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Standard Amplitude Modulation (AM) 1

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2 In the DSP-SC demodulation, a receiver must generate a local carrier in frequency and phase synchronism with the carrier used for modulation. This call for a sophisticated receiver and could be quit costly. The other alternative is for the transmitter to transmit a carrier A c cos ( c t) along with the modulated signal m(t) cos ( c t). so there is no need to generate a carrier at the receiver and this is the idea of the standard AM.

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Modulation 3 The modulating signal (information or baseband signal) The carrier signal is The modulated signal

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Modulation 4

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Modulation case 1 5 When ( is nonnegative) for all value of t. The envelop has the same shape as m(t). Hence, we can recover m(t) from this envelop. At the receiver, the detection is extremely simple and inexpensive operation, which doesnt require generation of a local carrier for demodulation.

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Modulation case 2 6 The condition is not satisfied. The envelop shape is not as m(t). So, we cant recover m(t) from this envelop. We cant build a simple receiver.

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Modulation Index 7 Let A m the peak amplitude of m(t) and A c is the carrier amplitude. We define modulation index as: When : this mean that for all t and the S AM (t) (modulated signal) can be demodulated by the envelop detector. When (overmodulation): this mean that A + m(t) is not 0 for all t and the option of envelop detection is no longer viable.

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Spectrum 8 The spectrum of the modulated signal S AM (t) is the same as that of m(t) cos ( c t) plus tow additional impulses at + c and - c. If then

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Spectrum 9 USB LSB

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Spectrum 10 The modulated signal spectrum centered at c is composed of three parts: An impulse at the carrier frequency c The upper sideband (USB), a portion that lies above c whose highest frequency component is at c + M The lower sideband (LSB), a portion that lies below c whose lowest frequency component is at c - M The bandwidth of the modulated waveform is twice the information signal bandwidth.

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Transmission Power 11 The advantage of envelop detection in the standard AM has its price. Recall, the transmission power and the channel bandwidth are the two primary communication resources and should be used efficiently. The transmission of the carrier wave represent a waste of power. In the standard AM, only a fraction of the total transmitted power is actually for m(t).

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Demodulation 12 In the standard AM modulation, the modulation index should be in order to demodulate the received modulated signal by using an envelop detector.

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Single-Sideband (SSB) Modulation 13

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Introduction 14 Standard AM and DSB-SC modulations has two sidebands: LSB and USB. These two methods waste the channel bandwidth because they both require a transmission bandwidth equal to twice the message bandwidth.

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Introduction 15 Note that the USB and the LSB are symmetric about the carrier frequency. Hence, given the spectra of either sideband, we can determine the other. So, the transmission of either sideband is sufficient to reconstruct the message signal m(t) at the receiver. Thus, the bandwidth of the transmitted signal ( modulated signal) will be the bandwidth of the modulating signal ( baseband signal)

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Single-Sideband (SSB) Modulation 16 In single-sideband (SSB) modulation just only one sideband is transmitted.

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Generation of SSB Signals 17 One way to generate an SSB signal is to: generate a DSB signal first, and then suppress one of its sidebands by filtering ( band-pass filter designed to pass one of the sidebands of the modulated signal)

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Spectrum of SSB Signals 18 The filter must have sharp cutoff characteristics to eliminate the undesired sideband

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Demodulation 19 Demodulation of SSB signals can be achieved easily by using the coherent detector as used in the DSB demodulation, that is, by multiplying by a local carrier and passing the resulting signal through a low-pass filter.

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Demodulation 20

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Vestigial-Sideband (VSB) modulation 21

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Vestigial-Sideband (VSB) modulation 22 Vestigial-Sideband (VSB) modulation is a compromise between SSB and DSB modulations. In this modulation scheme, one sideband is passed almost completely, whereas just a trace, or vestige, of the other sideband is retained. The typical bandwidth required to transmit a VSB signal is about 1.25 that of SSB. VSB is used for transmission of the video signal in commercial television broadcasting.

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Generation of VSB Signals 23 A VSB signal can be generated by passing a DSB signal through a sideband-shaping filter [VSB filter].

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Demodulation of VSB 25 The m(t) can be recovered by synchronous or coherent demodulation, that is, by multiplying by a local carrier and passing the resulting signal through a low-pass filter.

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