1 , - . . , - . . , 2 , / / 3 , 4 , (Reflection): / . (Diffraction): . , Heugenz. / . / (Scattering/Diffusion): / . .5 , : - , , . : . : (Rayleigh, Rician, Lognormal).6 , : Omni-Directional: Sectorized (Directional)7 , >> d2 1 , 900 , 621 , 1800 , 11.76D m f MHz d mDdD m f MHz d m= = >> = = > : , , , . ( Fraunhofer) d D , : D d >>8 , /1 /1( ) ( )22( ) /4t tavPGd P d Watt md = =

222( ) ( )4 4 4t t rr er t t rPG GP d d A P G Gd d | || | | |= = = | | | \ \ \ , . (d): 2( )4t t rrPG GP dL d| |= |\ Friis Friis L9 , /2 /224( )( )tFSrP dL dP d| |= = |\ ( ) ( )24( ) 10log 10log 22 20log 20log( )trP dPL dB dP d (| | | |= = = + ( | |\ \ ( , L=1 - 20dB- 20dB/decade - -6dB10 , /3 /3( ) 88.48 58.48txrx tx tx rxEIRPP P G G FSL dB dBW dBm = + + = =

( ) ( )( ) 32.45 20log 20logMHz kmFSL dB f d = + + 10 10 , 12 , 1 , 900tx tx rxP W dBW G dBi G dBi f MHz = = = = = ; 10km , ;11 , /4 /422covP1204tx tx rxrxP G G ER = =cov30tx tx rxP G GER = : 120 = =12 , RADAR RADAR( )( ) 21 2( ) ( ) ( ) 20log30log 4 20log 20log ( )r t tP dBW P dBW G dBiR R RCS dBm= + + +( )( ) 22 21 2( )44s t tr av er RCS tPGP dB P R A GR R| | | = = |\

H radar / . Radar: Radar Cross Section: , :Radar Cross Section= / .10logRCSRCS =13 , /1 /1j = 0 0rc r j = = : (perpendicular polarization) (parallel polarization) 14 , /2 /215 , /3 /316 , /4 /417 , /5 /518 , /6 /619 , /7 /70 ,, 90oior t z=0 ( ) (horizontal polarization) (vertical polarization) : : Snell, o :( ) ( ) ( )1 12 2sin sin sini rt i ikk == =20 , /8 /8( )( ) ( )22 12 coscos sinii iT =+ ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )22 1 2 1||22 1 2 1cos sincos sini ii iR =+ ( )( ) ( ) ( )2 122 1 2 12 coscos sinii iT ,, =+ / :( ) ( )( ) ( )22 122 1cos sincos sini ii iR =+ / :21 , /9 /92 12 111R R ,, = =+R (=1), , . , . i=0o : 2 =1 ( )||R Brewster B( )2 1tan = 2 Brewster /222 , /10 /10R1: R2: 23 , /11 /11( ) ( )( ) ( )22sin cossin cosrcrcR =+ 90i = 21rc rc roj = = = ( ) ( )( ) ( )2||2sin cossin cosrc rcrc rcR + =+ A Brewster, LHCP-RCHPA Brewster, .A Brewster, .24 , - /1 - /1total LOS gE E = + LOSE

iE

r gE E = i rTRTGRTRGd1 d225 , - /2 - /2( ) ( ) ( ), ,LOS rjkd jkdtotal LOS TR r TGE d E d e R E d e = + 1 1 1,t r t rLOS rh h d h h dd d d f3>f2> f131 , - /8 - /832 , - /9 - /933 , & /1 & /134 , & /2 & /235 , & /3 Rayleigh & /3 Rayleigh( )1 cos 2 sinsinhl AC A C h = = = H CC :4 sin hk l = = , (specular reflection) h/ , . 180 ( ), . Snell. 36 , 4 sin, , sin2 2 8hh hsin8 h 4 sin 4h h = & /4 Rayleigh10 : , . = ( Snell) + () Rayleigh37 , Energyincident=Energyspecular reflection+Energyscattering rms , 1,scat scatE specular directionE specular direction = & /4 , spec scatscatR RR= >( ) ( )( ) ( ) 2242,hrmsspec scatrmsrmsscatR Re e | | | \ = = =38 , h( ) 22 sin 222 sin2hhscat orms e I | | |\ | || |= | | |\ \ ( ) ( ) ( ) 222 sin22hspec scatrmsrmsR R e e R | | |\ = = =( ) ( )( )22 sin222 sinhscat o hrms e I k | | |\ = & /4 ( ) ( )22 sinhkspecrmsR e R ==0.9 - |\ 69 , ( )/1( ) ( )( )00( ) 10 log dPL d dB PL dB ndd| |= + |\ n (path loss factor) n=2, n=2-4 n=1.6-1.8 / wave-guide effect( ) ( )( )00( ) 10 logr rdP d dBm dBW P dBm dBW n dd| |= |\ 70 , ( )/271 , gli (Proceedings of IRE, 1957) , 90MHz 1GHz. To 15 . . . (50% )( ) ( ) 4020log 40log( ) 20log( )BS MSL dB h h df MHz| |= + |\ 72 , Okumura-Hata /1To Regression Fitting Analysis .( ) ( ) ( ) ( )50 10 10 10 1069.55 26.16log 13.82log 44.9 6.55log logc BS MS BSL dB f h a h h d = + + 150 150030 2001 101 20cBSMSf MHz h m h m d km ( ) ( ) ( )( )( )10 102102101.1log 0.7 1.56log 0.88.29 log 1.54 1.1, 2003.2 log 11.75 4.97, 400c MS cMS MS cMS cf h f a h h f MHz h f MHz | |= | | \ 73 , Okumura-Hata /2( ) 250 50 10( ) 2 log 5.428cfL dB L urban (| |= | (\ ( ) ( ) ( )250 50 10 10( ) 4.78 log 18.33 log 40.94c cL dB L urban f f ( ( = + 74 , Okumura-Hata/3( ) 1050 1010logloglogA B d urbanL dB A B d C suburbunA B d D rural+= + + ( )( ) ( )10 1010210210 1069.55 26.16 log 13.82 log44.9 6.55 log2 log 5.4284.78 log 18.33 log 40.94c BS MSBScc cA f h a hB hfCD f f= + = (| |= + | (\ ( ( = + 75 , Okumura-Hata/476 , COST 231- Hata /1( )50 10log L dB A B d C = + +( )10 101046.3 33.9 log 13.82 log44.9 6.55 log30 ,c BS MSBSA f h a hB hdB urban areasCdB suburban rural areas= + = = To Okumura-Hata 1.5GHz-2GHzEvolution of Land Mobile Radio (including personal communications) Cooperation in the field of Scientific Technical (COST) research 77 , COST 231 Walfisch-Ikegami /1 Walfisch-Bertoni, Ikegami-Yoshida-Umehira. ITU-R. :- - - - . 800 2000 ,4 50 ,1 3 ,0.02 5cBSMSf MHzh mh md km , . .78 , ( ) 10 10( )42.6 26log ( ) 20log ( )( 0.02 )LOS FSFSL dB L d km f MHzL d km L= = + += =( )10 10, 0( ), 032.45 20 log ( ) 20 log ( )FS msd rts msd rtsNLOSFS rts msdFSL L L L LL dBL L LL f MHz d km+ + + = + = + + : COST 231 Walfisch-Ikegami /2 NLOS:LFS: , Lmsd: (multiple screen diffraction) Walfish-Bertoni modelLrts: Roof-to-street diffraction and scatter loss) IYU (Ikegami-Yoshida-Umehira) model79 , COST 231 Walfisch-Ikegami /3Multiple Screen Diffraction( )( )( ) ( )10 10 1010log log 9log18log 105454 0.8 0.554 0.8 / 0.5 0.5msd bsh a d f cBS roof BS roofbshBS roofBS roofa BS roof BS roofBS roof BS roofL L k k d k f bh h h hLh hh hk h h h h and d kmh h d h h and d km= + + + ( + = >= = = + . 81 , COST 231 Walfisch-Ikegami /5( )( )( )10 10108.2 10 log 10 log20 log10 0.354 0 352.5 0.075 35 35 554.0 0.114 55 55 90rts MHzroof MS orio oo o oorio o oL w fh h LL = ++ + + = + + . - .82 , COST 231 Walfisch-Ikegami /6( )2211sBS roofddh h : +/- 3dB 4-8dB. . ds