopdg,_`VZdga d gapUea pjf b gpTehdgb ]eT Zbj-eWa pdg b ped^deW[dgb d jeWd. ^ b gpTehdgb,

ZbjeWa gT aYT``db^ pm pdhV pdhV, pm mpd mpd, pm g`V g`V _^ pm Tc\ Tc\.d WZdged Wb^, pjf b^_âb^_T j`â^^_T W^,

pW[dgb pd^^_m em`d \ âmej\ \f bW`\i\f dgjeWdg aU \b _d^bjb^_V [jV.


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__deTh`\ Zjb^T \f Z\f __\Uf _^ __\Uf. Lj-aWd^, eYf, Jnbd^, bdW, eTZ_d^, M`TYd^, dne_d^. ^ b a\b Ub gm, \ __`\W ^Ve\ a^ ^_V \f Zò,

\ ^bm\\ a^ T``\, d `mf d amejdf \ ^_V dg.oe pdg d^ aZT`d^ _`gjbâdW _mpb, d _eTdf a \

bdad]W _^ \ p^W a \ ô^\ Uhdgb _Tb^ \ab^_TYVa \b _]Ûej\ a^f _bd\Vf pm m`dgf \ad^_VfZòf. ]jeW gpd\eW[^ pjf \ pm\ pm \b _- bd\V \b _d^bV Zò Wb^ a^_eV. ^ Wpa mh^ pd^ Wb^gV pdg _`YWbdgb, ``T gV pdg apdednb b he\âd-

pd^Vdgb m`d^. KeT dYeT p^hêVa \f ]jeWf \pe_^_V _T] aUe af pd^_bn^ m^ \ pm\ gV n-_d` ] _`g]W. d adej^_m, Te _^ ^bd\^_m pWpddg `dn af, bbW`_ bYWb^. >``T _^ \ _degV dgZ`j^_dn af deZTbdg i\òb^ _]of \ Zò ê_of c-`W^. Zò b Wb^ ^_V. @âdeob^ _^ gVnajb V bcTe\ a \b _d^bjb^_V cU`^c\.

_d^bjb^_V _^ c^_V êjaTj\ apdW[^ d nbd`ddg `dn b ZWb^ _d^bjbmf jb bUjb Tjb \f Zòf. ^gm Wb^ d daUbd Z^W Wbdb^ m`dgf Wf g_êWfamej\f _^ e^YVf peT ^f mpd^f _^ mpd^f pd`^^_Uf ^-_\enc^f. >gT Wb^ ambd ]jeW.

^ peUp^ b ZWb^; Kd^df Wb^ d em`df \f Uhb\f \ ^-amej\ \f _d^bVf Zòf; Kd^ Wb^ \ g]nb\ jb ^bd-dnabjb; \a^dgeZW a^f _d^bVf Zòf b Wb^ a^

^^_W pdg apdeW b ZWb^ hg_g`dgeZ^_T. U`^ pd-`nhedbdgf _^ pWpdbdgf Zobf Z^ b p^gh]W. ^ peopm m` Zobf pd`^^_dnf _^ c^_dnf. ^ d Ùj gm Z^W\ ^_V Tc\ b pem_^^ pdU b pêUi^ d `m b Uh^Wf g_êWf amej\f. >gV _Tb^ `\adnb\, Wb^ mgV bdaW[^ m^ peUp^ b o^.

Uhb\ pm \b p`geT \f peUp^ b ]W d p`gem jb

_d^bjb^_ob ^_^_Vjb.


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J LJFJM M LDDM M FJJD>

GFFG@σCOH τ>H AG@τ@AH εDα@ Dα αE@FBFGαστFH αD7Cεσα στF ε ε FJJDJ UeZd ehW[^ b gpTeh^ pm \^ZaV pdg Ueh^ pV a _Tpd^d _d^bm. ^ d^ p^daZT`f \a^dgeZWf ] b^pedopgb Wpd Z^\b b]ejpm\ b Z^bmb _Va dg. ^ gm b Wb^ p-eWeZd. @b e_W b ZeW Ub UeZd pdW\a, eTa, ag]^-me\a peUp^ _^ b b_d^bj]W. J `dZdUhb\f _pUap^

Ub aVbga. >b b gpTecdgb _eWf Z^ b d g``TYdgb daVbga Wb^ bnpe_d.

`dZdhb^_V \a^dgeZW, mpjf _^ _T] T``\, b b^-Ue^ ambd d gZZeU, ``T _^ db pdU_\, pdg \b p-eWpjV af b Wb^ T``df pm db bZbo\ V db _edV.>b d ̀ dZdUhb\f _Ue^ b ao^ db _eam \f \-a^dgeZ^_Vf gZ_Wb\\f d _d^bm dg, b _de]o^ b gW-

^ pT]\ _^ `T]\ dg, deTa _^ ^f `pWf dg, ^fa^_eUf V aZT`f gZ_^bV^f pdg db ^pebdnb a gm, mambd ] `pW^ \b p^YWj\ dg UeZdg dg. >``ôf ] Wbâ^ b_eV ZeV, Ubf TZdbdf pmedf d Zmbâd hjeT^ \fb]ejpm\f.

`T _^ jT m` gT. >``T pd^df Wb^ d em`df \f _e^-^_Vf \b gpm]\ \f `dZdhbWf; Kd^df Vb _^ pd^df peU-p^ b Wb^;

KeUp^ b pdna pm \b ehV m^ \ Zboa\ \f _e^^_Vf Z^


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\b cW bmf UeZdg, `Th^ p\eT[^ \b p^YWj\ V d ]T- bm dg. `^_mf _e^Vf Wb^ d `mf _^ d _êmf ] Wc^ bUb UeZd ] aWb^ Z^ md _êm pedUe^ _ma d ̀ m V b

] peT^ pm pTbj dg d aW`^_d dgZZTe^ \f `V]\f. hdgb b pdgb pjf d _e^^_mf Wb^ d U`^df bZbo\f _^

pjf ^]U^ _^ gmf ^f W^f gW]\f _eWf a ^f dpdWfd \a^dgeZmf g`àYTb^ dgf _eadnf _^ a\bnadg _êdn dg. >``T d _`mf _e^^_mf b peUp^ b Wb^ ambdU`^df bZbo\f. KeUp^ b ^]U^ b^_âb^_m\ _eW-jf _^ b _^bW^ bp\eUdf d Zo _^ d a\ Zo.

>gmf, b ^^We _\aUbdf bZbo\f, b ^^_mf,peUp^ g_d`me pm dgf T``dgf, b Tb^ db pge_j-aUbd pgeVb \f `dZdhb^_Vf \a^dgeZWf. J em`df \f _e^^-_Vf b Wb^, mpjf p^ndgb pd``dW, b bgiob^ V bZ_eaW[^, b pedYT``^ Ub mh^ V b pehjeW a^ gZ_T-]\. _e^^_V pedp]W b aY]nb^ md ZWb^ pe^m-ed d YT]df dg `dZdhb^_dn UeZdg Z^ b Ye^ _egTdg a\bna.

J ^Tbb\f [Wb\f d Y^Y`Wd dg % Uhb\ Wb^ @n_d`\& gpd\eW[^ pjf d _e^^_mf U_^ \b mh]\, ``T p^Y^-YT[^ a d p`Veja pdg d pd`dnb d^ `dZdUhbf _^_Tb^ a[W dgf pb^T.

M\ \ae^bV pdhV d em`df \f _e^^_Vf Wb^ p^d gpn]gbdf,_]of gpTeh^ aZT`\ nZhg\ \b pe^dhV jb _``^hb^_obcôb. J _e^^_mf \f `dZdhbWf peUp^ b Wb^ gpn]gbd

Tdad, a a_eT peWdd a]\Wf Znej pm d b^_Wabd\f Uhb\f dg `mZdg. dbT gm peUp^ b db Yd\]T^ \ZTp\ dg Z^ gVb, \ ^W]\\ _^ d Ùbd.

pTehdgb UeZ pdg _enYdgb `V]^f _^ a\bna pdg bapdeW n_d` b b^`\]W d _d^bmf bZbo\f.

MgZZeWf pdg pedpdendb^ dg _êdn dgf _^ \f pd-hVf dgf. >gm YUY^ aôb^ \b cW dgf. J gZZeUf

Wb^ Tdad ped^_âUbd, adb^_m, pdg eWhb^ bUd jf `V-


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]^f pdg af Wb^ p^ ZbjUf. J _e^^_mf o peUp^ b pW[^d em`d dg bam\. p^Tb^ Va pdg _pUap^ d`dZdhb^_m UeZd _^ b ^Y^YT[^ d _d^bm pe^med

p`T _^ _bd\T. pedp]W b o^

t. Σταμπούλογλου - 99 Κείμενα Για Την Τέχνη

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Transcript of t. Σταμπούλογλου - 99 Κείμενα Για Την Τέχνη