:

,

:

: , .

: .,

, ., , . .,

: .,

, ., , . .,

, ., , .,

, .,

, .,

H , , , . , . , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , .

, ,

.

, , .

, , .

V, , . , , .

.1) , . 2) .3) , , , .

: , , , , , ,

Title of PhD thesis The influence of Urban and Environmental Law on the creation of other legal rules

Dr. Stefanos Gerasimou

bstract

The PhD thesis studies the influence and contribution of Urban and Environmental Law to the evolution and creation of other parts of the law. The research is mostly focused on provisions concerning urban planning, urbanisation and the protection of built environment and of architectural heritage. The aim of the PhD thesis consists in proving the central role of the fore mentioned rules on the legal system of modern complex society and in writing down the new scientific elements which derive from the above phenomenon. With the methodology followed, first the evolution of urban planning and building rules and of those referring to the protection of architectural environment is examined. The periods studied are classical Greece, the Hellenistic, the Roman, the Byzantine Empire and Middles Ages. Furthermore the research comprises Greece and Western Europe from the 15th century till nowadays. The above methodology ends in forming a relation which expresses the interaction and contribution of the spiral evolution of the most important historic events, of the society and economy, of philosophic currents, of the political regime and system and of art to the creation and evolution of urban and environmental rules. Emphasis is given on architecture for it has a direct effect on the physiognomy of the city. Next the influence of the fore mentioned provisions on the most important parts of the Greek positive law, such as Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Property Law, Law of Obligations and Penal Law, is examined, taking under consideration the evolution of Greek jurisprudence. Finally the research ends in the following theses and conclusions.1) The analysis of the most important factors leading to the creation of urban and environmental rules is systemised, following a specific order through a spiral evolution. 2) The positive contribution of urban and environmental provisions to the evolution of rules and concepts of the most important fields of the Greek positive law is shown. 3) A holistic approach of Law is presented, centred on the protection of the environment and of the city landscape.

Key words: Urban Law, Environmental Law, Holistic pproach of Law, Protection of the nvironment, Cultural Heritage, Built Environment, Town Planning

- ....

OY OY

2005

. . () () . . (). . . . ()

.. () ()

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 16 . 19 .8. 19 . 9. 19 . 10. 20 .

1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 2.

2.1. 2.2. 3. 3.1. 3.2. 4.

II

1. 2. 3. 4. 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 5. 6. O 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. , 6.4. 6.4.1. 6.4.2. 7. 8. 8.1. 8.2.

8.3. 8.4. 8.5. 8.6. 8.7. 9. 10.

1. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 3. 4.

1. 1.1. 1.1.1. 1.1.2.

. . . 1.1.3. . . . 1.1.4. 1.1.5. 1.2. 1.2.1 . . 1.2.2. 1.2.3. . . . . . 1.3. 1.3.1. 1.3.2. 1.3.3. 1.4. 1.4.1. 1.4.2. 1.4.3. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2.

1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 2.

IV

1. 2. 3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3.

2002, . , . , , . (75%) (25%).

, , , , , , , , .

, . , , , , . . , , . . . , , . , . ,

. , . . . , .

.

, 2005

, , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , . , . .

. , . , . , , , . , , ,

. , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , .

.

, .

, , , , , 16 . , 19 . 21 .

.

. , , , .

, .

, . 1975, 1986 2001, , . , , . , .

. . , , . , .

, , , , , , . .

, , .

V , . , , .

.

: , , , , , 1. . , , , , , . 2. , , , , 3. - . . , 4.

. :

1 ., , , 79, 2001. 2 Despotopoulos J. , La structure idologique des cits, NTUA Press, 1997, . 20.3 Stefanou J., Hatzopoulou A. , Approche pluridisciplinaire de lespace; vers une anthropologie des lieux . Recueil des textes sur lanthropologie des lieux, . , , 1991. 4 Despotopoulos J. , . ., . 20.

() (), (). () , , , (). , (). :

[ (, )]

, . , , , , . , , , , , , 18 19 .

1.

, 478-318 .., , , 5. 478-7 .. , , , 494 ..

5 .., , . , 1994, . 92.

425 .. 400. , 454 .. . (431-404 ..) (412 ..). , 378-7 .., , , 6. , . .

. , . , 7, . ) , ) . . , , . , , , 6 ., , . , , . 264-273. , . , 2003, 20, . 382. 7 . ., , . .., 1995, . 84.

, 8. .

, , .

. , 9. , , . , . 10, . , , , 11. , , , 40.000 . : , , , , , 8 . ., . ., . 83-84.9 . ., , 5 , 1998, . 231-232. 10 , , 2, 2, . , 1993, . 53, 69.11 ., , . .

, , 12. 13.

, , . . , - 14.

, , 15. 5 . .., . 5 , , . 16

12 ., , , . , 1992, . 97.13 ., , . , 1993, . 31. 14 ., - , , , . , 2000, . 76. 15 Gombrich E.H., , . , 1994, . 99-105.16 . . , (. 132 D-. 100 D). . . .

17. 18. . , , , . , , , 19. , , , , 20.

. , 21. , , , , 22. . ( ) ( ), ( ) 23. , ,

, . , 1998, . 34.17 ., , . , .. .., 1996, . 103.18 .., . . . 93.19 .., . . . 94.20 .., . ., . 44.21 ., , . .22 . , 2, 1.1.23 ., , . .

, , , , 24, , 25. , , , . 26. , , 27. , 3 .. 28. 29. , . 30 , - 31.

, , , 32 , . , , , , , , 24 .., . . . 97.25 Lavedan P., Histoire de lUrbanisme, . Laurens, 1926, . 113.26 ., ., . ., . 25.27 ., , . .28 ., ., . ., . 23.29 Travlos J., Athnes au fils du temps, . Cuenot, , 1972.30 ., ., . ., . 23.31 .., . ., . 47. 32 , , 9.1.11.

, , . 33. , , 34. , , . , 35. . 494 .. 36. 37 , , , 38. , 39. 40.

33 - ., . , . , 1992, . 39-43.34 , , -401D.35 , , 55, 1.36 . ., . ., . 91-93.37 , . , , ., ., . ., . 23.38 .., . ., . 47-48. 39 ., ., . ., . 97.40 .., . ., . 92.

, . , , . .

. 450 .. . . - , , 41. , 42. 313 .. , 494 .. . , 43.

2.

41 ., ., . ., . 86, 92.42 ., - , , . , 2000, . 66. 43 .., . ., . 44.

. 336 .., , 321 .., , -. 30 .. , , 44.

. , . . , , .

, , 45. , . : , , . , 44 , . , 2000, . 78.45 , . ., . 78, Hammond N. G. L., . , , . , 1999, . 318.

. 46. , . , .

47, , . , , , 48. , 49. . , , . , , 50. - 51. ,

46 Hammond N. G. L., . ., . 317-318.47 , , , . 48 Gaarder J., , . -.. , 1994, . 163-164.49 . ., . ., . 218.50 Gaarder J., . ., . 164-166.51 . ., . ., . 250.

. , . , , , , 52. , 53, , 54. .

. . , 55. , , , , , . . , 52 Gaarder J., . ., . 166-168.53 . ., . ., . 250.54 . ., . ., . 264.55 Hammond N. G. L., . ., . 195-206.

. , , , , 56.

, , , , . . , , . . , . , , , , , , , 57. , . , , , . 58. , 59.

, , 56 Hammond N. G. L., . ., . 313-320.57 Gombrich E.H., . ., . 108-114.58 ., ., . ., . 29.59 Gombrich E.H., . ., . 108.

, , 60. 61. . , , , , . 31 . , . , , 62.

3.

, , , 30 .. 476 .. 610 .. . 27 .. , , 117 .. , 212 .. , 313 .., 330 .. , 395 .. 476 .. 63. , ,

60 - ., , . , 1981, . 64.61 ., 1975/86/2001, . . . , - 2003, . 44 . 62 ., ., . ., . 24.63 , . ., . 88, 18-19.

, .

. , 64, , , , , 65. pax romana , 2 , 66. 3 , , . , , . , . , . , , 3 , , 64 Atlas historique, . Perrin, , 1987, . 101.65 , . ., . 89.66 Atlas historique, . ., . 101.

. 67. , , , .

, , 68. (106-43 ..), . , 69, . 70. , , 71. (204 205-269 270 ..) 72. ,

67 Atlas historique, . ., . 101.68 . , .69 . (360-270 ..), . . . ., . ., . 264.70 , . . . . ., . ., . 248-249.71 . ., . ., . 270.72 . ., . ., . 280.

73. , 74, 75 : . , , , , , 76. , , , . , .

. -, - . , . , .

73 . ., . ., . 264.74 . ., . ., . 28-37.75 , , . 76 Lallement M., , . , 2001, . 32.

-, . 77.

78. . , , , . , , 79. , 80. . . , , , , , , 81. , . , , .

77 . ., . ., . 102.78 Atlas historique, . ., . 83.79 - ., . ., . 61-73. 80 : , . Gombrich E.H., . ., . 117. 81 - ., . ., . 61-73.

, : , 82. , 83. . , , , 84. . . , . , , . , . , 85.

. 82 . 1 . .. , , , , . . .., . ., . 209.83 Gombrich E.H., . ., . 117.84 Gombrich E.H., . ., . 121, Atlas historique, . ., . 83. 85 Gombrich E.H., . ., . 134-137.

, 86. , , , , 87. , fori , 88. 89. - , , , , , , , 90.

-, - , . : ) , , cardo (-) decumanus (-), ) , , )

86 - ., . ., . 65.87 Gombrich E.H., . ., . 121-122.88 - ., . ., . 65.89 - . , , , . , 2000, . 47.90 - ., . ., . 64-65.

, , ) - (), ) , , 91. forum, , 92. , , , 93. , , , , 94. . . 321 , , 95. (362/363) 96. 97.

91 . ., . ., .102.92 .., . ., . 113-114. 93 .., . ., . 116. 94 ., . ., . 44 . 95 C. 8.10.2. 96 C. 8.10.7. 97 . 58.11.6 . , , , . 58.11.7 . H. J. Scheltema-N. Van der Wal ( . VIII, D. Holwerda), Basilicotum libri LX, Series A, . -

4.

476 .., 1453. , (527-565) 610 , . 98 610 1453 , , , . , 726 843, (976-1025) , 1054, 1204, 1261 1453 99.

. , , .

VIII, Groningen . 1955-1988. . ., , + 1995, 2, . . . , . 349-371. 98 , . ., . 88, 18-19, Atlas historique, . ., . 135.99 , . ., . 112-113.

, , , 100. , , . , , 101 . , . , . , , , , , , , , , 102. , , 14 15 , , , , , , , , 103. , , 104. 7 - 105, , 106. , 107. 100 . , . ., .197-199.101 , 12 . 102 . ., . ., . 201.103 . ., . ., . 206.104 . ., . ., . 199.105 7 .106 . ., . ., . 204.107 , 11 . . ., , 392-1204. , . ., . ., . 197.

, , 108. , 109 , . , , , , . , .

, . 110, , , 111. , - , . (monismus), , 112. : ,

108 . ., . ., . 199.109 . ., . ., . 206.110 , (480-550), Monte Cassino. 5 6 (Marcianus Capella) , (560-636), , . . ., . ., . 306.111 . ., . ., . 304.112 . ., . ., . 285.

9 , 15 . , , 313 , . , , 113, , 114, . ( 500) . , , , 115. , , . (820-891) (1018-1096). , . , . (1042-1054) , ,

113 , , .114 (295-373), , (329-390), , , , . (330-379), , . . (354-430) Bonaventura (1221-1274). 115 . ., . ., . 292-301.

: , , , , . 116. 12 (1270-1332), , , . , (Socialismus) , . 117. , 118. , . 119 . 120 . , , 11 .

116 . . . ., . 306-311.117 . ., . ., . 314.118 . ., . ., . 315. 119 ., . .120 Atlas historique, . ., . 171.

, 121, . , , , 122, 123. , , , . , , , 124. , . , . , , , , , . , . ,

121 ., , , . ., . 874.122 .123 ., , , . ., . 883.124 ., , , . ., . 876, 880.

, 125.

, , . 7 , , 126. . 127. () 128. , , . 129. 11 125 , (1118-1143), . , : , , . , . . , , , , . , , . ., , , . ., . 888-889. 126 ., , , . ., . 860.127 . ., . ., . 199.128 . ., . ., . 190.129 ., , , . ., . 859-860.

. , 130. 11 15, , , , , , , . 1261 131 132.

-

. , . , , . , , 133. , , 134, 135

130 . ., . ., . 203.131 , . ., , , . ., . 869.132 . ., . ., . 192.133 - ., . ., . 98-99.134 .135 . , 1063,

136. . , , 5 , , 5 137. , , , , . , , , , 138. 139 , , , . ,

, . , , - , . - ., . ., . 103.136 - ., . ., . 102.137 - ., . ., . 117.138 ., . ., . 80.139 , , , 360 , 532 537 . 32,6 , , . . - ., . ., . 105-108.

, 140. , , . , . , , , , , , . , 141. , , 988.

. 398 , 142. , 143.

140 - ., . ., . 105-106.141 Gombrich E. H., . ., . 138.142 C. 8.11.14, B 58.12.14 . 143 . ., . ., . 51.

, 144. . , 145 . 14 , , , () (). . , . 146.

, . (474/475 476-491), 63 165 113 , 147. , , , 148.

144 . , , 2.1.145 . , , 2.1.146 . ., . ., . 211.147 , , (C. 8. 10. 12. 6 b). , , (58. 12. 23) ( 9. 43), . . ., . . . ., Jus graecoromanum, 1931 (. Aelen 1962), . , . 240, ., , - 1986, . 122 . 148 222, . (. 58.11.2) .

. (opera nobilia) . 149. , , 150. . , , , , . 537, 532 151. 45 152 , (13/14 .) 153 , 20 58

, .149 C. Th. 15.1.29.150 . ., , . . 151 - ., . ., . 106.152 10 . . , Geoponicorum sive de re rustica libri XX () post Petri Needhami curas () ab Io. Nicolao Niclas, 1781, . , . 203 .153 Metochitae Theodori, Miscellanea philosophica et historica, . Th. Kiessling, 1821, . 1966.

. , , 154.

5.

. 4 7 . , , , , 542. 7 10 . , 8 9 . 155. 962 (10-14 .), . (14-16 .) , , (1337-1453) 156. .

154 . 13 58 , 16 , , . 12 43 . 391 , (7.1.13), (12.35.12) , (57.3.12) ( 4.18). . ., , . . 155 800 . Atlas historique, . ., . 119.156 , . ., . 19-21, 100, . ., . ., . 139-140.

: , 157. , . , , , , , . , . , , 158. . 5 10 , 159. , . , 1200-1453 160.

157 Lallement M., . ., . 33.158 ., , , . ., . 930-931. 159 Lallement M., . ., . 32-33.160 . (814). .

12 . , , , (bellatores) 161. , , , .

, , 162. (1225-1274), (1193-1280), Summa Theologiaie, . , , , , 163. . , , : 164. , Bonaventura (1221-1274) 165.

(11 -15 .). . . ., . ., . 286,318, 320.161 Lallement M., . ., . 34.162 Lallement M., . ., . 33.163 Lallement M., . ., . 35.164 . ., . ., . 336-337.165 : , , , . , (1172-1221) (1181-1226) , , ,

166 , (1260-1327) . , .

, , 167. , , , , . 11 . . (1073-1085) , . (1198-1216), , 1302 , 168.

. . ., . ., . 336-339, ., , , . ., . 930-931, , . ., . 100.166 . ., . ., . 340-346.167 , , , , , , , . Lallement M., . ., . 35, , . ., . 100.168 , . ., . 100.

, (1330-1984). (1378-1415) 169.

, 170 , . : ) , , ) ) 171. , , 172. , . , , . 12 . Ile de France, ,173 174, 175. : ) , ) , ) ) . 169 , . , . 101.170 .171 - ., . ., . 128-134.172 - ., . ., . 134, 140.173 Saint Denis, Lan, Sartre, , Beauvais, Leman Burges . - ., . ., . 167174 - ., . ., . 165-167.175 - ., . ., . 135.

176.

, . . , , , , , 177. () , , , 178.

: ) , (castrum), , (bourg). 11 . , . 11 . (locatores). , (forum), ,

176 - ., . ., . 173-176.177 , , , , (, ), ( ) . , . ., . 38. 178 . ., . ., . 185.

179. 14 . , 80% , . , , , 180. , , 181 , , 182.

13 15 ., , , , , , , . des la Roche Villehardouin 13 ., Acciaiuoli 14 . 183.

6.

179 11 . 120 , 1200-1400 1500 . . ., . ., . 174.180 , -, , , . . ., . ., . 181.181 Lavedan . Lavedan, 1926, . 252-4, 442-3.182 . ., . ., . 158, 169, Lavedan, 1926a, . 227-269, 1926, . 252-4, 442-3.183 Loriot D., Les Princes dOrient. Histoire de la Grce franque (1204-1430), . Librairie Kauffmann, 2004, . 159, 252.

15 . 19 . , . 1453, (1520-1566), 1567 1661 184 185.

-

, . . 1530 3000 99% 186. 1653 1836 , 90.000 150.000 1837 187. 184 1571: , 1591: , 1606: .185 1 1922 . ., , , . ., . 198-199, 223, Atlas historique, . ., . 204-205, 363. 186 4 , 10,2% 1529 1570. .. - , . . , . , , 1985, . 52187 1837 55.000 , 45.000 , 13.000 , 5.000 12.000 . 130.000 . Fragakis E., The Raya Communities of Smyrna in the 18th century (1690-1820). Demography and economic activities, , . ., . 28-29.

18 . , , , , 188. , .

, 189 190. , (): ) , , , , ) , ) , ) ) 191. .

, , ,

188 Fragakis E., . ., . 30-32.189 , 6 . , , , , , . () , . , , . ., , , . ., . 218.190 Braudel F., , . , 2003, . 157.191 ., , , . ., . 218.

. , , , 192. : . (), 19 ., 4, , , . , (, , ), : (), (), () (). (), , , (--) () 193. , , , (-) 1730 , , , , 194.

, (), (nahiye, ) (mahalle), , , (millet) , , . , 192 Braudel F., . ., . 159. 193 ., , , . ., . 198.194 ., , , . ., . 199.

1839, , . , , . , . , , (mimarbasi mimar aga) (sehiremini) 195.

, . , , , . , , , , (), , 196. , 197. , , , , , , , , . . , , 198.

195 . . 19 . University Studio Press, 2004, . 20, 23, 24.196 www . enduro . gr / files / contact _ gr . shtml 197 Le Petit Larousse illustr, . Larousse, 1992, . 553.198 7 (1603-1617). .

http://www.enduro.gr/files/contact_gr.shtml

. , . , , , , 199.

(millet). , , , , , , , . 200. , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , , 201.

43 . 23,5 ., , 5 ., . 51 . 53 . www.enduro.gr/files/contact_gr.shtml 199 www.enduro.gr/files/contact_gr.shtml 200 Raymond A., Les caractres gnraux des villes arabes lpoque moderne, , . ., . 15-25.201 . . ., . 24. , , , ,

http://www.enduro.gr/files/contact_gr.shtmlhttp://www.enduro.gr/files/contact_gr.shtmlhttp://www.enduro.gr/files/contact_gr.shtml

, , 202. , , , 203. , 204 .

, , . 17 18 , , 205. (1788) , , . 28 , , , 206 207.

7. 16 . 19 .

. www . enduro . gr / files / contact _ gr . shtml 202 Raymond A., . .203 ., : , , , . ., . 297 .204 . . ., . 32.205 Nehama J., Histoire des Isralites de Salonique, t. VI, VII, . Communaut Isralite de Thssalonique, 1978, . 19, 381-419.206 ., . ., . 35-36.207 . , , 3.2.

http://www.enduro.gr/files/contact_gr.shtml

. 16 17 . . , , , . , (1483-1546) (1509-1564) , (1562-1598) (1618-1648). , (1563), . , , , (1648) 1806, , . , (1661-1715) (1800-1814), 1789 . 1815 , 208. .

208 , . ., . 182-187, 190-193, Atlas historique, . ., . 309.

16 . 80% , , , 209. 15% , . 5-6.000 5 10.000 , , , 50.000 . , 200.000 210. , , , 211. , , , 212. , , 213, . 1700 , , ,

209 . ., . ., . 252.210 . ., . ., . 252-253. , . ., . 180.211 1529 1531 60% . . ., . ., . 258.212 . ., . ., . 258.213 . 1700, , , , . . , . ., . 178.

, , 214.

, , , . , , , , . 215. , 16 19 . , , , , , . .

, , . 216. (1439) . , . (1355-1452) 214 , . ., . 180.215 , . , . ., . 178.216 Braudel F., . ., . 467.

217. : . Niphus (1473-1546) P. Pomponatius (1462-1525) 218. , J. Reuchlin (1455-1552), . , , . Montaigne (1533-1592), 219. 220. (1596-1650), , . : ) , ) , ) ) 221. , , 222. Spinoza (1632-1677) Leibniz (1646-1716), , , , 18 ., 223. 217 . ., . ., . 348.218 . , . 219 . ., . ., . 349.220 . ., . ., . 356-357, Braudel F., . ., . 494.221 . ., . ., . 357.222 . ., . ., . 358.223 . ., . ., . 359-362.

. Lock (1632-1704), tabula rasa, Berkeley (1685-1753) Hume (1711-1776), 224. , ntesquieu (1689-1755), (1694-1778), , Wolff (1679-1754), Lessing (1729-1781) Hamann (1730-1788) 225. ) , ) , ) 226. 18 . , (1712-1778), , , . , . 227. Kant (1724-1804), . , Kant , , 228. , , .

224 . ., . ., . 364-367.225 . ., . ., . 368-374.226 ., , , . ., . 299. 227 ., , , . ., . 299. 228 . ., . ., . 374-377.

. Machiavelli (1469-1527) . Hobbes (1508-1679) , , , 229. , , (1572-1648), (1640-1668) (1640-1652) (1648-1653) 230. , . Montesquieu , 231. , , , 1789.

, . , , 229 . ., . ., . 352-354. 230 , . ., . 184.231 . ., . ., . 368-371.

. , , . . Brunelleschi (1377-1446) . Brunelleschi , . , . 232. , , , , , 233. Leone Battista Alberti (1404-1472) 234. (palazzi) , , Pitti, Strozzi Pandolfini. palazzi , . , , , , , 235.

232 - ., . ., . 219-224.233 , , . - ., . ., . 227.234 - ., . ., . 227-228.235 - ., . ., . 227-228.

, . , Palazzo della Cancelleria . , , , , , , , 236. , 237, ( ) 238.

, , 239. , . , , Della Porta. , 240. 241. . , , 236 - ., . ., . 244.237 ., , , . ., . 49.238 . , , . - ., . ., . 249-250. 239 - ., . ., . 249. . ., . ., . 356.240 Gombrich E.H., . ., . 389-390.241 - ., - ., . ., . 271-272.

242. . , 243. , , . , . , , , , 244.

, . , , 245. , . , , , 246. 242 - ., . ., . 279.243 (1679) , . - ., . ., . 300-316. 244 - ., . ., . 343. 245 Vitruve, De larchitecture, , . V, . Les Belles Lettres, 1990.246 Mumford L., The city in history. Its origins, its transformations and its prospects, . Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc, 1961, . 348, 351. Lagopoulos A. Ph., From the stick to the region: Space as a social instrument of semiosis, Semiotica 1996 (1/2), . 99-105. . ., . ., . 259-264.

247. , . 248. , , (necessitas) (commoditas) , . , 249. (voluptas) , 250. Alberti (1404-1472) De Aedificatoria 251 Sforinda, Filarte (1404-1472) 252. Sforida , Palma Nuova (1593), ,

247 Lavedan . Lavedan P., Histoire de lurbanisme. Renaissance et temps modernes., . Henris Laurens 1959, 1959, . 32-33.248 . ., . ., . 260.249 . ., . ., . 259, 261-262.250 Lavedan P., Histoire, . ., . 12. . ., . ., . 261.251 Leon Battista Alberti . . ., . ., . 261.252 , , , . , , . , . , . . ., . ., . 263.

, Freudenstadt (1599), , , Charlesville, Charles, Nevers Mantua 253.

16 . 1573, , 16, 17 18 . , , , , 1666 1756. 16 17 , 18 19 254. . , , . , , 255. . O , , . , - . , Piazza del Popolo 256, 253 Lavedan P. , Histoire, . , . 76-118. . . , . ., . 265.254 - ., . , . . , , . ., . 393.255 ., . ., . 49-50.256 Piazza del Popolo , , .

Piazza Navona , 257. (1715), , 258, 259. , . . , , 18 . , 260.

, . 1462 , , 261.

8. 19 . .

257 - ., . ., . 264-265. 258 . ., . ., . 266.259 1666. Reddway .., The rebuilding of London after the Great Fire, 1951., . ., . ., . 267-269. 260 , , . To Place Royal, Place de la Carrire, . - ., . ., . 345. 261 ., . ., . 44 .

(1815), , . , , , ( 1867 ), ( 1871 ) 262, . . 19 ., , , 1848 . , 1870 , Reich, Bismarck. 19 . , , (1914-1918) 263. .

. , 1840-1850, 264. 19 .

262 1871.263 . ., . (1871-1945), . , 1997, . 41-58, , . ., . 216-217.264 , . ., . 210-211.

, , , , 30% 10.000 265. , 1815 1851, 2,5% . , , , , Balzac, Hugo Zola266. 1850 , , , . , . , . , . , , . 267 ().

, . 265 . ., . ., . 287-288.266 Braudel F., . ., 2003, . 529. Zola Au Bonheur des Dames , , 19 . , . 267 19 . 140% . . ., . ., . 306-308.

. B. Constant , . 268.

, . Saint Simon, 269. Proudhon , , 270. Saint Simon Proudhon, egel Marx , . Marx , , . Marx , 271.

A. Compte . A. Comte, ,

268 Lallement M., . ., . 65-66. 269 Saint Simon, Du systme industriel, 1821, . Le Nouveau Christianisme, . Point-Seuil, 1969, . 103-105. 270 Proudhon P.J., Quest-ce que la proprit ? , . Verboeckhoven & Cie, 1867, . 13-15. 271 Lallement M., . ., . 105-111. Marx K., Engels F., Manifeste du parti communiste, . Librio, 1998, . 26-41.

272.

A. De Tocqueville (1805-1859) o , , 273. , . Tocqueville , 274. (1814-1848) 1814 () 1830 ( ) . H , 1848 , 275. 4 1848 . 2 1851 14 1852 , (1852-1870) 276.

272 Compte A., Discours sur lesprit positif (1844) , La Science Sociale, . Gallimard, 1972, . 235-237. Lallement ., . ., . 68-71. 273 De Tocqueville ., De la dmocratie en Amrique, . Gallimard, 1961, , . 138 .274 Lallement ., . ., . 66-68. 275 45 4 1948. Gicquel J., Droit constitutionnel et institutions politiques, . Montchrestien, 1989, . 513-544.276 Gicquel J., . ., . 513-544.

Saint Simon 277. (1870-1946) , (1876-1879) 278. 1884 . 1830, , . 1832, 279. . , , . 19 . 1887 . 1890 , 1895 (CGT) 280. , 1898, , 281, 1901 , (Parti socialiste unifi) 1906. (Trade Unions) 1858-1867 , , 1869 282. ,

277 Le Petit Larousse illustr, . ., . 1300. Saint Simon Du Systme industriel, 1821, . Le Nouveau Christianisme, . Point-Seuil, 1969, . 103-105.278 (1875-1946), (dualiste) (moniste) . , . 279 Factbook of British History Rainbow Books , 1993, . 160-161.280 Braudel F., . ., . 532.281 Rosanvallon P., La nouvelle question sociale. Repenser lEtat-providence., . Seuil, 1998, . 31.282 Braudel F., . ., . 532.

1917 .

, , , , . , , Richardson (Clarisse Harlowe, 1747), Goethe (Werther, 1774), 19 . Lamartine, Hugot Chateaubriand , . (1830-1848) (Manzoni, Leopardi) (J. Zorilla). , , Berlioz ( ) Beethoven ( ), , David Delacroix David dAngers. , Gaspar David Friedrich (1774-1840), , , Lamartine 283. , , , 284.

. 19 .

283 Le Petit Larousse illustr, . ., . 873. E.H. Gombrich, . ., . 497.284 The Impressionists, Collins, UK 2002, . 8-12.

. 19 ., , , , . , , , , 285. 19 . . , , 286. 19 . , , , , , Art Nouveau Liberty, . Belle poque 20 . 287.

. , 19 . . : Viollet Le Duc, , John Ruskin, . , , , 285 Storia dellarchitettura IV, www.francescomorante.it/pag_a/a004.htm. 286 - ., . ., . 371, 382. 287 Storia dellarchitettura IV, www.francescomorante.it/pag_a/a004.htm

http://www.francescomorante.it/pag_a/a004.htmhttp://www.francescomorante.it/pag_a/a004.htm

288. 1830 (Inspection Gnrale des Monuments Historiques). 1835 , 1912, (Ancient Monuments Act) 289.

, G. Haussmann, . (decret-loi) 26 1852, , 290. , , , boulevards , , , 291. Haussmann, . , Caillebotte Pissarro,

288 Storia dellarchitettura IV, . ., ., ., ., , . , 1995, . 27.289 . . , , . - , 2001, . 22 .290 Jacquot ., Priet F., Droit de lurbanisme . Dalloz, 2001, . 21.291 The Impressionists, . ., . 9.

292. . , 1849 Buckingham. 10.000 . , . , . . , 293. , Hausmann, . 294.

, : 30 1887, , 1913, 21 1906, (sites), 1930, 295. 1909 , , . . 296.

292 The Impressionists, . ., . 9.293 Carter E., An introduction to urban historical geography . Edward Arnold, 1983, . 126-127. . ., . ., . 319-318.294 . ., . ., . 319.295 Jacquot ., Priet F. , Droit de lurbanisme . Dalloz, 2001, . 22.

9. 19 .

1821, 297 1834 . 19 20 . 19 . 298, 299, (1912-1913) , , . (, , ) (1914-1918) , , 28 1920 , , 300. , .

-

296 1874 . 1901 . (plans durbanisme) 1909 . Town Planning Act. 1919 ( 14 1919, loi Cornudet). Jacquot ., Priet F., . ., . 22.297 3/2/1830.298 1864.299 1884.300 , . , 1976. ., , , . ., . 324-325. Le Petit Larousse illustr, . ., . 1329-1330. ., : 19 ., 1960.

, 80% . 19 . . 301. , 19 ., 50.000 302. , 1870-1890, , , , , , 303.

1870 . 1820-1840 , , 18 . , . 1840 (1855) , . , - -, , , ,

301 ., . ., . 99-100.302 1870 , , 20.000 , 9.000 1821 44.510, 1870, 1,5 . . ., . ., . 101,149. , 1890, 1921, , , 1978. 303 ., . ., . 102.

304. 305 , , 306. (, , ), . 1910 , 1896 307.

20 . 308, , , , -. . 19 . , . , 1880 ,

304 ., , . 61-63.305 , 1839 , 1876 . 1877 , 1878 , . , 1881 . 1908 , . , . ., . 228. 306 15 ., 1845, () . ., , . ., . 67. 307 ., , . 184-186.308 1890-1909 1/3 .

309. 1905, , . 5.000 , 56,7% , 2.000-10.000 22,3% 10.000 21% 310. , 1880, , . 1920 300.000 5,5 ., 33,4% -. , 19 ., 311, .

. 17 . 1830 , . , : . . , , . , , . , , , 309 ., , . 151.310 ., , . 163.311 ., . ., . 102, 110-112.

. 1830 19 . 312. , , . , 313, , . .

. 1827 314. (1833-1843) 3 1843 . (1843-1862) 1844 315 1830 1831 316. 312 ., , , . ., . 297-301.313 1812 . , , . , . ., , , . ., . 300.314 36 5 . 18/1/1828.315 15, 20 21.316 . ., , . . . , - 1998, . 175.

11 1862, (1862-1924) 317. 17 1864 , ) 318, ) 319, ) 320. , 1875, , , . , 321, . 1 1911. 322 ) 323, ) 324, ) 325, ) 326, ) 327.

19 . . (belediye)

317 . ., . ., . 176.318 66.319 44 78 .320 3-20.321 . ., . .322 5 12.323 9.324 11.325 16.326 14.327 17.

328.

-

H . , K. Schinkel (1834), L. Klenze (1834) T. Hansen (1889), , . , , . Hansen, F. von Gaertner, . , , , , . , , , . Hansen. , . , E. Ziller. . , , , 329. O , . 1890 330.

328 1856. ., , . ., . 23, 78.329 , . , 1967, . 11-39.330 ., , . 165-167.

. . , . . 1822 , 1826 , . , . , 331. , . , , 332.

, , 3/15 1833 , 10/22 1834 L. von Maurer ,

331 ., , , . 1-2.332 -Tufano ., (1834-1939), . , 1998, . 16.

333. , , . , , , , . , 334. , . : ) . , ) , , 335. Klenze . , 1834 1837, 336. 19 20 . 1899 (24/27 ) 337 ,

333 -Tufano ., . ., . 16. ., ., ., . ., . 171. 334 ., , . , . , 1966, . 198-207.335 -Tufano ., . ., . 281.336 -Tufano ., . ., . 16.337 ., ., ., . ., . 171.

338. 1910 3721, 3729 3730 . , , . 339.

. . . E. Schaubert , , , , , . , , . 1834 Leo von Klenze, , Schaubert , , : , . F. von Gaertner , , . Klenze

338 ., .., . 198-207.339 -Tufano ., . ., . 162. ., . ., . 8-9.

340, , , , 341. , (1834), (1836), (1898), (1850) (1860) 342. 1917. , , , , . 5-6-1842 1867 343.

, , , , . 1880 , , , , , 344. 1890 , 20 , . , Luigi Storari 1856 Aksaray , , , ,

340 , . ., . 17-18. ., , . , 1997, . 18.341 ., , . ., . 18.342 ., , . , 1986, . 113.343 .., , . ., . 18.344 ., ..., . 141.

. . , . , Aya Sofia Cami ( ), 18 , Capanaca Hamam Matalon ( ), 12 . . , 19% 29%. 345 . 1910. 346. , 1917 . , , .

10. 20 .

1922, . 1923 .

345 ., , . 170-171. 346 ., , . 175.

(1941-1945), (1946) (1946-1949). . , , 1923, , , -, 347. 1930 . Brian . Herriot Stresemann. . . . . , . W. Churchill 19 1946 348. , 5 1949, (), 18 1951, J. Monnet, R. Schumann Adenauer. 25 1957, () (). , 349 347 ., , . /, 1982, . 55-56.348 ., , . ., . 56-57.349 1965 . 1986 31/12/1992. , 1992, (). , 1997, , , ,

, 1981 350. 2004 25 - . , . .

-

, . 1,5 . 351. , , , , . . 1920-1928, , 7,4% 352, . ,

Schengen . , 2001, . , . , . , 2004, . 266-269.350 Boulouis J., Droit institutionnel des communauts europennes, . Montchrestien, 1993, . 30-35.351 ., . , . . 26/4/1973.352 www . ime . gr

http://www.ime.gr/

, 353.

. 29/10/1929, 23 . 1932 354. 30 , 1929 355. , 356. 1928-1932, 357. , 1931 358.

, 30 . 16 . . , 1/3 359.

353 ., . ., . 104, 119. 354 , 1932, 24,9% 28%. 38% 62%. ., . 1826-1974, 6, . , 1975, . 484.355 , . ., . 264. 356 1930 7% . 30% 19% . Atlas historique, . ., . 425. 357 www . ime . gr 358 ., . 1826-1974, 6, . ., . 484-485.359 , . ., . 272 .

http://www.ime.gr/

: 500.000 , 155.000 , 111.000 , 1.700 . 40-80% , 50% 30% , 20%, , 50%. , , 70% 73% 360. , 100.000 , 700-750.000 , , 80.000 361. , 2-3 362. . 50, ( ) 363, 1950 35% 1938, 1964 250% 364. 1973 6% . , 365. , , , 360 www . ime . gr 361 www . ime . gr 362 1337/1983 , .363 Marshall. 1948 1952 2,8 . . fr.encyclopedia.yahoo.com/articles/ni/ni_3091_p0.html 364 , . ., . 272 .365 fr.encyclopedia.yahoo.com/articles/ni/ni_3091_p0.html

http://www.ime.gr/http://www.ime.gr/

. .

, 1952-1963 - . , , . ... (7% ) , 366. , , , 367. , . 1965-1970 , , 11% 368. 369. , - 370, . 1951 17% , 1961

366 www . ime . gr 367 ., . ., . 122.368 www . ime . gr 369 ., . ., . 123.370 1951 2/5 . ., . ., . 128-129.

http://www.ime.gr/http://www.ime.gr/

22%, 1971 29% 1978 38%. 1950-1970 , 371. , 41%, (50%), (48%) (45%) 372. , , , , , , , , , 373.

1973, 1973 374, , , 375. 1970-1990 , , . 1985 3 100 . , , 376.

371 ., . ., . 126.372 . 880/1979, . 373 ., . ., . 123.374 fr.encyclopedia.yahoo.com/articles/ni/ni_3091_p0.html 375 , . ., . 300.376 - , . 80 : , , . , . Hosbawm ., . 1914-1991, . , 1995, . 368 .

, . , . 80 . 1980-1984 25% , 1,5% 60 9,2% 80 377. .

1970-1990 24% 1960 (29,6%), 5,2% 60 5,8% 2% . 27% 7% 378. , , . 379.

1990 , . 90 : ( ), ( ) 380.

377 Hosbawm ., . ., . 368 .378 . 1650/1986 .379 37,1% 60 19,2% 70. ., . ., . 122, 127.380 2742/1999 .

, , , . 20 . , 80% : 20% 250.000 , 20% (50.000-250.000 ) 40% 10.000-50.000 . 10 . . 60-80% , 1/3 , , 381. 21 . . , , , 382. . , , 383, , , 384. 381 : , SCADPlus: Towards an urban agenda in the European Union.ht382 ., ., , . , -Gutenberg, 2004, .. 25, 30.383 7% 70 40% 2004. Turlin J.-L., Une plante a majorit urbaine en 2007, Le Figaro. 26.03.04.384 : , SCADPlus: Towards an urban agenda in the European Union.ht

20 . , , . , , , . , Apollinaire (lEsprit nouveau, 1917) . Breton ( , 1924), , , , , , , , 385. 20 ., . , . , , . , , , Heidegger, 386. Keynes - . - . , , 387.

385 Hosbawm ., . ., . 231 ., Le Petit Larousse illustr, . ., . 948.386 ., ., ., . , 1999, . 184-186.

- , 60 . , afka (1883-1924), Camus (1913-1960), Sartre (1905-1980) Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), . 80, , -. , , , . 20 ., , , , , 388. . : , , : ) , (, , , , , ) ) . , 389.

387 ., . 1826-1974, 6, . ., . 484. Ewald F., LEtat-providence, . Grasset, 1986, . 177.388 . , , 2.

.

, , . , . 390. , , , , , 19 ., . , 1925 1935. , , . 1917-1920 1928-1932. -, . 5733/1932 391, 392. , . 1945 393. 389 ., : , 24 . , + , . . . , - 2002. 390 Gicquel J., Droit constitutionnel et institutions politiques, . Montchrestien, 1989, . 545-546.391 , 364.392 ., . 1826-1974, 6, . ., . 486.393 Rosanvallon P., La nouvelle question sociale. Repenser lEtat-providence., . Seuil, 1998, . 27.

- . . 394.

-

. Freud . , S. Dali (1904-1989) . S. Dali , 1938 395 , , . , , . , , , 396.

, , , , Wright, , ,

394 . ., , . . , - 2003, . 27 .395 . 1.396 Gombrich E.H., . ., . 593-594.

397. , Bauhaus398, 20 . . auhaus . , , . , . auhaus 399. , , (jazz), , , 20. , , , , 400. , , , . , , , .

397 Gombrich E.H., . ., . 557-558.398 Dessau (1915-1933), . . o Gropius, o Mies van der Roche, o Lyonel Feininger, o Johannes Itten, o Oskar Schlemmer, o Paul Klee, o Wassily adinsky, o Malevich, o El Lissitzky, o Moholy-Nagy, O Bruno Taut, o Le Corbusier, o Hannes Meyer ..399 Gropius W., Bauhaus Manifesto 1919-1933, Bauhaus-archive museum of design.400 Hosbawm ., . ., . 560-562.

, , Guggenheim . , Notre Dame Le Raincy, Le Ronsan, Le Corbusier, , Nervi, , , 401.

. , 1932-1941 402. , , , , . , . , , . 403. , Hilton . 20 404.

60 pop art, , , Coca-

401 - ., . ., . 428-451. 402 . ., . ., . , 1991, . 93403 www . ime . gr 404 ., , , . . . , 2001, . 220.

http://www.ime.gr/

cola. , , . , , , 405. 60, , . 406. , , . . 407.

. , Calatrava 408 . , , . ,

405 www . francescomorante . it / pag _3/316. htm 406 ., . ., . 64.407 www . francescomorante . it / pag _3/316. htm , Hosbawm ., . ., . 656-657.408 Fantini M., Calatrava e un problema culturale, www.labacheca.re.it/ sez.asp?id_sezione=51

http://www.labacheca.re.it/sez.asp?id_sezione=51http://www.labacheca.re.it/sez.asp?id_sezione=51http://www.francescomorante.it/pag_3/316.htmhttp://www.francescomorante.it/pag_3/316.htm

, (C.A.E.). , 1991, , . , , . , - , . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , - . () , () () 409.

, 1998, (C.A.E.)

409 ., , . , 2000, .. 135-150.

, . 410. , . , , , . , , , . , , , . , , , , , , . , , . . , ,

410 Architects Council of Europe, The Green Vitrouvious, , , 27-29 1998.

411. , , , . . . , , , , 412.

, , , , , .

1931, . 4 (CIAM) (1933) . , . , 1931 : ) , ) , 411 ., ., : , . . ., . 1-2, . 2000, . 69-75.412 ., ., . ., . 69-75.

) , , ) , ) . : ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , , , ) ) 413.

, . 4212/29 23 1929 / 414, , 5351/32 415 . . , , 1830 416. 1929417 : )

413 -Tufano ., . ., . 280-281. 414 , 240.415 , 93.416 ., ., ., . ., . 171.417 22/4/1929, , 155.

418 ) . , , , , , , , , , , , , , 419. , , , , 420. 1830 . , 1469/1950 1830 421. 1830 , . , , . . 5351/1932 , , 1984. ,

418 1929, 20.419 5351/32, . ., 1.420 5351/32, . ., 1. 421 , 169.

422. 1954 , , 423, , . , . 1964 2 . 1 , , , . 1969 424 . 1975, , , , . 425.

422 ., . ., . 13-14.423 4194/1961, , 166.424 1127/1981, , 32.425 , . ., . 60-63. . , , 1.

. 1955426 , , 427. 1973 428 , , , , , , . , , (). , . 421 429 430.

1975. 1 24 , 431. 6 , . . , ,

426 30/9/1955, , 266.427 1955, 47.428 9/6/1973 .429 13/11/1978. 430 ., ., ., . ., . 172.431 . , , 1.4.

432. 1337/1983 , 433 : ) , , , ) , ) , , ) ) , , . , 434. . 435. 436. ,

432 . , , 1.1.4. ., . 3044/2002, 3/2002, . 461 .433 , 33.434 1337/1983, . ., 32.435 1337/1983, . ., 11.436 1337/1983, . ., 29.

1985437 438. 2000439 .

, , , . Halles , (friches industrielles) Docks 440. , , Urbino Bologna 441. 80 442.

, , , 443. , , . , ,

437 1577/1985, , 210.438 1985, 4. ., ., ., . ., . 176-178.439 2831/2000, , 140,440 . ., ., ., . ., . 88 .441 . ., ., ., . ., . 102 .442 ., ., ., . ., . 137.443 1600, (1770-1820) . ., , 5,6,7 1975 , . , 1975, . 72-73.

Europa Nostra 444. , , , , , , , , 445. , , . , , , , 446. 1997 .. ( ), 447.

80 , , 1985 , 2039/92 448. , , , , , , : , . )

444 , . ., . 14.445 ., , , . ., . 89.446 . ., ., ., . ., . 203 .447 ., ., , , 26-27 2004, 1/2005, . 55-61. 448 , 61.

, , , , , , ) , , , , , . , ) , , , . , , , , 449. .

, 1992 128 450. 451, 452, (1997) 453 (2001) 454, . 3 () . 87.3 () . . 151 , ,

449 , 1.450 , . ., . 60-63.451 . 945/1979 , , 170.452 2077/1992, , 136.453 2691/1999, , 478.454 3001/2002, , 73.

, . , : () , () , () () , . , 251 .

:1) 1892/90 455, 1262/82 . 1892/90, . : ) , , ) ) , 2) 2947/2001 , 456 ) ) , ) , ) )

455 , 101.456 , 228.

, , 457 3) 3028/2002 458, , . , , . , 459, . , , . , . , , 1830, 460, 1830. , , , 1830 , . , , . , , , 1830. , , , , , , , , 461.

457 2947/2001, . . 458 , 153.459 3028/2002, . ., 3.460 3028/2002, . ., 20.461 3028/2002, . ., 2.

, , . , , , 462.

, . , , . 3028/2002 , . . 1970 ) , ) , ) , ) , ) . 70 (1970-1985) ) , ) , ) , ) ) . 80 ) -, ) , )

462 ., , . ., . 17-18.

) 463.

1975

. . Le Corbusier Plan Voisin (1925) . pilotis , . Plan Voisin Roechampton Estate (1952-1959) . 464. , , . . (1917-1920) 465 466. 1917 , , .

463 ., ., ., . ., . 69-141.464 . -, , . , 1981, . 431-433. 465 , . , 1709/1918 1924. , , , . , / , 1924. 466 1394/1918. ---, . . : , , . . . 460.

. . , . , , 467.

17/7/1923 , 468, , () , 469. , . , , , , . , , 470. 471.

467 . 1394/1918 brard E.. . Pierron B., , . , 2004, . 117-136 ., , . ., . 390-392.468 , 228. ., , . ., . 392.469 ., . 7-18.470 17/7/1923, . ., 42. 471 17/7/1923, . ., 43, 44, 45.

, , 472. , , , , . : ) , . ) , 1954473. 474. , . , , . . , . , , , .

472 ., , , . - , 1971, . -37.473 2934 22/27 1954 , . , 1923, 2633, 2777, 3021 , 10/18 1922. . . , . ., . -38. 474 17/7/1923, . ., 49.

, -, /. . , , . , 1923 , , . . : ) / , , , , , ) . . , . , , , , , , . 475, ) , 476, ) , , , 477. , 478

475 17/7/1923, . ., 22. 476 17/7/1923, . ., 5-6. 477 17/7/1923, . ., 1-2.478 17/7/1923, . ., 29.

) 479, / . , , 480. , , , 481.

: ) ,