3” U.S.G.S. Modified Portable Parshall Flume (Improved Version)

Thomas Κ. PapalaskarisCivil Engineer A.U.Th.

MSc. In Management of Water ResourcesIn the Mediterranean

Moments from First Time Implementation In Greece & outside U.S.A. [with water leakage eliminated all

around the flume “at very low-flow (“water scarcity”) conditions”]

(Granitis Drama Northern Greece 2013.06.16)

Photos taken & overall assistance byIordanis Kasapides (Forester) & Kostas Kasapides

ΤΜΗΜΑ ΔΑΣΟΠΟΝΙΑΣ & ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗΣ ΦΥΣΙΚΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ

ΔΡΑΜΑΣ - ΕΛΛΑΔΑ

DEPARTMENT of FORESTRY & NATURAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

DRAMA - GREECE

DEPARTAMENTO de INGENIERIA FORESTAL de MONTES

DRAMA - GRECIA

Water Resources Governing Laws during the ancient ages

• Perino del Vaga, c. 1541

Solon giving his laws to the Athenians.Ο Σόλων δίνει τους νόμους του στους Αθηναίους.National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

Poet, philosopher, statesman[23.5] πε δ πρ ς δωρ ο τε ποταμο ς ἐ ὶ ὲ ὸ ὕ ὔ ῖστιν ενάοις ο τε λίμναις τισ ν ο τ' ἐ ἀ ὔ ὶ ὔφθόνοις πηγα ς χώρα διαρκής, λλ' ο ἀ ῖ ἡ ἀ ἱ

πλε στοι φρέασι ποιητο ς χρ ντο, νόμον ῖ ῖ ἐ ῶγραψεν, που μέν στι δημόσιον φρέαρ ἔ ὅ ἐντ ς ππικο , χρ σθαι τούτ : τ δ' ἐ ὸ ἱ ῦ ῆ ῳ ὸππικ ν διάστημα τεσσάρων ν σταδίων: ἱ ὸ ἦπου δ πλε ον πέχει, ζητε ν δωρ διον: ὅ ὲ ῖ ἀ ῖ ὕ ἴν δ ρύξαντες ργυι ν δέκα βάθος παρ' ἐὰ ὲ ὀ ὀ ῶ

αυτο ς μ ε ρωσι, τότε λαμβάνειν παρ ἑ ῖ ὴ ὕ ὰτο γείτονος ξάχουν δρίαν δ ς κάστης ῦ ἑ ὑ ὶ ἑμέρας πληρο ντας: πορί γ ρ ετο δε ν ἡ ῦ ἀ ᾳ ὰ ᾤ ῖ

βοηθε ν, ο κ ργίαν φοδιάζειν. ρισε δ ῖ ὐ ἀ ἐ ὥ ὲκα φυτει ν μέτρα μάλ' μπείρως, [ὶ ῶ ἐ 23.6] το ς μ ν λλο τι φυτεύοντας ν γρ πέντε ὺ ὲ ἄ ἐ ἀ ῷπόδας πέχειν το γείτονος κελεύσας, το ς ἀ ῦ ὺδ συκ ν λαίαν ννέα. πο ωτέρω γ ρ ὲ ῆ ἢ ἐ ἐ ῤῥ ὰξικνε ται τα τα τα ς ίζαις, κα ο π σι ἐ ῖ ῦ ῖ ῥ ὶ ὐ ᾶ

γειτνι το ς φυτο ς σιν ς, λλ κα τροφ ν ᾷ ῖ ῖ ἀ ῶ ἀ ὰ ὶ ὴπαραιρε ται κα βλάπτουσαν νίοις ῖ ὶ ἐ

πο ο ν φίησι. βόθρους δ κα τάφρους ἀ ῤῥ ὴ ἀ ὲ ὶτ ν βουλόμενον κέλευσεν ρύσσειν, σον ὸ ἐ ὀ ὅμβάλλει βάθος, φιστάμενον μ κος ἐ ἀ ῆ

τ λλοτρίου: κα μελισσ ν σμήνη ἀ ὶ ῶκαθιστάμενον πέχειν τ ν φ' τέρου ἀ ῶ ὑ ἑπρότερον δρυμένων πόδας τριακοσίους.ἱ

Professor: Emmanuel Andreadakis

Νόμοι Διαχείρισης Υδατικών Πόρων στο παρελθόν

• Perino del Vaga, c. 1541

Ποιητής, Φιλόσοφος, ΚυβερνήτηςΑπόσπασμα του νόμου του Σόλωνα που αναφέρεται στις επιτρεπόμενες αποστάσεις ανόρυξης νέου φρέατος από υφιστάμενο δημόσιο ή ιδιωτικό φρέαρ («Πλουτάρχου, Σόλων, 23»):

Επειδή δεν υπάρχουν ούτε ποταμοί μόνιμης ροής, ούτε λίμνες, ούτε άφθονες πηγές στην χώρα, αλλά οι περισσότεροι χρησιμοποιούσαν κατασκευασμένα φρέατα, έγραψε νόμο, όπου υπάρχει σε ακτίνα 740 μέτρων δημόσιο φρέαρ να χρησιμοποιούν αυτό…όπου δεν υπάρχει, να κατασκευάζουν μόνοι τους…αν δεν βρουν νερό σε βάθος 18,50 μέτρων, τότε να παίρνουν από τον γείτονα μία υδρία από δύο φορές την ημέρα…όρισε και αποστάσεις στις καλλιέργειες…διατάζοντας ό,τι όποιοι φυτεύουν οτιδήποτε άλλο να απέχει 1,50 μέτρα από του γείτονα, και όποιοι φυτεύουν συκιά ή ελιά, να απέχει 2,70 μέτρα, γιατί οι ρίζες τους φτάνουν πιο μακριά και αφαιρούν την τροφή από τα γειτονικά τους, ή τα βλάπτουν, οι απορροές τους…και όποιος θέλει να ανοίξει βόθρους και τάφρους, τότε σε όσο βάθος φτάνουν, τόσο να απέχουν και μεταξύ τους, και όποιος βάζει μελίσσια, να απέχουν από τα ήδη υφιστάμενα απόσταση 90 μέτρα.

Solon giving his laws to the Athenians.Ο Σόλων δίνει τους νόμους του στους Αθηναίους.National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

Καθηγητής: Εμμανουήλ Ανδρεαδάκης

Water Resources Governing Laws during the ancient ages

• Perino del Vaga, c. 1541

Poet, philosopher, statesmanSolon’s law segment making reference to the specified distances should be kept between new drilling and both private and public already existing drilled water well («Πλουτάρχου, Σόλων, 23»):

Owing to the fact there hasn’t been either perennial rivers, or lakes, or even abundant springs throughout the country, but instead most of the inhabitants used to get water by artificially constructed wells, he wrote a law, to use a public well, where existed within a radius of 740 metres…on the contrary, where a public not existed, to construct (drill) a new themselves…if they didn’t discover water within a depth of 18,50 metres, then they had to get a hydria twice a day from their neighbor’s owned water…he also defined certain clearances to be kept between the crops…ordering that whoever planted whatever else to make sure a clearance of 1,50 metres had been kept between the new crop and the neighbor’s pre-existent one, and whoever planted either a fig-tree or an olive-tree, should be as much distant as to 2,70 metres, due to the fact that their root system network reached further and subtracted the necessary nutrients from the neighboring trees, or they harmed them via their drippings…and whoever desired to install new cesspits and wastewater disposal trenches, then they should be distant between each other as much as the installed depth they reached, and whoever established an settled new beehives outdoors, to make certain a clearance of 90 metres between them and the neighboring pre-existent ones had been kept .

Solon giving his laws to the Athenians.Ο Σόλων δίνει τους νόμους του στους Αθηναίους.National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

Professor: Emmanuel Andreadakis

Of even greater importance

than land is water

Aristotle 384 - 322 BC

Professor: Thomas Spanos

«Πρέπει να μετρήσουμε ό,τι είναι μετρήσιμο και να καταστήσουμε μετρήσιμο ό,τι δεν είναι»

Γαλιλαίος 1564-1642

«We have to measure whatever is measurable and set measurable whatever it

isn’t»

Galileo Galilei 1564-1642

Inspired by & especially dedicated to :

Prof. Emmanouloudis A. Dimitrios (President-Forest Engineer-Hydrologist – Adaptive Watershed Management Specialist)

Dr. Zaimes N. George (Forest Engineer-Hydrologist-Riparian Areas Management & Conservation Specialist)

Dr. Iakovoglou Valasia (Eco-Hydrologist)

Dr. Papadopoulos N. Antonios (Wood Chemist & Technologist)

Prof. Kazana Vasiliki (Forester-Natural Resources Management & Economics)

Dr. Ioannou Konstantinos (“G.I.S.”, “HEC-RAS” & Hydrologic Models Specialist)

Inspired by & especially dedicated to :

Prof. Katopodes Nikolaos (President-Civil & Environmental Engineer-Hydrologist)

Dr. Merou Theodora (Forester-Rangeland Ecologist)

Prof. Koutitas Christoforos (Civil Engineer-Coastal, Marine & Water Resources Engineering Specialist)

Dr. Kaziolas Dimitrios (Civil Engineer)

Prof. Lazaridou-Athanasiadou G. Martha (Agriculture Scientist-Range Ecologist)

Prof. Maditinos I. Dimitrios (Business Administration, Informatics & Information Systems, Finance & Financial Modelling)

Dr. Kalabouka Kalliopi (Lawyer-Water Law & Policy Specialist)

Prof. Garcia Rodriguez Jose Luis (Forest & Hydraulics Engineer-Hydrologist)

Anderson-Madytianou Anna (MSc. In Finance & Financial Information Systems – Secretary of the “MSc. In Management of Water Resources in the Mediterranean”)

ESP. Lctr. Perdiki Fotini (Developping English Skills For Academic Studies)

Inspired by & especially dedicated to :

Prof. Xoplaki Elena (Implication of Climate Change on Water Resources today and in the future)

Inspired by & especially dedicated to :

Prof. Apostolidou Elena (The future of Water Management – Green Technologies & Desalination Techniques)

Dr. Vythoulkas George (Mechanical Engineer – Solar & Wind Energy Generation – Desalination Techniques)

Dr. Iordanou Gregory (Mechanical Engineer – Solar & Wind Energy Generation - Desalination Techniques)

Prof. Avtzis Nikolaos (Forester – Biologist - Forest Entomology Specialist)

Dr. Tsiftsis Spyros (Forester – Biologist – Botany Specialist)

Inspired by & especially dedicated to :

Prof. Takos ioannis (Forester – Forest Ecologist)

Prof. Demetriades Efstathios (Mathematician–Statistics-Business Administration)

Prof. Mitkidou Sofia (Chemistry Specialist)

Prof. Spanos Thomas (Chemistry Specialist)

Inspired by & especially dedicated to :

Kosmides Panagiotis (Forester)

Kampanis Kampanis (Forester)

“Bar Managers” in the

«“Department of Forestry & Natural

Environment Management” – “Drama”»

“…best quality coffee, snacks and

sweets, at the best prices, as

much as that provide the best

ideas for innovations to the

students…”

Paraskevopoulos Ioannis - CarpenterAmygdaleonas – Kavala - Greece

The “3-Inch “U.S.G.S.” Modified Portable Parshall Flume” under construction

Father of the Flume:

Ralph L. Parshall

Civil & Irrigation Engineer

(he invented it in Colorado –U.S.A. in 1922)

Ralph Parshall, taking Flume measurements (Copyright © 1946 CSU/Photography and Digital Imaging)

Diverging section

Conventional “Parshall Flume”

Installing a modified Parshall flume designed by the “U.S.G.S.”(modified 3-inch Parshall flume made of sheet iron)

A modified Parshall flume was designed by

“C. A. Taylor” and “H. C . Troxell” in 1931

(fig. on the left) and is virtually the same as

the conventional Parshall, except that it

does not have a diverging section and is

used only under free-flow conditions.

Diverging section is missing (being removed)

“Emmet McGuire”, a “hydrologic technician” with «“United States Geological Survey” (“U.S.G.S.)”», levels a “3-Inches portable modified Parshall flume”, to check on the flow of the “San Pedro River” near the agency’s “Charleston gauge” (“Bill Hess-Herald/Review”).

(Check the link): “http://gallery.usgs.gov/videos/212”.

“Thomas K. Papalaskaris” introduced & implemented it first time in “Granitis» village-Drama Greece in 2013.

Unpacking and unloading the «“3-Inch “U.S.G.S.” Modified Portable ”Rarshall Flume”»

… to install the «“3-Inch “U.S.G.S.” Modified Portable ”Rarshall Flume”»

Opening way in the virgin forest, investigating for the most appropriate site…

Konstantinos Kasapides (Father of “Iordanis Kasapides”)

Konstantinos Kasapides (Father of “Iordanis Kasapides”)

Extracting soil by means of a shovel to pack the flume all around (sides and underneath)

Levelling the flume lengthwise (longitudinally) and crosswise (laterally) by means of a spirit level

Small earth dam construction by means of riparian soil…

…in order to provide raising in elevation to the flume with the view to ensure “free flow conditions” at the flume’s exit at all time

The water flow through the flume commences…

Iordanis Kasapides – Forester (Graduate of “Department of Forestry - Drama”)

Levelling the flume lengthwise (longitudinally) and crosswise (laterally) by means of a “spirit level”

Leakage not only minimized but absolutely eliminated all around the flume (under & beside)

Streamflow Rate (“Discharge”): 0.75ltrs/sec (2.70m3/hour)

Rating Table

Stilling Well (calibrated all around)

Είμαστε σκληροί και πειθαρχικοί είμαστε του «MSc.» του Τμήματος Δασοπονίας - Δράμας οι Πολιτικοί Μηχανικοί

We are tough we are discipline we are the Civil Engineers of the «MSc.» of the Department of Forestry - Drama

C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G

We Construct the World

Thanks for your attention !