Siege and Mental Health

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S iegeand Mental Health�Walls vs. Bridges

f@s�?,,,ÎÊk¬À·? ÎXs·?ÇfÈk�?Ç iS?È�?

�� ή˰˰˰ΑϮ˰˰Θ˰˰ϛ �� 27 - 28 2008October

Gaza - Ramallah - Palestine

śǘººǈǴǧ � ǾºǴǳơ ǵơǁ � ƧǄººǣ

World Heal thOrganization

Gaza Community Men tal Heal th Programme

2i Ën�AÊ l UAË �A . . . ÑÍn Ã̄ ºA ÑZv ºAÊ i Bv�A

�ƨȇǁƢǌƬǇȏơ ƨǼƴǴǳơƨǫƽ ȂƥƗ ƔƢǼǇ

ƨǼȈƷơȂǗ ȂƥƗ ƾŧƗƨǴȈųȂƥƗ ǹƢȈǨǇśǿ Ȃƥơ ǲǔǧƱơǂǈǳơ ƽƢȇƛ

ňơǁȂǐǳơ ȆƳơǁœȈǋƢǌǼǳơ Ƣǻǁ

ŗǰǼƳ ǹȂƳǲȇȂƸǇ ƽȂǸŰǂǿƢǓ ƽȂǸŰƅơƾƦǟ ŚǈȈƫ

ǱȂǬǈǟƾǸŰƨǋƢǰǟ ƾŧƗƧƽȂǟ ƨǻƢŦƨƫȂǫ Śũ

ȅơǁȂǷȆǈǻƢǻ

�ƨȈǸǴǠǳơ ƨǼƴǴǳơȅƽȂǳƗ ȂǰȇǁƾǧȂǴūơ ƾǸŰ

ŜŹ ƱƢūơ ƾǸŰȆǋƢƥ ȅǁƢǇ

ƪƥƢƯ ǄȇǄǠ ǳơƾƦǟǆȈŨ ǹƢǨȈǧǹȂǇŚǼȇǁƾȈƫ

ȂǼȈǋơǂǇ ȂƬȇƽƢǼȈƥƾǴȈǧǂũ Ǯȇǂȇƽ

ǁȂũ ǊȇƢǟǺȇŚǷȁơ ǹƢǧǭǁƢǷǁȂǐǼǷƅơƾƦǟ

ǁơƾǿȅǁȂȇǆǻȂȇ ǵƢǐǟ

�ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơ ƨǼƴǴǳơƨǌȈǟ ȂƥƗ ƽȂǸŰ

ĈȅȂǏ ȂƥƗ ƢȈƳơǁȂǻȂǼǳơ ǵƢǈƷƢǻȂǻǁƗĿƢǿǃƣƢȇƽ ǹơȁǂǷ

ƱǂƥƾǳȂƳ ǱƢǌȈǷƨŻƢǏ ƔƢȈǓ

Advisory CommitteeTaysir AbdallahSanna'a Abu DagaFadel Abu HeinSufian Abu Neje laAhmad Abu TawahinaMohamad AsqoolMahmoud DaherEyad El-SarrajJohn JenkinsNancy MurrayRana NashashibiAhmad OkashaJumana Ouda

Samir QoutaMahmoud SehwailRaji Sourany

Scientific CommitteeFederico AllodiSari BashiMohammad El-HelouUri HadarMuhammad Haj-YahiaVivian KhamisAbdallah MansourTed RyenersonBenedetto SaracenoDereck SummerfieldAyesh SamourAbed Aziz ThabetMark Van OmmerenIssam Yonis

Organizing Committee:Mahmoud AbuAishaRajiah Abu SwayZahavi ArnonaMarwan DiabHusam El-NounouMichal GoldbergDyaa Saymah

Conference Committees

ǂŤƚŭơ ǹƢŪ

3 Siege and MentalH ealth�W alls vs. Bridges

ǆǷƢŬơ Ņȁƾǳơ ǽǂŤƚǷ ƾºǬǟƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǁǂǫƨǸǜǼǷ ǞǷ ƨǯơǂºǌǳƢƥ �ǁȂºǈŪơȁ ǄƳơȂūơ��ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơ�ȏƗ ƨºǇƢǈƷȁ ƨǸȀǷ ƨȈǔǫ ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔǳơ ǖǴǈƫǥƾđ ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǳơƨºǈǴǈǳ ƨǴǏơȂǷ ǆǷƢŬơŅȁƾǳơ ǂŤƚŭơ ơǀǿ ŐƬǠȇȁ �ǁƢǐūơ ƨȈǔºǫ ȆǿȁĿřȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƤǠǌǳơ ǵȂŷȁ ƢȇƢǔǫ Ƶǂǘǳ ƲǷƢǻŐǳơ ƢǿƾǬǟ ƩơǂŤƚŭơǽƾºƥƢǯŃƢǛ ǁƢǐºƷǲǛĿǂŤƚŭơ ơǀǿƧǂǰǧļƘƫȁ�ƢȀºǌȈǠȇŖǳơ ƨǴƷǂŭơĿ Ȅǐºǫȋơ ƨǓƢǨƬǻơ ǝȏƾǻơ ǀǼǷ ƧǄǣǝƢǘºǫĿřȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƤǠǌǳơǅƢŧƨǯǂºƷ ƧǂǘȈºǇ ƾǠºƥ Ǿ ƫƢǗȁ ƩƾƬºǋơ ȅǀǳơȁ �� ŐǸƬƦǇ ǂȀǋ�� ǵƢǠǳ ȂȈǻȂȇ?ǹơǂȇǄºƷ ǺǷ ǂǌǟǆǷƢŬơ ǀǼǸǧ�Ƣȇǂǰǈǟ ǝƢǘǬǳơ ȄǴǟǁƢǐººƷ ǑǂǨºƥ Ǯǳƿȁ ƧǄǣǝƢǘºǫȄǴǟǩƢǼŬơ ǪȈȈǔƬºƥ ǲȈƟơǂºǇ ƛƪǷƢºǫƧǄǣƲǷƢǻǂºƥ ĿƢǼǻƜǧ �ǪǴǘǼŭơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ �ƊȐȈưǷ Ǿǳ ƺȇǁƢƬǳơ ƾȀǌȇŃ ǦƸůơǀǿǶǜǼǻ ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǞǷ ƨǯơǂǌǳƢƥȁ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳǾȈǧǖǴǈǼǳśǼǗơȂŭơ ƧƢǻƢǠǷ ǺǷǦȈǨƼƬǳơ Ŀ Ƣǻǁȁƾƥ ƢǼǷ ƆƢǇƢǈƷƛ ǂŤƚŭơƨººººƸǐǳơ Ǟººººǫ ơȁ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơ ƢȀǨǴƻŕǳơ ƨȈƯǁƢǰǳơ ǁƢƯȉơȄǴǟ ƔȂǔǳơ�ǁƢǸǔŭơ ơǀǿĿ�ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǫĿ řȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷȁƨȈǈǨǼǳơĿ ơȂŷƢºǇ Ǻȇǀǳơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁ ƽơǂǧȋơ Ǯǳ ǂȇƾºǬƬǳơȁ ǂǰºǌǳơ ǲȇǄŝ ǵƾºǬƬǻ�ƭƾūơ ơǀǿǦȈǴººººƷ ƵƢƴǼǳơ Ǻǰȇ ŃǶĔȁƽǺǷǺȇǀǳơȁ �ǂŤƚŭơ ƵƢųơȁ ǶǟƽƢǻǂǰººǋ ǪȈǸǟȁ ƢǻǂȇƾººǬƫǎǳƢƻ Ǻǟ ƣǂǠǻ ǹƗ ƽȂǻ � ƔȆººǋ ǲǯǲºƦǫȁ ȏȁƗƨȈººǈǨǼǳơ ƨººƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣƲǷƢǻŐǳǆǷƢŬơŅȁƾǳơǂŤƚǸǴǳ ƨŴƢŭơ ƩƢȀƴǴǳǺǟ ƣǂǠǻ ǹƗ ƽȂǻȁ ƢǸǯ ��ǁȂººǈŪơȁ ǄƳơȂūơ�� ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơ�ƨºƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƨºǈȈƟ ǁ � ǾȇǁȂǷȆºǈǻƢǻ ƧǁȂƬǯƾǴǳǍƢŬơ ƢǻǂǰºǋĿ ǂŤƚŭ ơĿ ƨǯǁƢºǌǸǴǳ ƲȇȁǂƬǳơĿ ƧǁƢºƦŪơ ƢǿƽȂȀŪ � ƢǰȇǂǷƘºƥ ƨ ȈǈǨǼǳơ

�ƨȇȂǼǠŭơȁ ƨȇƽƢŭơ ƢȀƬŷƢǈŭǮǳǀǯȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơƨȈǳƢƬǳơśǟȂǘƬŭơ ńƛ ǂȇƾǬƬǳơȁ ǂǰǌǳƢƥ ǵƾǬƬǻ ǹƗ ƽȂǻ � Ǯǳƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁƧƾȈǈǳơ � ƧƾǠǏȋơǦǴƬűȄǴǟ ǂŤƚŭơơǀǿ ƵƢųȍǶēƾǟƢǈŭǶǿƙƢũƗƽǁȂǨǈǯƗ ƨǠǷƢƳ ǺǷ ǽơǁȂƬǯƾǳơ ƧƽƢȀǋȄǴǟ ǱȂǐƸǴǳ ƨƸǋǂǷ � ǄǴȇȁ ơǄȈǳǄǯǂǷǺǷ � ƨǳȁƾǳơǦȈºǇ ƧƾȇƢǟ ƧǁȂºǈǧȁŐǳơ � ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ƧƾǟƢºǈŭơȁ ǂ ȇǂƸƬǴǳ�Ŀ ƢēƾǟƢºǈŭȆǘǼǌǳơ ƨǈǻȉơȁ � ǂǐǷ �ǦǼǠǳơ Ƣȇ ƢƸǓ ǲȈǿƘƬǳ ŉƾǼǳơ

�ƨŦǂƬǳơ�ǁƢǐūơ ƔƢĔȍƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơƨǴǸºƸǴǳ� ƢǻǂǰǋǺǟƣǂǠǻ ǹƗ ƽȂǻȁƽȂǻȁ � Ƣǔ ȇƗ �ǂŤƚŭơ ƾǬǟ ǞǷǺǷơǄƬƫ ƨȈǳȁƽ ƨ ȈǼǷƢǔƫ ƩƢǗƢǌǻ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟƩơǁƢȇǄǳơ ƾºǬǟ ǲȈȀºǈƫĿƪŷƢºǇŖǳơ ƩƢºǈǇƚŭơȁ ƽơǂǧȋơ ǂǰºǌǻ ǹƗ

�ƢǻǂŤƚŭ ƨȈǻơƾȈŭơơǀǿĿ ơȂǯǁƢºǋǺȇǀǳơ ǞȈǸŪ Ƣǻ ƢǼƬǷơȁ ƢǼǻƢǧǂǟ ǪȈǸǠƥ ǵƾǬƬǻ ǹƗ ƽȂ ǻ � ơŚƻƗȁŚǻƪŢ Ƶǃǂȇ ȅǀǳơřȈǘǈǴǨǳơƤǠǌǳơ ǞǷ ǶȀǼǷƢǔƫ Ǻǟ ơȂƥǂǟƗȁ � ǂŤƚŭơ

�ŃƢǜǳơ ǁƢǐūơ

Gaza Community Mental H ealth Programme(GCMHP) has decided to hold its fifth internationalconference "Siege and Mental Health� Walls vs. Bridges"in partner ship w ith World Health Organization (WHO) toaddress a critical issue which i s the Siege . Israel hasimposed a tightened unprecedented siege on the Gaza StripsinceJune 15th, 2007. As par tof ourmiss ion, w eatGCMHPand WHO are organizing this conference in attempt tohighlight the impact of the siege on mental health andhuman rights of the Palestinian population in Gaza. At thisstage, we would acknowledge the following persons andorganizations for their hard work and support, w ithoutwhom this event would not be possible. First and foremost,we would like to extend our sincere appreciation to theconference donors for their generous cont ributions toGCMHP's 5th International. Also, we are so grateful toWHO - Cosponsor of the conference - for its financial andlogistic help. We would also like to express our specialthanks to Dr. Nancy Murray for her sincere efforts inpromoting the conference participation in the USA, as wellas for her financial contribution. In addition, w e would liketo extend thanks and apprecia tion to the followingvolunteers for their help and assistance on the various tasksrequired to make this conference a success: Ms.Lisa Welze,PhD Candidate from the Universi ty of Oxford, for editingand administrat ive assistance; Prof. Aida Seif El-Dawla,from Al-N adim Center for the Rehabilitation of Vict ims ofViolence, Egypt, and Ms. Amal El-Shanty for theirassistance with transla tions. We w ould like to express ourthanks to the Palestinian International Campaign to End theSiegefor its efforts in organizing an international action dayand solidarity activitiessimultaneously with the conference.Also, we would thank all individuals and organizationinvolved in facilitati ng the field visits its efforts infacilitating the f ield visits for our conference. Finally, wewould like to extend our genuine thanks and gratitude to allof those w ho participated in this conference and expressedtheir solidarity with the Palestinian people living undersiege.

ǹƢǧǂǟȁ ǂǰĄǋAcknowledgement


ǶȀǔǠºƦǳ ƆƢǸǟƽ ȁƗ ƆơƾǓƢǠƫ ǂưǯƗȁǒǠºƦǳơ ǶȀǔǠºƦǳ ƣǂºǫƗ ơȂºƸƦǏƗǅƢǼǳơ ǹƗ ǾƫƢ ȈǗĿ ǲǸƬºǌȇ ȅǀǳơ ǂǷȋơ ƧŚǤǏƨȇǂºǫƶƦǏƗŃƢǠǳơ ǹƗ ǶǣǁƧƽơǁƛȁ ƨººƦǣǂƥ ǶƬȇ ȏ ơǀǿ ��ŃƢǠǳơ ƨȈººǬƥȁ ƧǄǣśºƥ ƧȂŮơ ȁƗ ƧȂƴǨǳơ ƽơƽǄƫ ƢǼǳȂºƷ ǺǷŃƢǠǳơ ǂǤǏǶǣŐǧ �ƢȀǴǿƗȁ ƧǄǣ ǱƢºƷǆȈǳ ơǀǿ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ �ǒǠºƦǳơ

�ǁƢǐūơ Ǿǻƛ �� ǶȀǼǟ ƆƢǸǣǁ Ǻǰǳȁ ƧǄǣĿ śǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ�ƨȈƯǁƢǰǳơ ǽǁƢƯƕ ƾƥƢǰȇ ǺǷ ȏƛ ǁƢǐūơ ƨǬȈǬƷǥǂǠȇ ǹƗ ƾƷƗ ȅȋ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗřǠȇ ȅǀǳơ ǂǷȋơǥǂǟ ǩơƿ ǺǷ �ǱȂǬǻ ƨȈƥǂǠǳơ ƢǼƬǧƢǬƯĿ

�ƨǷǃȐǳơ ƨȈºƦǘǳơƩƢǷƾŬơȆǬǴƫ ǵƾǟ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼǳơ ƩƢȈǧȂǳơ ƽƾǠƥ ǺǷ ƗƾƦǻ ǲǿ �� ƗƾƦǻ ǺȇƗ ǺǷ �ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀŮǩǂǘƬǳơ ƾǼǟ ǁƢŹ ǲǬǠǳơ ǹƗ ǂǷȋơ ƨǬȈǬƷȁƽȂºǫȂǳơǎºǬǻ ǺǟƮȇƾūƢºƥ ƗƾºƦǻ ǲǿ �ƨȇȁƽȋơȁ ƨȈƟơǀǤǳơ ƽơȂŭơȁ ƽǁơȂŭơǎºǬǻ ǵƗ �ǲȈưǷ ǂǏƢǠŭơƺȇǁƢƬǳơ Ǿǳ ǥǂǠȇŃ ȅǀǳơ ƨǳƢǘƦǳơ ȃȂƬǈǷ ǺǷ ƗƾƦǻ ǵƗ�ǾƬƠȈƥȁ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǲǸǌƫ ƨȈƸǏȁ ƨȈƠȈƥ ƨƯǁƢǰƥ ƽƾē ȅǀǳơ ƨǷƢǸǬǳơ ǞŦȁȅǁƢĐơƺǓƩƢǘŰǲǘǠƫ ǵƗ �Ǯǳǀǳ ƨƴȈƬǼǯ ƧǄǣ ǾǌȈǠƫ ȅǀǳơ ǵȐǜǳơȁ

�ƤǠǌǳơ ƔƢǼƥƗ ǺǷ Ƕǜǟȋơ ƽơȂǈǳơ ȃƾǳǕƢƦƷȏơȁ ǂȀǬǳơ ǂǟƢǌŭƢƥ ǵƗ ơǀđ ơƾƦǻ�śǘǈǴǧĿƨǷƽƢǬǳơ ǱƢȈƳȋơ ȃƾǳǮǳƿ ǺǟǶƴǼƫ ƾǫŖǳơ ƨȈƦǴǈǳơ ǁƢƯȉơ Ǻǟ ǵƗ ǹȉơȁ ƢǼǿ ȅǂŸƢǸǟƮȇƾūƢƥ ƗƾƦǻƗ

śǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ȃƾǳǅƢºǈƷȍơ ƾǳȁ ƾºǫȆȀƬǼȈºǇŕǷ ǁȂǜǼŭơ ȃƾŭơĿȅǂȇ ȏȁ ƆơǂȀºǋ ǂǌǟ ƨǈŨȄǴǟ ƾȇǄȇ ƢǷ ǀǼǷȁƧǄǣȄǴǟǑȁǂǨŭơ ǁƢǐūơ ǹƛƨƳǁƾǳ �� ƔƢºǬƦǳơ Ŀ ǂǸƬºǈȇȆǯ ƨǷǃȐǳơƩƢƦǴǘƬŭƢƥ ȏƛǶƬȀȇ ȏřȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǲǠƳŃƢǠǳơ Ǻǟ ǱơǄǠǻȏơȁ ƨƥǂǤǳƢƥ ǁȂǠǌǳơ ơǀǿ ǶȀǼǟȆǴƼƬǳơ ĻǶĔƘƥ

�ǲǷȋơ ƨƦȈƻ ƢĔƗǺǰƫŃ ǹƛơǀǿřȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǞǸƬĐơĿ ƨǷƢǿƨǸȈǫ ƶƦǏƗ ƔƢǬƦǳơ ƽǂů ǹƗ�Ǯǳǀǯ ƨǳƢūơȁřȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǞǸƬĐơǲƦǬƬǈǷ ǁȂǐƬǻ ǹƗ ƢǼǳǦȈǯ

Ŀ ǁơǂǬǴǳ ƆƢǟƢǼǏ ƆƢƥƢƦǋ ǹȂƸƦǐȇ śƷȆƳǁƢŬơ ǞǸƬĐƢƥ ǶȀƬǫȐǟ ǹȂǰƬǇǦȈǯ ��ƤǠǌǳơ ƔƢǼƥƗ ƨȈǬƦǯ ƆƢȈǟƢŦǹȂƦǫƢǠȇǺȇǀǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơǲȈƳǺǟ ơƿƢǷǺǷ ƆơƾȇǄǷ Ľ ǺǷȁƤǔǤǳơȁƨȈǿơǂǰǳơ ǺǷ ƾȇǄǷƗ �ƨºƦǗƢƼŭơ ƨǤǳ Ȇǿ ƢǷȁ �ǾǻȂºƦǗƢƼȈǇǦȈǯ �ǶŮȂºƷ ǺǷŃƢǠǳơńƛ ǹȁǂǜǼȈǇǦȈǯ �ǶȀǠǸƬů

�ƽƢǔŭơ ǦǼǠǳơȁ ǦǼǠǳơ�ƨºƥȂǴǘŭơƲƟƢƬǼǳơńƛ ȅƽƚƬǇ ǲǿ �śǘǈǴǧĿǺȇƽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁǶȈǴǠƬǳơȁ ƨƸǐǳơ ǱƢůĿ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơȁ ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢǈǇƚŭơ ǽǂǸưƬǈƫ ƢǷ ŚǐǷȂǿ ƢǷ

�ǲǌǨǳƢƥ ƢȀȈǴǟǶǰƸȈǇ ƢĔƗ ǵƗƨǳƢºƷ ǺǷ ǾƳơǂƻƗȁ ȆŭƢǠǳơ ŚǸǔǳơ ǙƢºǬȇƛ ǺǰŻǦȈǯ �ǪºƦǘŭơ ƪǸǐǳơ ơǀǿ ơƿƢŭ �ƧǄǣĿ ƭƾŹƢǷ ǽƢšȆƳǁƢŬơŃƢǠǳơǂǠǌȇ ơƿƢŠ ǂƻȉơ ƤǻƢŪơȄǴǟȁǵƗ �ƢȀǴǿƗȁśǘºǈǴǧ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǲǸºǌƫ ǲǿ �ǾƫơƾǿƢǠǷȁ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷǺǟ ơƿƢǷ �Ɣȏƚǿ ȃƾǳ ǲƴŬƢƥ ǁȂǠǌǳơƩƢǷǲǿ �ƢȀǌȈǠȇŖǳơ ƩƢƦǈǳơ

�ǵƢǸƬǿȏơǒǠƦƥȄǜŹ Ȇǯ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƨȈǻƢǈǻȍơȃȂƬǈǷ ńƛƾǠƥ ǩǂȇŃřȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǹƗ�Ǻȇƾǳơ ĿǶēȂƻƛ ơȂǻȂǰȇ Ńǹƛ ƨȈǻƢǈǻȍơĿ ǽȂƻȋ ƭƾŹƢǷ ǽƢš ǁƢǠǳƢƥ ǽǁȂǠǋ Śưƫȁ ȆŭƢǠǳơ ŚǸǔǳơǚǫȂƫ ƨƻǂǏ ǺǷǲǿ

Ǻǟ ǁƢºƦǤǳơǒǨǼǳ ƨǳȁƢŰ ȂŮƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣƲǷƢǻǂºƥ ǾǸǜǼȇ ȅǀǳơȁ �ǽǁƢƯƕȁ �� ǁƢǐūƢºƥ�ǍƢŬơŅȁƾǳơ ǂŤƚŭơ ǹƛ�ǵȂȇ ƾǠƥ ƆƢǷȂȇ ƽơƽǄƫŖǳơƨȈƯǁƢǰǳơ ǽǁƢƯƕ ƶȈǓȂƬƥǮǳƿȁȆŭƢǠǳơ ǁȂǠǌǳơǊǷƢǿĿƪƸƦǏƗŖǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơ ƨȈǔǫ

ƢǸǯ �ǶēƢǻƢǠǷǒǠºƥ ƢȀǴǿƗ ƨǯǁƢºǌŭ ƧǄǣńƛ ǁȂǔūơ ƧƢǻƢǠǷƨǨǴǰƫȁ ǂŤƚŭơ ơǀǿĿǭǁƢºǋ ǺǷ ǞȈǸŪ ǂǰºǌǳƢƥ ǵƾºǬƬǻ ǹƗ ȏƛƲǷƢǻŐǳơĿ ƢǼǠǈȇȏȁȆǓơǁȋơȁ ƨǻǄǣĿƭƾŹ ƢŠ ƆƢǠȈŦ Ɣȏƚǿ ǵƢǸƬǿƢǧ �ǂŤƚŭơ ơǀŮǶĔƢǔƬººººƷƛ ȄǴǟƲǷƢǻŐǳơŅȂŲ ǞȈŦȁ ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨººººƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǂǰººººǌǻȁ

�ǁƢǐūơƪŢǊȈǠȇ ǞǸƬĐƧƾȈƷȂǳơ ǲǷȋơ ƨǫǁƢƥ ǲưŻ ǵƢǟ ǲǰǌƥ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ

ŉƾǬƫ

ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ � ǵƢǟ ǂȇƾǷƨǼȈƷơȂǗ ȂƥƗ ƾŧƗ �ƽ


Despite the fact that the world is becoming smaller and more interconnected, the people of Gaza remaindistanced from the global community. Despite the fact that the divisions between nations are being bridged, the gapbetween the world and Gaza is widening.These circumstances are not the result of the will of the Palestinians in Gaza, butrather, have been forced upon them in the form of the siege. Only those who have experienced it firsthand can trulyunderstand the nature of the siege. In fact, the siege remains somewhat incomprehensible to the mind. Where should webegin? Shall we start by trying to explain the death of individuals who are not able to receive much needed medicalservices? Shall we attempt to describe the breadth of poverty thathas risen to an unprecedented level in history? Shall wetalk about the lack of basic materials andsupplies, including food and medicines, that are not able to enter into ourcities?Or shall we consider the lackof fuel and the ensuing darkness experienced as a result of that scarcity? Shall we discuss theparalysis of the waste and sewage systems that threaten disaster toboth humans and the surrounding environment? Can weconvey the feelings of frustration and suppression prevailing among our people? Or shall we describe the everyday livingconditions and the effects that will be embodied within our young people for generations tocome?The siege on Gaza, imposed for a period of over 15 months and with no foreseeable end in sight, has fostered feelings ofalienation and abandonment by the Palestinian people, which has made Palestinians unable to care for anything excepttheir basic needsof survival.These conditions have reached the extent to which survival has become animportant value inPalestinian society, in and of itself, and has elucidated clear signs of hopelessness and despair. How can we imagine thefuture of the Palestinian community under such conditions? How can we understand the generation of children who arebeing collectively punished, as are the remainder of the Palestinian population? How will their relationships with theirneighborhoods and communities develop as they become full members of society? How will they see the world aroundthem? How willthey addresstheir insecurities and needs? What language canthey use? Will i t be expressed as hatred andanger, which in turn will become expressions of violence and counter violence?What is the destiny of the programmes developed by the international and local organizations in the area of health andeducation? Will such investment lead to the expected results or will it ultimately become a failure?On the other hand, how doesthe outside world feel about what is happening in Gaza? Why has there been such an absolutesilence? How can we awaken the international conscience and free it from its slumber? Did the feelingof compassion andempathy die for them?And what about the human rights treaties? Do such treaties include Palestine and its people or does this reign of silencemean that Palestinians are not fully human in the international point of view? Will it take screams to wake up theinternational consciousness and incite a feeling of duty towards their fellow human beings? The international conference,organized by GCMHP and WHO, specifically designed to tackle the issue of the siege and its impacton the Palestinianspopulation, is a first attempt to dust off the issue of siege, which has become a marginalized issue among the internationalcommunity. Clarification about the disastrous impacts of the siege that are rising day by day. At GCMHP we are ingratitude to all those who areparticipating in the conference and who have endured the difficulties of coming to Gaza andhave shared in the suffering of the people of Gaza. We would also like to thank the WHO and all the donors for theirsupport and sponsorship in this conference. The attention by thesepeople, concerning what is happening in the Palestinianterritories, represents the solehope for a community living under abrutal siege.

Preface

Dr. Ahmad Abu TawahinaDirector General - G aza Community Mental Health Programme


ƨȈǴȈƟơǂºººǇȏơ ƩơǂƟƢǘǳơ ȅȁƽ ǹȁƾȀºººǌȇ ƢŠǁ ȁƗ �ƨǳǄǟȁ ƨȈǿơǂǯ �ƆƢǨǼǟȁ ƆƢǟ ơǂǏ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ǹȂǸǴǠȇ ƢŠǁ � ƧǄǣ ǱƢºººƷ Ǻǟ ŃƢǠǳơǥǂǠȇ ơ ƿƢǷȅǀǳơƢǷ Ǻǰǳ �ƢȀȈǴǟǑȁǂǨŭơ ǪǻƢŬơ ǁƢǐūơ ơǀǿ ǂºǈǯȅǀǳơ � Ƨǂūơ ƧǄǣ � ƣŚȀǌǳơ ƣǁƢǬǳơ ȁ ǁƢǐūơ Ǻǟ ǞǸǈƫ ƢŠǁȁ �ƧǁƢƴūơ ǥǀǬƫ Ŗǳơ ŚǿƢǸŪơȁǲǰººƥ �ƾǷȋơ ǲȇȂǗ ǂȇǂŭơ ǝ ơǂǐǳơ Ǯǳƿ ƤºǫơȂǟ ǺǟŃƢǠǳơ ǾǧǂǠȇ ȅǀǳơ ƢǷȁ� ƧǄǣ ǲǿƗ ƢȀºǌȈǠȇŖǳơǥȁǂǜǳơȁ ǞǓȂǳơ ƨºǬȈǬƷ ǺǟŃƢǠǳơ ǾǧǂǠȇơǀǿ ȆǴǟ ǲºƸƬǇŖǳơ ƾǷȋơ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƽƢǠºƥȋơȁ ȅǂŸƢǷ ƨºǬȈǬƷǭơǁƽƛ � Ƣ ǻƔƾºƥ ȁƗ � ơȁƔƾƥ ǲǿ �ǞǸƬĐơ ƨȈǿƢǧǁȁƨȈǈǨǼǳơƨƸǐǳơ Ǟǫơȁ ȆǴǟ ǽƽƢǠƥƗȁƗ ǶȀƬǧƢȈǓ ǵǂǯǺǟŖºƷȁƗ �ƢȀǠǸƬůȁ ƢēȐƟƢǟƨºƥȐǐƥ�ƧǄǣ ǲǿȋ ĺƢŸȍơƤǻƢŪƢºƥ ƨǧǂǠǷňƽƗǶȀȇƾǳǲǿȁ �ƢȀƬǷǂºƥ ƨºǬǘǼŭơ ǲƥƤǠǌǳơƩȐȇȁřȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƤǠºǌǳơŇƢǟ �ƧŚƻȋơ ƽȂºǬǠǳơ ǂǷ ȆǴǟ ƣƢǠǐǳơ ƨđƢůĿ ƢđǹȂǠƬǸƬȇŖǳơ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƧƽȐǐǳơ ǺǟȁƗ ƨºƷǂŭơ ǶȀƷȁǁǶȀǓǂǨƫ ȅǀǳơ ǁƢǐūơȁ ǩȐǣȍơ ǦǴƻ ƾººǬǳ �ǶȀȇƾǳ ƨȈǿƢǧǂǳơȁ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ Ǟºǫơȁ ȄǴǟ ƵȂǓȂºƥ ǽǁƢƯƕƪǴš ȆƳǁƢƻȁȆǴƻơƽǦǼǟȁ ǝơǂǏǞǓȂǳơȆǴǟ ǲưŭƢºƥȁ ȆºǇƢȈǈǳơ ȁȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƾȈǠǐǳơ ȆǴǟ ƨǸȈƻȁ ƤºǫơȂǟ ƧŚƻȋơ ƆơǂȀºǋ ǂºǌǟƨƬºǈǳơ ǱȐƻ ƧǄǣȆǴǟ ƨȈǴƟơǂºǇȍơƩƢǘǴǈǳơƔƢºǬǳƛńƛȆǷǂȇŅȁƾǳơ ǂŤƚŭơ ơǀǿ ǺǷȆºǬȈǬūơ ǥƾŮơǹƛ �ƽơǂǧȏơ ȅƾǳ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ǲǯƢǌǷ ǁȂȀǛ ƧǁȂǘƻ Ņơ ƨǧƢǓƛ �ƧǄǣ ĿȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơȄǴǟƔƢǘºººǌǼǳơȁśȈƟƢǐƻȋơȁ ƔơŐŬơǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǽǂǔŹƔƢººǬǳƾººǬǟ ǱȐƻǺǷǮǳƿȁ ƢǿŚǣȁƨǴƻơƾƬŭơ ƢȇƢǔººǬǳơơȁ ƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơ ǽǀǿȆǴǟ ƔȂǔǳơƨǯǂƬººǌŭơ ǁȂǷȋơ ƨǯǁƢººǌǷǥƾđŃƢǠǳơ ǺǷȃǂƻƗ ƔƢŴƗȁ ƧǄǣĿǦǼǠǳơȁ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨǷƾǐǳơ ǁƢƯƗ ƨºǇơǁƽȁƨºǌǫƢǼŭ ȆǴƄơȁ Ņȁƾǳơ ǺȇƾȈǠǐǳơƧƽȂƳȄǴǟ ǦǼǠǳơ ǁƢƯƗ ƨºǇơǁƾǳ Ǻǰǳȁ �ƤºǈƷȁ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơȄǴǟ ǦǼǠǳơ ǁƢƯƕ ȆǐºǬƬǳǖǬǧǆȈǳ �ƨ ǳȂȀĐơ ǁȂǷȋơ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǠƬǳơȁ ƨǧȁǂǠŭơȁǩơǁȁ Ɨȁ ǂŤƚŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǲǷƘǻ ƢǼǻƛ �ƣȂǴǘŭơŚȈǤƬǳơ ƭ ơƾººƷƗ ǾǻƘººǋǺǷ ȅǀǳơ ǂǷȋơ �ƨȈǟ ƢǸƬƳƛ�ǆǨǼǳơƩƢǷƾŬơȁƨȈºǈǨǼǳơƨºƸǐǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ŉƾºǬƫȃƾǷǺǟǦºǌǰƬǇŖǳơȁƨǷƾºǬŭơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻĿ ǞȇǂǇǵƾǬƫ ƭơƾƷơȁƭƢŞȋơ ǺǷ ƾȇǄŭ ƆơǄǨŰȁ ƆƢǠǧơƽ ǾȈǧ ǵƾǬƬǇŖǳơ ǲǸǠǳơǺǷ ƔǄƴǯ ǂŤƚŭơ ơǀǿ �:+2� ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷǶǟƾƫ �ƨºƸǐǴǳƨǷƢǠǳơƩ ơƽƾƄơȁ ȁ ǁƢǐūơȁ �ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơśºƥ ƨºǬȈƯȂǳơ ƨǴǐǳơǅƢºǇƗȄǴǟ ƧǂǏƢǠǷ ƨȈǈǨǻ ƨƸǏ ƩƢǷƾƻŉƾǬƫ ǂȇȂǘƬǳ ƨǴƬƄơ ƨǼȈǘȈǈǴǨǳơ ȆǓơǁȋơĿ Ǻȇǂƻƕ ƔƢǯǂǋ ǞǷȁƨƸǐǳơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ǞǷ ǞǇȂŭơ ƢȀǴǸǟ�ƨȈŷƗ ǂưǯȋơȁ �ȃȂǐºǫƨȈǳȁƗ ȄǘǠȇȁǲǏơȂƬȇ ǹƗƤŸ ƨǠƳƢǻȁ ƨºƦǇƢǼǷƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƨ ȈǸƬĐơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ǁȂǘƫ ȁ ŚǧȂƫǹƛ �ȆǠǸƬůǾǧơƾǿơƤǻƢƳŅơ �ǂŤƚŭơǥƾȀȇ �Ǯǳǀǳ �ǱȂǴūơƤººººǈǻƗńƛǲǏȂƬǳơȁ ǝơǂǐǳơ ƢȀǨǴźŖǳơ ǁƢǐūơ ǁƢƯƕ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǠƬǴǳ ƨȇ ǁǀŪơƣƢºººƦǇȋơ ƵǂǗ Ȃǿǲǰºǌƥ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǥȂºǇ ǲǸǠǳơ ǩơǁȁƗ ƢȀǼǟ ƭƾºƸƬƫŖǳơ ǲƟƢºǇǂǳơȁ ƩƢǸǴǰǳơ ǹƛ �ƆƢǠȈŦ ƢǼȈǴǟ ǽƽƢǠºƥƗȁ ƧǄǣ ǞǓȂǳŃƢǠǳơ ǽƢºƦƬǻơ ƣǀŪ �ƨȈǸǴǠǳơǪǧȋơ Ŀ ƢǿơƾǏƵȂǴȇŕǳơƨǳƢººººººǇǂǳơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗǲǷƘǻ ƢǼǻƛ �ƭǁơȂǰǳơ �ǺƄơ �ƤǔǤǳơ �ǂƫȂƬǳơ �ǖǤǔǳơ �ǹƢǷǂūơ �ǦǼǠǳơ �ƨǷƾǐǳơ � ǁƢǐūơ �ƶǓơȁ

�ǁơǂǬƬǇȋơȁ ƨūƢǐŭơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷơȁǺǬȈƬǳơȁ ǶȀǨǳơ ƨȈŷƗ ǱȂƷ ƨȈƥƢŸơ

.

ŉƾǬƫ

ǆǻơǁȂǳ ňȂƫ �ƾȈǈǳơƧǄǣȁ ƨȈƥǂǤǳơ ƨǨǔǳơ Ŀ ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƤƬǰǷ ǂȇƾǷ


What does the world know of Gaza? It may know of the conflict andviolence, the heat and isolation. It may seeIsraeli jets screaming and stone throwing crowds. It may hear of the siege and the boat of celebrities- "Free Gaza" -whichbroke the blockade.But what does theworld really know about the place and the conditions in which Gazans live? What do people knowaboutthe effects of the long-standing conflict, in all its dimensions, on the mental health and well being of the population? Dothey - or we - begin to understand what is really going on and what the long-term implications for the population and theregion may be? What also do they know also of the positive side of the Gaza, of the strength of family and community, thehospitali ty and humour and the incredibleresilience ofthe people?Over the last several decades, Palestinian people have suffered from internal and external conflict and violence affectingtheir mental health and well being. The closure and effective siege of Gaza by the Israeli authorities over the past 16months have haddevastating consequences on the social, politicaland economic environment in Gaza, adding to the riskof individuals' developing serious mentalhealth problems. The aimof this international conference is tofocus attention ontheseand related issues and questions. Bybringing together local and international experts who have studied the effects onmental health of trauma and violence, in Gaza and other settings, it seeks to share what is known and identify what isunknown; to explore not only the effects of violence on mental health but the kind of mental health and psycho-socialservices which can make a difference. Wealso hope that the conference,, and the many papers which are being presentedat it, will act as a stimulus for further research and for the development of responsive mental health services whichrecognize the links between mental health, the closureand the wider determinants of health.WHOis supporting this conference as part of its widerwork with the Ministry of Health and other partners in the occupiedPalestinian territory to develop modern, communitybased mental health services. The development and provision ofappropriate and effective mental health and psycho-social services must continue to be given high priority. But even moreimportant is to address the root causes, to recognize theconsequences of the conflict and to find a resolutionThe conference therefore seeks, over and above its scientific purpose, to draw the world's attention to the situation in Gazaand its implications for all of us. The words and themes which recur through the abstracts may be bleak: siege, trauma,violence, loss, stress, anger, adversity, catastrophe. But we hope that the message which shines through will be a positiveone -about the importance of evidence and understanding and the possibility ofreconciliation and recovery.

Mr. Tony LauranceH eadof WHO O ffice in West Bank and Gaza

Preface


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�ƤȈƷǂƫȁ ƵƢƬƬǧơ ƨǸǴǯ º ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣ ƲǷƢǻǂƥǆȈƟǁ �Ʊơǂǈǳơ ƽƢȇƛ�ƽ�ƨǈǴŪơǆȈƟǁƤȈƷǂƫȁ ƵƢƬƬǧơ ƨǸǴǯ� ƧǄǣȁ ƨȈƥǂǤǳơ ƨǨǔǳơĿ ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷƤƬǰǷ ǂȇƾǷ �ǆǻơǁȂǳňȂǗ ƾȈǈǳơ

� ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾºƸƬŭ ơƩƢȇȏȂǳơ �ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨǷƢǠǳơƩƢǫȐǠǳơǆǴů ĿǖǇȁȋơ ǩǂǌǳơ ǝȁǂǌŭ ǪƥƢǈǳơ ȅǀȈǨǼƬǳơ ǂȇƾŭơ�ǹƢǸƴȈǇȅǂǼǿ �ƾȈǈǳơśƬǳȁƾǳơ ǲū ƧŚƻȋơ ƨǏǂǨǳơ

ǁȂȀǛ �Ƨƾȇƾºǌǳơ ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ƾǠºƥ ȁ ƔƢǼƯƗ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȆºǈǨǼǳơǶǟƾǳơȁ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ǦȈǼƳ� ƨȈŭƢǠǳơƨƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ�ǹǂǷȁƗ ǹƢǧ ǭǁƢǷ�ƽǪǧơȂƬǳơ

ƨȈǯȂǴǈǳơƩƢǠƦƬǳơ ȁ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ �ƺȇǁƢƬǳơ Őǟ ƧǄǣ ǁƢǐƷ � ơƾǼǯ�ƨȈƥǂƬǳơȁŇƽȋơ ǩǂǌǳơ ƨǈǇƚǷȅƽȂǳƗ Ȃǰȇǁƾǧ ǁȂǈȈǧȁǂƥƨƷơǂƬǇơ

ƨ ȈŭƢǠǳơƨƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ � ŗǰǼƳ ǹȂƳ�ƽ �ƨǈǴŪơǆȈƟǁǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǯǂƷ ƔƢǼƥ �ȂǷƢǻƢƬǻ ơȂƳ ńƛ ƧǄǣ ǺǷ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơ � ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣ ƨǈǇƚǷǆȈƟǁ ȅơǁȂǷȆǈǻƢǻ�ƽ

ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥĿ ǹȁǂǏƢŰ�ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ � ƨǴǬƬǈǷ ƨƦƫƢǯśƬȇǂ ƥ ƢȇǁȂƬǰȈǧ �ƧƾȈǈǳơƾǠºƥ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơǑơǂǟȋơ ƨȈǳƢǸǌǳơ ơƾǼǳǂȇơ �ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƨȇƢǟǂǴǳ ƪǇƢǨǴƥ ǄǯǂǷ � ƢƬƥȂƳǊȈǻƢǷ �ǲƦǷƢǯ ƢǌȇǂƫƢƥ �ǂƻƢǷȂǋ ƮȈƥơǄȈǳơ

ƪǇƢǨǴƥ ƣǂǣ ǺǷƩȏƢƷ ƨǇơǁƽ �ǝơǂǐǳơǶǷȋơ ȃƾǳ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǶƟơ ǂƳ ĿǝȂǴǔǳƢƥ ǹȂǸȀƬŭơ ǃƢƴƬƷơ ƨƠȈƥȁ ǥȁǂǛ ƢȈǻơŗƫ �ƨȈƟƢǼŪơ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨǸǰƄơ �ȂǯȂǰǻȁƗ� ȅȂƥƢƬȈǯȁơ ǲȈǌȈǷ�ƽ

ƢȈǻơŗƫ �ơƾǻơȁǁĿƣǂūơ ǶƟơǂƳ ƨǸǰŰǵƢǷƗ�ƧƾƸƬŭơǉƢǬǻƔơǀǣ

ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂǳơ �ƨȈƦǘǳơ ƽǂǧǁƢǿ ƨȈǴǯ �ǂƫȂǴǇ ǲȈƥ�ƽ �ƨǈǴŪơǆȈƟǁǞººǫơȂǳǆǨǼǳơ ǶǴǟ ǁȂǜǼǷǺǷ ƨȇƾººǬǻ ƨººǇơǁƽ ǁƢǐūơƪŢǹȂȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ � ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơ �Ǆ ȇȂǼȈǳơƨǠǷƢƳ BǆǯȂǧǆȈǻƽ�ƽ

ƨǳơƾǠǳơȁ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơƧƢȈūơ ƧƽȂƳȁ �ǁƢǐūơ śºƥ ƨǫȐǠǳơ ǱȂƷƨǇơǁƽ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳ Ƨ ǄǣƲǷƢǻǂƥȁ ƧǄǣĿƨȈǷȐǇȍơ ƨǠǷƢŪơ �ƣƢǈǯ ƧƾȇƢǟ �ƧƾȈǈǳơȁƨƫȂǫ Śũ�ƽ

ƧǄǣĿ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ǥȁǂǜǳơȁȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ȆºǈǨǼǳơ Ƕǟƾǳơ ƲǷơǂƥ�ǲƦǬƬǈŭơ ƔƢǼƦǳȆǓƢŭơƣǁƢš ǺǷ ƧƽƢǨƬǇȏơ �ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂǳơ �ŅǄȈǳƨǠǷƢƳ ǹƢǸǧȁǁ ǁȂǻƢȈǳƛ�ƽ

�ƣȁǂūơ ǪǗƢǼǷĿǱƢǨǗȋơ ȃƾǳ ƩơǂƫȂƬǳơȁ ƨȈǨǗƢǠǳơȁ ƨȈǯȂǴººǈǳơǲǯƢººǌŭơ�ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơƨºƸǐǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơ ƧǄǣ� ȄǐºǫȋơƨǠǷƢƳ �śǿ Ȃºƥ Ɨ ǲǔǧ ǁȂºǈȈǧȁǂƥ

�ƧǄǣ ƨƥǂš� ǁƢǐūơƪŢǶȀƟƢƥƕȁśȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơǉƢǬǻƔơǀǣ

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�� ǂƥȂƬǯƗ��śǼƯȏơ �ƨȈƷƢƦǐǳơ ƨǈǴŪơ�ȅǂǰǈǠǳơ ǁƢǐūơŚƯƘƫƪŢ ƧǂǇȋơȁ �ǱƢǨǗȋơȁ �ƔƢǈǼǳơ � ƨưǳƢưǳơ ǲǸǠǳơƨǋǁȁ

�� ǂƥȂƬǯƗ��śǼƯȏơ �ƨȈƟƢǈŭơ ƨǈǴŪơ�ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơȁƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾǳơȁ ƨǧƢǬưǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơ �ńȁȋơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǋǁȁ

�� ǂƥȂƬǯƗ��śǼƯȏơ �ƨȈƟƢǈŭơ ƨǈǴŪơ�ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷȁ Ņȁƾǳơ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ǁȂǜǼǷ ǺǷǁƢǐūơ � ƨȈǻƢưǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǋǁȁ

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�ơƾǼǳȂǿ � ƪƻǂƫȁƗ ƨǠǷƢƳ � ǃǂƬǳȁ ŉȁ �ƽ �ƨǈǴŪơǆȈƟǁ��ǁƢǐūơƪŢǱƢǨǗȌǳǝƢǸƬǇȏơ �ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂǳơ � ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ ƨǠǷƢƳƪǇŚǧ ƢǈȈǳƛ ǁȂǈǧȁǂƥ

�ǶȈǴǠƬǳơĿ Ǫūơ ƩƢǬȈǠǷȁ ǁƢǐūơ �ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾǳơȁ ƨǧƢǬưǳơ� ƨȇ ƽȂǠǈǳơ � ƨȈǳȁƾǳơƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨǇǁƾŭơ ǺšƢƫǮȇǁƾǼǿ �ƽǲǷƢǠǯ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƥȐǐǳơ �ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơȁƨȈǈǨǼǳơƩƢǷƾǐǳơ �ƧǄǣ � ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ �ȆǈȈƟǁ ƮƷƢ ƥƪƥƢƯ ǄȇǄǠ ǳơ ƾƦǟ �ƽ

�ƧǄǣǝƢǘǫĿśȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ Ǳ ƢǨǗȋơȃƾǳǖȈǇȁǱƢǨǗȋơ ȃƾǳ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ȆºǈǨǼǳơ ǪǧơȂƬǳơ ȃƾǷ �ƧǄǣ � ǶǐǴǳ ƢǼǳƢǨǗƗ ƨȈǠŦ � ǃơǂǯ Ǻŧǂǳơ ƾ ºƦǟ ǶºǇƢƥ �Ɨ �ƨƳƢºƦǯ ȅƽƢŮơ ƾºƦǟ ǶȈǠǻ �Ɨ

� ǁƢǐūơǲǛ ǶǐǳơǉƢǬǻƔơǀǣ

�ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ�ƪƥƢƯ ǄȇǄǠǳơ ƾ Ʀǟ �ƽ �ƨǈǴŪơǆȈƟǁȄǴǟƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǫǁƢǐºƷ ǁƢƯƕ �ƧǄǣ � ǁƢǐūơ ǮǨǳ ƨȈºƦǠǌǳơ ƨǴǸūơ ǪºǈǼǷ �řȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ȆǠȇǂǌƬǳơǆǴĐơ Ŀ ȂǔǟȅǂǔŬơȆƳƢǻ ǱƢŦ �ǵ

�ƨȈǸǼƬǳơ�ƨƴǘǴƦǳơǭȂǴǈǳ ȏ ƢưǷśǘǈǴǧĿǦǼǠǳơ ǲȈǴŢ�ƢȈǻƢƦǇơ �ǾȈǴȈƦǋƛ ƨǠǷƢƳ �ơŚǳǾȇǃȂƻ ƢȇǁƢǷ �ƽ

�ǶȀƬȈƥ ǂƫȁ ǱƢǨǗȋơǶȈǴǠƫȄǴǟ ǽǂƯƗȁ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫȄǴǟǑȁǂǨŭơ ǁƢǐūơ � ƧǄǣ � ƨƷȂƬǨŭơǅƾǬǳơƨǠǷƢƳ � ƣƢȇƽ ǲȈȀǇ �ƽ�ǁƢǐūơ ƨǷǃƗ ƨȀƳơȂŭ ƨȈƷȁǂǳơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƩƢȈǷƢǼȇƾǳơ � ƧǄǣ� ƨȈǷȐǇȍơ ƨǠǷƢŪơ �ǎǸŮơřǤǳơ ƾƦǟ ƵƢƬǨ ǳơ ƾƦǟ �ƽ

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�ƧǄǣ � ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬūřȈǘǈǴǨǳơǄǯǂŭơ �ňơǁȂǐǳơȆƳơǁ �ƾȈǈǳơ �ƨǈǴŪơǆȈƟǁĿ ƧǂǏƢǼŭơȁ ƧƾººƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ �ƢǸƟơƽ ǺǰŲǹƢººǈǻȍơ ǩȂººǬƷ Ǻǟ ǝƢǧƾǳơ �ǹơǂȇƛ � ǹơǂȀǗĿ ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨº ºƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷǲưŲŖǼȈǻƢǷȂȈƳȁŐǷƗ �ƽ

�ƨǴƬƄơ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǪǗƢǼŭơƨȇȂŮơȁ ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơǮȈǰǨƫ � ǁƢǐūơǥơƾǿƗ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾººƸƬŭ ơƩƢȇȏȂǳơ � ƨǘȈººǇȁƗ ǩǂººǌǳơƩƢºǇơǁƾǳơ ƲǷƢǻǂºƥ �ǺȇƢƬºǌǼȇȂǳ ƱǂǨȈǼƳ �ƽ

�ƨȈǼǗȂǳơƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨȈǳȁƚºǈŭơ ǁȂǘƬƫȁƧƘǌǻ �ǲȈƟơǂǇȍ ƨȈǻƾŭơȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơ ƨȈǳȁƚǈŭơśƥ ƧǄǣ ǁƢǐƷ ƧǄǣ �ǲǬƬǈǷƮƷƢƥ � ǾǗ ȂƥƗƾŧ ȅǃȂǧƔȐǟ �ƾȈǈǳơ

�Ņȁƾǳơ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢǼŪơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ�ǁƢǐūơ ƪŢǱƢǨǗȋơ �ƾȇȂǈǳơ � ƨǴǬƬǈǷƨưƷƢƥ ƩȂǳǁƢǌƫ ǹƕ �ƽ

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�� ǂƥȂƬǯƗ��śǼƯȏơ �ƨȈƟƢǈŭơ ƨǈǴŪơ�ǱȐƬƷȏơ ǹȂƴǇĿśȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ȃǂǇȋơ � ƨưǳƢưǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǋǁȁ

�� ǂƥȂƬǯƗ �� ƔƢƯȐưǳơ �ňƢưǳơ ǵȂȈǳơ�ƨȈǻƢưǳơ ƨȈƷƢƬƬǧȏơ

�� ǂƥȂƬǯơ �� ƔƢƯȐưǳơ �ƨȈƷƢƦǐǳơ ƨǈǴŪơ�ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾǳơȁ ƨǧƢǬưǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơ �ńȁȋơǲǸǠǳơ ƨǋǁȁ

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�ƧǄǣ �ǹȁƢǠƬǳơȁ ƨȈǸǼƬǴǳƨȇǂǈȇȂǈǳơ ƨǳƢǯȂǳơ � ƧǁȂǬǋ ǹǃƢǷ �ƨǈǴŪơǆȈƟǁƢǸȈººǇȏǶȀȇȁƿȁ śȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ śǴºǬƬǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ǄƳơȂūơȁ ǁƢǐūơƩơŚƯƘƫ � ƧǄǣ � ǺȇǁǂƄơȁ ȃǂºǇȋơ Ƨǁơǃȁ � ƨǻơȁǂǧ ňȂǟ ǂǏƢǼǳơ ƾºƦǟ �ƾȈºǈǳơ

��ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫȆǴǬƬǠǷǆǨǼǳơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈºǈǳơȁ ƨȇƢǟǂǴǳřȇƽǥǂǠǯ ǹƕǂºǬǳơ ƧƔơǂºǫ � ƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ǺǷ ƾǠƥƗȂǿ ƢǷńƛ �ǭǁƢŶƾǳơ � ǺƳƢȀǼƥȂǯ ƨǠǷƢƳ �Ȇǌƫ ȂƥƩȂǳ �ƧƾȈǈǳơ

�ƔơƾȀǌǳơȁśȈǇƢȈǈǳơ ƔƢǼƴǈǳơ ȅȁƿ ǺǷ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơƩȐƟƢǠǳơ śƥ�ƨȈǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ǹȂƴǈǳơĿ śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ śǴǬƬǠŭơ ǝƢǓȁƗ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơ ŚƯƘƫ � ƧǄǣ � ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƨǴǬƬǈŭơ ƨƠȈŮơ � ǹƢƷǂǇ ǲȈŦȆǷƢƄơ

�ǁƢǐūƢƥƧǂƯƘƬǷ ǲǬƬǠǷǺǷ ƨǳƢƷǑǂǟ�ǉƢǬǻ

�ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂǳƢƥ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣ ƨǈǇƚǷǆȈƟǁ �ȅơǁȂǷ ȆǈǻƢǻ �ƽ �ƨǈǴŪơǆȈƟǁǶȀƬǷȐººǇȄǴǟǙƢǨūơǶȀƬǟƢǘƬººǇƢƥ ǦȈǯȁ �ƧǄǣĿƨȈººǈǨǼǳơ ƨººƸǐǳơ ȂȈǼȀǷǲǸǟ� ơƾǼǳȂǿ�ƪƻǂƫȁơƨǠǷƢƳ � ǃǂƬǳȁ ŉȁ ǁȂººǈȈǧȁǂƥ

�ƨȈǈǨǼǳơƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǬǳ ǲȈƟơǂǇƛǁƢǐƷǱȂƷƨȈǴȈǴŢ ƨȈǈǨǻ ƨȇƙǁ � ơƾǼǯ �ȆǈǨǼǳơ ǲȈǴƸƬǴǳ ȂƬǻǁȂƫƾȀǠǷ �ǊƬȇȁƽƮȇƽȂƳ �ƧƾȈǈǳơ

�ƩȐǔǠŭơȁ ƩơǁƢȈŬơ �ƧǄǣ ǁƢǐū ƨȈǴȈƟơǂǇȍơ ƨȇƙǂǳơ � �ƤȈƥƗ ǲƫ ƨǠǷƢƳ �ǁơƾǿ ȅǁȁƗ ǁȂǈǧȁǂƥ�Ņȁƾǳơ ǩƢȈǈǳơĿ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƨȈǔǬǳơȄǴǟǽǂƯƗȁ ƧǄǣȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơ ��ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ �ǂƬǈǯơ ƨǠǷƢƳ �ȆǷǂǯƧƽƢǣ �ƽ

�ǉƢǬǻƨƷơǂƬǇơ

�ǭǁƢŶƾǳơ � ǺƳƢȀǼƥȂǯ ƨǠǷƢƳ �ȆǌƫȂƥƩȂǳ �ƧƾȈǈǳơ �ƨǈǴŪơǆȈƟǁ�ǁƢǐūơǲǛĿƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ǲƦǬƬǈǷ� ƧǄǣ � ǂǿǃȋơ ƨǠǷƢƳ �ƨǴƴǠǳơ ƵȐǏ ǹǃƢǷ �ƾȈǈǳơ

�ƨǴƬƄơśǘǈǴǧĿƽȂǸǐǳơȁǺǷƢǔƬǳơȁ ȆǠǸƬĐơ ǺǨǳơ � ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂǳơ� ȂǰǈȈǈǻơǂǧ ǹƢǈƥ řǨǳơ ƾȀǠŭơ � ǺȇǂƳ ǹơǃȂǇ �ƽ�ƧǄǣƩƢǜǧƢŰ ĿĿƢǬưǳơ ǞǓȂǳơȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơ ǂƯƗ � ƧǄǣ�ǲǨǘǴǳ ǹƢǘǬǳơ ǄǯǂǷ�ƅơ ǂǐǻ ǩǃǁ ƽƢǸǟ �ƾȈǈǳơ

�ǞǸƬĐơƲȈǈǻ ƧƾƷȁȄǴǟǙƢǨūơĿ ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơƩƢǸǜǼǷ ǁȁƽ � ƧǄǣ �ȆǟơǁǄǳơ ǂȇȂǘƬǴǳ ĺǂǠǳơ Ǆǯǂŭ ơ� ǹƢǔǷǁ ȂƥƗ ǺǈŰ�ƾȈǈǳơ�ǉƢǬǻƔơǀǣ

11Siege and MentalH ealth�W alls vs. Bridges

�� ǂƥȂƬǯơ �� ƔƢƯȐưǳơ �ƨȈƷƢƦǐǳơ ƨǈǴŪơ�ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơ � ƨȈǻƢưǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǋǁȁ

�� ǂƥȂƬǯƗ �� ƔƢƯȐưǳơ �ƨȈƷƢƦǐǳơ ƨǈǴŪơ�ǁƢǐūơŚƯƘƫƪŢƧǂǇȋơȁ �ǱƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢǈǼǳơ � ƨưǳƢưǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǋǁȁ

�� ǂƥȂƬǯƗ �� ƔƢƯȐưǳơ �ƨȈǷƢƬŬơ ƨǈǴŪơ

ȆǨƸǏ ǂŤƚǷ��

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�ơƾǼǯ � ƨȈƥǂƬǳơȁ ƨȈǧƢǬưǴǳŇƽȋơ ǩǂǌǳơ ƨǈǇƚǷ� ȅƽȂǳƗ Ȃǰȇǁƾǧ ǁȂǈȈǧȁǂƥ �ƨǈǴŪơǆȈƟǁ�ȆǴƻơƾǳơ ǵƢǈǬǻȏơȁ ǁƘưǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơ �ƧǄǣǝƢǘǫĿƨƸǐǳơ � ƧǄǣ � ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƨȈƦǘǳơ ƨƯƢǣȍơ � ǁȂǋƢǟ ȅƾů �ƽ

ƨºƸǐǳơǄǯơǂǷĿ ƨȈǟȐǘƬǇơƨǇơǁƽ � ƧǄǣ � ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ȆǈǨǼǳơƤǘǳơȄǨǌƬǈǷ� ǲȈƸǯƽƢǸǟ �ƾȈǈǳơȁ ǁȂũ ǊȇƢǟ �ƽ�ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻȄǴǟǁƢǐūơ ŚƯƘƫ ǱȂƷ ƨƸǐǳơ ƧǁơǃȂƥ ƨȈǠǸƬĐơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ

ǞǓȂǳơ �ƧǄǣ �ǒȇǂǸƬǳơ ƨȈǴǯ ǝȁǂºǌǷȁ śǘºǈǴǧ � ƨǷȂǷȋơȁ ƨǳȂǨǘǴǳ ǹƢǼūơ ƨȈǠŦ �ƽơȂŪơ ƾºƦǟƧǄŧ �ƾȈºǈǳơȁ ƾȈŧǶºǇƢƳ �ƾȈǈǳơ�ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫĿƨǈǷƢŬơ ǺǇ ǹȁƽ śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȌǳ ȆƟơǀǤǳơ

�ƨȈƸǐǳơȁ ƨȈƠȈƦǳơǽǁƢƯƕȁ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫȄǴǟňȂȈȀǐǳơ ǁƢǐūơ � ƧǄǣ� ƨȈǷȐǇȍơ ƨǠǷƢŪơ �Ǿƥǁ ƾƦǟȆǸǜǻƵƢƬǨǳơ ƾƦǟ �ƽ�ǉƢǬǻƔơǀǣ

�ǹƾǼǳ � ƾǴȈǧ ǂũ Ǯȇǂȇƽ �ƽ �ƨǈǴŪơǆȈƟǁ�śǘǈǴǧĿƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǱȐǜǳơƣƢǠȈƬǇơ �ƨƯǁƢǰǳơ ǵȏƕ � ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂǳơ � ƨȈƦǘǳơƽǁƢǧǁƢǿ ƨǇǁƾǷ � ǂƫȂǴǇǲȈƥ �ƽ

�ƨƦǗǂǫ ƨǇǁƾǷƩƢƦǳƢǗ ńƛ ǝƢǸƬǇȏơ �ƅơ ǵơǁ � ƪȇǃŚƥ ƨǠǷƢƳ� ƨǻȂǨǟ ƧƾƟƢǇ �ƽƨǳƢººƷ �ȆºǇƢȈǈǳơ ǦǼǠǴǳ ǱƢǨǗȋơǑǂǠƫȄǴǟ ƨºƦƫǂ Ƭŭơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƨºǇơǁƽ Ŀ ƩƢȇƾŢȁ ƢȇƢǔºǫ � ǅƾºǬǳơ � ƨȇŐǠǳơ ƨǠǷƢŪơ �ŜŹ ƱƢūơ ƾǸŰ �ƽ

�śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơ�ƨǼǷǄŭơ ƩƢǷƾǐǴǳǑǂǠƬǳơ ƔơǃƛǲǠǨǳơƽȁƽǁǥȐƬƻȏ ƨǴǸƬƄơƣƢƦǇȋơ � ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ� ŚǋƽǁȂǧƩŚǿƨǠǷƢƳǲȇȂǘǳơ ƾǸŰ �ƽ �ǲȈǻ ǂƬȈƥ �ƽ

�ǉƢǬǻƔơǀǣ

�� ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ � ƨǼȈƷơȂǗ Ȃƥơ ƾŧƗ �ƽ �ƨǈǴŪơǆȈƟǁ

��ƨȈǿơǂǰǳơ ƧǂǏƢŰ� ǹơȂǼǠƥ ǲǸǟ ƨǫǁȁ ƨǼȈƷơȂǗ ȂƥƗ ƾŧƗ �ƽ�ǺǗơȂǸǯȁƤȈƦǘǯƤȈƦǘǳơ �ǝơǂǐǳơ ǪǗƢǼǷĿ ƨȈƦǘǳơƩƢȈǫȐƻȋơ � ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ � ƾǴȈǧǂũ Ǯȇǂȇƽ �ƽ

ǂŤƚǸǴǳ ȆǷƢƬŬơ ǹƢȈƦǳơ ƧƔơǂǫȁ ȆǨƸǏ ǂŤƚǷ


First Panel: Monday 27 October, 2008

Morning Session, Monday 27Ocober,2008


9:00 - 11:30Chairperson :Dr. Eyad El-Sarraj -President of Gaza CommunityMental Health Programme - Gaza .Dr. Eyad El-Sarraj - Pres ident of Gaza Community Mental Health Programme and Head of the Palestinian InternationalCampaign to End the Siege. (Welcoming Remarks).Mr.Tony Laurence - Head of WorldHealth Organization office in the West Bank and Gaza. (Welcoming Remarks).Mr. Henry Siegman - Former President of the U.S. Middle East Project (USMEP) and Research Professor at SOAS - London.TheTwo-StateSolution's Last ChanceDr. Mark Van Ommeren - World Health Organization - Geneva. Mental Health and Psychosocia l Support During and AfterAcute Emergencies: Emerging ConsensusProf. FedericoAl lodi -Near East Cultural and Educational Foundation - Canada. TheSiege of Gaza in History: Mental HealthandBehavioral Implications.Break.

11:30 - 1:30Chairperson :Mr. John Jenkins - World Health Organization.Dr.Nancy Murray - President, Gaza MentalHealth Foundation -USA. FromGaza to Guant?namo: Building a NewMovementforHuman Rights.Ms. Vic toria Brittain -IndependentWriter - UK. Besieged in Britain.Ms. Elizabeth Schumacher, Department of Psychiatry, Mater Hospital, Msr. Patricia Campbell, Communi ty Mental HealthTeam, Ms. Maneesh Gupta, Community Mental Health Team - Ireland, United Nations Detention Environment and AccusedforGenocide at the International CriminalTribunal forRwanda (ICTR) inArusha, TanzaniaDiscussion

11:30 - 1:30Chairperson :Dr. Bill Slaughter - Harvard Medical School - USADr. Dennis Fox -University of Illinois at Springfield - USA. Palestinians Under Siege: A Critical Psychology Perspec tive onMental Healthand Justice.Dr.Samir Qouta and Ms. Aida Kassab - The Islamic University and Gaza CommunityMental Health Programme - Gaza . Studyon the Relationship Between the Siege, Quality of Lifeand Psychological Conditions in GazaDr.Eleanor Roffman - Lesley University - USA - Learning fromthe Past toBuild for the Future: Reflections on PsychosocialSupport Programs in War Torn CountriesProf. Fadel Abu Hein -Al-Aqsa University and Communi ty Training Center and Crisis Management - Gaza Discussion. SiegeandMental Health, Siege Stress, Emotionaland Behavioral Problems of Palestinian Childrenand their Parents Living underSiege: "GazaExperience"Discussion

Workshop1"In ternational Experiences ofSiege"

Workshop2"Siege andMental Health"

Schedule Conference



Afternoon Session, Monday 27Ocober,2008


11:30 - 1:30Chairperson :Dr. Wilhelmus Wolters - Prof.State University Utrecht The NetherlandsProf. Elsa First - New York University - USA. Listening to Children UnderSiegeDr.Hendrik Taatgen andMs. Marga Kapka -The American Internat ional School - Saudi ArabiaCulture, Democracy and CivilSociety: Siege and the Obstruction to the Right of EducationDr. Abdel Aziz Thabet - Senior Researcher, Gaza Community Mental Health Programme - Gaza Trauma, PTSD, MentalHealth and Resilience asa Mediating Factor for Palestinian Children in theGaza StripMr. Naim Kabaga and Bassem Koraz- Atfaluna Society For Deaf Children - Gaza - Psychological and Social Adjustmentamong Deaf Children under SiegeDiscussionLunch Break

3:00 - 5:00Chairperson :Dr. AbdelAziz Thabet - Gaza CommunityMental Health Programme - GazaMr.Jamal El-Khodary, PLC Member and Head of the PalestinianPopular Committeeto End the. Impactsof the Gaza Siege onDevelopmentDr.Maria-Jose Lera - University ofSeville -Spa inAnalysis of Violence in Palestine as an Example of Bullying Behavior.Dr.Suhail Diab -Al-Quds Open University -Gaza Impact of the Gaza Siegeon Children's Education and DevelopmentDr.Abd El-Fattah Al-Hamss -TheIslamic University -Mental and SpiritualMechanisms in Confronting Siege Crisis in GazaDiscussion

3:00 - 5:00Chairperson:Mr. Raji Sourany - Pales tine Center for Human Rights - GazaDr. Ambrogio Manenti, - WHO Representative in Tehran - Iran Promoting Human Rights is Always Feasible, UN andAdvocacy in the OPTDr.Jennifer G. Loewenstein - Middle East Studies Program Univers ity of Wisconsin- USA Targets of theSiege: Eroding CivilSociety and National Identi tyMr. Alaa Fawzi Hamad Abu Taha - Independent Researcher - Gaza The Siege of Gaza: Between the Legal and CivilResponsibility of IsraelDr.Ann Charlotte Nilsson - Independent Researcher - SwedenChildren under SiegeDiscussion

Workshop3"Women , Children and Familyunder Siege"

Workshop1 "Siege, Culture, Democracy, and Civil Society"

Workshop2 "Siege in International Law and Human Rights"



Second Panel: Tuesday 28 October, 2008

Morning Session Tuesday 28 October, 2008

3:00 - 5:00Chairperson:Mr. MazenShagoura- SwissAgency forDevelopment Cooperation - GazaMr. Abdel Nasser Awni Ferwana - Palestinian Ministry of Prisoners and Ex-Detainees- Palestine The Impact of Siege andBlockade on PalestinianDetaineesand theirFamilies,in particular, the Gaza DetaineesMs. Lotte Buch Institute of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen - Denmark Beyond Care: Reading the Qur'an asReligious Practices of Care and (self-) Control in Palestinian Families of Political Prisoners andMartyrsMr.Jameel Sarhan Palestinian IndependentCommission for Citizen RightsThe Palestin ian Prisoners in the Israeli Jails FromaLegal PerspectiveA Prisoner's storyDiscussion

9:00 - 11:15Chairperson:Dr. NancyMurray - The Gaza Mental Health Foundation - USAProf. Wilhelmus Wolters - State University Utrecht - The Netherlands Mental health workers in Gaza, How can they do theirjob? How canthey survive mentally?Mrs. Judith Deutsch - Toronto Psychoanalytic Institute and President of Science for Peace - Canada Psychoanalytic Insightsabout Israel and the GazaSiegeProf. Uri Hadar-TelAviv University - IsraelAn IsraeliPerspective on the Siege : Options and DilemmasDr. Ghada Karmi - Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies , University of Exeter - UK The Impact of the Gaza Siege on thePalestine Issue in the InternationalContextCoffee Break

11:30 - 1:30Chairperson:Ms. LotteBuch - University ofCopenhagen - DenmarkMr.Mazen Salah El Ejla -Al-Azhar University - GazaThe Future of Development under SiegeDr.Susan Greene - San Francisco Art Institute - USAPublicArt, Solidarityand Resilience in Occupied PalestineMr.Emad Nasral lah - Qattan Center for Childen - GazaCultural Situation Under Siege in the Gaza StripMr.MohsenAbu Ramadan - ArabCenter forAgricultural Development - Gaza The Role of Civil Society in the Maintenance ofCommunity CohesionDiscussion

Workshop3 "PalestinianPrisoners in IsraeliJails"

Workshop 1"Siege, Culture, Democracy,and Civil Society"


Morning Session Tuesday28 October, 2008

Morning Session Tuesday 28 October, 2008

Closing Panel Tuesday28 October, 2008

Press Conference

11:30 - 1:30Chairperson:Dr. FedericoAllodiDr. Majdi Ashour - Palestin ian Medical Relief Society- Gaza. Health in theGaza Stripunder Siege, Fire and InternalDivisionDr.Ayesh Sammour andDr. EmadKuhail - Ministry ofHealth - Gaza Impact of Siegeon MentalHealth Services in Gaza StripMr. Jasem Humeid , Mr. Hamza Abdeljawad- Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition (MCHN) Palestine and College ofNursing Project - GazaNutr itionalStatus of Under-FivePalestinian Children in the Gaza StripDr.Abdel Fattah Nazmi Abd Rabbo -The Islamic University - Gaza Environmental and Health Consequences of the ZionistSiege on GazaDiscussionLunch Break

11:30 - 1:30Chairperson:Dr. DereckSummerfield - South Londonand Maudsley - UKDr.Bill Slaughter MD, Harvard Medical School - USAGrieving the Catastrophe: Coming to Terms with the American Shadowin Pales tineDr.Saida Jaser AffounehBirzeit University,Ramallah- Pa lestineThe Impact of the Siege on Palest inian Girl s: Listening to theGirls of Qurtoba SchoolDr. Muhammad M. Haj-Yahia- The Hebrew University - Jerusalem Issues and Challenges in Studying the Mental HealthConsequences of Children's Exposure to Political Violence:TheCase of Palestinian ChildrenDr. Mohamed Altawil and Pieter Nel, Univers ity of Hertfordshire, Hatfield - UK- Presented by Member from PalestineTrauma Center - GazaWhat are the PossibleReasons for Different Re-actions to Chronic Trauma?DiscussionLunch Break

3:00 - 4:00Chairperson:Dr. AhmadAbu Tawahina - Gaza Community Mental Health ProgrammeDirectorGeneral -GazaDr.AhmadAbu Twahena "Besieging Hatred�Dr.Dereck Summerfield - South London and Maudsley - UK Medical Ethics in Conflict Zones :The Doctor as Doctor and theDoctor as Citizen.

4:00 - 5:00Press Conference

Workshop 2" Siege and Public Health"

Workshop3 "Women, Childrenand Family under Siege"

"Concluding Remarks"


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ǁƢǐūơ ŚƯƘƫ ƪŢ ƧǂǇȋơȁ �ǱƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢǈǼǳơ

ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾǳơȁ ƨǧƢǬưǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơ

ǱȐƬƷȏơ ǹȂƴǇ Ŀ śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ȃǂǇȋơ

ƪǇŚǧ ơǄǴȇƛ�ƽƢǰƥƢǯ ƢƳǁƢǷȁ ǺšƢƫ ǭǁƾǼǿ �ƽ

ƪƥƢƯ ǄȇǄǠǳơ ƾƦǟ �ƽǃơǂǯ Ǻŧǂǳơ ƾƦǟ ǶǇƢƥ �ƨƳƢƦǯ ȅƽƢŮơ ƾƦǟ ǶȈǠǻ

ǂƫȂǴǇ ǲȈƥ �ƽƨǻȂǨǟ ƧƾƟƢǇ �ƽ

ŜŹƱƢūơ ƾǸŰ �ƽǲȈǻ ǂƬȈƥ �ƽȁ ǲȇȂǘǳơ ƾǸŰ �ƽ

ȆǬȇĈƾǏƨȇƽƢǻ ȁ ǂǴƬǻƢǌƫ ƨŸƾƻ ȁ ǹƢǷǁȂƥ Ƣǰȇǂȇƛ

ȃǂǔŬơ ȄƳƢǻ ǱƢŦơŚǳ ǾȇǃȂƻ ƢȇǁƢǷ �ƽƣƢȇƽ ǩǃǁ ǲȈȀǇ�ƽ

ǎǸŮơ řǤǳơ ƾƦǟ ƵƢƬǨǳơ ƾƦǟ�ƽƨǴƴǠǳơ ƵȐǏ ǹǃƢǷ

ǺȇǂƳ ǹơǃȂǇ �ƽƅơ ǂǐǻ ƽƢǸǟ

ǹƢǔǷǁ Ȃƥơ ǺǈŰƪȈǯơƽ ǱȂƥ �ƽ

ƨǻơȁǂǧ ňȂǟ ǂǏƢǼǳơ ƾƦǟǊƫȂƥ ƩȂǳ

ǹƢƷǂǇ ǲȈŦ

ƨȈǷƢƬŬơȁ ƨȈƷƢƬƬǧȏơ ƩƢǈǴŪơ

ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơȁǁƢǐūơ

ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷȁŅȁƾǳơ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ǁȂǜǼǷ ǺǷ ǁƢǐūơ

ǁƢǐūơ ǞǷƨȈǳȁƽ ƩơŐƻ

ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơ

ǹƢǸǤȈǇ ȅǂǼǿ �ƾȈǈǳơǹǂǷȁƗ ǹƢǧ ǭǁƢǷ �ƽȅƽȂǳƗ Ȃǰ ȇ ǁƾȈǧ�ƽ

ǃǂ Ƭǳȁ ǄǸȈǴȇȁ ǁȂǈȈǧȁǂƥǊƬȇȁƽ ƮȇƽȂƳ

ǁơƾǿ ȅǁȁƗ ǁȂǈȈǧȁǂƥȆǷǂǯ ƧƽƢǣ �ƽ

ƨǼȈƷơȂǗ ȂƥƗ ƾŧƗ �ƽƾǴȈǧ ǂũ Ǯȇǂȇƽ �ƽ

ǆǯȂǧ ǆȈǻƽ �ƽƣƢǈǯ ƧƾȇƢǟȁ ƨƫȂǫ Śũ �ƽ

ǹƢǸǧȁǁ ǁȂǻƢȈǳƛ �ƽśǿ ȂƥƗ ǲǔǧ �ƽ�ơ

ǂǌƫƢǷȂǰǇ ƪȈƥơǄȈǳơ

ŖǼȈǻƢǷ ȂȈƳȁŐǷƗǺȇƢƬǌǼȇȂǳ �Ʊ ǂǨȈǼƳ

ǾǗ ȂƥƗ ȅ ǃȂǧ ƔȐǟƩȂǳǁƢǌƫ ǹƕ

ȅơǁȂǷ ȆǈǻƢǻ �ƽśƬȇǂƥ ƢȇǁȂƬǰȈǧ

ƢƬƥȂƳ ǊȈǻƢǷ �ǲƦǷƢǯ ƢǈȇǂƫƢƥ �ǂǌƫƢǷȂǰǇ ƪȈƥơǄȈǳơȂǯȂǯȂǻȁ Ɨ ȅȂƥƢƬȈǯȁƗ ǲǰȇƢǷ �ƽ

ȅǂǴȈǤǻƛ �ƣ ȁ ƢǧȁƽǁȂǯ ȅƽ �ǥ �ȆǣǁȂǷ �ǥ �ȂƬȇƽǂǧȁǁ �ǁƢŹǁ ƅơ ƾǇƗ �ƽǺȇȐǯ ȆǷȂǠǻ

ǁȂǋƢǟ ȅƾů �ƽǲȈƸǯ ƽƢǸǟȁ ǁȂũ ǊȇƢǟ �ƽ

ƽơȂŪơ ƾƦǟ ƧǄŧ ȁ ƾȈŧ ǶǇƢƳǾƥǁ ƾƦǟ ȆǸǜǻ ƵƢƬǨ ǳơ ƾƦǟ �ƽ

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First Panel

Second Panel

Closing Panel "Concluding Remarks"

Siege andMental Health

Siege in International Law and HumanRights

International Experiences ofSiege

Siege andPublic Health

Women , Children and Familyunder Siege

Mr. Henry SiegmanDr. Mark Van OmmerenProf.FedericoAllodi

Prof.Wilhelmus WoltersMrs.Judith DeutschProf. Uri HadarDr. Ghada Karmi

Dr. AhmadAbuTwahenaDr. Dereck Summerfield

Dr. Dennis FoxDr. Samir Qouta and Ms.Aida KassabDr. Eleanor RoffmanProf. FadelAbu HeinEl izabeth Schumachera

Dr. Ambrogio ManentiDr. Jennifer G. LoewensteinMr. Alaa Fawzi Hamad Abu TahaDr. Ann Charlotte Nilsson

Dr. Nancy MurrayMs. Victoria BrittainMs. Elizabeth Schumacher, Ms. PatriciaCampbell, Ms. Maneesh GuptaDr. Michel Okitapoy On'okokoDr. AssaddullahRehaNaomi Klein

Dr. Majdi AshourDr. Ayesh Sammour and Mr. Emad KuhailMr. Jasem Humeid and Mr. HamzaAbdeljawadDr. Abdel Fattah NazmiAbd Rabou

Prof. Elsa FirstDr. Hendrik Taatgen andMs. MargaKapkaDr. AbdelAzizThabetMr. Naim Kabaga and Mr. BassemKorazDr. Bill Slaughter

Dr.Saida JaserAffounehDr.Muhammad M. Haj-YahiaDr.MohamedAltawil and Dr.Pieter NelErica Burman, Khatidja Chantle r and Nadia Siddiqui

Mr.Jamal El-Khodary,Dr.Maria-Jose LeraDr.Suhail DiabDr.Abd El-Fattah Al-HamsMr.Mazen Salah El EjlaDr.Susan GreeneMr.Emad NasrallahMr.Mohsen Abu RamadanDr Paul S. Duckett

Mr.Abdel Nasser AwniFerwanaMs. Lotte BuchMr.Jameel Sarhan

Siege, Culture, Democracy,and Civil Society

Palestinian Prisoners in Israeli Jails


TABLE OF CONTENT

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ǹȂǰȈºǇ ƮȈƷ �ǶȈǈƳ ÇƾŢǵƽƢǬǳơ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ ǆȈƟǂǳơ ǾƳơȂȈǇƿƢºǬǻƛ ǾƬǟƢǘƬºǇƢƥ �ǒȈƥȋơ ƪȈƦǳơĿ�ȅȁƢǔȈƦǳơƤƬǰŭơ ǲƬŹǆȈƟǁ ǂƻƕŃ ơƿƛ �ȆǴȈƟơǂººǇȍơřȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ ǝơǂǐǳơ ƔƢĔƛǲƳƗ ǺǷ śƬǳȁƾǳơ ǲºƷǪǧƗ ǹƜǧ � ǾƬºǇƢƟǁ ǺǷńȁȋơƨǼºǈǳơ ǱȐƻǥƾŮơ ơǀǿ ǪȈºǬŢńƛ ȄǠºǈȇ�ǵƢǸƬǿƛ ŇƽƗ ǹȁƾƥǉȂƥ ƱǁȂƳȆǯŚǷȋơǆȈƟǂǳơ ǾƴȀƬǻơ ȅǀǳơ śƬǳȁƾǳơ ǲƷǺǷǦưǰǷȁ ǞȇǂºǇ ǲƻƾƫ ǹƛ �Ǻǰǳȁ �Ǫǧȋơ ĿȄǋȐƬȈǇƶƳǁȋơȄǴǟ ǾǻƜǧƢȀƬºƷǂǗ Ŗǳơ ǵȐºǈǳơƩơǁƽƢƦǷ ǺǷ ǲǔǧƗ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻǳ ƾ ȇƾŪơ ǆȈƟǂǳơ ƤǻƢƳƾȇƾŪơ ǆȈƟǂǳơ ǀƻƗ ơƿƛ ƢǷƗ �ƵƢȇǂǳơ ƱơǁƽƗƤǿǀƬǇȁ ƆƢǬƥƢǇ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǾǻƘºƥśǼǷƚǷ ƨǸȀŭơ ǽǀǿ ǶȀºǬƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǽȁǁƢǌƬǈǷȁȅǀǳơǥƾŮơ ơǀǿǪºǬƸƬȇ Ǯǳǀºƥ �ƨºǬưǳơ Ɣ ƢǼºƥ ȁ ǵȐǈǴǳ ŚǔƸƬǳơ ƨȈǴǸǟŘȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ȄǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơǝơǂǐǳơ ȃƾŢ ƾºǬǳ �ǾǧȐºǇƗȄǴǟȄǐǠƬǇơǶǴǧ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƩơȂǼǇ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơ ǾƬƴȀƬǻơ ȅǀǳơ �ǲǿƢǈƬǳơ�ƝƽƢºƦǷ ǹƛ �ǁƢǰǧȋơ ƧǁƾǻƤºƦǈƥ ȏȁ � ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ ǁȂǐºǬǳơ ǾƳȁƗ ƤºƦǈƥ ǺǰȇƪǤȈǏ ŕǳơ ǹȂƬǼȈǴǯ ǲȈºƥǆȈƟǂǳơ ŚȇƢǠǷ Ŀ ǺǸǰƫ ƧƢȈƸǴǳ ƨǴƥƢǫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơǞȈǸƴǴǳ ƧǁȂȀººǌǷ �ƢȀƬǠººƦƫŖǳơ ƢºƥƢǗƩƢƯƽƢŰĿƪǴǐǧȁ�� ǵƢǟƧƽơǁȍơ Ȃǿ ƩƢººǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿǺǟ ƣƢǣ ƾºǫƢǷ ǹƛ �ȆŭƢǟǾºƦǋǶǟƾºƥ ȄǜŢȁ�ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǱȂºƦǫ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂǗȋ ơ ǲǸūƨǷǃȐǳơ ŚºƥơƾƬǳơ ƿƢţȏ ƨȈºǇƢȈǈǳơƽȂȀŪơ ǞȈŦ ǲººǌǧ ńƛȃƽƗ ȅǀǳơ ȆººǫȐƻȋơȁ ȆººǇ ƢȈǈǳơ ǲººǌǨǳơ Ǿǻƛ�� őŪơ Ǻǰǳȁ ǲȀƴǴǳ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǺǰȇŃ ǲºǌǨǳơ ơǀǿ �ƪǳǀºƥŖǳơ ƨǬƥƢǈǳơǒǠººººƥ ǽƢš Ņȁƾǳơ ǞǸƬĐơ ǺǷ ŚºººƦǯƔǄƳ ƤǻƢƳǺǷ ƾǸǠƬǷǲǿƢš Ȃǿȁ

�ǝơǂǐǳơ ơǀǿ ƪŢ ȆǨƬţŖǳơ ƨƼǇơǂǳơ ǆǇȋơƨǨǴǰƬǳơ ǲǿƢƴƬƫȁ ǎȈƻǁ ǩƢǨƫơńƛ ȄǠººǈƫŖǳơǵȐººǈǳơ Ʃơǁƽ ƢººƦǷ ǹƛǃȁƢƴƬƫ ƨȈǯŚǷƗ ƧǁƽƢºƦǷ ǁȁƾǏǹƛ �ǲǌǨǳƢƥ ƔȂƦƬǇǆǇȏơ ǽǀŮƨƥȂǴǘŭơǽƢš ƨǬƥƢǈǳơ Ʃơǁơƽȍơ ƢȀƬƴȀƬǻơŖǳơ ƨǬƥƢǈǳơ �ǲǿƢǈƬǳơ� ƨǇƢȈǇ ǲǌǧǺǷ ǶǣǂǳƢºƥȁ �ǝơǂǐǳơ ơǀǿ ƔƢĔƛ ƢĔƢǰǷƜº ƥ ƨǷǃƢºƷȁ ƨǘºǌǻ ƨȈǇƢǷȂǴƥƽƩƢººƥƢƼƬǻȍƢƥ ƧƾȈºǬǷ Śǣ ƢŭȆºǫȐƻƗȁ ȆºǇƢȈǇǪǧƗ ǾȇƾǳǆȈƟǁ ǹƜǧ �Ǯǳƿ� śƬǳȁƾǳơ ǲºººƷƔƢĔơ �ǾººƥƢƼƬǻơ ǶƬȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾȈǴǟǹƗ ǭǁƾȇȁ �ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ

�ƨƦǫƢǠƬŭơ ǱƢȈƳȌǳ ƧƢǇƘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ ńƛǲǏȂƬȇǥȂǇ

The next occupant of the Oval Office will be the lastAmerican president to have the possibility of saving a two-statesolution to theIsrael-Palestine conflic t.If hedoes not pursue andachieve this goal during the first year ofhis presidency, the two-state "horizon" that Pres ident George W.Bush pursued so ineffectively is likely to disappear for good.However, even a quick and intense engagement by the newpresident will fare no better than previous U.S. peace initia tives -all of which have gotten nowhere - if he and his advisorsapproach the task believing that some more "peace processing"and "confidence-building measures" will achieve the goal thateluded his predecessors. The Israel-Palestine conflict has defiedU.S. "facilitation" over these many years not because ofprocedural shortcomings, nor because of a pauc ity of ideas. Theterms of a workable agreement - formulated in the ClintonParameters of 2001 and elaborated in the Taba discussions thatfollowed - are well-known, and enjoy near-universal support.What has been missing is the political will to take the measuresnecessary to get the parties to accept these parameters -a politicaland moral failure that has doomed all previous effort s. Thisfailure has not been the result of ignorance but of coward ice - awillful disregard by much of the in ternationa l community ofcertain unchanging fundamentals that underlie this conflict.Peace in itiatives that seek an agreement on the cheap, and seek toavoid the pricedemandedby these fundamentals cannotsucceed.A U.S. initiative that goes beyond the failed "facilitation" ofprevious administrations to vigorous and determined diplomacycan still end this conflict, bu t only a president whose politi cal andmoral horizon extends beyond the next U.S. Congressionalelection - and understands that by the time that election occurs,the two-state solu tion will have disappeared -will be able to bringthismulti-generat ional tragedy to an end.

The Two-State Solution's Last Chance

Mr. Henry Siegman*

śƬǳȁƾǳơ ǲū ƧŚƻȋơ ƨǏǂǨǳơ

ǹƢǸǤȈǇ ȅǂǼǿ �ƾȈǈǳơ

ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơ �ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƩƢǫȐǠǳơ ǆǴů ľ ǖǇȁȋơ ǩǂǌǳơ ǝȁǂǌŭ ǪƥƢǈǳơ ȅǀȈǨǼƬǳơ ǂȇƾŭ ơ * Form er Presiden t of the U.S ./Middle East Project (USMEP) and Research Professor at SOAS, London - Email : [email protected]

mailto:*FormerPresidentoftheU.S./MiddleEastProject(USMEP)andResearchProfessoratSOAS,London-Email:[email protected]


ƝǁơȂǘǳơƩȏƢºƷ ƾǠºƥȁƔƢǼƯƗ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ ƲǷơǂºƥ ŐƬǠƫǾǻƗƮȈƷ �ǱƾƴǴǳ ƧŚưǷƨȈǔǫ ƽȁƾƄơ ƽǁơȂŭơ Ʃơƿ ƧŚǬǨǳơǹơƾǴƦǳơ Ŀ ƧƽƢūơƢǷ ƣơǂǘǓơ ǵȂȀǨǷĿƨǷƢǠ ǳơ ƨººƸǐǳơ ƨǸȈºǫ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫơ ǭƢǼǿǆȈǳȄǴǟ ǄǯǂƫŖǳơƩƢǷƾŬơ ƨǷƔȐǷ ȃƾǷȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫơ ȏȁ ƨǷƾǐǳơ ƾǠººººººººƥǲƻƾƬǳơ ƝƽƢºƦǷȁ ƩƢȈƴȈƫơǂƬºǇơ ǺǷƨǟȂǸůǭƢǼǿ �ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƩƢǷƾǐǳơ

�ƔơŐŬơ ȅƗǂǳǞǇơȁ Ƕǟƾƥ ȄǜŢŖǳơ ȆǠǸƬĐơ ȁ ȆǈǨǼǳơǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǪǧơȂƫ Ɣơǁƕ Ƙººǌǻ ƾººǬǧ ǱƾŪơ ơǀǿ ǁơǂǸƬºǇơǺǷ Ƕǣǂǳơ ȄǴǟȁƨºººƸǐǳƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǏƢƻȁ ƨǸȈǴººǈǳơƨǷƢǠǳơ ƨººƸǐǴǳ ƨººǇǁƢŲƧŚƻȋơ ƨǻȁȉơ Ŀ ǲưǸƬȇǩƢǨƫȏơ ơǀǿȁ �ǂǰºƦŭơ ǲƻƾƬǳơƮȈºƷ ǺǷ �ƨ ȈǈǨǼǳơĿ � ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨ ȈººººǈǨǼǳơ ƨººººƸǐǳơƤǻơȂƳ� ŚȇƢǠǷ Ʊơǁƽƛ ǱȐƻǺǷƝƽƢºƦǷȁ �ƨǷƾǐǴǳ ƨºƥƢƴƬǇȌǳ ƢȈǻƾǳơ ŚȇƢǠŭơǱȂƷ �ŚǨǇ� ƣƢƬǯ ƨǠƳơǂǷơǀǿȁ �ƩƢǷǃȋơƩƢºǫȁƗ ĿȆºǈǨǼǳơǶǟƾǳơȁ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ǱȂƷ ,$6&ńƛƨººƸǓơȁǲƟƢºǇǁ ȆǘǠȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȁǾƬȈŷƗȁǪǧơȂƬǳơ ǁȂȀǛȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƫ

�ƨǨǴƬƼŭơƩƢǟƢǘǬǳơĿǖȈǘƼƬǳơ ȄǴǟ śǸƟƢǬǳơ

Mental health care programmes during and after acuteemergencies in resource-poor countries have been consideredcontroversial. Thereis no agreement on the publ ic health value ofthe post-traumatic stress disorder concept and no agreement onthe appropriateness of vertical ( separate) trauma-focusedservices. A range of soc ial and mental hea lth interventionstrategiesand principles seem, however,to have support of broadexpert opinion.Despite continuing debate, there is emerging agreement on whatentails good public health practice in respect of mental health. Interms of early interventions, this agreement is exemplified by therecent inclusion of 'a mental and socia l aspects of health' standardin the Sphere handbook's revision on minimal standards indisaster response and the IASC Guidelines on Mental HealthandPsychosocial Support in Emergencies. This affirmation ofemergingagreement is important and should give clear messagesto planners in diver sectors.

Mental health and Psychosocial Support During andAfter Acute Emergencies: Emerging Consensus

Dr. Mark van Ommeren *

ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ȆǈǨǼǳơ Ƕǟƾǳơȁ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ�ǪǧơȂƬǳơ ǁȂȀǛ �Ƨƾȇƾǌǳơ ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ƾǠƥȁ ƔƢǼƯƗ

ǹǂǷȁƗ ǹƢǧ ǭǁƢǷ �ƽ

ǦȈǼƳ ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ * WH O. Geneva- [email protected] t

mailto:*[email protected]


ȃƾŭơŅ ƛ ǂǜǼǳƢºƥ ƧǄǣǁƢǐºƷ ŅƛƨǇǁơƾǳƢƥ ƨǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿ ǩǂǘƬƫƢǸǯ �ƣǂūơ ƨǳƢºººººººƷĿ ƢȀȈǴǟǑǂǧ ȅǀǳơ ǁƢǐūơ ǺǷǲȇȂǘǳơ ȆźǁƢƬǳơƨŻƾºǬǳơ ǁȂǐǠǳơ Ŀ ƧǂȀºǋ ǂưǯȋơ ƩơǁƢǐºƸǴǳ ƨǠƳơǂǷȁ ƨǸƟƢǫ ǲǸǌƫǂƸƦǳơ ǹƾǷȁǖǇȁȋ ơǩǂǌǳơ Ŀ ƨǻƢǰǷ ƪǴƬƷơŖǳơǮǴƫƨǏƢƻȁ ƨưȇƾūơȁǮǴƫ ǲǴŢȁƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁƨȈźǁƢƬǳơ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ǦǼǐƫ ǥȂºº ºººǇ � ǖººººǇȂƬŭơƨǴºººººǬƬǈŭơƩơŚǤƬǳơ ǹƛ �ƨǷǃȌǳȅǁȂǐƫ ƱƿȂŶ ǵơƾƼƬººººǇƢƥ ƩơǁƢǐūơƨǷơǂǏȁ ƨȈǼǷǄǳơ Ƨƾŭơ �ǂǏƢƄơ ƤǠºǌǳơ ƨȈǐƼǋ �ǲưǷ Ȇǿ ƨǘǇȂƬŭơȁǑơǂǟƗ �ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƕǟƾǳơ ƨǰººƦǋ �ǞǸƬĐơ Ƶȁǁȁ �ƽơƾǠƬº ºǇȏơ ȁ �ǁƢǐūơ ơǀǿƩơŚǤƬǳơ ǽǀǿ ƱƢƬǻ ǹƛ� ǞǸƬĐơȁ ƽǂǨǴǳ ȆǯȂǴºººǈǳơ ǂƯƘƬǳơȅƾǷ �ǁƢº ººǌƬǻȏơƱƢǷƾǻȏơ ȁƨȈºǈǨǼǳơƩƢºƥơǂǘǓȏơ ǽǀǿ ǁƢºǌƬǻơ ȅƾǷ ǺǸǔƬƫ ƨ ºǇƢǬŭơ� ǁƢǐūơ Ǯǳƿ ǝƢǌǬǻơ ȁƗ ǵȐǈƬǇȏơ ȁ �ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơȁ ƨǷȁƢǬŭơȁ �ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơǂǏƢƄơ ƤǠºººǌǳơ ȆǴǟ ƢȀǴȈǴŢ ǶƬȇ ǥȂºº ºǇƩƢººƦǴǬƬǳơȁ ƩơŚǤ Ƭǳơ ǆǨǻ

� ȅƾƬǠŭơȁǹƗ ǺǷǶǣǂǳƢºƥȁ � ƧǄǣ ĿƢȈǳƢºƷ ȅǁƢŪơ ǁƢǐūơȆǴǟ ƨºǬȇǂǘǳơ ǽǀǿ ǪºƥƢǘƬƫĿ ƆȏƢǠǧȁ ƆȐǷƢǯ ǺǰȇŃǾǻơ ȏƛ �ǾƫŚƫȁ ƾƬºǋƗȁǲȇȂǗ ƾǷȋ ǂǸƬºǇ ơ ǁƢǐūơǺȇǂǏƢººƸǸǴǳ ƧƾǟƢºǈǷ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ �ǁƢǐūơ ơǀǿǦºǫȁȁ ƹȂǓǂǳơ ǪȈºǬŢǶǟƾǳơƩƢǰººƦǋ ǺǷ�Ǯǳƿ ǲǯ ǩȂǧȁ ƨȈǳȁƾ ǳơǺǷƢǔƬǳơ ƨǯǂººƷ ƢȀ ƬǷƾººǫǩƢǘǻȄ ǴǟƪǻƢǯȁ ǁƢǐūơ ǁƢƯƕ ƪǟȂǼƫ �ƨȈǴƻơƾǳơ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȋơȁ ȆººººǈǨǼǳơƨǷƾǐǳơƣǂǯ ǲǠǧ Ʃơƽǂǳ ǞººººǇơȂǳơ ǁƢºº ººǌƬǻȍƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǞºººǇơȁǂƫȂƬǳơȁ �ǱƢǨǗȋơȁ śǬǿơǂŭơ ƩƢȈǯȂǴǇȁ �376' ƢŮ ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƩƢƥơǂǘǓȋơȁǝƢǓȁȋơǒǠººƥŅƛƧǁƢººǋȍơ ƪŤȁ � ǞǸƬĐơȁ ǂºǇȋơǲƻơƽ ƩƢǷƢºǈǬǻȏơȁ

� ƧǂǏƢƄơƩơȂǬǳơȁƣȂǠǌǳơ ȃƾǳ ƨđƢǌŭơ

This paper studies the siege of Gaza in the context ofthe long history of sieges in war. It lists and reviews the bestknown sieges in antiquity and modern times particular thosewhich took place in Middle East and Mediterranean countries.Historical and information sources are ranked, and siegesanalyzed using a crisis conceptual model. The independent andintermediate variables considered are: characte r of the besiegedpopulation, duration and severity of the siege, preparation, andcommunity spirit, network of support, symptom prevalence, andindividual and social vulnerabili ty behaviours. Outcomevariables measured include the prevalence of mental disordersand social integration, resistance and negotiation, surrender orthe lifting of the s iege. The same variables are analyzed both forthe besieged and the attackers. This method is applied to theongoingsiege of Gaza. It is concluded that although the blockadehas been prolonged and severe it has not been complete oreffectivein achieving surrender or termination of the siege .Therehas been help to the besieged from the international so lidaritymovement and, above all, from the internal network of soc ial andpersonalsupport. The toll of the siege has been great in term of thehigh of prevalence grief stress reactions, PTSD and adolescentand children behaviours, family and community tensions anddivisions. Similar findings are referred to in the besieging forcesand populations.

The Siege of Gaza in History:Mental Health and Behavioural Implications.

Professor Federico Allodi *

�ƺȇǁƢƬǳơ Ŀ ƧǄǣ ǁƢǐƷȆǯȂǴǈǳơ ǹȂǸǔŭơ ȁ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ

ȅƽȂǳƗ Ȃǰȇ ǁƾȈǧ �ǁȂǈȈǧȁǂƥ

* Near East Cultural and Educational Foundation Canada - [email protected]

mailto:*[email protected]


ǺǷśȈŻ ƽƢǯȋơǺǷ ƨǟȂǸůƪǯǁ Ƣºººººǋ �� ǵƢǟ ǞǴǘǷ ĿĿȆưºƸƦǳơȁœȇǁƾƬǳơ ƲǷƢǻŐǳơ ƔƢǌǻƛȁǆȈǇƘƫĿŃƢǠǳơƩƢǠǷƢƳǦǴƬűƲǷơǂºƥ ǞǓȁĿ ƨǟȂǸŪơ ǽǀǿƪǯǁƢºǋȁ�ƨ ȈºǈǨǼ ǳơ ƨºƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣƲǷƢǻǂºƥŖǳơƩƢ ȇƾºƸƬǳơ ƾƷƗ ǹƢǯȁ �ȆǴƄơœȇǁƾƬǳơ ǶǫƢǘǳơ ȄǴǟǥơǂǋȍơȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǠƫȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬǳơ Ȇǿ ƾȈǬǠƬǳơ Ŀ ƨȇƢǣ ǥȁǂǛǲǛĿ ƢǼƟ ƢǫƾǏƗȁ ƢǼƟȐǷǃƪȀƳơȁǶǟƽȁƧƾǟƢºǈŭ ȅǁȁǂǔǳ ơȆºǈǨǼǳơ ǹǃơȂƬǳ ơ ǺǷňƽȏơ ƾūƢºƥ Ȃǳȁ ǁơǂǸƬºǇȋơƨȇȂǻƢưǳơ ǁƢƯȋơ ǺǷ ǹȂǻƢǠȇ Ǻ ȇǀǳơ ȁƗƨ ȈºººǈǨǼǳơƩƢǷƾǐǳơȁǦǼǠǳơ ƢȇƢº ºƸǓ

�ƣȁ ǂūơ ǺǟƨšƢǼǳơ ƨȈƦǴǈǳơƢǿƽȂººǈȇǪǗƢǼǷĿƨȈººǈǨǼǳơ ƨººƸǐǳơ ǲººǬƷ ĿśǴǷƢǠǳơ ǹƜǧ ǮǳǀǯǞǷǲǷƢǠƬǳơĿƧƽƾŰǕȂǤǓǹȂȀƳơȂȇȅƽƢǐƬºº ºººººǫȏơ ƔƢƻǂǳơȁƔ ȁƾŮơǢǳƢºƥ ǵƢǸƬǿƢºƥǮǳƿȆǜƷ ƮȈƷƨȈǈǨǻƩƢǷƾǏǺǷǹȂǻƢǠ ȇǺȇǀǳơȄǓǂŭơƩƢǷƾǐǳơ ƱȐǟ ĿƽƢǔŭơ ǢȇǂǨƬǳơ ƣƢƬǯńƛ ǂǜǻƗ � ƨȈººǈǨǼǳơƩƢȈºƥ ƽȋơĿ

�ȅƾǼȈǳ �ƽ ƣȂǯƢƳȁ ǹȂǈǴȇȁ �ƣ ǹȂƳƤƫƢǰǴǳ �ƨȈǈǨǼǳơǹƗƤŸƨȈººǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ ȄǓǂǷ ǹȂŪƢǠȇ Ǻȇǀǳ ơ ƨºƸǐǳơȆȈƟƢǐƻƗ ǹƛƽƢǔŭơ ǢȇǂǨƬǳơȁ ŅƢǠǨǻȍ ơ ǢȇǂǨƬǳ ơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ĿśǴǟƢǨƬǷ ƔƢǯǂºǋ ơȂºƸƦǐȇƨºǌǫƢǼǷǶƬȈºǇȁƮȈºƷ ƩƢǷƾǐǳƢƥ ȅȂǻƢƯ ǂƯƘƫ ǺǷ ǹȂǻƢǠȇ ƾǫȁ �ǒȇǂŭơśƥƧǄǣ ǝƢǘººººǫĿ ƢǼƟȐǷǃ ȃƾǳ ǲǷơȂǟ ǲǸǠ ǳơ ȂƳǶººººǈƬȇ �ƩȐǟƢǨƬ ǳơ ǽǀǿ

�ƨȈǳƢƬǳơǎƟƢǐŬƢƥȅƽƢǐƬǫȋơ ȁơ ȅƽƢŭơǹ ƢǷȋơ ǂǧȂƫ ǵƾǟ��ƨȇǂǰǈǟȁ ƨȈǇƢȈǇ ǲǷơȂǠ ƥǂƯƘƬǳơ��

řȀŭơǥơǂǋȋơȁǶǟƾǳ ơƣƢȈǣ��ǲƻƾǳơȁ ǵƢǠǘǳơ ǽƢšǥȁƢű��

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ǪǧơȂƬǳơ ǶȀƬǟƢǘƬºººººǇ ƢƥǦȈǯȁ �ǶǿƩƢǨǏơȂǷ ȅƘººººƥ ȁ ƔȏƚǿǅƢǻƗ ȅƗƨƸǐǳ ơƩƢǸǜǼŭ ƨƥȂǴǘŭơ ƧƽƢȈǬǳơ ƨȈǿƢǷ ƢǷȁ �ơǀǿ ǶȀǴǸǟ ĿǁơǂǸƬǇȏơȁƢǼƟȐǷǃ ǶǟƾǳǵƢǜǻ ǂȇȂǘƫ ƢǼƬǟƢǘƬºǇƢƥǦȈǯ �ƣȁǂūơƩƢºǫ ȁƗĿ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơǹƗƤŸǲƟƢºǈŭơ ǽǀǿǲǯ �ƣƢǠǐǳơ Ƕǣǁǹ ơƾȈŭơĿ ǶȀƦƳơȂ ƥ ǹȂǷȂǬȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ

�ƨȈǈȈƟǂ ǳơ ƨǈǴƴǴǳơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǊǫƢǼƫ

Since 1994 a group of international teachers of severalInternational Universities took part in the development of thetraining programme of the GMMP. For years they took par t in theteaching programme, gave supervision and worked with the localstaff. One of the questions was how our colleagues can andfriends go on for years and in extreme circumstances maintain aminimum psychological balance necessary to help and supportpeople who are traumatised and or suffering from the secondaryvery negativeconsequences of thewar.Even for mental health workers, working in rather quiet andeconomically prosperous countries the specific stress ofworking with traumatised patients gets a lot of attention inLiterature: See Counter transference in the Treatment of PTSD,Ed. John P. Wilson andJacob D.Lindy.The Mental Health worker who treats traumati sed patien ts canbecome a (inter)ac tive partner in the transference and countertransference process. They can suffer from secondarytraumatisation; these reactions will be discussed.In Gaza in theworking context ofour colleagues characterised byspecial stressors:

1 -The basic physical and economical safety does not exist2- Political and military factors3- Lackof professional support and supervision4- Concerns aboutfood and income5- Specific vulnerabili ty connected with the fact that thepatient population consist partly in friends, family, andacquaintances.6- Logistic problems7- Stressors on the level of the organisation8- Continuing confrontation with dead bodies, woundedpeople etc.

What kind ofpeople, with what kind of qualities, with what kindof coping style can survive and do their job? What kind ofleadership is required for a mental health organisation in time ofwar? How can we develop a system to support our colleagueswho do their job in the field?These and other question could bediscussed in our panel.

Mental Health Workers in Gaza, How CanThey Do Their Job? How Can they Survive Mentally?

Prof. W.H.G.Wolters *

�ƧǄǣ Ŀ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ȆȈǼȀǷ ǲǸǟƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ǶȀƬǷȐǇ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơ ǶȀƬǟƢǘƬǇƜƥ ǦȈǯȁ

ǃǂƬǳȁ ǄǸȈǴȇȁ ǁȂǈȈǧȁǂƥ

* Clinical Psychologist State University Utrecht Holland - [email protected]

mailto:*ClinicalPsychologistStateUniversityUtrechtHolland-whgwolters@casema.nl


�ǁƢǐūơǑǂǨǳ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơƩơƽƾƄơ ǺǷ ơƽƾǟ ƨǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿ ǱȁƢǼƬƫśȈǴȈƟơǂ ººǇȍơ śǤǳƢºƦǳơ ǹƗ ǦȈǯ ƶǓȂƫȆºǈǨǼǳơǲȈǴºƸƬǳơ ǶȈǿƢǨǷ ǹƛǁŐƫȁ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫŖǳơ ƨȇǂǰººǈǠǳơ ƱƿƢǸǼǳơȅƽȂȀȈǳơ ƣƢººƦǌǳơ ĿǹȂºǇǂǤȇǆǰǟǽƢšơ Ŀ ƨǏƢƻǪƟƢººǬƸǴǳ ƢȀȇȂºǌƫ ǺǸǔƬȇǮǳƿ ǹƛ �ǁƢǐūơǑǂǧƨȈǴǸǟǲȈǘǠƫȁǦǗƢǠƬǳơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾºǬǳơǕƢºƦƷƛȁ ȅƾƬǠŭơȁ ƨȈƸǔǳơ ǁơȁƽƗśºƥ ƽȁƾūơ ǹƛ �ǦǼǠǳơȁ ǹơȁƾǠǳơ ǵơƾƼƬºǇơ ǞǷ ƶǷƢǈƬǳơȁ ŚǸǔǳơ ǺȇȂǰƫǪȈººǬƸƬǳ ƣƢºƦǌǳơ ǹȂǤǳƢºƦǳơ ǵƾƼƬºǈȇ śǐºƷ ƢȀºǫơǂƬƻơ ǶƬȇ ǱƢȈƳȋơƽƾǟ ǃƢųƛ ȄǴǟ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ƧƾǟƢǈǷĿ ƧƾƷȂǯ ƧǂǇȋơ ǁȁƽ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ �ǶȀǓơǂǣƗƾººººººƷȂƬǳơ ǞǷƩơǀǳơ ǶȈǜǠƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƢȀǐǴºººººǬƫ ƨȇǁȂǘƬǳơǵƢȀŭơ ǺǷƢȈźǁƢƫ �śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ȄǴǟ ǾȈǧ ƣȂǣǂǷŚǣ ȆǈǨǻǹȂǸǔŠȆǗƢǬǇȍơǁƢǐūơ ȁƾºƦȇ ƾºǫ �ǁƢǐūơ Ŀƨȇ ǁȂŰ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǱȏƿȍơȁǑǂŭơȁ ǞȇȂƴƬǳơ ǹƢǯǲȈƟơǂºǇƛ ǩǂƻ ǞǷƢǷƢŤ ǶƴºǈǼȇ ǾǼǰǳ ƣǂūơ ǱƢǰºǋƗ ǺǷ ƢºǫǁƢǨǷ ȐǰºǋȏƢǰººǋ ƗǊººǫƢǼȇ ǹȁǁǆǸȈƳƹǁƚŭơ �ǦȈǼƳȁ ƧƾººƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƢȈºǫƢǨƫȏƨȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ Ƣŭ ƢǠƦƫȆ ǴȈƟơǂǇȍơǹơȁƾǠǳơ ǺǷƨǨǴƬűƾȇǁȂǻȁƱ ơǂºǈǳơ ƽƢȇƛȁ ƾȇȁǂǧ �ƨȇƽȁƾƷ ƨǬǘǼǷ ȁƗ ǱȐƬƷȏơ ƪŢ ƢȈǼǬƫ ƨȈǼǠŭơśººƷǲǨǘǳơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǷƾŭơ ǁƢƯȊǳ ƢđƢºǌǷ ƢǨǏȁ ǹȂǷƾºǬȇ śǻƢūơ ƾȈǴȈºƥ�ǾƥƢǌǷ ǲǰǌƥ �ƤǻƢƳȋơ ƽȂǼŪơ ȅƾȇƗ ȄǴǟ ǱȏƿȎǳ ǹȂǓǂǠƬȇ ǾǴǿƗ ƾǿƢǌȇĺǂǤǷĿƕ ȆǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ƱǂƼǸǴǳ �řȈǟ ǺǷ ƧƾºƷơȂƥ ǁƘ Ươ� ȆǬƟƢƯȂǳơ ǶǴȈǨǳơǱȂººƷ ơƽƢººǇƢǷ ƧǁȂǘºǇƗ ǹȂǸǴǠƬȇ ȆǴȈƟơǂ ºǇȍơƣƢºƦǌǳơ ǹƗ ǦȈǯ ǂȀǜȇǵƾºǬƫƨºǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿ �śȇǁƢºƸƬǻȏ ơ ƣƢǿǁƛ ǱȂºƷ ǹȂǌſ ƧǁȂǘǇƗȁ ǁƢǐūơǲǯĿǪǴººººǬǳơ ǾƳȁƗ ǹȁŚưȇśǤǳƢºººƦǳơǹƗ ǦȈǯƶǓȂƫ ƨȈǴȈǐǨƫ ƱƿƢŶǮǳǀǯ�ŚǗƢǇȋơǮǴƫ ǶŮƢǨǗƗǶȈǴǠƫ ǱȐƻ ǺǷ ȂǸǼǳơ ǲƷơǂǷ ǺǷ ƨǴƷǂǷǱƢǨǗƗ� ǪƟƢƯȂǳơ ǶǴȈǨǳơ Ŀ ǹơȁƾǠǳơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǱȁƢǼƫĿǂǜǼƫ ƨººººǫǁȂǳơ ǹƜǧĿ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ǞǷƩƢȈǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ƔƢºǈǼǳơ ȃƾºƷƛ ǲǸǟƨǐºǫ ȅȁǂȇȅǀǳơ �ƢǻǁƗǂºǏƢǼǠǳơ ƶºǓȂƫ ǁƢºǐūơ ǱȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗǳơ ǵȐǧȋơ ǺǷ ƱƿƢǸǼǳơ ǮǴƫǹƛ �śǼƳǁȂǠºǌǳơ ƣƢǈƬǯơ ȄǴǟ ƣƢƦǌǳơ ƧƾǟƢǈǷĿ ƩƢƦǬǠǳơȁ ƨƦǯǂŭơƨ ȈǈǨǼǳơ�ǹơȁƾǠǳơ ǞǷ ǲǷƢǠƬǳơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬǳơȁ ǞǫơȂǳơ ǭơǁƽƛȁ �ƨȈǐƼǌǳơ ƨȈǳȂƠǈŭƢƥ

This paper looksa t severalpsychological determinantsof imposing a siege. Psychoanalyticconceptsclarify how Israeliadults forcefully inculcate in Jewish youth the military idealsthat lead to, and rationalize, imposing a siege. Involved in thisare distortions of reality testing especially in the direction ofreversing roles of victim and aggressor, interference in the abilityto empathize, cur tailment of conscience development, and thepermissive stimulation of aggression. Generational boundariesare breached as adults use youth for their own ends. Thefunctionof the family unit to help children master a range ofdevelopmental tasks is curtailed by sel f-idealizat ion coupled withthe projective identification of unwanted psychological contentonto Palestinians.Historically, cen tral to s iege is starvation , disease , andhumiliation. Siege is a seemingly anachronistic form of warfarebut fits in well with Israel 's evasive sidestepping of UN andGeneva conventions. Historian James Ron discusses variousforms of Israeli aggression, depending on whether a Palestinianarea is technically occupied or a frontier. Freud, Dr. El-Sarraj,and Nurit Peled-Elhanan similarly describe the devastatingimpact for a child of seeing one's parents humiliated by foreignsoldiers. The documentary "Avengebut one of my two eyes," byIsraeli director Avi Mograbi, shows how Israeli youth are taughtthe Masada myth about siege and theSamson myth about suicideterrorism. This paper provides detailed examples of how adultsevoke the anxieties of each developmental phase when teachingthese myths. Central to teaching these myths is the evocation ofhumiliation andthe admonition to be the aggressor. As well, thepaper looks at the handling of aggress ion in "Arna's Children", adocumentary about an Israeli woman's work with children inJenin. The examples from these films about siege illustrate thecomplex psychological components, and the interferences, inhelping youth develop a sense of personal responsibility, a senseof reality, and theability todeal withaggression.

"Psychoanalytic Insights aboutIsrael and the Gaza Siege"

Judith Deutsch*

ǹƘǌƥ ƨȈǴȈǴŢ ƨȈǈǨǻƨȇƙǁƧǄǣ ǁƢǐƷȁ ǲȈƟơǂǇƛ

ǊƬȇȁƽ ƮȇƽȂƳ

* Clinical Socia l Worker and Psyc hoanalyst, Private Pract ice, Member ofCa nadia n Psychoana lyticSociety an d Pres ident Scienc e for Peace - j.de utsch@ utoronto.ca

mailto:[email protected]


ƔƢǘººǌǼǴǳ ƨººƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƨȇƢǤǴǳ ǖººƦŰ ŅƢūơ ǁƢǐūơ ǞǓȁǹƛ�ŚºƦǰǳơ ƾȀºǌŭơ ơǀǿĿǲȈǴǬǳơǲȈǴǬǳƢƥ ȏƛ ǵƢȈǬǳơ ƢǼǼǰŻ ȏ �śȈǴȈƟơǂǇȍơƨȈººƦǳƢǣ ǹƗ ƨǴººƥśǘǳơ ƽơǃ ƢǷȁ �ǁơǂººǬǳơ ȆǠǻƢǏ ȄǴǟ ŚƯƘƫ ŇƽƗ ƢǼȇƾǳǆȈǳƢǷ ǲǯ ǹȂǸǟƾȇǶȀǧŅƢƬǳƢºƥȁ ǅƢŧ ǶǰūǞƦƬƫ ƧǄǣ ǹƗǹȁǂȇśȈǴȈƟơǂǇȍơ

�ǭƢǼǿǊȈŪơ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬȇǁƢǐūơ Ǯǧ ƧǂǿƢǜǷ ǲưǷ ƧǂƯƚŭơ ǱƢǠǧȋơǒǠººººƥ ǭƢǼǿǹƢǯ śººººƷ ĿȁƨǴǸūơ ǞǷǹȁƢǠƬǳƢº ººƥ Ǯǳƿȁ �Ƨ Ǆǣȁ ǃǂȇƛ ǺǷ ǲǯƢēƾȀººǋŖǳơ ƨǸƼǔǳơǲưǷ Ƣđ ǵƢȈºººǬǳơ Ļ ƨǴƯƢŲ ǁȂǷ Ɨ ǹƜǧ �ǁƢǐūơǮǨǳ ƨȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơǺǰǳȁ � ƨȇǄǷǁ ƨǸȈººǫȁǞººƥƢǗ ƢǸŮ ǹƢǯ śƯƾūơ Ȑǯ �ǁƢǐūơǮǧ ƨǼȈǨºǇ�ƨǳƢūơ ǽǀǿĿ �ƾȈǠƦǳơ ȃƾǐǳơ Ǯǳƿ ǀƻƘȇŃ ǁơǂǬǳơ ȆǠ ǻƢǏ ȄǴǟ ƢŷŚƯƘƫƢđ ǕǂƼǼȇŖǳơ ƨºǬȇǂǘǳơ ǹƘºǌƥ ǁƢƦƬǟȏ ơśǠƥ ǽǀƻƘ ȇ ǹƗ ƽǂǨǴǳ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƢǷȆºǬȈǬūơǽŚƯƘƫ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗǕƢǌǼǴǳƨȇǄǷǂǳơ ƨǸȈǬǳơ ȂǿȅŚǿƢǸŪơ ǲǸǠǳơĿȂǿ ȅǄǷǂǳơǲǸǠǴǳ ȆºººǇƢǇȋơǥƾŮơǹƛ �ȅǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁƤºººǈƷ �ǲǸƬƄơŃƢǠǳơ ǺǟƧǄǣ ǲǿƗ ǲǐǨȇ ȅǀǳơȆŷȂǳơ ǖŬơ Ǯǳƿ ǂǈǯȁ �ǁƢǐūơ ǂǈǯǞǷ ǪȈºǈǼƬǳƢƥ ǶƬȇ ǹƗƤŸ ŚƯƘƫ ȅƿ ǲǸǟȅƘƥ ǵƢȈǬǳơ ǹƗřǠȇ ơǀǿȁ �ȆƳǁƢŬơĿ �ǝƢǘǬǳơ ƽȁƾƷ ƱǁƢƻ ȌǸǴǳ ǽǁƢȀǛƛ ƤŸȁ �ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ ǲƻơƽ ǺǷǍƢƼǋƗ�ƧǄǣ ńƛ ǁƢǐūơ ǂºǈǯƨǼȈǨǇ ǱȂǏȁȁ ǃǂȇ ƛ ƧǂǿƢǜǷ �śƯƾūơ Ȑǯ ǹƛǞǫơȂǳơǆǨǻ ǲǸŹǂŤƚŭơ ơǀǿǹƜǧ �ǾºººǈǨǻ ǩƢȈººǈǳơĿȁ �ǁƢǗȍơ Ǯǳƿ ǺǸǓƢǻƢǯơǀđȁ �ǾƫơƿƪºººǫȂǳơĿ ƢȀƳǁƢƻȁƧǄǣ ǲƻơƽ ǵƢººǬǷ ǾǻȂǯȅǄǷǂǳơ ǞººƥƢǘǳơĿ ǂŤƚǸǴǳǝǂǧ ǲǸǟ ƢǼǻƢǰǷƜºº ºººººººƥ ǹƢǯ Ȃǳ ǲǔǧȋơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ �ǍȂǐŬơƔơȂºººººǇ �ƩơǂŤƚŭơ ǮǴƬǳ ƨȇǄǷǂǳơ ƨǳȏƾǳơ ǹƛ �ƢǔȇƗ ǂǐǷĿȁ ǲȈƟơǂººººǇƛ

�ƽȁƾūơ ƔƢǤǳƛřǠƫ�ǵȐǟȍơ ǲƟƢǇȂǳ ȁƗ ǺȇǂǓƢƸǴǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥƨǘººǌǻȋơ ǺǷ ǝȂǼǳơ ơǀŮ śǠǷȆǴºǬǟ ŚƯƘƫ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ȃǁƗ �ǁƢǐūơǂºǈǯƧȂºººǬǳơ ǶȀºººƸǼŻȁǾȈǧ ǹȂǯǁƢººǌȇ ǺȇǀǳơǮƠǳȁƗ Ǟǧƾȇȅǀǳơ Ȃǿȁ ƨȇǄǷǂǳơǹƗ ǹȁƽȁ ǶȀǴǸǠººƥ ǶĔƢŻƛ ơȁƾºǬǨȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƨǘºǌǻȋơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǁơǂǸƬºǇȐǳƾºǫ ŃƢǠǳơ ǹƘºƥ ǁȂǠǌǳơ Ȃǿȁ � Ƣēơƿ ƾƷĿ ǁƢǐūơ ƨȈǴǬǠǳ ƨȈƸǓ ơȂǠǬȇ

�ǶȀǼǟȄǴţ

The current siege situation isvery frustrating for Israeliactivists: There is very little we can do in the largepicture, havingno influence on policy makers and, to make th ings worse , mostIsraelis view Gaza as Hamas-land, and therefore supporteveryth ing that the army suggests. While there were some verypowerful actions- such as the big 'break the siege' demonstrationheld in Erez and Gaza, in collaboration with the PalestinianInterna tional Campaign to End the Siege. Similar elements wereenacted in the break-the-siege boat: both actions have more of asymbolic value, but little immediate influence onpolicy makers.In this state of affairs, what one should have in mind in the wayone involves with public ac tions is more the symbolic nature ofthe activity, and less the immediate possible effects. To my mind,the mainobjectiveof symbolic action is precisely the breaking ofthe siege, the breaking of the imagina tive line that separates theinhabitants of Gaza from the rest of the world. This means thatany meaningful action ought to be coordina ted with peoplewithin Gaza, and ought to bring out as much as possible thecoordinated effort across the border lines. Indeed. Both of theactions that were mentioned- the demonstration at Erez and thearrival of the SiegeBoat wereof that nature. In thesame vein, thisparticu lar conference also carries the same symbolic force, bybeing s taged inside Gaza and outside it at the same time. In thisrespect, it could have been better if we were able to have aconferencing branch in Israel itself, as well as in Egypt. Thesymbolic significance of such branching- for the participants aswell as the media- would be the el imination of borders. Thebreakingof the siege. I will argue that there is a particular mentalinfluence to this kind of symbolic action that empowers thosewho take part in it and may give them the strength to continuetheir action without losing faith and without falling prey to thesiege mentality itself, namely, to the feeling that the world hasabandoned one.

An Israeli perspective on the siege:Options and Dilemmas

Professor Uri Hadar * ǁơƾǿ ȅǁȁƗ �ǁȂǈȈǧȁǂƥ

Tel Aviv University - Israel - [email protected]

�ƧǄǣ ǁƢǐū ƨǴȈƟơǂǇƛ ƨȇƙǁƩȐǔǠŭơȁ ƩơǁƢȈŬơ

mailto: [email protected]


ƾºǋƗȁ ȄǐºǫƘƥ ǲȈƟơǂºǇƛ ǾǓǂǨƫ ȅǀǳơȁ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ ǁƢǐƷ ǹƛȅƗ ƢŶȁƽ ǁơǂǸƬºǇȏƢƥ ǂǔƻȋơ ƔȂǔǳơ ǱƢǻ ƾºǫ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨ ǴºƷǂŭơĿǱƢǰǋȋơǲȈƟơǂººǇƛ ǹƗ ǂǜǼǴǳ ƪǧȐǳơ ǺǷ ǾǴǠǳȁ �ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬ ơ ȃȂººǬǳơ ǺǷ ǲƻƾƫƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƩȏƢǯȂǳơƤƴººǋȁƨǻơƽƗ Ƕǣǁ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǬǳ ƢǿǁƢǐºƷȄǴǟ ȆºǬƦƫǲȈƟơǂºǇ ƛ ǝƽǂǳ ƩȏȁƢŰ ƨȇƗ ȅǂš ǶǴǧ�ǹƢºǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ǱƢůĿ ƨǴǷƢǠǳơǲȈƟơǂºǇ ƛ ǁƢƦƳȍȆǬȈǬƷ ƽȂȀů ǱǀƦĄȇŃȁ � ǲǸǠǳơ ơǀǿ ǲưǷ ƨǴǏơȂǷ ǺǟȆǨǧ�ǒȈǬǼǳơ ȄǴǟ ǲƥ �ƢȀȈǴǟ ƩƢƥȂǬǟƨȇƗǑǂǨƫŃȁ �ǁƢǐūơơǀǿ ȆȀǼƬǳȄǴǟȋ ǲȈƟơǂǇƛǞǷ ǾƫƢǫȐǟȃȂƬǈǷǞǧǂƥ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏ ơ ǵƢǫ ǹơǂȇǄƷ �ȂȈǻȂȇĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǹƢŪǺǷƾȇƾǠǴǳ ǱȂǏȂǴǳ ǲȈƟơǂºǇƛǱȂƼȈºǇ ƢŲ�ƩƢȇȂƬǈŭơ

� ƢǔȇƗ ǁơǂǬǳơ ƨǟƢǼǐǳȁƨȈǴƻơƾǳơ

ǺǷ ƶǓơȂǳơ ǲȈƟơǂǇ ƛƩȐǧƛ Ɣơǁȁ ƣƢƦǇȋơȁ ǆǇȋơǶȀǨǻ ǹƗ ǵƢŮơ ǺǷ ǾǻƛǆȈƟǂǳơ ƤººƦǈǳơ ǹƗƩƢººƦƯƛ ǱȁƢŢ ƨººǇơǁƾ ǳơ ǽǀȀǧ�ƨ ȈƟƢǔºǬǳơ ƨºǬƷȐŭơƨǴȈǐǧ ǶĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘººǫ ǹƢǰºǇƧǁȂǐºƥǖºƦƫǂǷ Ņȁƾǳơ ȆƻơǂƬǴǳơǀǿȁ �Ǧ ǴƬű ǲǰºººǌƥǶȀǠǷ ǲǷƢǠƬǳơƤŸ Ǻȇǀǳơȁ �ǂººǌƦǳơ ǺǷ ƨǏƢƻĿ ��ƢǼǴưǷ ƤǠǋ� ǶĔƗ ȄǴǟ śȈǴȈƟơǂǇȎǳ ƨȈƥǂǤǳơ ƧǂǜǼǳƢƥǖƦƫǂȇ ǽǁȁƾƥȃƾǳƢēơƿ ƾººƷĿ ƧǁȂǐǳơǽǀǿ ǆȇǂǰƫĿ ƪǟǂººƥ ƾºǫǲȈƟơǂºǇƛ ǹƗśºƷǲǴƸƬǇ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ �ƨŻǂŪơ ĿǭǂƬǌȇ ƢǔȇƗĺǂǠǳơŃƢǠǳơȁ �ƣǂǤǳơ

Thesiege of Gaza whichIsrael imposed in its latest andharshest form has been allowed to continue without anyinterference from external forces. It is remarkable that Israel hasbeen able to main tain a siege widely condemned by internationalhumanitarian and aid agencies. No attempt has been made toprevent Israel from pursuing this course, no real pressure exertedto force Israel to end the siege, and no sanctions imposed againstIsrael. On the contrary, in June the European Union upgraded itsrelations with Israel which will allow Israel special access tomany in ternalEU committees andto decisionmaking.

It is important to understand the basis and reasons for Israel'sapparent impunity from prosecution. This paper will argue thatthe main causeof international inaction is connected to the imageof Gazans as a special species of human who can be treateddifferen tly. This in turn is associated with the western view ofIsraelis as 'people like us '. While Israel ahs been skilful incultivating this image ofitself in theWest, theArab world has alsobeen complicit. The paper will analyse the reasons for Arabinaction.

The Impact of Gaza's Siege on the PalestinianIssue in the International Context

Dr. Ghada Karmi

ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ ȄǴǟǑȁǂǨŭơ ǁƢǐūơ ǂƯƗŅȁƾǳơ ǩƢȈǈǳơ Ŀ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƨȈǔǬǳơȄǴǟ

ȆǷǂǯ ƧƽƢǣ �ƽ

* Insti tute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter, UK - Ghada.karmi@ btinte rnet.com

mailto:*InstituteofArabandIslamicStudies,UniversityofExeter,[email protected]


Ǯǳǀǯȁ �śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ǽƢš ǽǂǰǳơ ǹȂȈǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơǲǯ ȃƾºƦȇ ȏǺǷ ǹƗ ƾȈǯƘƬǳƢººƥ Ǻǰǳȁ �ƽȂȀȈǳơ ǽƢš ǽǂǰǳơ ǹȂȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ ǲǯ ȅƾºƦȇ ȐǧǺǷ Śưǰǳơ ƾºººººǬƬǠȇ �ǶđƢºº ººƦǇƗ ǶȀȇƾǳ ǶđȂǴººººǫ Ŀ ǽǂǰǳơ ǹȂǼǰȇȂǿ ǲǣƢºǌǳơ ǶȀǴǤºǋȁ śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǴǳ ȆǈȈƟǂǳơǥƾŮơ ǹƗśȈǴȈƟơǂǇȍơǁơǂǸƬºǇơ ǹƗ ǹȂȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƾºǬƬǠȇ �ǲºƥƢǬŭơĿ ��ǂƸƦǳơńƛ ƽȂȀȈǳƢƥ ƱǄǳơ�ǾǻƘºǋ ǺǷ ƨȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ȆǓơǁȋơȄǴǟƩƢǼǗȂƬǈŭơ ǞȈǇȂƫĿ ǲȈƟơǂǇƛƢđƾǟȁ ƨǴººǬƬǈǷ ƨȈǼȈǘººǈǴǧ ƨǳȁƽ ǵƢȈºǫ Ŀ ǲǷƗ ȅƗȄǴǟȆǔºǬȇ ǹƗ

�Ņȁƾǳơ ǞǸƬĐơȁ ǲȈƟơǂǇƛ ǺǷǲǯǲƦǫ ǺǷ ǹȂȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơňƢǘȈƬºǇȏơ ǞǇȂƬǳơ ǹƗńƛ ǹȁŚǌȇśȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǹƗ Ŀ ƨǫǁƢǨŭơ ǺǸǰƫȁƨȇȁƢŮơ ƨǧƢƷ ńƛǶǿǂŸȅǀǳơ Ȃǿ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơȆǓơǁȋơ ȄǴǟȆǴȈƟơǂǇȍơǲȈƟơǂººǇƛ ǹȐǟƛ �� ǵƢǟƾȀ ººǋ ƮȈººƷ �ǂººƸƦǳơĿ ǶđȆººǬǴȇ ƽƢǰȇȁǽǀǿƲƟƢƬǻ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ �śǘººǈǴǧ ƢȀǼȈººƷǥǂǠȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƢŮȐººǬƬǇơȄǴǟȃǂǬǳơ ǽǀǿŅƢǿƗ ǁƢƦƳƗȁ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǧƨ ȇǂǫ ��ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ŚǷƾƫ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơƢđƪǷƢºººǫŖǳơ ǁǃƢĐơ ǺǷƾȇƾǠǳơƪǴƴºººǇȁ �Ɔơǂººǈǫ ǶēȂȈººƥ ƧǁƽƢǤǷƘºǌǻ ƢǼǿ ǺǷȁ �śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơśȈǻƾŭơ ǪŞ ƨȈǻȂȈȀǏ ƨȈºƥƢǿǁƛ ƩƢǸǜǼǷǶƬȇŃƢǷȁ �śȈǴȈƟơǂ ºǇȍơȁ śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ǺǷǲǯśºƥ ƨȈǿơǂǰǳơȁ ǦǼǠǳơśººƥ Ǯººǋ Ȑºƥ ƢǸēŚƫȁ ƽơƽǄƫ ǥȂºǈǧƨȈǿơǂǰǳơȁǦǼǠǳơ ơǀŮǲºƷ ƽƢŸƛǂǜǻƨȀƳȂǳ ƨȈǴȈǴŢ ƨȈǈǨǻ Ƨǂǜǻ ŉƾǬƫń ƛ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ǽǀǿ ǥƾē �śƦǻƢŪơƢǸȀǬǴǫȁ ƢǸȀǧȁƢű ǃơǂƥƗ ńƛǥƾēȁ ƢǸǯśǧǂǘǳơ ǺǷ ǲǯŚǰǨƫ ƨǬȇǂǗȁ

�ƢǸȀǼȈƥ ǶƟƢǬǳơ ǝ ơǂǐǳơ ǲƦǬƬǈǷ Ɣơǃƛ

Not al l Israeli Jews hate Palestinians and not allPalestinians hate Jews, but the ones that do have various reasons.Many Israeli Jews believe that the Palestinians main goal is to"drive the Jews into the sea". However, Palestin ians believe thatIsrael's continued settlement expans ion into Palestine land isslowly destroying any hope of an independent Palestinian statepromised to them by bothIsrael andthe international community.The irony is that Palestinians often cite that it's the Israe li statethrough continued expansionism which is actively deriving thePalestinians into the sea.

In 1948, Israeldeclared independence in what was oncePalestineover 400 Palestinian villages were destroyed and their peopleforced to flee their homeland. There are many recordedinstancesof massacres being carried out by Jewish terror ist organizationsagainst Palestinian civilians. The hatred and violence betweenPalestinians and Israeli Jews was born.This vio lence and hatredare increasingas long as the conflict does notbe resolved.The purpose of this paper is to present a psycho-analyticalinterpretation for ways of th inking among both parties and theirstates of mind, their fears and anxieties in relation to the fu ture ofconflict.

Besieging Hatred

Dr. Ahmad Ab u Tawahina *

ƨȈǿơǂǰǳơ ƧǂǏƢŰ

ƨǼȈƷơȂǗ ȂƥƗ ƾŧƗ �ƽ

ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳ ƧǄǣ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǵ Ƣǟ ǂȇƾǷ GCM HP's Dirctor Gerenal Email: amal@ gcm hp.net

mailto: GCMHP'sDirctorGerenalEmail:[email protected]


�ǝơǂǐǳơ ǪǗƢǼǷĿ ƤȈºƦǘǳơ ǾºƦǠǴȇ ȅǀǳơ ǁȁƾǴǳ ǂǜǼǳơ ƔƢǬǳƢƥǹȐǟƛ ƢȀȈǴǟǎǻ ƢǸǯ ƨȈºƦǘǳơ ǥơǂǟȋơȁśǻơȂǬǴǳƧǁǂǰƬǷ ǝȂǫȁśƦƬȇ ǾǻƜǧƽȂǼºƦǳơȁ �ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨȈƦǘǳơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ǺǟǁƽƢǐǳơ ƤȇǀǠƬǳơ ƨǔǿƢǼŭ ȂȈǯȂǗǞȈǸŝ ƽȁǄƬǴǳ śǻƾŭơ ǪººººƷǲǨǰȇ ȅǀǳơȁ ǞºººƥơǂǳơǦȈǼƳ ǩƢưȈǷ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂǳơǪƟơȂǟ ȅƗ ƨȀƳơȂǷ ǹȁƽ ƨȇǁȁǂǔǳơȁ ƨȈºººººǇƢǇȋơ ƨȈººººǌȈǠŭơ ƩƢǷƾŬơĿœǘǳơǲºǬūơĿ śǴǷƢǠǳơȁ ƨȈºƦǘǳơ ǶǫơȂǘǳơǪƷ Ǯǳǀǯȁ �ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥǶȈººǫǑǁƢǠƬƫ �ǶȀǴǸǟ ƔơƽƗ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨȇǂǰºǈǠǳơ ǦǼǠǳơ ǱƢǸǟƗ ǺǷ ƨǻƢǐºƷǾƫƢȈºǫȐƻƗ ǞǷƩƢºǫȁȋơ ƤǴǣƗ Ŀ ƤȈºƦǘǗ ǾǴǸǟĿ ƤȈºƦǘǳơ ƩƢȈǫȐƻƗȁǩǂǘƬȈºǇ �ƢǔȇƗ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈºǇƢȈǇ ƨȈŭƢǟ Ƨǂǜǻȁ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȇȂđǺǗơȂǸǯ�ƢȈǯǂƫ �ǩ ơǂǠǳơ �śǘººǈǴǧ ?ǲȈƟơǂºǇƛĿ ǞºǫơȂǳơ ǺǷ ƩȏƢºƷńƛ ǉƢºǬǼǳơ

� ƨȈǼȈƫȐǳơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗȁ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ �ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơ

A review of the ro le played by doctors in conflic t zonesindicates frequent violation of medical ethical codes like theWorld Medical Association's anti-torture Decla ration of Tokyo,and those parts of the Fourth Geneva Convention that guaranteethe rights of a civilian population tounimpeded access to servicesvital to life, and the rights of health professionals on duty toimmunity frommilitary action. The va lues of the doctor as doctorseemfrequently in tension with thevalues of the doctoras c itizen,witha particular identityand political worldview. Discussion willinclude case stud ies drawn from Israel /Palestine (in particular),Iraq,Turkey, USA, UK, and LatinAmerica.

Medical Ethics in Conflict Zones:The Doctor as Doctor and the Doctor as Citizen

Dr. Dereck Summerfield *

ǝơǂǐǳơ ǪǗƢǼǷ ĿƨȈƦǘǳơ ƩƢȈǫȐƻȋơǺǗơȂǸǯȁ ƤȈƦǘǯ ƤȈƦǘǳơ ǁȁƽ

ƾǴȈǧ ǂũ Ǯȇǂȇƽ �ƽ

* So uth London and Maudsl ey, UK - de rek.su mmerfield@ slam.nhs.uk

mailto:*SouthLondonandMaudsley,[email protected]


ƨǧȁǂǠŭ ơ ǁȂǷȋơ ǺǷȆǿ ǁƢǐūơ ƪŢ ƧƢȈºƸǴǳ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƩƢǠƦƬǳơǹƗ ȏƛ �ƨȈǴƄơǥȁǂǜǴǳ ƢǠºƦƫǦǴƬţ ƾºǫƨǳƢƷ ǲǯĿƲƟƢƬǼǳơ ǹƗǶǣǁȁ �ơƾȈƳƨǯǂūơ ǺǷǲƫƢºººǫ ƤǯǂǷ ǺǷ ňƢǠƫŃƢǠǳơ ƔƢŴƗ ǲǯĿ ƧǂǏƢƄơƩƢǠǸƬĐơǅǁơƾŭơ ǁƢȈĔơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ �Ǒǂŭơȁ ǝȂŪơȁ �ȅƾººººǈŪơ ǦǼǠǳơȁƧƾȈººººǬŭơƩƢººººǈǇƚŭơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƨǿƢǧǂǳơȁ ǺǷƢǔƬǳơ Ƕǜǻȁ ƩƢȈǨºººǌƬǈŭơȁǮǴƫǕƢººººƦƫǁơ ƨȈǨȈǯ ǺǟǂǜǼǳơǒǤººººƥȁ �ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨǷƢǠǳơƨǯǂƬºǌŭơ ƨƴȈƬǼǳơ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ǂǏƢǼǟ śºƥȁ ƢȀǼȈºƥ ȁƗ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơǥȂǇƨǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿĿ �ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƧƢǻƢǠŭơǺǷ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǳƢƷ ǱơȂƷȋơ ǲǯĿ ȆǿśƬȈºǇƢǇƗ śƬǘºǬǻ ǱȁƢǼƬƫŖǳơ ƩƢȈƥƽȌǳ Ǒǂǟ ŉƾǬƫ ńƛ Ǧǳƚŭ ơ ȄǠǈȇŖǳơ ƧƽƢƬǠŭơ ƧƾǟƢºǈŭƢƥ ƨǏƢƻ ńȁȋơƨǘǬǼǳơ �ȅƾǬǻ ȆǈǨǻǁȂǜǼǷ ǺǷǹȂȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ǹȂȈººǈǨǼǳơ ǹȂȈƟƢǐƻȋơȁ ǹȂȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƔƢºƦǗȋơ ƢȀǷƾºǬȇǾƳơȂƫŖ ǳơȁ ƨȈººººǈǨǻ ƨǼŰ ǺǷ ǹȂǻƢǠȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ ƽơǂǧȌǳ ǹȁǂƻȉơ ǹȂȈǼȀŭơȁǶǟƾǳơ ǱƢǰººǋƗȁ ȅƽǂǨǳơ ƱȐǠǳƢǧ �ǁƢǐūơ ƩȏƢººƷĿ ƨȈȀȇƾºƥ ƨǴǰºǌǷȂǿ ǾȈǳƛ ƱƢƬŹ ƢǷǲƳ ǞǓȁǞǷ ǲǷƢǠƬǴǳƨȈǧƢǯ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷ ơǁƽƢǻ ƨđƢººººǌŭơǶǴǟƢȀºǬƦǘȇŖǳơ �ƨȈȀȇƾºƦǳơ ƨǜºƷȐŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƛ �ƨǳơƾǠǳơ ǪȈºƦǘƫ ƧƽƢǟƛǥȁǂǜǳơĿ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ǱƢǸǟ ƔơƽƗ Ȅ Ǵǟ ǵƢǟǲǰǌƥ ȅƾǬǼǳơǆǨǼǳơǲȇȂŢĿ ƨǳơƾǠǳơƣƢȈǣ ƤºƦǈƬȇ śºƷƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƨȈŷƗ ƤºǈƬǰƫ �ƨȇƽƢǠǳơǪǴǠƬƫ ƨ ȈǻƢưǳơ ƨǘºǬǼǳơ �ȆǠǸƬů ƾȀƳńƛȅƽǂǧ Ƕǿ ǺǷ ƔƢǨǌǳơȁ ƱȐǠǳơŖǳơ ƨȈºǇƢȈǈǳơ ƨǳȏƾǳơ Ʃơƿ ƨ ȈºǈǨǼǳơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ ǺǷ ƽƾǠƥǽǀǿǹƛ �ǶǴǜǳơ ǱƢǰººǋƗ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǠƬǳơȁǦǗƢǠƬǳơ ƔƢǼººƥ ƨȈǴǸǟĿ ǲƻƾƬƫǁƢǐƸǴǳ ƾƷ ǞǓȁ ǲƳƗ ǺǷȆŭƢǠǳơ ǖǤǔǳơ ǦȈǨţ ȄǴǟǲǸǠƫ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơƾų ƢǼǿ �ƨȈǳȁƾǳơǹƢººǈǻȍơǩȂººǬƷŚȇƢǠǷ ǵơǂƬººƷơȄ Ǵǟ ǲȈƟơǂºǇƛ ǁƢºƦƳƛȁĿ ƨǏƢƻ �ƾƟƢºººººǈǳơƣƢǘŬơ �ƨȈŷȋơ ǺǷ ƨǏƢƻ ƨƳǁƽ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǂǐǼǟśȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơƧƢǻƢǠǷ ǺǟǥǂǘǳơǒǤȇ ȅǀǳơ ƧƾƸƬŭ ơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơȁ ǲȈƟơǂǇƛ�ǶȀºǈǨǻƗ ǹȂȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƢȀȈǧ ƤƦǈƬȇȁ ǲƥ ƢȈǇƢȈǇ ƧǁŐǷ ƨǳƢƷ ƢĔƘǯȁŖǳơǑȁƢǨƬǳơȁ ǁơȂūơ ǲưǷ ǝơŗǳơǒǧƤȈǳƢºººǇƗȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏơŅ ƢƬǳƢººƥȁǁƢǐūơ ƨǳƢºººƷƔƢĔƛ ǹƛ �ȆººǇ ƢȈǈǳơȁȆŻƽƢǯȋơ ƽƢȈūơ ǺǷ ƢǨººǫȂǷ ǀƼƬƫǥǂƬǠƫ ǱȁƢǼƬǳơ ǺǷ ǱƢǰºǋƗǲƳƗ ǺǷǖǤǔǳơ ȆǟƾƬºǈȇ ǞǇȁȋơ ǝơǂǐǳơȁƨȈǳȂƠǈŭƢƥ ǂǬƫȁƧƢǻ ƢǠŭơ ƽȂƳȂƥ ǥǂƬǠƫ ƢǸǯ �ȃȂǬǳơǺȇǃơȂǷĿ ǱȐƬƻơ ƽȂƳȂƥ

�ƨǳơƾǠǳơ ǵơƾǠǻȏ ƧǂǸƬǈŭơȁ ƨȈźǁƢƬǳơ

Thedrastic mental healthconsequences of living undersiege are well-known. Although specific outcomes varyaccording to loca l conditions, besieged communities around theglobe experience lethal combinations of restricted movement,physical violence , hunger and disease , and disruptions to schools,hospita ls, welfare support systems, and other public andcommunity institutions. In whatever combination theseand otherfactors arise, the common result is widespread mental distress. Inthis paper the author will review literatures that address twoprimary points from a critical psychology perspective. First, theordinary assistance that psychiatrists, psychologists, socialworkers, and other therapeutic professionals offer distressedindividuals runs into an obvious problem under siege conditions:individual therapy and similar supports are scarcely sufficient todeal with a situation that requires the restoration of justice. Thiscommonsense observation , which critical psychology appliesmore generally to the work of mental health workers even undermore ordinary circumstances, takes on added significance wheninjustice transforms healing and recovery from an individualconcern to a community effort. Second, a number of politicallyrelevant social-psychological factors interfere with both thedevelopment of empathy and the recognition of injustice. Thesefactors dampen global pressure to end the siege and hold Is rael tointernational human rights standards. Two factors are of specialimportance: the dominant d iscourse, especially in Israel and theUnited States, which dismisses Palestinian suffering as self-induced and politically justified; and the corresponding relianceon conf lict resolution methods such as dialogue and negotiationthat maintain a stance of academic and political neutrality.Ending the siege and the broader conflict require pressing forapproaches that acknowledge the existing imbalance of powerand suffering as well as the historical and continuingresponsibility for injustice.

Palestinians Under Siege: A CriticalPsychology Perspective on Mental Health and Justice

Dr. Dennis Fo x *

ǁȂǜǼǷ ǺǷ ƨȇƾǬǻ ƨǇơǁƽ �ǁƢǐūơ ƪŢ ǹȂȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơƨǳơƾǠǳơȁ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ǞǫơȂǳ ǆǨǼǳơ ǶǴǟ

ǆǯȂǧ ǆȈǻƽ �ƽ

* Un iversity of Illinois a t Springfield (Emer itus) Emeritus Asso ciate Professor of L egal Studies & Psyc [email protected] http://www.dennisfox.net�

mailto:[email protected]://www.dennisfox.net�


which in turn resulted in creating a state of perm anent anxiety, fear andtension.Moreover, according to the SCL, the siege influences the mental healthsymptoms,particularly; depressionsymptoms.

According to Headof Department of Psychology, the share of children bythis blockade was abundant in terms of its negative effects on health,social, and psychological well-being of children. The resu lts of the studyshowed that 51% of children do not have the des ire to pa rticipate in anyactivities; while 47% of them are no longer able toperform the duties ofschool and family;another41% were complaining of ach es and physicalpains; and 48% of them were suffering from lower energy andmalnutri tion.The children's suffering resulting from the siege wasreach ing beyond thispoint, as signs of fear were apparenton 61%of them; while 45.5% ofthemshowed signs of anger. Regarding sleeping prob lems, 4 3% of childrenwere complaining of such problems as about 63% of the sample wascomplaining of anxiety symptoms.Moreover, due to the siege, the s tudy revealed that 40% of the childrenwere reported absent from schoo l; while 50% of the non-absent studentswere disp laying symptomsof lack of concentration and po orattention.

When asked to comment on the study and specifically answer thequestion ofhow canchild ren handlethe pressures that they are exposed toas a resu lt of the siege, Dr. Qouta in his interpre tation; "the Palestiniansociety is a miracle in terms of their tremendous ability to han dle thes tress and finding mechan isms of coping with such stresso rs"Dr. Qouta added that during the crisis of power cuts for long hours, thePalestinians reso rted to overcoming th is prob lem by going back top rimitive ways of life f rom the use of kerosine lamp s, candles andf irewood in lighting and heating; dur ing this period, an enhancedmanifestation of social solidarity were displayed. Dr. Qoutaadded;"Thehope remains a veryimportant role for the mental health of people despitetheir awareness of the meaning and nature of the conflict w ith theoccupation"; such hope w ill enhance their ability to striv e in life and thesearch fo r durable solutions to overcome the problems faced and threatso f life.Dr. Qouta expressed tha t the results shown by the study preceded theIsraeli recent tightened siege over the past pe riod; stressing that theeconomic impacts,health and soc ialwill be the mostseriousin light of thesuffering ofcitizens, deprived of most of their natural life necessities.

The children had their share

How can the citizens handle all these pressures?

The Israeli siegepushedaround 84% of Palest inian families tochange the patterns of their lives; while about 93% of them gave up theirdaily liv ing requ irements. About 95% of the families in G aza, expressedtheir dissatisfac tion of the fact that Gaza Strip is converted in to a bigprison, where they live in throughout the night and day. A recent studyabout the "relationship between thesiege and its impact on the economicand social areas and the quality of life o f Palest inian families" revealedthat the negative effects of the siege reachedall facets of lifeand affectedthewho le society tremendously andsuspended people's li fe.Acco rding tothe Clinical Researcher, Dr. Samir Qouta, the Head of Department ofPsychologyat the Islamic Unive rsity in Gaza: "T hefutu re of Palestinianfamilies is in a real danger in the light o f the continued blockade," thisstatement was madecommenting ondisturbing factsshownby the study;and stre ssing that the siege he ightened the tension and despair anduncertaintyof the future of the ci tizens in theGaza Strip. It was stated thatthe more the impact of the siege on social and economic situations, theless the quality o f life for families at all levels. D r. Qouta said; the mostpowerfu l results of the s tudy were the negative indicators particu larly onchildren , the sick, students and the unemployed, which were reflected ontheir behavior and the exacerbated tensions and d isturbances.Thestudy involved244 heads of the familywith average age (38 ) years,distributed in ci ties and camps and villages in G aza Strip using a tool tomeasure the economic and soc ial leve ls as we ll as the World HealthOrganization (WHO) qualityof l ife scale.

Theresultsof the study showed that 47% of patients in Gazaare notableto get the medic ine they needed after Israel tightened its control over thecrossings and p revented aid convoys and medical supp lies to enter thehospitals inGaza. The suffering of 38% of the patients by not receivingmedical services has inc reased as well. In terms of socia l impacts, therehas been a reduction in the socia l visits between citizens by 79% due toworsening of financial and social conditions. It wasalso indicated by thestudy that most o f the interviewees of the study expressed that they do nottend to s tay long outside thehome due to the conditions of work or otherreasons. The siege impacted about 92% on the behav iors of citizensregarding participating in social events. Due to the continued siege,95%of the citizens couldnot findthe objects andgoods that theywere lookingfor;while the prices rose 99% as theincomeof cit izens were reducedwith68%; 45% of whom were fired from their jobs ; moreover, 77% of theworkers were suspended of their jobs in theconstruction sector and theywere unable to sustain their w ork due to lack of bas ic mater ials forconstruc tion of cement and iron and others. Sadness was reaching up to96%of thecitizens as they were listening tothe complain ts of the people;

Patients without medica tion..!

Study on the effects of the Siege on the quality of life of citizens in Gaza84% of families were forced to change their daily living conditions

95% were negatively affected in terms of their psychological well-being as a result of converting the Strip into a big prison

By: D r. Samir Qouta & Aida Kassab *

*Head of Psycholgy Department-Islamic Un iverity of Gaza / qo utasamir@hotmail. com

mailto:*HeadofPsycholgyDepartment-IslamicUniverityofGaza/[email protected]


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�ƢēƢȇȂƬǈǷƨǧƢǯ Ŀ ƧǂǇȌǳ ƧƢȈūơƧƽ ȂƳ ƪǔǨŵơƨǏƢƻ ƨȈºƦǴǇƩơǂºǋƚǷ ƪǴƴºǇ ƨºǇơǁƾǳơ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǶǜǠǷǹƗƨƫȂǫ �ƽ ƶǓȁƗȁȄǴǟǆǰǠǻơ ƢŠ ǲǸǠǳơǺǟ śǴǗƢǠǳơȁ ƨººººººººƦǴǘǳơȁ ȄǓǂŭơȁǱƢǨǗȋơȄǴǟ

�ǶđơǂǘǓơȁ ǶēơǂƫȂƫ ƧƾƷǺǷƽơǃȁ ǶȀǯȂǴǇǹƾǷȄǴǟ śǟǃȂǷ ƢǷƢǟ �� ȅǂǸǟǖºǇȂƬŠ ƧǂºǇƗ ƣǁ �� ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ƪǴſȁȃȂƬººǈŭơǅƢȈººǬǳ ƩơȁƽƗ ƨǟȂǸů ǵơƾƼƬººǇ Ƣƥ ƧǄǣǝƢǘºǫ ȃǂºǫȁ ƩƢǸȈűȁƧƽȂŪƨȈŭƢǠǳơƨººƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷǁƢººƦƬƻơ ƤǻƢƳ ńƛ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ȅƽƢǐƬºǫȏơ

�ƧƢȈūơ

ȄǴǟǱȂǐūơȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǫ Śǣ ƧǄǣĿ ȄǓǂŭơ ǺǷ ��ǹƗ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ƲƟƢƬǻ ƪǼȈƥȁƪǠǼǷ ȁ ǂºƥƢǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢēǂǘȈºǇǲȈƟơǂºǇƛƪǸǰºƷƗǹƗ ƾǠƥ ǶŮǵǃȐǳơ ƔơȁƾǳơǺǷ�� ƧƢǻƢǠǷƩƽơǃ ƢǸȈǧ ƧǄǣƩƢȈǨºǌƬǈŭƨȈºƦǘǳơƩơƾǟƢǈŭơ ǲǧơȂǫǱȂƻƽ

�ƨȈƦǘǳơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ǶȀȈǬǴƫǵƾǟ ƔơǂƳ ȄǓǂŭơśººººƥ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƩơǁƢȇǄ ǳơ ƪǨƻƾºººǬǧ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ ƾȈǠǏ ȄǴǟȁǞǼƬǷơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȈǳƢŭơ ǝƢǓȁȋơ ȅƽǂƫ ƤººººƦǈƥ�� ƨºººƦǈǼƥ śǼǗơȂŭơĿ ǽŚǣ ȁƗ ǲǸǠǳơ ǥȁǂǜǳ ƪȈºƦǳơƱǁ Ƣƻ ǂƻƘƬǳơ Ǻǟ Ƕǿƙơǁ ƕ ƨǠǴǘƬºǈŭơ ǶǜǠǷƩƢºƦǇƢǼŭơǍȂǐşśǼǗơȂŭơ ǭȂǴºǇȄǴǟ�� ƨºƦǈǼƥ ǁƢǐūơ ǾȈǧ ǂƯƗƪǫȁ

�ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơŖǳơ ǞƟƢǔºƦǳơȁ ƔƢȈºǋȋơ śǼǗơȂŭơ ǺǷ �� ƾŸ Ń ǲǏơȂƬŭơ ǁƢǐūơ ƤƦǈƥȁśǼǗơȂŭơ ǲƻƽ ǲºǫȁ �� ƨƳǁƾºƥ ǁƢǠºǇȋơǾȈǧ ƪǠǨƫǁơ ƪºǫȁ ĿƢȀǼǟ ƮºƸƦȇ��ƾŦȁǲǸǠǳơ Ǻǟ ǶȀǼǷ ��Ǧ ºǫȂƫ ƢǸȈǧ �� ƨƦǈǼƥ ȅǂȀǌǳơśǴǷƢǠǳơ

��Ɣơȁƽ Ȑƥ ȄǓǂǷ

ǵƾǠǳ ǾƬǴǏơȂǷ ǺǷ ơȂǼǰǸƬȇ ŃȁǶŮƢǸǟƗƔƢǼºººƦǳơ ǝƢǘººǫĿśǴǷƢǠǳơ ǺǷ�ƢǿŚǣȁ ƾȇƾƷȁƪǼũƗǺǷƔƢǼƦǴǳ ƨȈǇƢǇȋơ ƽơȂŭơƽȂƳȁ

ǅƢǼǳơ ȃȁƢǰºººººǌǳǶȀǟƢǸƬºººººǇơ ƔơǂƳ śǼǗơȂŭơ ǺǷ ��ȄǴǟ ǹǄūơ ǶȈƻȁ�ǂƫȂƬǳơȁ ǥȂŬơȁ ǪǴǬǳơ ǺǷ ƨŻƾƬǈǷ ƨǳƢƷ ǶȀȇƾǳ ƾƳȁƗ ƢŲ ƧƾȇơǄƬŭơ ǶēƢǻƢǠǷȁ

ƔơǂƳ ǂǧơȂǳơ ǶȀºƦȈǐǻ ǱƢǨǗȌǳ ǹƜǧǆǨǼǳơǶǴǟ ǶºǈǫǆȈƟǁ ƨºǇơǁƽ ƤǈƷȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȈºƸǐǳơǶȀǟƢǓȁƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈºƦǴǈǳơ Ǿ ƫǁȂǐƥ Ǻǰǳȁ ǁƢǐūơ ơǀǿ

�ƨȈǈǨǼǳơȁƨǯǁƢºǌŭơĿ ƨƦǣǂǳơ ǶȀȇƾǳ ǺǰƫŃǱƢǨǗȋơ ǺǷ ��ǹƗ ƲƟƢƬǼǳơ ƩǂȀǛƗƾǬǧƩƢºƦƳơȂǳơ ƔơƽƗȄǴǟǺȇǁƽƢºǫ ơȁƽȂǠȇŃ ǶȀǼǷ�� ǹƗ ƢǸǯ ǂǯǀƫ ƩƢǗƢǌǻ ƨȇƗĿ��ƶºƦǏƗ ƮȈºƷ �� ƽƢºǈƳƗ ȁǄǤƫ ǝƢƳȁȋơ ƩƗƾºƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǴƟƢǠǳơȁ ƨȈºǇǁƾŭơ

�ƨȇǀǤƬǳơ ƔȂǈǳƨǫƢǘǳơǑƢǨŵơ ǺǷǹȂǻƢǠȇ ǶȀǼǷƩƢǷȐǟ ƩƾºƦǧƾūơ ơǀǿ ƾǼǟ ǁƢǐūơ ƔơǂƳ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ƧƢǻƢǠǷ ƽȁƾºƷǦºǫȂƬƫŃȁƢǷƗ ǶȀǼǷ ��ȄǴǟ ǂȀǜƫ ƩƗƾººººƥ ƤǔǤǳơ ƩƢǷȐǟȁǶȀǼǷ �� ȄǴǟ ǥȂŬơǶȀǼǷ��ƶºƦǏƗ ȅǀǳơǱƢǨǗȋơǺǷ �� ƢȀǼǷ ȄǰƬºǋơ ƾǬǧ ǵȂǼǳơ ǲǯƢǌǷƪǤǴºƥ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈºǇƢǬǳơ ǁ Ƣǐūơ ǝƢǓȁƗƤºƦǈƥȁ �ǪǴǬǳơǑǂǟƗ ǶȀȇƾǳŚǣ ƨººƦǴǘǳơ ǺǷ �� ŇƢǟ ƢǸǼȈºƥ�� ƨȈºǇơǁƾǳơ ƾǟƢºǬŭơ Ǻǟ ƤȈǤƬǳơƨºƦǈǻ

�ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ǱȐƻǄȈǯǂƬǳơĿ ǲǯƢǌǷ ǺǷśƦȈǤƬŭơǁƢǐūơ Ǻǟ ƨŦƢǼǳơ ƩƢǗȂǤǔǳơǲǯǱƢǸƬƷơ ǹȂǼǗơȂŭơ ǝƢǘƬǇơǦȈǯ ǺǰǳȁĿ ƨƫȂºǫ �ƽ ǱȂºǬȇ �ǲºǫƗƧŚƫȂºƥ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƨȈǷȂȈǳơ ǶēƢȈºƷ ŚǇȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơȁŐǐǳơ ȄǴǟ ƨºǬƟƢǨǳơ ǾƫǁƾǬǷĿ ƧǄƴǠǷřȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǞǸƬĐơ� �Ǯǳǀǳ ǽŚǈǨƫ

��ǪǧơȂƬǴǳƩƢȈǳƕ ƽƢŸƛ ȄǴǟ Ǿƫ ǁƾǫȁ ǱƢǸƬƷȏơȁƨǴȇȂǗ ƩƢǟƢºǈǳ ȆƟƢºƥǂȀǰǳơ ǁƢȈƬǳơ ǝƢǘºǬǻơƨǷǃƗ ǲǛĿśǼǗơȂŭơ ǹƗ ƶǓȁƗȁƧƢȈūơ ƤȈǳƢººººǇƗńƛ ƧƽȂǠǳơ ǱȐƻǺǷ ƨǴǰººººǌŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƤǴǤƬǳơ ńƛ ơȁƘŪƨƠǧƾƬǳơȁ ƧǁƢǻȍơĿ Ƥǘūơȁ ǃƢǰǳơ ƶȈºƥƢǐǷȁ ǝȂǸǌǳơ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǺǷ ƨȈƟơƾƦǳơ

�ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơǦƫƢǰƬǳơ ǂǿ ƢǜǷ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠǳơǾȈǧƩǃǄǠƫƪǫȁĿǞǷ ǹƢºǈǻȎǳ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơƨºƸǐǴǳơƾƳ ǶȀǷȂǿȁ ƢǸƟƢºǫ ǲǷȋơ ȄǬƦȇ� �ǥƢǓƗȁƨǴǏơȂǷ ȄǴǟǾƫǁƾǬǷ ǺǷ ƾȇǄȇ ƢŠ �ǱȐƬƷȏơǞǷ ǝơǂǐǳơ ƨǠȈƦǗȁŘǠŭ ǾǯơǁƽƛǾȀƳơȂƫŖǳơ ƩȐǰºǌŭơȄǴǟƤǴǤƬǴǳ ǱȂǴºƷǺǟ ǶƟơƾǳơ ƮƸƦǳơȁ ƧƢȈūơ ƧŚǈǷ

�ǾƫƢȈƷ ȄǴǟơǂǘƻ ǲǰǌƫȁƽƾºǌŭơ ȆǴȈƟơǂǇȍơ ǁƢǐūơƪǬƦǇƨǇơǁƾǳơ ƢēǂȀǛƗŖǳơ ƲƟƢƬǼǳơ ńƛ ǁƢǋƗȁǹȂǰƬºǇ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơȁƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƩơŚƯƘƬǳơ ǹƗ ƆơƾǯƚǷ �ǵƢȇƘƥ ŚƻȋơƩƢǷȂººǬǷǖººǈƥƗ ǺǷǶĔƢǷǂºƷǺǷ ǹȂǼǗơȂŭơ ǾǳǑǂǠƬȇ ƢǷǲǛĿ ǂǘƻƗ

�ƨǸȈǴǈǳơ ƨȈǠȈƦǘǳơ ƧƢȈūơ

��ǂǧơȂǳơǶȀƦȈǐǻ ǱƢǨǗȌǳȁ

�ƧǄǣĿ śǼǗơȂŭơ ƧƢȈƷ ƧƽȂƳȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơƩơŚƯƘƫ ǱȂƷ ƨǇơǁƽƨȈǌȈǠŭơ ǶēƢȈƷǕƢŶƗ ŚȈǤƬǳ ơȁǂǘǓơ ǂǇȋơ ǺǷ ��

ŚƦǯ ǺƴǇ ńƛ ǝƢǘǬǳơ ǲȇȂƸƬǳ ƢƦǴǇ ƩǂƯƘƫ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ǶȀǟƢǓȁƗ ��

ƣƢǈǯ ƧƾȇƢǟȁ ƨƫȂǫ Śũ �ƽ

E-mail: qoutasamir@hotma il.com


ƪŢ ơȂºººǋƢǟǺ ȇǀǳơ ǹȂȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơŇƢǟǱƢȈƳȋ ơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ŐǟƧƽƢººƥȍ ơńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢººƥ ƨȇǂººǈǬǳơ ƧǂƴŮơȁǱȐƬ ººƷȏơƩƢǠºƦƫ ǺǷ ǁƢǐūơȆººǈǨǼǳơ ƱȐǠ ǳơƲǷơǂ ººƥ ŚƯƘƫĿ ƨººǫǁȂ ǳơ ǽǀǿƮººƸƦƫǥȂººǇ �ƨȈǟƢǸŪơǲºƻƾǷ ǹƛ �ǁƢºǷƾǳơ ǺºǷ ǝȂºǼǳơ ơǀ ºǿǲºưŭ ơȂºǓǂǠƫ ǺȇǂƻƕȄǴǟȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁǺǷƢǔƬǳơƩƢǰººººƦǋȄǴǟ ǃƢǰƫ ǁȏơ ǺǸưȇ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁȆºº ººǈǨǼǳ ơ ƱȐǠǳơƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƽǁơȂ ŭơȁ ƔƢºººǫƾǏȋơ ȁ ƧƾƬǸŭơ ƧǂººǇȋơǶǔƫŖǳơ ƨȈǠȈ ººƦǘǳơȅǀǳơǭǂƬºǌŭơ ǲǸǠǴǳƢ ȈǧƢºǬƯ ƨǸƟȐŭơ ǲºƦǈǳơȄǴǟřƦȇǾƳȂƫ Ǿǻơ �ȃǂƻȋơǄȈǯǂƬǳơ ǱȂŹ ǾƳȂƫ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ �ƨǯǁƢ ººǌŭơǥơǂǗȋơ ǞȈŦȄǴǟ ƧƾƟƢǨǳ Ƣººƥ ƽȂǟƩƢǠǸƬĐơ ǲƻơƾººººƥ ƨǸ ƟƢºººǬǳơ ƩƢºººǫȐǠǳơńƛƣƢǐŭơ ƽǂǨǳơ ȄǴǟ ǪǴǘŭơ

�ƩƢǟƢǸŪơȁǪǗƢǼŭ ơńƛ ƪǴºǬǻŖǳơ ƨȇƾȈǴºǬ Ƭǳơ ƨȈºƥǂǤǳơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ǶȈǿƢǨŭơƩǄǯǁ ƾǬǳȅƽǂǨǳ ơ ǱȁƢǼƬǳơ ȄǴǟƩǄǯǁ �ŃƢǠǳ ơ ǺǷȃǂƻƗǪǗƢǼǷ ĿƣȁǂūƢºººƥ ƨº ºƥȂǰǼŭơƶǴǘǐǷǹƜǧǮǳǀǯ �ƨǷƾǐǳơ ƾǠºººººº ººƥ ƢǷƣǂǯƣơǂǘǓȏȁƨǷƾǐǴǳŘǠǷ ǲǸŹƶƦǏƗ ƢǸǯ ǾǷơƾƼƬǇơĿǕǂǧƗ ƾǫ ƨȈǈǨǻ ƨǳƢƸǯ ƨǷƾǐǳơơǂºǋƚǷǲǸŹƨǷƾǐǳơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷƣǂǯƣơǂǘǓơǎȈƼǌƫǹƛ �ƧƢǻƢǠǸǴǳ ƢǷƢǟǲººƦǫ ƢǷ ƨǳƢººƷ ńƛ ƧƽȂǠǳơĿ ƨºƦǣǁ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗȁ ƨǷƾǐǳơȄǴǟŅƢƫǞǓȁńƛǲºººƦǫ ƢǷ ƧǂƬǨǳǭơǁƽƛ ǲǯ ȂºººƸŤ ǱȐƬººƷȏơ ǺǷƢǷƢǟśƬº ºǇǹƛ �ƨǷƾǐǳơơƔǄƳǆȈǳ ƨǷƾǐǳơ ǲºƦ ǫ ǞǷ ƨǳƢ ºƷ ǹƛ �śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǴǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƨǷƾǐǳơƨǴººƷǂǷ ƧǂƬǨǳ ơǮǴƫ ǲǯ ǱȐƻǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǸǯ�śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ Ǟºǫơȁ ǺǷŖǳơƱȐǠǳơ Ʊƿ ƢŶǹƛ �ƧǄǣ Ŀ ǁƢǐūơ ƧŐŬơ ȁƗ ǱȐƬºƷȏơ ƧƾºƷ ƢȀȈǧƪǔǨŵơȄǴǟǪººººƦǘǼ ƫȏ ƱƿƢŶ Ȇǿ ƧƽƢǠǴǳ ǩǁƢƻǂǷƘǯ ƨǷƾǐǴǳǶȀǧńƛ ƾǼ ƬºººǈƫǮººǇǂŮơȁ ƨǼ ºǇȂƦǳơǹƛ �ƧǄǣĿ ƨȈǳƢūơ ǥȁǂǜǳơ ȁƗřȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ǞǓȂǳơƪǻƢǟǪǗƢǼǷƢȀǴǯ ȄǘºǇȂǳơ ƢȈºǬȇǂǧƗȁ ƢȈºǬȇǂǧƗ ǩǂºǋ ǹơƾǴºƥȁ ȂǧȂǇȂǯȁ�ƢŮơȂǿ Ɨȁ ƣȁǂūơ ƤºƦǈƥȆºǇƢȈǈǳơȁ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ǁơǂºǬƬǇȏơ ǵƾǟȁ ǂºǬǨǳơƧƽƾǠƬǷȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁȆººǈǨǼǳơ ǶǟƾǳơƲǷơŐǳƨº ºǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿǑǂǠƫ ǥȂºǇƢǸǯ �ƣȁǂūƢºƥƨ ºƥȂǰǼŭƢ ƥ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǮǴƫĿ ƵƢƴǼºƥ ƢȀºǬȈƦǘƫ ĻŖǳơ ƽƢǠºƥȋơǞǸƬƴǸǴǳ ƨºƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƩơŐŬơǮǴƫ ƨǸȈºǫȁ ƧƽƢǨƬǈŭơǅȁǁƾǳơ ĿƮƸƦ ƫǥȂǇƨȈǴǸǟ ǱȁƢǼƫĿ ƨȇȂǸǼƬ ǳơ ǵȂǸŮơǱȁƢǼƬƫ ǥȂºǇƨǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿ �řȈǘǈǴǨǳơǲºǬǻń ƛȄǠºǈƫȁǦȈǰƬǳơȁ ƨǷȁƢºǬŭơ ǵȂȀǨǷĿƮƸƦƫǥȂǇ ƢǸǯ ƱȐǠǳơǃȁƢšĿƮºººƸƦȇ ǂƻƕńƛ ƨȈºººƸǔǳơǶȀǧńƛȄǠººǈȇƣƢǘƻǺǷ ƣƢǘŬơȅǀǳơǱȁƢǼƬǳơ ȄǴǟ ǄȈǯǂƬ ǳơ ǶƬȇǥȂººǇ ƢǸǯ �ȆººǈǨǼǳơǮºǇƢǸƬǳơȁ ƩƢǷǃȋơ

ƩơǀǳơǺǟŚƦǠƬǳơ ǱƢǰǋƗȁƩƢǠǸƬĐơ ƔƢǼƥ ǱȐƻ ǺǷ ƽơǂǧ ȋơ ǺǰŻ.

Palestinians who live under siege have faced theimpact of occupation, forced migration and ethnic cleansing forseveral generations. Thispresentation will examine theeffects ofpsychosocial healing programs on others who have had th is sortof devastation imposed upon them. A psychosocial healingapproach values the involvement of natural networks that includeextended family, friends, and other social resources. It drawsupon culturally relevant ways to work together that mutuallybenefit all involved. It also shifts the exclusive focus from thetraumatized individual to the relationships within formedcommunities. Traditional western psychological notions thathave been transfe rred towar torn areas in other parts of the worldhave focused on individualistic concepts of trauma and PTSD.Unfortunately, the term trauma as a psychological condit ion hasbeen overused and has acquired a generalized meaning forsuffering. Thediagnostic label PTSD impliesboth that asituationis post trauma and that the pre-trauma condition is one to reclaim.Sixty years of occupation erases any sense of pre-trauma forPalestinians. Asense ofpre-trauma is not part of the Palestiniansreality, nor has there been a subsiding of the occupation or thesiege experience in Gaza. Healing models that are based on anunderstanding of trauma as extra normative do not apply to thePalestinian situation, or to the current conditions in Gaza. Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, East and Central Africa, are places wherethe devastation of war has created poverty, soc ial and politicalinstability. This presentation will review multi-dimensionalpsychosocial support programs that have been successfullyimplemented in these war-torn areas. It will explore lessonslearned and the relevance of these experiences to the Palestiniancommunity. This presentation wil l address developmentalconcerns in approachingthe healing process,explore the conceptof resi lience and shift the discourse from one of studyingvictimization to one that explores well being and psychologicalsurvival. Emphasis will be given to approaches that empowerindividuals though com munity building and expressivemodalities.

Learning from the past to build for the future:reflections on psychosocial support

programs in war torn countries

Dr Eleanor Roffman *

�ǲƦǬƬǈŭơ ƔƢǼƦǳ ȆǓƢŭơ ǺǷ ǶǴǠƬǳơȆǈǨǼǳơ Ƕǟƾǳơ ƲǷơǂƥĿ ƩȐǷƘƫ

ƣȁǂūƢƥ ƨƥȂǰǼŭơǹơƾǴƦǳơ ĿȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ

ǹƢǸǧȁǁ ǁȂǻƢȈǳƛ �ƽ

*Lesley Unive rsity, USADiv ision of Couns eling and Psyc hology / eroffm [email protected]

mailto:E-mail:[email protected]

mailto:*LesleyUniversity,USADivisionofCounselingandPsychology/[email protected]


ƩȐǰºººǌŭơȁǁ ƢǐūơƪŢǊȈǠǳơ ŚƯƘƫĿƮºººƸƦ ǴǳƨººǇơǁƾǳơ ǽǀǿ ƪȇǂƳƗśȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋȃƾǳǮǳƿ ȄǴǟƨ ººƦƫǂƬŭơ ƨȈǯȂǴººǈǳơȁ ƨȈ ǻơƾƳȂǳơȁ �śº ƥ ƢǷ Ƕǿǁ ƢǸǟƗ Ƶȁơ ǂƬƫ ȐǨǗ �� ǺǷ ƨºǇơǁƾǳơ ƨǼȈǟ ƪǻȂǰƫ �ǶȀȇȁƿȁƲƟƢƬǻƩǂȀǛƗ �Ƨ Ǆǣ ǝƢǘººǫƩƢǜǧƢŰƨǧ ƢǯǺǷ ƢȈ ƟơȂºǌǟ ơȁŚƬƻơ ƨǼºǇ��

�ȆǴȇ ƢǷƨǇơǁƾǳơƢººǫƢǐƬǳơ ǂưǯƗ ơȂººƸƦǏƗȁ ǵȐǜǳơ ǹȂǧƢź ƧǄǣ ǱƢǨǗƗ ǺǷ ��

�ǂȇǂǈǳơǆǨǻĿ ǵȂǼǳơ ǶǿȂǯǁƢǌȇ ơȂƸƦǏƗ ƢǸǯǶȀǴǿƘƥǹȁƾººº ºǬƬǨȇȁǂ ƫȂƬǳơȁ ǪǴººººǬǳơǺǷ ǹȂǻƢǠȇ ƧǄǣ ǱƢǨǗƗǺǷ ��

�ǹƢǷȋƢƥ ǁȂǠǌǳơƧǁƾºǬǳ ơ ǵƾǟ ǲưǷ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ĿƩȐǰǌǷǺǷǹȂǻƢǠ ȇ ǶȀǼǷ ��

�ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ ȄǴǟǱơǄǠǻȏ ơ ǲưǷ ƨȈǯȂǴººººǇƩȐǰºººǌǷǺǷǹȂǻƢǠ ȇ ǶȀǼǷ ��

�ƨȈǻơ ȁƾǠǳơȁȆǟƢǸƬƳȏ ơƣƢƸǈǻȏơȁ�ƨǷƢǟ ƨȈǻơƾƳȁ ƩȐǰºǌǷȁ ƔȆºǇ ƱơǄǷ ǺǷ ǹȂǻƢǠ ȇ ǶȀǼǷ ��

�ƣƢƠƬǯȏơȁǕƢƦƷȍƢƥǹȁǂǠǌȇǶĔƛǶǿǂºǇƗȁǶǿǹȂƳƢƬŹȁ ȅƽơǁƛ ȏǱȂºƦƫ ǺǷ ňƢǠƫ ƨǼ ȈǠǳơ ǺǷ ��

�ȆǈǨǼǳơ ƽƢǋǁȍơńƛǦǼǠƥ ǹȂǴǷƢǠƬȇȁ ȆǈǨǼǳơǖǤǔǳơ ǺǷ ǹȂǻƢǠȇ ǲǿȋơ ǺǷ ��

�ǶȀƟƢǼƥƗ ǞǷȁǶȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ

This study was done to examine the effect of living under siegeand the emotiona l -behavioral problems of Palestinian childrenand their parent , the sample of thestudy was2286 child between8-14 years of old selected randomly f rom all Gaza governorates,andthe resultsof the study show the following:

87%of Gaza children feel fear of darkness and they aremore c linging to there parents and sharing them therebids.92% of the Palestinian children of Gaza suffe r fromfeeling of insecurity andfee l anxiety and tension .68% of them suffering from school problems like lackof concentration .76% of them has behavioral problems like isolation ,social withdrawal and aggression.70% of them are feeling bad and general modeproblems, theyfeel frustration and depression.34% of the sample are suffering from bed witting andthey need consultation and family council ling. -64% of their parents are st ressed and behaved withviolence witheach otherand with their children .

Siege and mental health :Siege StressEmotional and Behavioral Problems

of Palestinian Children andTheir Parents Living under Siege "Gaza experience"

Prof. F adel Abu Hein*

ǁƢǐūơǖǤǓ �ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơȃƾǳ ƨȈǯȂǴǈǳơȁ ƨȈǻơƾƳȂǳơ ƩȐǰǌŭơ

ǁƢǐūơ ƪŢ ǶȀȇȁƿȁ śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơ�ƧǄǣ ƧŐƻ� ǁƢǐūơ ƪŢ ǊȈǠǳơ

śǿ ȂƥƗ ǲǔǧ �ƽ�ơ

Al-Aqsa University and Community Training Center and Crisis Management Gaza / [email protected]

mailto: Al-AqsaUniversityandCommunityTrainingCenterandCrisisManagementGaza/[email protected]


ƪººººǇƢǧ ǲȈººººƥ ƨǼȇƾǷ ƪǻƢǯ �� ǵƢǟǀǼǷ �ƨȈźǁƢƬǳơ ƨȈǨǴŬơƧƾǷǵơƽ ȅǀǳơǝơǂǐǳơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠǳ ƢºººƷǂǈǷ ơƾǼǳǂȇơ ǺǷǱƢǸººǌǳơ Ŀ ƨǠººǫơ ȂǳơǲȈºƥƣǂǣ ǞƦǬȇ ǹƢǯ ƮȈƷ �ƨȇǂǰǈǟ ƽȂǌƷȁ ƾƳơȂƬƥ ƢǔȇƗ ǃƢƬǷơ ȅǀǳơȁ ƨǴȇȂǗĿ ǽƢºƷǁ ǁȁƾȇ ȅǀǳơ ǝơŗǳơȁ ǝơǂǐǳơƤºƦǈƥǮǳƿȁ ƽƾºǌǷ ǁƢǐºƷƪŢƪºǇƢǧƧǂºƬǨǳ ơ ǮºǴƫŅƛ Ƣǻǂǜǻ ơƿƜǧ � ƢǷƢǟ�� ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǝơǂǐǳơǮǳƿ ǵơƽ � ƧǁȁƢĐơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ� ƺȇǁơȂǐǳƢºƥǦǐǬǳơǲưǷ ƨǟǄǨǷȁ ƨǷƽƢǏ ƢƯơƾƷƗ ƾų ǥȂǇƾȈǯƘƬǳƢƥ ƢǼǻƢǼǧȆǴǟǺººǌƫŖǳơ ƩơǁƢǤǳơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠǳơ ƾƴǼºǇ ƢǸǯ ǲƬºǫ ƩȏƢºƷȁ ǁƢǼǳơ ǩȐǗƛȁȅǀǳơǅƢǼǳơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠǳơŅƛ ƨǧƢǓƛǅƢǼǳơ śºººƥ ǂǟǀǳơȁ Ǟ ǴŮơ ƨººƦƦǈǷ ǱǃƢǼŭơǦǼǠǳơ ƭơƾººƷƗ ǲǰǳ ƨǷǃȐǷ ƨƴȈƬǼǯȁ � ǶŮǃƢǼǷ ǪƟơǂººƷ ƔƢǨǗƛŅƛ ǹȁƾǸǠȇŚƯƘƫƪŢ ǹȂǠºƦǬȇ ǺȇǀǳơǮƠǳȁƗ ǺǷƨƻǁƢǏƨǷƾǏƾƴǼǇ ƾȈǯƘƬǳƢƥ ƢǼǻƜǧǮǴƫƨȈºǫƢǨƫơȁ �� ǵƢǟ ĿȅǂƳ ȅǀǳơ ǁ ƢǼǳơ ǩȐǗƛǦºǫȁŚºǌȇ ƨƥȂǰǼŭơ ǪǗƢǼŭơŅƛǱƕ ƾººǫ ǝơǂǐǳơ ơǀǿǹƗŅƛ �� ǵƢǟ ǾǠȈººǫȂƫ Ļ ȅǀǳơ � ƨººƦȈǘǳơ ƨǠǸŪơ�ǁƢƯƗƾų ƢǼǳǃȏ �ǝơǂǐǳơ ƨȇƢĔ ȆǴǟƩơȂǼºǇƧǂºǌǟ ǁȁǂǷ ƾǠƥŕƷ Ǻǰǳȁ �ƨȇƢĔƧǂƬǨǳơ ǮǴƫ ơȂºǌȇƢǟ Ǻȇǀǳơ ƽơǂǧȋơǺǷ ƽǂǧ ǲǯ ȆǴǟȁ ȆǴƄơ ǞǸƬĐơ ȆǴǟ ǝơǂǐ ǳơǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǵȐººǈǳơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟȁ ƩƢƯ ƽƢŰ ǺǷƾȇƾǠǳơ ƪȇǂƳƗ ƾºǬǳ � ǝơǂǐǳơ ǺǷǮǴƬǳ ƢȀǸǟƽȁƨȈºººǈǨǼǳơ ƨººƸǐǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ƽǁơȂƫ Ņƛ ȅƽƗ ƢŲ ơƾǼǳǂȇơ ǱƢǸººǌƥƨººƸǐǴǳ ȆǠǸƬĐơƪººǇƢǧ ǲººƦƥ ƣǂǣ Ǫȇǂǧ ƾǠȇ � ǲǸǠǳơǦǏȁ � ƨººǬǘǼŭơǲǸºǌȇ �ƪºǇƢǧ ǲºƦƥ ƣǂǤǳ ƨȈºƸǐǳơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ŉƾºǬƬǳ ƢȇȂǻƢƯ ƢȈǟơǁ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơǦǳƗƨƠǷ ƣǁƢǬȇ Ƣŭ ƢēơƾǟƢǈǷ ǵƾǬƫ ƨȈǳȁƗǶǫơȂǗ Ƨǂǌǟ ǪȇǂǨǳơ Ǯǳƿ ƔƢǔǟƗǲǸººǌƫ ƨǻȂǠŭ ơ ƢŮ ǵƾººǬǻ Ŗǳơ ƨºǬǘǼŭơ ǹƛ � ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǮǴƫĿǹƢǰºǈǳơ ǺǷƩƢºǫȁ ƗĿ ƢǿƾƳơȂƫǦưǰƬȇȁ ǝơŗǳơǪǗƢǼǷĿƪǳơǃȏŖǳơȁ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ƩƢȀƳȂƫǽǀǿǖǴººǈƫǥȂººǇ � �ǁơ ƿƕB ǅǁƢǷ ǲǐǧĿ �Ǯǳƿ ǱƢưǷ� ƨǼºǈǳơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷǪǗƢǼŭơ Ņƛ ƨǷƾºººººǬŭơ ƩƢǷƾŬơǺǷ ƨǨǴƬű ƤǻơȂƳȆǴǟ ƔȂǔǳơ ƨººººǫǁȂǳơƩȁƢǨƬǳơ �ļȉơǦǌǰǼǇ ƢǸǯ � ǝơǂǐǳơǮǳƿƪŢ ƨǠǫơȂǳơ ȁ ƧǁǂǔƬŭơ ƨǬƥƢǈǳơǝơȂǻƗ ƾȇƾŢȁ �ƩƢǷƾŬơ ǮǴƫ ǲȈǏȂƫ ȁ ƨǠººǫȂƬŭơ ƩƢƳƢȈƬºƷȏơȁ ƧơȁƢºǈŭơǵƾǟȁǽǀǿƾǠƫ � ƨŤƢŬơ � ǲǸǠǳơ ǶºººǫơȂǗ ǝȂǼƫȁ ǶǟƽȁƤȇǁƾƫȁ � ƨºººƥȂǴǘŭơ ƩƢǷƾŬơƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ Ǫȇǂǧ ƢȀǷƾǬȇŖǳơ ƣǁƢƴƬǳơȁ ƩƢǷƾƼǴǳ ƧǂƥƢǟ ƨƄ ƨǇơǁƾǳơǺǷǲȈǴºǬǳơǖºǬǧ ǭƢǼǿǹƗ ǂǯǀǳƢºƥ ǂȇƾŪơ ǺǷȁ � ��ǵƢǟ ĿƪºǇƢǧ ǲºƦƥ Ŀǅȁǁƾǳơȁ ŐǠǳơ Ņƛ ǩȂººǌƬƥ ǞǴǘƬǻ ƢǼǻƜǧ ơǀǳ �ƨȈǸǰǳơ ȁƗ ƨȈǟȂǼǳơ ƔơȂºǇƭƢŞȋơƔơȂºǇ ƨȈǠǸƬĐơ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ǲºƦǬƬǈŠ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƧƽƢǨƬǈŭơ

�ǝơǂǐǳơǲǛ ĿǹȂǌȈǠȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ ǮƠǳƙȏǵƾǬƫŖǳơȁ ƢȈǳȁƽ ȁƗƢȈǷȂǫ ȁƗ ƢȈǴŰ

.

Background: From1969, the city ofBelfast inNorthernIreland was the scene of prolonged conflict, which involved amilitary presence . West Belfast was in a siege from the conflictaround it. Bombings, shootings , killings , house raids,intimidation and people burnt out of their houses were some ofthe traumatic happenings during the next 30 years. These eventsled to significant trauma experienced by many in the affectedareas. The ceasefire of 1994 and the Good Friday Agreement of1998 indicated the conflict was over. 10 years la ter theeffects ofthe conflict on the local community and anyone who experiencedthe conflict are still evident. With peace processes beingimplemented across Northern Ireland, mental health services arebeing reviewed and strengthened.

Descriptive account: The West Belfast Community MentalHealth Team (WBCMHT) is a secondary care service. Themembership of the team includes 10 frontline staff forapproximately 100,000 population. The area we service includessegregated interfaces, which are still in existence post conflictand intensify at certain times of the year (e.g. the marchingseason). This paper will look at different aspects of providingcommunity mental health services in an areapreviously affectedby conf lict. We will explore inequality, unmet needs, access toservices, typeof servicesrequired, staff training, staff support anddiversity of staff.

Conclusion: This study is a snapshot account of the experiencesof the WBCMHT in 2008. Given that there is very littlequalitative research or quantitative accounts we are looking forthe lessons that can be learnt in terms of future mental healthcommunity serv ice provision both locally, nationally andinternationallyfor those who haveexperienced conflict.

Community Staffing and Resources in Mental Health:Post Conflict Descriptive Account

Elizabeth Schumacher, Patr icia Campbell, & Maneesh Gupta

ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳƢƥ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǞǸƬĐơǶǫơȂǗȁ ǁƽƢǐǷȆǨǏȁ ǲȈǴŢ �ǝơǂǐǳơ ƾǠƥƢǷ ƨǴƷǂǷ

ƢƬƥȂƳ ǊȈǻƢǷ ȁ ǲƦǷƢǯ ƢǌȇǂƫƢƥ ȁ ǂƻƢǷȂǋ ƪȈƥơ ǄȈǳơ

*- [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]


ƧƾǟƢººǈŭơ ŉƾºǬƫȄǴǟǖºǬǧ ǂǐƬºǬȇ ȏ ňƢºǈǻȍơ ǲƻƾƬǳơøǹƢºººǈǻȍơ ǩȂºººǬƷ ǵơǂƬººƷơ ǹƢǸǓȁǝƢǧƾǳơ ƢǔȇƗ ǺǸǔƬȇ ƢŶƛȁ � ƨȇƽƢŭơǲǷƢǠƫ ǹƗƤŸ ƨȈǻƢº ºǈǻȍơ ƧȂǟƾǳơ ǹƜǧǮǳǀǳ �ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨȈǻƢººǈǻȍơ ŚȇƢǠŭơȁƨưǠºƦǳơ ƩƽƾºƷƾºǬǳ� ��ňƢºǈǻȍơ ǲƻƾƬǳơ ǂǏƢǼǟǺǷ ȆºǇƢǇƗ ǂǐǼǠǯǵȐǟȎǳ ƨȈǷȐǟȍơ ƨȈǘǤƬǳơśǈŢƪǼǸǔƫŖǳơǲƻƾƬǳơ ƩȏƢů ƨȇȂǳȁƗƨǴƬƄơ ƨȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ȆǓơǁȋơȁ ǲȈƟơǂºǇƛ Ŀ ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơȁ Ņȁƾǳơȁ ȆǴƄơƧȂǟƾǳơ ƔơƽƗśºººǈŢ ƤŸǮǳǀǯ �Ǻȇǂƻȉơ ƔƢǔǟȋơ Ǳȁƾǳơ ǶǿƗń ƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȄǴǟƩƢºǇƢȈǈǳơȆǠǓơȁśºƥ ƨȈǻƢºǈǻȍơ ƢȇƢǔºǬǳơ ǹƘǌƥ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬǇȏơƨȈǇƢȈǇ ǦǫơȂǷ ńƛ ƽȂȀŪơǮǴƫ ƾǼƬǈƫ ǹƗƤŸȁ �Ņȁƾǳơȁ ȆǴƄơ śȇȂƬǈŭơƨººǬǈƬǷ ǲƟƢººǇǁȁ ȆǟȂǓȂǷȁ ȆǠººǫơȁ ǲȈǴŢ ȄǴǟ ƧƾǸƬǠǷƨǯǂƬºǌǷƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơƨưǠƥ ǹƛ� ��ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ƧƽƾŰƩƢǟƢǘǫȂŴ ƨȀƳȂǷƨǷȂȀǨǷȁǹƗ ǺǰŻ �ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬºǇơ ƨȇƙǁńƛ ƩƾǼƬǇơ ƢǷ ơƿƛ �ƨȈǻƢǈǻȍơ ƧȂǟƾǳơ ǹƘƥ ǺǷƚƫƩȏƢĐơ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ȃǂƻƗƩȏƢů Ŀ ƢȀƟƢǯǂºǋȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơƽȂȀƳ ǶǟƾƫǮǴƫĿ ƨǧƾȀƬºººǈŭơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǺǷ ŚưǰǳƢǧ �ƨȇƽƢǐƬººǫȏơȁ ƨȈººǇƢȈǈǳơǦºººǫȁ Ǯǳƿ ĿƢŠ ƨȈǻƢºººǈǻȍ ơ ƧȂǟƾǴǳ ƨȇǁȂƄơǥơƾǿȋơ ƢēơƿȆǿ ƩȏƢĐơǶǟƽȁřȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƽƢǐƬºǫȏơ ƔƢȈºƷƛȁ �ǱȂƴƬǳơ ǂǜºƷȁ ǩȐǣȍơ ƨºǇƢȈǇ

��ǥǂǘƬǳơȁ ǅƘȈǳơ ǺǷƾȇǄǷ ȂŴ ǁơƾŴȏ ơ ǞǼǷȁƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƨǘǴǈǳơŚƯƘƫǲǛ ơƿƢŭ �ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼºǈǳơĿ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ ǹƘǌƥƤƬǯȁ ǲȈǫƢǷ ǲǯ Ƕǣǁ

�ƾūơ ơǀǿ ńƛ ƢǨȈǠǓ ƧȂǟƾǳơĿ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ

ƨǴůƢȀȈǧ ǁƾǐƫŖǳơńȁȋơ Ƨǂŭơ ȆȀǧ�ƢȀǟȂǻ ǺǷƧƾ ȇǂǧ ƨºººººººƥǂš ƢĔƛ

�ƢǸƟơƽ ǺǰŲ ǂǷƗ ǁơȂūơ Ǟǧƽǲǿ�EULGJHV� ǁȂǈƳ ƨǴů ƨƥǂš

Ƨƾǟơȁ ƨºƥǂš ƢĔƛ �řȈǘºǈǴǨǳơȁ ȆǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ śºƦǠǌǳơ śºƥƨǯǂƬºǌǷǁȁǂǷƾǠº ƥ �śºƦǻƢŪơ śºƥ ƶƬǨƬƫ ǹƗȁ ƾƥȏŖǳơ ǹȁƢǠƬǳơ ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷȍ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥǺȇǂȀºǋ ǲǯ ǁƾǐƫŖǳơ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƨǴů ƧǁƽƢƦǷ ƪǬǴƫ �ƩơȂ ǼǇ ǞƥǁƗƢȀȀƳȂƫ ƮȈººƷǺǷ ƨǻǃơȂƬǷŚǣ �ǖŶ ȄǴǟ ƽƢººǬƬǻȏơ ǺǷ ƨǨǴƬűȏƢǰºǋƗƨǬȈǬƷǆǰǠƫ ȏ ��ȆǴȈƟơǂǇȍơ ƤǻƢŪơ ǺǟǅƢǇȋƢƥ ǁƾǏ ƾǬǻ�ȆǇƢȈǈǳơ��řȈǘºǈǴǨǳơƤǻ ƢŪơ ǺǟǅƢºǇȋƢƥ ǁƾǏ ƾǬǻ� ǱȐƬƷȏơȁ ǝơǂǐǳơǦǼǟơǀǿ ǲǛĿ ƨǻǃơȂƬǷ ƨǴĐơ ǁƾǐƫ ǹƗ ǹƢǰŠƤǠǐǳơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǾǻơƨººǬ ȈǬūơȁǹƗ śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǴǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥƤǠǐǳơ ǺǷ �ƨ ȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ �ǹǃơȂƬǳơ ŉƾǟ ǞǓȂǳơƢǷƢǟśǠºƥǁƗ ǲǸŹ ǩƢȈºǇĿśȈǴȈƟơǂǇȍơ ǞǷ ǁơȂūơ ȄǴǟśǐȇǂƷ ơȂǻȂǰȇƾƟƢºǈǳơ ǖƦƄơ ǞǓȂǳơ ǹƜǧ ǵƢǟ ǲǰǌƥȁ�ǵȂ ȇ ǲǯĿƢǠǸǫ ƽơƽǄȇǱȐƬƷơ ǺǷśºƥ ƢǸȈǧ ŕºƷȁƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƨȈǴȈƟơǂǇȍơ ƩƢǫȐǠǴǳ ǞǇȁȋơǩƢȈǈǳơĿǲưǷơƽȂȀƳ ǲǠŸ�ȆǓƢŭơ ǵƢǠǳơ ǱȐƻ ƨǏƢƻ �ǶȀºǈǨǻƗ śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơơƿƛ ƢǸǟ ǱƙƢǈƬǴǳƔǂŭ ơ Ǟǧƾȇ ǂǷƗ Ǿǻƛ ��ǖȈƄơĿ ƨǘǬǻ� ƢĔƘǯȁ ȁƾƦƫ �ǁȂǈƳ�ǲưǷĿ �ƨǴȈǴǫƪǻƢǯ ǹơȁŕƷ �ƽ ǁơȂŭơȁ ƨǫƢǘǳơ ǁƢǸưƬǇơ ǪƸƬǈȇ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯǹƗ ǺǰŻǦǴƬűƔȆºǋǺǟ ƮƸƦǳơ ǂưǯƗǶƟȐŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǵƗ �ƩơǁƽƢ Ʀŭơ ǮǴƫǕȂǘşǙƢǨƬººººƷȏơ ǹƜǧ Ǯǳƿ ǞǷȁ �ȄºººǬƦȇ ǱƙƢºººǈƬǳơ �ơŚƯƘƫ ǂưǯƗ ǹȂǰȇȅȋ ƨººƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƢȇǁȁǂǓ ơǂǷƗ ȄººǬ ƦȇśǠǸƬĐơ Ȑǯ śºƥ ƨ ºƷȂƬǨǷǲǏơȂƬǳơȄǴǟ �Ǯǳƿ Ŀ ǁȂºǈƳ ƨǴůƪŷƢºǇ ƾºǫȁ ǵȐºǈǴǳ ƨȈǴºƦǬƬǈǷ ǖǘƻƩȏƢůǦǴƬűĿ ƨǯǂƬºººǌǷ ƩƢǟȂǸů ƪǻȂǰƫ ƾºººǬǳ ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈººƦǇȃǂƻƗƩƢǟƢǘºǫȁƨȇƾǠŭơǑơǂǷȋơȁ ƨǫƢǟȍơȁǒȇǂǸƬǳơ ǮǳƿĿƢŠ ƨƸǐǳơǮǴƫ ŐƬǠȇ ȏ ƾºǫǒǠºƦǳơ ǹƗǺǷ Ƕǣǂǳơ ȄǴǟȁ �ƧǄǣĿƨºƸǐǳƢƥ ƨǴǏ Ʃơƿ

�ǁơǂǸƬǇȏơǪƸƬǈȇ ǃƢųƛǾǻ ƛ ȏƛ ƨǸȈǜǟ ƩơǃƢųƛ

�ƢǸƟơƽ ǺǰŲ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ Ǻǟ ǝƢǧƾǳơƨǴƬƄơ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ƧǂǏƢǼŭơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ

ŖǼȈǻƢǷ ȂȈƳȁŐǷƗ�ƽ

�ǹơǂȇƛ ǹơǂȀǗ Ŀ ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǲưŲ [email protected]



which should have been opening be tween the two sides. Fouryears later, the bi-month ly public health magazine in itiativereceived different criticisms: not well-balanced in its politicalorienta tion (crit icism raised mainly by Israe li side) and notreflect ing the reality of the violen t conflict and occupation(critici sm mainly raisedby Palestinian side). Actually it has beenquite difficult to be balanced in such an extremely asymmetricsituation. On the one side, i t is difficu lt for the Palestinian peopleto be keen on dialogue with Israelis in a context of 40 years ofoccupa tion that is becoming ever more oppressive with eachpassing day. In general, the discouraging situation found withinthe broad context of Israelis-Palestinian re lations and evenamongst Palestin ians themselves, particularly during the pastyear, makes efforts suchas "bridges" appear to be a mere 'drop inthe ocean'. It makes one wonder whether it is wor thwhileinvesting energy and funds, albeit of a small quantity, in to suchkinds of initiatives or alte rnatively, whether it would be moreappropriate to try to identify someth ing different that might bemore effective. The doubt remains. However, keepingopen linesof communication between the twocommunities is indispensableto any future plan of peacemaking and bridgeshas contributedtowards this. For instance , joint groups have been established indifferent sectors of hea lth, including nursing, disabilities,communicable d iseases, and otherhealth-related sectors in Gaza.Although these achievements may not be cons idered by some asfabulous, they are nevertheless something that perhaps deservesto continue.

�Humanitarian action is not only about physicaldelivery of assistance - but also about promoting and ensuringrespect for human rights and universal humanitarian norms.Humanitarian advocacy should therefore be seen as an essentialelement of humanitarian action." "..Prioriry areas the missionidentified were improved outreach to local and internationalmedia and civil society in Israel and the oPt as well as other keyMember States. Strategic advocacy on humanitarian issuestowards local and international policy makers should a lso beimproved. Joint policy positions based on factual and impartialanalysis and consistent messages tailored to specific targetaudiences should form the basis of these efforts.""The UN mission believes that humanitarian advocacy, if usedstrategically, can help reinforce efforts by UN and its partners inother areas, including in the political and economic fields . Manyof the objectives pursued in these areas are identical to the keyaims of humanita rian advocacy, including the lifting of c losuresand cur few, therevitalization of thePalestinian economy, supportto the PA and preventing a further descent into desperation andradicalization."In spite of what was saidand written during the last years why theadvocacy of UN has beenso weak?

The experience is unique. It is the first time that a magazinebetween Israeli and Palestinian people is produced. It has beenvery promising for the potential perspective of collaboration

Promoting Dialogue is Always Feasible?TheExperience of Bridges Magazine

Dr.Ambrogio Manenti *

Promoting Human Rights is Always Feasible?UN and Advocacy in the OPT

[email protected]* WHO Representative Iran, Tehran /

mailto:[email protected]*WHORepresentativeIran,Tehran/


�ƮºƸƦǳơ ƨǷƾºǬŭǎƼǴǷ

�Ʈ ººƸƦǳơ ǺǷ ǥƾŮơ

�ƮƸƦǳơƲȀǼǷ

�ǲȈǴºƸƬǳơ

�ƲƟƢƬǼǳơ

ǆǴĐơ ƩƢººƥƢƼƬǻơ ƾǠºƥ ƧǄǣǁƢǐºƷ ƗƾºƦȇ ŃǺǰȇŃ ǃȂǨǳơǮǳƿ ǹƛ �ǅƢŧǾººƥ ƩǃƢǧȅǀǳơřȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ ȆǠȇǂººǌƬǳơřǗȂǳơ ǩƢȈºººǈǳơ ǮȈǰǨƫ ƨººǇƢȈǇĿ ǁơǂǸƬººǇȐǳ ŅƢưŭơǁŐŭơ ȃȂººǇǥƾŮơ ǹƢǯ ƢŭƢǗȅǀǳơ ǮȈǰǨƬǳơ Ǯǳƿ ��śǘºǈǴǧĿ ňƾŭơȁ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁǽƾȀǌǻ ƢǷ ǹƛ �śǘǈǴǧ ǽƢš ƨȈǴȈƟơǂǇȍơ ƩƢǇƢȈǈǴǳ ȃƾŭơ ǲȇȂǗ ǆȈƟǂǳơĿ ǥƾȀƬºººǈƫƣǂººƷ ��ȏȁƗ ƧǄǣ Ŀ�śǘººǈǴǧ ƾǓ ƣǂūơ Ƨȁǁƿ Ȃǿ ǵȂȈǳơ

�Ƣēơƿ ƨǷȋơƩȂǷ ƨȇƢȀǼǳơǞǧơȁƾǳơ Ǧºººǌǯ �� ƨºººǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿ ǥƾȀƬºººǈƫƣƢǏƗ ȅǀǳơ ǁǂǔǳơ ƾȇƾŢ �� ƧǄǣ Ŀ ǲȈƟơǂºǇƛ ƩƢºǇƢȈǇ ƔơǁȁƨȈºǇƢǇȋơƨǳȂƠǈǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƜƥ ƨȈǏȂƬǳơ �� ȁ �ǵȂȈǳơƧǄǣ ĿȆǇƢȈǈǳơȆǟȂǳơȁ ƨǧƢǬưǳơƨǳȁƾǳơ ǺǷ ƨǷȂǟƾŭơ ǶƟơǂŪơ ǺǷ ƨȈƟƢĔȏ ƨǴºǈǴǇǾǻơ ǹȁƾȇ Ƣŭ ƾƷ ǞǓȂǳ

�ƢǿƔƢǨ ǴƷȁǲȈƟơǂǇ ƛǲƦǫǺǷ ƨǬƦǘŭơȁƨȈƟƢǐºƷƛȁ ƨȈǐƼºǋ ƨǳƽƗȄ Ǵǟ ƨºǫǁȂǳơ ƾǸƬǠƫǥȂºǇ

�ƮƸƦǳơ ơǀǿǑǂǤǳ ƢȀǠȈǸšĻ Ƣđ ǩȂƯȂǷȁ ƧǂǏƢǠǷ ƨȈǬȈƯȂƫȁǹƗ ȏƛȄǔǷƾººǬǟ ŅơȂººƷǀǼǷ ƩƗƾºƥƧǄǣ ȄǴǟ ƣǂūơ ǹƗǶǣǁƨǯǂƸǴǳ ǲǷƢǰǳơ ǾƦǋ ŚǷƾƬǳƢƥ ǖǬǧǆȈǳ ƞƦǼȇ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǬǳŅƢūơ ǁƢǐūơȆǟƢǸƬƳơȁ ȆººǈǨǻ � ȆǟƢŦǁƢȈĔƢºƥƢǔ ȇƗ ƢŶƛȁ ƨȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƨȈǼǗȂǳơƢǷ Ɣơǁȁ ǲȈƟơǂºǇƛ Ǟǧơȁƽǭǁƾǻ ǹƗ ńƛ ƨƳƢŞ ǺŴ �ĿƢǬưǳơȁ ȆǐƼǌǳơȆǟȂǴǳǾǴǸǯƘº ºƥ ǞǸƬůǲƬººǫ ��ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧƽƢº ºƥȍơ� ǶºǇơ ǾȈǴǟ ǪǴǘȇ ǹƗƤŸƢǼǸȀǧ ǹƛ �ƨȈººǈǨǻȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳơȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬºǫơȁ ƨȇǂǰºǈǟ ƩơȁƽƗ ƨǘºǇơȂƥǁǂǔǳơ ƵȐǏƛƩȏȁƢŰ ĿƗƾºƦǻ ǹƗ ǲºƦǫ ȅ ǁȁǂǓǕǂºǋ Ȃǿ Ǟǧơȁƾ ǳơ ǲǰƬǳǱȂƷȅƾĐơ ŚǣȁǱȂƠǈŭơ ŚǣǱơƾŪơ Ǯǳƿ Śǣ ȃǂƻƗ ǁȂǷƗ ȄǴǟ ǄȈǯǂƬǳƢƥ Ǯǳƿȁ

�ƨȈźǁƢƬǳơśǘǈǴǧǑǁƗ ȄǴǟśƬǳȁƽ ȁƗ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǳȁƽĿǲūơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷǵȂººǫƗ ǥȂºǇ ƮȈºƷ ƨºǫǁȂǳơŔǷĿ ȆưŞ ƲƟƢƬǼǳ ǑǂǟƗǥȂºǇƩƢƳƢƬǼƬºººǇȏơ �ƨȈƟƢȀǼǳơ ƩƢǜººƷȐŭơ Ŀ ƢȀǐȈƼǴƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ĽƢȀǴȈǴººƸƬƥƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơȁ ƨȈǫȐƻȋ ơƲƟƢƬǼǳơ Ȅ Ǵǟ ƨǫǁȂǳơ ƨǏȐƻƾǼƬǈƫ ǥȂǇ �ƨȈǷƢƬŬơǹȂǻƢººǬǳơȁ Ņȁƾǳơ ǹȂǻƢººǬǳơ ǞǷ ǩƢººǈƫơ Ŀ ǪȈƯȂƬǴǳ ƨǴººƥƢǬǳơ ƨȈŻƽƢǯȋơȁ

Ņȁƾǳơ ňƢǈǻȍơ

Summarized Introduction:

Aims:

Methodology:

Result Section:

Concluding Remarks:

The Siege of Gaza did not begin afterthe January 2006 PLC elec tion victory of Hamas. That victorywas no more than a perfect pretext to continue thedismemberment of nationa l, social and civic Palestine - long amajor goal of Israel's Palestinian policies. What we are seeingtoday is the culmination of a war against Palestine (first Gaza) inwhich the deathof the nation is theultimate goal.

The aim of this paper are 1) to uncover the principalmotives behind Israel's Gazan policies; 2) to determine thedamage done to Gazan cultural and politica l consciousnesstoday; and 3) to recommend responsib le ways of puttingan end tothe seemingly endless state -sponsored crimes used and justifiedby Israe l and its al lies.

I will rely on the most current and reliablepersonal, statistical and documentary evidence available for thisproject.Analys is: Despite the fact that the war on Gaza began well over adecade ago, it is under the current siege of the Gaza Strip that weare faced not only with the near total destruction of the PalestinianNational Movement but also with a collective or psycho-socialbreakdown of personal and cultural consciousness. We need tounderstand Israel's underlying motives for what shouldrightly betermed 'sociocide:' the murder of an entire society by military,economic, social and psychological means. Only when weunderstand these motives can we attempt to repair the damage byfocusing on something other than irresponsible debates such asthatwhich rages over whether there should be one-state or two inthe area of historic Palestine .

The results of my research will be containedwithin the body of my paper, analyzed and then re-summarizedwith the concluding remarks.

My conclusions will be based on moral,legal and scholarly/documental f indings consistent withinternational law and internationalhumanitarian law.

Targets of the Siege:Eroding Civil Society and National Identity

Ms. Jennifer G. Loewenstein *

�ǁƢǐūơ ǥơƾǿƗƨȈǼǗȂǳơ ƨȇȂŮơȁ ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơ ǮȈǰǨƫ

ǺȇƢƬǌǼȇȂǳ ǂǨȈǼƳ

*Associate Director, Middle East Studies Program; University of Wisconsin USA / [email protected]

mailto:*AssociateDirector,MiddleEastStudiesProgram;UniversityofWisconsinUSA/[email protected]


ƨȈźǁƢƫ Ƨǂǜǻ ƮƸƦŭơ ơǀǿĿǊǫƢǼǼǇ �ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǬǳňȂǻƢǬǳơ ǞǓȂǳơǊºǫƢǼǼǇ ƢǸǯ�� ǵƢǟ ǀǼǷ ƢđǂǷŖǳơ ƨȈǇƢȈǈǳơ ǲƷơǂŭơȁ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǬǳ ƨǷƢǟǲȈƟơǂǇƛ ƨȈǳȁƚǈǷ ȁƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫȄǴǟňƢǈǻȍơŅȁƾǳơ ǹȂǻƢǬǳ ơƾǟơȂǫ ǩƢƦǘǻơȃƾǷ

�ƨȈǻƢǈǻƛ ȁƨȈǻƾǷȁƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨȈǳȁƚǈǷǱȐƬƷơ ƧȂǬǯȄǴǟƾȈǯƘƬǳơ �ǱȐƬºƷȏơ ƨǨǏǖǬǈȇȏ �� ǵƢǟ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫǺǷ ǁƢǌƬǻȏơ ƧƽƢǟƛƨǧƢǯ ȁ ȂŪơ ȁǂƸƦǳơ ȁ Őǳơ ȄǴǟǲȈƟơǂǇƛ ƧǂǘȈǇƤƦǈƥȐƬŰ ǱơǄȇȏ ƧǄǣǝƢǘǫǹƗƔƢĔƛřǠȇȏ �ƾººƷơȁǥ ǂǗǺǷȁ ƽǂǨǼŭơ ȆǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ƣƢºƸǈǻȏơ ǹƛƮȈºƷ�ǂƥƢǠŭơǩƢºƦǘǻơ ȆǤǴȇ ȏȁ �ƢȀǼǷ ƤºƸǈǼŭơ ƨȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ȆǓơǁȋ ơǺǟǱȐƬºƷȏơ ƨǳƢºƷ

ƢȀȈǴǟȅƢǿȏȁǦȈǼ ȈƳƩƢȈǫƢǨƫơ ǪȈƦǘƫȁơǀǿĿǊǫƢǼǼǇ �Ņȁƾǳơ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơĿƨȇƽƢǠǷƨǬǘǼǸǯ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ ǹȐǟƛ ƩƢȈǟơƾƫǮǳƿƩƢȈǟơƾƫ ȁ ƨȇƽƢǠǷ ƨºǬǘǼǸǯ ƧǄǣǝƢǘºǫ ǹȐǟƛǺǷǲȈƟơǂǇƛǥơƾǿƗƤǴǘŭơ

�Ņȁƾǳ ơǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ǪǧȁǹȐǟȍơƨȈƟƢǼŪơȁ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨȈǳȂƠǈŭơ ƢǼȈƥ ǹƗƾǠƥ �ƨȈǻƢǈǻȍơ ƾǓƨŻǂƳ ƧǄǣ ǁƢǐƷƮȈººƷǺǷƨȈǳȁƾǳơǶƟơǂŪơƨººǇơǁƾǳơ ǺǷ ƔǄŪơ ơǀǿĿśººƦǻ �Ņȁƾǳơ ǹȂǻƢººǬǳơĿǵƢǜǼǳơ ǺǷ ƨºǈǷƢŬơ ƧƽƢŭơĿ Ƨƽǁơȁ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ǶƟơǂŪơȁ �ǹƢǯǁȋơȁ ǹȂǸǔŭơȁ ǵȂȀǨŭơƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨŻǂƳȆǿȁ �ǂǐūơ ǲȈƦǇȆǴǟȆǿȁ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƨȈƟƢǼŪơ ƨǸǰƸǸǴǳȆǇƢǇȋơƨŻǂƳǲǯśºƦǻȁ �ǹơȁƾǠǳơ ƨŻǂƳȁ ƣǂūơ ǶƟơǂƳȁ ƨȈǻƢºǈǻȍơ ƾǓǶƟơǂŪơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ

ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫĿǲȈƟơǂǇơ ƢȀƦǰƫǂƫƨŻǂƳǲǯ ƩƢǬȈƦǘƫ ȁƧƾƷȆǴǟǁƢǐūơƤǴǘŭơ ơǀǿĿǊººººǫƢǼǼǇ �ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘººººǫ ǁƢǐūňȂǻƢºººǬǳơǦȈȈǰƬǳơƨȈƥǂūơǱƢǸǟȋơ ǺǷȐǸǟ ǁƢǐūơ ŐƬǠȇƮȈƷ ƧǄǣǝƢǘǫȄǴǟǑȁǂǨŭơ ȆǴȈƟơǂǇȍơƨťȁ�ǁƢǐūơǱƢǸǟƗ ƢȀǼǷȁ ƣǂūơ ǹȂǻƢºǫ �� ǵƢǠǴǳ ȅƢǿȏ ƨȈºǫƢǨƫơƪǸǜǻƾºǫȁ�ȄǴǟ ƢȀºǫƢƦǘǻơ ȃƾǷȁ ǲȈǐǨƬǳƢƥ ƢŮȁƢǼƬǻǥȂǇǕȁǂǌǳơ ǽǀǿ ƢŮƨǠƥǁƗ Ǖȁǂǋ

�ƧǄǣǝƢǘǫ ȄǴǟǑȁǂǨŭơ ǁƢǐūơŅȁƾǳơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴǳ ƢǬǧȁ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫĿ ƨƦǰƫǂŭơ ƨȈǴȈƟơǂǇȍơ ǶƟơǂŪơǦȈȈǰƫ ǱȁƢƸǼǇƢȀŷƗ ȁŅȁƾǳơ ňȂǻƢǬǳ ơ ƤǈƷǲǰǋǲǯǦȈȈǰƫ ȁ ǁƢǐūơ ǱƢǰǋƗƨǧƢǯƵǂǋȁȆǴǟŃƢǛ ǁƢǐººƷǑǂǨººƥȆǴȈƟơǂººǇȍơǱȐƬºƷȏơ ƩơȂºǫ ǵȂºǬƫ ǁƢǐūơ ƨŻǂƳǱȂƻƽǞǼŤȁ ǂººƥƢǠŭơȆǴǟ ƨǟȁǂººǌŭơ ŚǤǳơ ƧǂǘȈººǈǳƢƥ ƨȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơȆǓơǁȋơƨȈǼǷƗȃȁƢǟƽȁ ǶǟơǄǷ ƪŢŅȁƾǳơ ǹȂǻƢºǬǳơǦǳƢź ƢŲ ǶŮƨȈǻƢºǈǻȍơ ƩơƾǟƢºǈŭơǵ��ǵƢǠǳǱȁȋơĿƢǓȍơ ǱȂǯȂƫȁŐǳơ ǺǷ �� ƧƽƢŭơ ƪǐǻ ƾºººǬǧ �ƨǨȇǄǷǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǹƛ ƢǸǯƣǂūơ ƤȈǳƢǇƗ ǺǷƣȂǴǇƘǯśȈǻƾŭơ ǹƢǰǈǳơ ǞȇȂš ǂǜƷȆǴǟȏŖǳơ ƽơȂŭơǺǷǶĔƢǷǂºƷ ǪȇǂǗǺǟƣǂūơƤȈǳƢºǇƗ ǺǷƣȂǴǇƘǯśȈǻƾŭơ ǞȇȂšŐƬǠȇ �ƾǸǠƬǷǲǰºǌƥ ƨƯƢǣȍơ ƽơȂǷ ǱȂǏȁƨǫƢǟƛǮǳƿĿ ƢŠ �ǶȀƟƢǬƦǳ ƢȀǼǟŘǣƨǸǰººƸǸǴǳȆººǇƢǇȋơ ǵƢǜǼǳơǺǷ �[[Y�ƣ�� ƧƽƢǸǴǳ ƢººǬƦǗƣǂºƷƨŻǂƳ

�ƨȈǳȁƾǳơƨȈƟƢǼŪơƨȈǟƢŦƧƽƢƥƛƨŻǂƳ ƧǄǣ ǁƢǐƷ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǲȈǴƸƬǳơ ȁ ƵǂǌǳƢƥ ǱȁƢǼƬǼǇ ƢǸǯ ȁǮǳƿ ȁ ��ƨǼºǈǳ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨºƦǫƢǠŭơ ȁƨȈǟƢǸŪơƧƽƢºƥȍơ ƨŻǂƳ ǞǼǷƨȈǫƢǨƫơƤǈƷ

��Ʊ�ƧǂǬǨǳơƨȈǻƢưǳơ ƧƽƢŭơ ƤǈƷ

This paper will discuss the origin and development ofcivil and crimina l internat ional responsibility in internationallaw. It will address the implementation of internationalhumanitarian law in the Gaza Strip and the legal, civ il andhumanitarian responsibility of Israel as an occupation force. Thewithdrawal from Gaza in 2005 doesn't annul the status ofoccupa tion. Gaza is still under occupation in view of the Israelicontrol over all passages and crossing points. The solitary andunilateral withdrawal of Israel does not mean an end of theoccupation of those Palestinian territories from which itwithdrew and does not cancel the relevance of the Geneva andHague conventions in the Gaza contex t. There will be discussionof the objectives of Israel in declaring the Gaza Strip a hostileterritory and the implications thereof according to internationallaw. After highlighting the civil and criminal responsibility ininternational law, the paper will clarify the concept, cornerstonesand content of international crimes, which have been mentionedin Article 5 of the bylawsof the interna tionalcriminal court. Suchcrimes exclusive ly include genocide, crimes against humanity,war crimes and the crime of aggression. We shall explain eachcrime and explain how it is being committed by Israel in the GazaStrip, including the Israeli siege of Gaza, where the siege isconsidered a military act. We will address the crime of siegeimposed by the Israeli occupation forces on Gaza, the illegalcontrol of crossings, the denial of entry of humanitarian aid inviolation of international law and under false security pretexts.Articles 54/1/2 of the firs t complementary protocol of 1977prohibit the starvation of c ivilian population as a tool of war,including the deliberate block of entry of relief material, which isconsidered a crime of war according to provision 28/b/xxv of thestatutes of the ICC. We shall discuss and demonstrate thepossibility of considering the siege of Gaza a crime of genocideaccording to the convention against genocide and collectivepunishment issued in 1951, article 2, section c. Additionally, wewill address the available legal measures of international law toprosecute those responsible for committing those crimes in Gaza.We shall also discuss the responsibilities of internationalorganizations,especially the UN, in holding Israel internationallyresponsible.

ƨȈǳȁƚǈŭơ śƥ ƧǄǣ ǁƢǐƷǲȈƟơǂǇȍ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơ

ǾǗ ȂƥƗ ȅǃȂǧ ƔȐǟ

The Siege of Gaza between the Legaland Civil Responsibility of Israel

Alaa F awzi Abu Tah a*

�ňȁǂƬǰǳȏơ ƾȇŐǳơ ƧǄǣ � ƨȈǳȁƾ ǳơ ƩƢǫ ȐǠǳơ ȁ Ņȁƾ ǳơ ǹȂǻ ƢǬǳƢƥ ǎƬű ƮƷƢƥ �ǾǗ ȂƥƗ ȅ ǃȂǧ ƔȐ ǟ alhtaha2 [email protected]

mailto:��


ƢǸǯǦǼǠǴǳ ȐººƦǬƫȁ Ƣǧǂǘƫ ǱƢȈƳȋơ ǂưǯƗ ǺǷ ƨȈǻƢưǳơ ƨǓƢǨƬǻȏơ ǲȈƳ ƾǠȇǹƗ ƧƾººƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩƽƢǧƗ ƢǸǯ �ƨǜºƸǴǳơ ǽǀǿ ŕºƷ ƢºǇƘȇ ǂưǯȋơ ǶĔƗĿ ǥƽƢǐȇŃ ǲǰºǌƥ ǅƘȈǳơ ȁ ǹơƾºǬǨǳơ ǂǟƢǌǷǹȁƾƦȇ śǘǈǴǧ ǱƢǨǗƗ

�ǂƻƗ ǹƢǰǷ ȅƗƧǂǸƬǈŭơƩƢǯƢȀƬǻȏơ ȆǴǟƔȂǔǳơǖȈǴǈƫ ńƛ ƨǫǁȂǳơơ ǽǀǿ Ɣơǁȁ ǺǷ ǥƾǿƗĿ śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ƢŮ ǑǂǠƬȇŖǳơ ǮǴƫƨǏƢƻ ǹƢǈǻȍ ơ ǩȂǬūȅǁǀƳ ǲǰººǌƥȁǪǸǠºƥ ǂƯƚƫ ǽǀǿ ŚǷƾƬǳơȁ ǦǼǠǳơ ǱƢǸǟƗ ǹȋǁƢǐūơǲǛƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ǪȈƯơȂŭơȁ Ƨƾ ºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǲǸǟĿƩǂǜǻ ƾºǬǳ�ǲǨǘǳơǭȂǴǇ ȆǴǟƨǧƢǓƛ ŅȁƾǳơňƢǈǻȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơȁ ǲǨǘǳơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơȁ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬūƽơȂŭơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ƤƬǰǳơȁ ǂȇǁƢººǬƬǳơȁ ƩȏƢººǬŭơ ŅƛƪǠǴǘƫ ƾºǬǧ Ǯǳƿ ŅƛƨȈǷȂǰºƷ ŚǤǳơƩƢǸǜǼŭơȁśȈǼȀŭơȁśȈŻƽƢǯȋơȁ ƔơŐŬơ ǲºƦǫ ǺǷ ƧǁȂǌǼŭơȆǓơǁȋơĿ ǞǓȂǳơ ǹƢºººººǌƥ śǐƬƼŭơ ǞǷ ƩȐººººƥƢǬǷ ƪȇǂƳƗ ƾººººǫȁƨºǌǸȀǷ ƢǫȂǬƷ ǱƢǨǗȌǳǹƗ ƨǬȈǬƷńƛ ƪǴǏȂƫȁ �ƨǴƬƄơ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơƨºƸǏ ȆǴǟ ƢƦǴǇ ǂƯȂȇ ǮǳƿǹƢǧ ǩȂǬūơ ǽǀǿ ǵǂƬŢȏ ƢǷƾǼǟȁƢȀǴǿƢš ǶƬȇĿǊȈǠǳơ ǹƛ ƢǸǯ �ƧǄǤººƥ ǱƢūơ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯƨǤǳƢºƥ ƨƳǁƾǳ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ Ǳ ƢǨǗȋơǶĔƗƮȈºººƷ ǱƢǨǗȌǳ ǭƢºººƥǁȍơ ǺǷ Śưǰǳơ ƤººƦǈȇ ǲǏơȂƬǷ ǦǼǟǲǛƨȇƢŧƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ǹƛ �ǾȈǟơȁƽ ǹȂǸȀǨȇȏǂƫȂƫ ǦºººººǬǇ ƪŢǹȂººººǌȈǠȇ�ǭƢƥǁȍơ ǺǷ ƾȇǄŭơ ǪǴź ǽǁȁƾƥ ȅǀǳơȁ ǦǼǠǴǳ ȏȂƦǫǭƢǼǿǹƛřǠȇ Ǳ ƢǨǗȌǳ

Ǯºǌǳơ ǺǷ ŚºƦǯ ǁƾ ºǬƥ ǄȈǸƬƫ ƨƠȈºƥ ĿǹȂǸǼȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ Ǳ ƢǨǗȋơǹƛśƦƫ ƾǬǳǹơȁƾǠǳƢºƥ ƢǗơǂǧƛ ȁƗ ƨȈǻơȁƾǟ ǂưǯƗ ǹȂƸƦǐȇ ǶĔƜǧ ƧǄǣ ǲưǷśǬȈǳơ ǵƾǟȁƨȈǴǸǟ ƨȈŷƘººƥ ǂºǬǻ ǹƛ ƢǼǳ ƾºƥȏ ǩƢȈºǈǳơ ǆǨǻĿȁ �ƨǟƢǘǳơĿ ǹƢǟƿƛ ȁƗǃǄǠƫȁ ǂǿƢºƥ ǲºƦǬƬǈǷĿ ǶŮ ǲǷƗǎȈǐºƥƞǔƬǇ ƢĔƛƮȈƷ ǵȐǈǳơǱƢǨǗƗ ƨ ȈǿƢǧǁȁƨǷơǂǯ ȆǴǟǙƢǨºƸǴǳ �ǊȈǠǳơ ǪƸǈƫ ƧƢȈūơ ǹƛ ǶǿƽƢǬƬǟơȆǟȁǪǴƻȁ ǂȇǂŭơǶȀǠºººǫơȂƥǥơǂƬǟȐǳƨººǇƢǷ ƨƳƢººƷǭƢǼǿśǘººǈǴǧ

�ǂǌƦǳơ ǺǷ ǶǿŚǤǯǶȀǫȂǬƷ ǽƢšơ ǲǷƢǰƬǷ

The Palestinian children of the 2nd Intifada areconsidered to be the generation that is the most radical, the mostaccepting of violence and the most despairing so far. The UnitedNations has repor ted that the Palestinian children exhibit a senseof loss and a feeling of hopelessness that has not beenencountered elsewhere. My aim is to highlight the constanthuman rights violations the Palestinian children are subjected tounder the siege because the violence and destruction create deep-seated psychological consequences that deeply affect thebehaviour of the children in fundamental ways. I examine thework of the United Nations, in ternationa l human rightsinstruments, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, andinternational humanitarian law. Articles, reports , booksand otherpublished material by experts, academics, professiona ls andNGOS are examined, and I interview professionals about the oPt.Thefac t that children have r ights is not well understood, and it isbeing ignored that when those rights are not respected th is cancause mental health problems for the children in an extremesituation as under a siege. To live with constant violence leads tomuch confusion for children since they live with a confusion theymight not understand. The lack of protection for childrenindicates that there is an acceptance of the violence which alsocreates confusion . It has been shown that children growing upwith so much uncertainty as in Gaza become aggressive,extremely disobedient or compliant. In this context thevalue of apeace processneeds to be recognized, because it has been shownthat it g ives children hope for the future and reinforces their beliefthat life is worth living. To safeguard the dignity and well-beingof the Palestinian children, there is an urgent need toacknowledge their reality and create awareness of their humanrights.

Children Under Siege

Dr. An n-Cha rlotte Nilsson *

ǁƢǐūơ ƪŢ ǱƢǨǗȋơƩȂǳǁƢǌƫ ǹƕ �ƽ

*Independent Researcher Sweden / [email protected]

mailto:*IndependentResearcherSweden/[email protected]


ǶǷȋơ ǶºǇƢƥǍƢŬơ ƭƾºƸƬŭơ ƽǁƢƳȁƽ ǹȂƳ ǁǀºƷ �� ǂȇƢǼȇĿǹƢººǈǻȍơ ǩȂººǬƷ ȂŴ ƢȈºǬȈǬƷ ƢǷơǄƬǳơ� ƣǂǤǳơ ȅƾºƦȇ Ń ƢǷ ǾǻƘºƥ ƧƾºƸƬŭơƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ǹƢººǈǻȍơ ǩȂºǬƷ ƨǯǂºƷ ǹƜǧ ��řȈǘºǈǴǨǳơƤǠºǌǳƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơȃȂºǫƗ ǹƗ ȄǴǟǦǴƬŵ ȏ ƾºǫ ��ǂǘŬƢƥ ƨǗƢŰȁ ƧƽƾȀǷ ǹȂǰƫǥȂǇ� ƢȀƬǷǂƥƧǄǣĿ ǲưǸƬƫ ǵȂȈǳơ ǹƢºººººººǈǻȍơ ǩȂººººººǬƷ ƨǯǂū ƨǻƢȈŬơǽǀŮ ǺȇǄǷǁǩƢȈºǇ Ŀ ƧǄǣ ǁƢǐºƷ ǞǓȁńƛ ƨºǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿ ȄǠºǈƫ ǥȂºǇ �ȂǷƢ ǻƢƬǻơȂƳȁĿ ƢȀƬǷǂºƥ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷƨǯǂƷ ƪǠǓȁŖǳơ ŐǸƬƦǇ �� ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƨǴƷǂǷƩƢººƥƢƼƬǻơ ǽƢšơĿ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾºƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂǳơƪǠǧƽ ƧǄǣ Ŀ�ǂǘƻǞǓȁƣƢºǬǠǳơ ǞȈºǫȂƫĿ ƨȈǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ƨºǇƢȈǈǳơ Ƕǟƾºƥ ƪǷƢºǫ ĽƨȈǗơǂºǬŻƽ

�ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ơȂǼǈŹŃ ǶĔȂǰǳǹƢǰǈǳơ ǲǸůȄǴǟ ȆǟƢǸŪơǁƢƦƬƻȏ ǲǸǠǷȏƛ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ȂǷƢǻƢƬǻơȂƳ ǹƜǧǁƢǐūơ ƪŢƧǄǣ ĿǱƢūơ Ȃǿ ƢǸǴưǷ�ǵƢƬǳơ ǝȂǔŬơǑǂǧȁ ƨȈǻƢºǈǻȍơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ǂǈǰǳ ƨǸǸǐŭơ ƩƢȈǼǬƬǳơ ƭƾƷƗǩȂººǬƷ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơ ǺǷ ƨǴººǈǴǈǳ ơǄǷǁ ȂǷƢǻƢƬǻơȂƳƨǸǴǯ ƪºƸƦǏƗ ƾºǬǳńƛ ƧƽȁƾŰ ŚǣƩơǂƬǨǳ ǱƢºǬƬǟȏơ ńƛƤȇǀǠƬǳơ ƨºǇǁƢŲ ǺǷ ƨȇơƾƥ ǹƢǈǻȍơƧƽǁơȂǳơ ƨºƦƳơȂǳơƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƨǳơƾǟ ǹƢǸǔǳ ƨȈǇƢǇȋơǕȁǂǌǳơǺǟ ȆǴƼƬǳơƨƸǐǳơ ȆȈǼȀǷƨŷƢǈǷǹƛ �ƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂǳơ ǁȂƬǇƽȁ Ņȁƾǳơ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơĿƢŠ �ƣƢǿǁȍơ ȄǴǟƣǂūơ�ƪƦƷƢǏ Ŗǳơ ƨȇǂǈǬǳơ ƩƢǬȈǬƸƬǳơĿƨȈǈǨǼǳơƔƢºººººƦǗȋơȁ śȈƟƢǐƻȌǳƢȈºººººǫȐƻƗ ƢȇƾŢ ƪǴưǷȂǷƢǻƢƬǻơȂƳĿ ǮǳƿĿƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ƩƾǸƬǟơ śºƷ ȄǴǠǧ �ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢ ȇȏȂǳơ ĿśȈǈǨǼǳơƩƢǬȈǬƸƬǳơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢǌŭơ ǺǷ ƢȀƟƢǔǟƗ ǞǼŤ ƨǇƢȈǇ ȆǈǨǼǳơƤǘǴǳǺǷ ƢǨǳƗ ��ŅơȂºº ºƷǶǔƫŖǳơȁǆǨǼǳơ ǶǴǠǳ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȈǠǸŪơ ǹƗ ȏƛȄǴǟƣǂūơ� ǲƻƾƫ ƿ ƛ �ǵȂȈǳơ �ƨǴƯƢŲ ƨºººººººǇƢȈǇ ƽƢǸƬǟơƪǔǧǁ ƔƢǔǟȋơǾƳƢƬŴ ȅǀǳơ ƢǷ�ǺǷƢưǳơ ƢȀǷƢǟ ƧƾºººƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂǳơ ƢȀƬǼººǋŖǳơ �ƣƢǿǁȍơśººƥ ƨººǬȈƯȂǳơǖººƥơȁǂǳơ ǽǀǿ �ǹƢººǈǻȍơ ǩȂººǬƷŚȇƢǠŭ ǁƢºƦƬǟȏơ ƧƽƢǟȍƵȁǁȄǴǟ ǂƯƚƬºǇǦȈǯ �śȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǆǨǼǳơ ƔƢǸǴǟȁƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƨȇǂǰºǈǠǳơƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ ǽƢšơ Ŀ ŚȈǤƫ ƭơƾººººººº ºƷȍǭƢǼǿ ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷƛ ȅ Ɨ �ƨǼȀŭơǩȂººǬƸǴǳ ƢǸǟƽƨȇȂºǫ ƨȈŭƢǟ ƨȈºǫȂǬƷƨǯǂºƷ ƔƢǼºƥ ǺǰŻǦȈǯȁ �ƧƾȇƾŪơ

�ƧǄǣ ǁƢǐūƾƷǞǓȂǳȁ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ

In January 2007, UN Special Rapporteur John Dugardwarned that if the West cannot "demonstrate area l commitment tothe human rights of the Palestin ian people," the entireinternational human rights movement "will be endangered andplaced in jeopardy." Perhaps the two most potent symbols of thebetraya l of that movement today areGaza andGuant?namo. Thispaper will place the siege of Gaza in the framework ofpost 9/11US policy, which has put the entire human rights movement injeopardy. In Gaza, the US pushed for a democratic election andthen backed Israe l's policy of subject ing the entire popula tion tocollective punishment for voting the wrong way. Like Gazaunder s iege, Guant?namo is a laboratory for the test ing oftechniques designed to break human will and enforce absolutesubmission.The word Guant?namo has become shorthand for a range ofhuman rights vio lations, from the implementat ion of torture toindefin ite detention and the abolition of fundamental fairness anddue process procedures guaranteed by international law and theUS Constitution.Theparticipation of mental health professionals in coercive "waron terror" interrogations, includingat Guant?namo, haspresentedUS psychologists and psychiatrists with a moral cha llenge.While the Amer ican Psychiatric Association has endorsed apolicy banning its members from participating in theseinterrogations, the American Psychological Association, withnearly 150,000 members, has refused to endorse a similar policy.

As the US-declared "war on terror" enters its eighthyear, what will it take torestore respect for human rights norms?What do the close ties between the American milita ry andAmerican psychologists mean for the soul of the profession?What prospects a re there for a change in direction from the newAmerican Administration? How can a vigorous internationalmovement be built in support of Palestinian rights and an end tothe siege of Gaza?

From Gaza to Guantanamo:Building a New Movement for Human Rights

Dr. Na ncy Murray *

�ȂǷƢǻƢƬǻơȂƳ ńƛ ƧǄǣ ǺǷǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǯǂƷ ƔƢǼƥ ȂŴ

ȅơǁȂǷ ȆǈǻƢǻ �ƽ

*President, Gaza Mental Health Foundation, Inc.USA / [email protected]

mailto:*President,GazaMentalHealthFoundation,Inc.USA/[email protected]


ĿǊȈǠƫ ƨǸǴºǈǷ ǂǇƗ ƨȈǻƢǸưǳ ƨǇơǁƽ ƨƥ ƢưŠ ȆǿƨǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿǆŨƧǂƬǨǳ ȂǷƢǻƢƬǻơȂƳ ǲºººǬƬǠǷĿƢȀǴƟƢǟ ǲºººǬƬǟơ ƢȀǔǠºº ƥ �ơǂƬǴųơ�� ȁ�� śºƥ ƢǷ ƵȁơǂƬƫ ƩơǂƬǨǳ ǱŗŭơĿǾƬǷƢºǫƛƩƽƾºƷ ƢȀǔǠºƥȁ �ƩơȂǼǇƧǁơǃȁǶǿƽƾŢ ǶȀǼȈǠºƥ ƽơǂǧƗ ǺǷ ȏƛ ƩơǁƢȇǄǳơ ƾȈȈǬƫńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ ƢȈǷȂȇ ƨǟƢǇƢǿȂǯǂƫŖǳơ ǽƽȐºƥ ńƛǲȈƷǂƬǳơ ǂǷơȁƗ ǾƳơȂ ȇ ƢȀǔǠƥȁ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐǳơ ƨȈǴƻơƾǳơƩơǁƢȇǃȁƩȐƥƢǬǷ �ƲȀǼŭơ �ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơńƛ ǲȈƷǂƬǳơ ȁ ƗśƠƳȏǺǟ ǲºǬƫ ȏ ƧǂƬǨǳȁ ƩȏƢūơǒǠºƥ ȅƩơȂǼºǇ ǞºƥǁƗȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ǂǇȌǳ ƨȈǳŗǷƧƾȇƾºǋ ƨȈƫƢȈūơ ǥȁǂǜǳơ ǮǴƫ ǁƢƯƕ ȄǴǟƨºǫǁȂǳơ Ǆǯǂƫ �ƩȏƢūơ ǲǯ Ŀ ƨǼºǇƨººƸǐǳơȄǴǟƢǷ ƨƳǁƾºƥȁƔƢºǈǼǴǳ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ ȄǴǟƨºƥȂǠǐǳơǺǷ ƩƢȈǼȈǘºǈǴǧ ƨ ºǇơǁƾǳơ ǺȀƬǴſļȐǳơ ƔƢºǈǼǳơ �ǱƢǨǗȌǳ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ��ǂǐǷ �� ǱƢǤǼºººººǈǳơ�Ƣǈǻǂǧ �� ƾǼŮơ�ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂºººººƥ �� ǹƽǁȋơĿȁ�Ʊơȁǃȋơ ƢǷƗ�� ǹƽǁȋơȁ �� ƢȈºººƦȈǳ�ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ �� ǹƢƬººǈǯƢƥ�ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥƢȈºƦȈǳȁ ǂǐǷȁ ǂƟơǄŪ ơȁ ƨȇƽȂǠǈǳơȁ śǘǈǴǧ ǺǷ �Ǻƥȏơ ȃǂƻƗĿȁ ƹȋơ ƨǳƢƷ

�ǩơǂǠǳơȁ ǹƢƬǈǯƢƥ�Ƣ ȈǻƢǘȇǂƥȁŖºǇơǁƽ ƨȇơƾºƥĿ Ƨƾȇƾǌǳơ ƨǳǄǠǳơ ǺǷśǻƢǠȇ ǺǯƔƢǈǼǳơ ǞȈŦ�ƲƟƢƬǼǳơǂưǯƗƪǴưŤ �ƩȏƢūơǒǠººƥĿ Ǯǳƿ ǱƾººƦƫ ǦȈǯ ƨººǫǁȂǳơ ƶǓȂƫ ǥȂºǇȁǵȂǼǳơ ƣơǂǘǓơȁ ƾȇƾººǌǳơƣƢƠƬǯȏƢººƥ ǁȂǠººǌǳơĿ ƢǟȂȈºǋƩȐǰºǌŭơĿ ƨºººƥȂǠǐǳơȁ ǦȈǔŭơǞǸƬĐơ Ǻǟ ƣơǂƬǣȏơȁ ƨȇƾº ººǈŪơ ȃȁƢǰººǌǳơȁƾºǫȁǶǴǫƘƬǴǳ ƨǨǴƬű ƤȈǳƢǇƗ ƔƢǈǼǳơƪǷƾƼƬǇơ �Ǳ ƢǨǗȋơǞǷ ǲǷƢǠƬǳơǲưǷƨǨǴƬű ǲǷơȂǟȄǴǟ ơƽƢǸƬǟơ �ƨƫȁƢǨƬǷ ƩƢƳǁƾººººƥ Ǯǳƿ ĿǺººººƸųƨǳƢººƷ Ŀ� Ƨƾºǌǳơ ǞºǫȂƫȁƾǠºƥ Ǻǟ ȅǂºǇȋơǶǟƾǳơȁ ȆǸȈǴǠƬǳơ ȃȂƬºǈŭơȄǴǟƨȈǐƼººǌǳơ ǖŶńƛƨǧƢǓƛ �ǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ śƬȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơǺȀȈȈǷƢŰȁ ƔƢºǈǼǳơ ƧƾǟƢºǈǷ Ȃǿ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ǺǷ ǥƾŮơ �ȅƽǂǨǳơ ȃȂƬǈŭơ�ǱƢǨǗȋơ ƨǏƢƻȁ ǂǇȌǳƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥĿ ǊȈǠǳơ ƧƾǋǦȈǨţ ȄǴǟ

The paper will be a study of eight Muslim familiesliving in Britain whose fathers weredetainedin Guantanamo Bayfor five years; or subject to Control Orders which are, typ ically,house arrest for between22 and 12 hours a day, and restrictions onvisits to the house except by people screened by UK HomeOffice; or are in prison fighting deportation orders back to thecountries from which they were refugees, or extradition to theUS.Methodology: interviews and family visits to the homes for thelast four years in some cases, and more than one year inall cases.The focus has been on the effects, par ticularly on mental health,of these extremely adverse life condi tions on the women, and tosome extent also , inevitably, on the children. The women arePales t in ians f rom Jor d an (2 ) ; Br it i s h / India n (1) ;French/Senegalese (1); Egyptian (1); British/Pakistani (1);British/Libyan (1), Jordanian. (1) The husbands, or in one casethe brother, and another the son, are from Palestine, SaudiArabia,Algeria, Egypt, Libya, British/Pakistani, Iraq.Findings: All the women suffered extreme isolation at thebeginning of my work, though the paper will show how thatchanged in some cases. Serious depression, sleep disruption,physical aliments , alienation from the host socie ty, difficulties inmanaging the children, are amongthe common patterns of life tobe traced.The different copying mechanisms adopted by the women, andtheir different levels of success. These may depend on suchfactors as education level, family support at long distance, andcultural expecta tions of hardship (notably by the twoPalestinians), as well as on the indiv iduals' personality. Aims:Assistance to the women and their lawyers to mitigateeffects onfamilies, and especially children, of their circumstances inBritain.

Besieged in Britain

Ms. Victoria Brittain *

ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ Ŀ ǹȁǂǏƢŰ śƬȇǂƥ ƢȇǁȂƬǰȈǧ

ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ � ƨǴǬƬǈǷ ƨưƷƢƥȁ ƨƦƫ Ƣǯ * Independent writer and Journalist / [email protected]

mailto:*IndependentwriterandJournalist/[email protected]


ǝơǂǐǳơ ŚƯƘƫ ȆǴǟ ƢȈŸǁƾƫ ǥǂǠƬǳơ Ļ ƾººººº ººǬǳ �ƨȈźǁƢƫ ƨȈǨǴƻǹƜǧ �ǝơŗǳơ ƨǴººƷǂǷ ƔƢȀƬǻơƾǠºƦǧ �ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơȆǴǟȅǂǰºǈǠǳơŅƛ Ǳƚƫ ƾºǫ ƩƢƦǬǟȁ ǺŰǾƳơȂƫ ƾǫ ƨȈǠǸƬĐơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ǁƽƢǐǷƨººǬǘǼǷ ňƢǠƫ �ƢȀƳȐǟȁƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƩƢºƥơǂǘǓȏơ ȆǴǟ ǥǂǠƬǳơ Ŀ ǂƻƘƫ�Ǯºǳƿ ǺºǷǶǣǂǳơ ȆǴǟȁ �ƢǷƢǟśƯȐƯ ƧƾǷ ǵơƽ ǂȇǂǷ ǝơǂǏ ǺǷ ơƾǼǳǂȇ ơ ǱƢſǝơǂǐǳơ ơǀǿ ǂƯơǅǁƾƫŖǳơƨȈǟȂǼǳơ ƨȈǰǼȈǴǯȏơƭƢŞȋơ ǺǷ ǲȈǴºº ºǬǳơ ƾųƨǇơǁƾǳƢƥ ƢǼǿ ǩǂǘƬǻ �ƨǳƢūơǑǂǟ �ƨȈƫƢǠǳơ ƨǼƄơ ǮǴƫǖǇȁĿǅƢǼǳơ ȆǴǟƪººǇƢǧ ǲȈººƥ ƣǂǣ Ŀ ǹȂǼǰºǈȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ ȆǓǂŭơ ƩȏƢºƷ ǺǷ ƨǴºǈǴǇ ŅƛǥȂººººǇ ǅƢǼǳơ ǮƠǳȁƗ ǺǷǒǠºººƥ �ǝơǂǐǳơ ǮǳƿǶǔƻĿ ǹȂºº ºǌȈǠȇȁơǂǜǻ ƢȀǼǷ ơƔǄƳǹȂǰȈºǇ ǂƻȋơ ǒǠºƦǳơȁ ƨºǇơǁƾǳơĿ ǕƢºǌǼƥ ǹȂǯǁƢǌȇƨƦǬǟ ƽƾǠǳơ ǲǰǌȇ ƢǸǼȈƥ �Ƣđ ǹȂǼǘǬȇŖǳơ ƨǬǘǼŭơŅƛ ǱȂǏȂǳơ ǁǀǠƬǳ�ǂǜǻƩƢȀƳȁȁ ƨǨǴƬű ƨȈǐƼººǋ ƣǁƢƴƬǳǑǂǠƬǼººǇ ƢǼǻƜǧ �ƨȈººǈȈƟǁǥȂǇ �ƱȐǠǴǳ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ǩǂǘǳơȁ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƩƢƥơǂǘǓȐǳ ƨǨǴƬű ǑơǂǟƗȁǺȇǀǳơ ƽơǂǧȋơ ǺǷƨǟȂǸĐơ ǮǴƫ ƾȈºǬǠƫĿ ǥȐƬƻȏơȁ ǾƥƢǌƬǳơśƥƢǷ ǹǁƢǬǻ

�ǝơǂǐǴǳ ơȂǓǂǠƫǩǂǘººº ºººººƥ ƨǨǴƬű ƽơǂǧƗȆǴǟ ǂƯƚȇ ǹƗ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷǝơǂǐǳơ Ʃơƿ ǹƛ �ƨŤƢŬơƨǴºƷǂǷ ǑơǂǟƗƧǁơƽȍ ƨǼȇƢƦƬǷ ǁƽƢǐǷǵơƾƼƬǇȏƱƢƬŴ ƾǫ �ƢǔȇƗ ƨǨǴƬű

�ǝơǂǏȁƩƢǷǃȋǑǂǠƬƫ Ń ƣȂǠǌƥ ƢȀƬǻǁƢǬŠǮǳƿȁ ǝơǂǐǳơ ƾǠƥƢǷ

Background: The impact of armed conflict on mentalhealth is increasingly being recognised. After the conflict ends,adversities anddisparities in community mental healthresourcescan lead to delays in recognition and treatment of mentaldisorders. Northern Ireland suffered from conflict for over 30years. However, there is litt le qualitat ive clinica l research on theeffect this prolonged conflict had on people caught in the midst.Case Series: We present a case series of patien ts living in westBelfast through the conflict. Some were actively involved andothers became part of it due to the area they lived in. While thecommon denominator is the conflict itself, we present differentpersonal experiences and perceptions, different symptoms ofmental disorder and the different treatment modalities used. Wewill compare and contrast the similar ities and uniqueness of thecomplexity of this group of individuals given the prolongedconflict exposure. Conclusion: The same conflict can effect andbe perceived by different individuals in differing manners.Different resources needto be utilised for themanagement of postconflict symptoms as compared to a population not exposed toconflict.

Mental health symptoms post conflict:a case series of patients in west Belfast.

�ǝơǂǐǳơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ǑơǂǟȋơƪǇƢǨǴƥ ƣǂǣ ǺǷ ƩȏƢƷ ƨǇơǁƽ

ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ �ơƾǼǳǂȇơ ǱƢſ �ƪǇƢǧ ǲȈƥ �ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƨȇƢǟǂǴǳ ƪǇƢǧ ǲȈƥ ǄǯǂǷ *Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Elizabeth Schumacher, Patr icia Campbell, & Maneesh Gupta* ƢƬƥȂƳ ǊȈǻƢǷ ȁ ǲƦǷƢǯ ƢǌȇǂƫƢƥ ȁ ǂƻƢǷȂǋ ƪȈƥơ ǄȈǳơ


ƣƢǐǟȋơȁǆǨǼǳơ ƤȈºƦǗ�ȂǯȂǯȂǻȁƗ ȅȂƥ ƢƬȈǯȁƗ ǲǰȇ ƢǷ ǁȂƬǯƽǞºƥƢƬǳơ ǃƢƴƬºƷȐǳ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǪǧǂǷĿ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƧƾƷȁǆȈƟǁȁ

ơƾǻơȁǂƥ ƣǂūơǶƟơǂƳ ƨǸǰƄƾǻơȁǁ ƪºƦǰĄƫǁơ ňƢºǈǻȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬ Ǵǳ ƨǸȈǈƳ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơ ǹƗ ǺǷȋơǆǴů ǭǁƽƗƨǸǯƢƄ �� ŐǸǧȂǻ � ǵȂȇơƾǻ ơȁǂºƥ ƣǂūơǶƟơǂƳ ƨǸǰŰ ƘǌǻƗƾǬǧ ǾȈǴǟȁȃǂƻȋơ ƨǸȈººǈŪơ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻȏơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢºƥȍơƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǺǟśǳȁƚºǈŭơŕºƷȁ ǂ ȇƢǼȇ ǺǷƶƫƢǨǳơ śƥơƾǻȁǁ Ŀ ƪƦǰƫ ǁơŖǳơŅȁƾǳơňƢǈǻȍơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴǳ

�� ŐǸǈȇƽ ǂȀǋƧƾºƷȁ Ƨǁơƽƛ ǶǜǼƫȁ ǶǰŢŖǳơ śǻơȂºǬǳơȁ ǵƢǰºƷȌǳ ƨƳƢūơ Ʃǃǂºƥ ǹƗ ƾǠºƥȁǥƢǼƠƬºº ººǇơ ȁƗǶȀƬǸǯƢŰǹȁǂǜƬǼȇǺȇǀǳơ ǺȇǄƴƬƄơ ǮƠǳȁȋ ǃƢƴƬºººƷȏơƩƢȇǂūơȁ ǹƢººǈǻȍơ ǩȂººǬƷǵơǂ ƬººƷơ ƧǁȁǂǓȁ ǶȀººǬŞ ƧǁƽƢǐǳơ ǵƢǰºƷȋơǃƢƴƬºƷȐǳ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơǪǧǂǷ ǆǇƌƗ �ƧƔơŐǳơ ƨȈǓǂǧ ƨǏƢƻȁƨȈǇƢǇȋơĿ ǾººƦƬǌȇ ǺŭǃƢƴƬººƷơ ƧƘººǌǼǸǯ ƢȈǻơŗƬºƥ ƢºǋȁǁƗ Ŀ ��ȂȇƢǷ �� ǵȂȇ

�ơƾǻơȁǁ Ŀ �� ǵƢǟƪƦǰƫǁơŖǳơ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǶƟơǂƳĿǶȀǯơǂƬǋơƨǠºƥƢƬǳơ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƧƾƷȁĿ ƩǄų ƌƗ Ŗǳơ ƨȈǨǏȂǳơ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ǽǀǿǀǼǷǾȇƾǳ ƧǂǧȂƬŭơƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǵơƾƼƬººǇƢƥ ǃƢƴƬºƷȐǳ ƧƾºƸƬŭơǶǷȋơ Ǫǧǂŭ

�ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ǞȈǓơȂŭơǊǫƢǼƫ ǾźǁƢƫŕƷȁ �� ȂȇƢǷ ��ǵȂȇ ǾƷƢƬƬǧơǱƢǸǟȋơ ǽǀǿ ƣƢǰƫǁƢººƥ śǸȀƬǸǴǳ ƨȈººǈǨǼǳơ ƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ŉƾººǬƫ ƩƢȇƾŢ ��ƨǷơǂǰǳơȁ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬū ǵơǂƬƷȏƢƥ ǶǈƬƫ ƨȈǴǸǟȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơȁ ƨȈǌƷȂǳơ

�ƪǫȂǳơ ǆǨǻĿƨȈǻƢǈǻȍơ�śǸȀƬǸǴǳƨȈǈǨǼǳơǝƢǓȁȋơ ��

ǃƢƴƬƷȐǳ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơǪǧǂǷ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ƨȈƟƢǫȂǳơ ƨƠȈƦǳơ ǽǀǿśƥǲǟƢǨƬǳơ ��ƧƾººƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơǪǧǂǷ ƨƠȈºƦǳ ȆƳȐǠǳơƤǻƢŪơȁ ǹƢǷȋơ ƧơƽƗ ǺǷǶǣǂǳơ ȄǴǟȁĿ ǂƯƚƫ ǺȇǄƴƬƄơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƦǴǇƨȈǈǨǻ ǁƢƯƗ Ǿǳ ǱơǄȇ ȏǺƴǈǳơ ǹƜǧ �ǃƢƴƬƷȐǳǞǧǁĿ ƪºƸų ƾºǫ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ ƧƾºƷȁ Ǻǰǳȁ �ƧƘǌǼŭơƧǁơƽƛ ƨȈǴǸǟƆƢºǬǧȁ ƨǸǯƢƄơ ƩƢºǈǴƳĿǶȀƬǯǁƢǌǷĿ ǶȀǈȇ ƢŲ ǺȇǄƴƬƄơƩƢȇȂǼǠǷ

�ƨȈǳȁƾǳơŚȇƢǠŭơ ǲǫȋ

Recognizing that serious violations of humanitarianlaw were commit ted in Rwanda, the SecurityCouncil crea ted theInterna tional Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) on 8November 1994 to prosecute the persons responsible forgenocide and other serious vio lations of interna tionalhumanitarian law committed in Rwanda between 1 January andDecember 1994. Recognizing the need for rules governing theadministration of detention unit for those detainees awaiting fortrialor appeal and the need to ensure respect for humanrights andfundamental freedoms particularly the presumption ofinnocence, the United Nations Detention Facility (UNDF), wasestablished on 26 May 1996 in Arusha, Tanzania, as a hold ing forthose suspected of takingpart in the1994 Rwandan Genocide.

In this descriptive study carried outin the mental healthuni t of theUNDF using the data collected from i ts opening on 26 May 1996up to date , we discuss: 1. The challenges of providing mentalhealth care to those accused of suchatrocitieswhile maintaining arespectful process of human rights and dignity; 2. The mentalhealth conditions of accused and 3. The interact ion between thisprotective environmentand the managementof the UNDFIn spite of the safety-device and the healing side of the UNDFenvironment, the imprisonment has still negative psychologicaleffects amongthe detainees which impacts onits management.

However, the mental health unit has effectively lifted up the spiritandmorale of detainees that contribute to their participation in thetrial proceedings in accordance with the minimal internationalstandard

United nations detention environment andaccused for genocide at the international criminaltribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in Arusha, Tanzania

Michel Okita poy On'okoko *

ǝȂǴǔǳƢƥ ǹȂǸȀƬŭơ ǃƢƴƬƷơ ƨƠȈƥȁ ǥȁǂǛ�ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ȃƾǳ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȏơ ǶƟơǂƳ Ŀ

ơƾǻơȁǁ Ŀ ƣǂūơ ǶƟơǂƳ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƢǷƗ

ȂǯȂǯȂǻȁƗ ȅȂƥƢƬȈǯȁƗ ǲǰȇƢǷ �ƽ

* MD, Neu ropsychiatrist, Head of menta l health unit, United Nations Detention Facility ( UNDF), International Criminal Tribun al for Rwanda (ICT R)o kitapoy@ un.org an d [email protected]


ƨȇƽƢŭơ ǝƢǓȁȋơśº ƥ ƨƠºǋƢǼǳơ ƨºǫȐǠǳơŅ ơ ƨǫǁȂǳơǽǀǿ ǩǂǘƬƫ�ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨƷơǂǳơ ǵƾǟȁ ƧƢǻƢǠŭơ ƽȂƳȁ ǱƢǸƬƷơśƥȁƨȈǧƢǬưǳơȁ ƨȈǇƢȈǈǳơȁǹơ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷ ƧƾȈǨǷ ƩơȁƽƘººƥ ƨūƢǐŭơƣǁƢšȁ ǁƢǐūơ ǂººǈǯǲȈǴŢ ƢǻƽȁǄȇȁȆǟƢǸƬƳȍơ ǽƢǧǂǳơ ȆǴǟ Ǖȁǂººǌǳơ ǽǀŮǲǸƬƄơ ŚƯƢƬǳơ � ƢȀǼǷƢȀºƦǟȂƬǈǻ

�ǞǼŭơ ƩƢǇǁƢŲȁ �ƨ ǴǸƬƄơ ƨǻǂŭơ ǩǂǘǳơȁ �ȆǈǨǼǳơȁȆǴǟǄǯǂȇ ȅǀǳơĺǁȁȋơƮººƸƦǳơ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǵƾºǬǻ ǥȂºǇƢǼǻƜǧ �ǍƢƻ ǲǰºǌƥȁĿ ƩǀǨǻŖǳơ ƨūƢǐŭơ ǩǂǗȁ ƩƢǟơǂǐǳơ Ƨǁơƽơ ƨȈǨȈǯȁ �ǞǼŭơƩƢº ºººǇǁƢŲǄǯǂȇǥȂºǇƮƸƦǳơ ǹƜǧ �ƾȇƾƸƬǳƢƥȁ ƨȇƽȁƾūơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ǞǬƫŖǳơ ǅǁơƾŭơƢȈǳƢǘȇƗ� ơǄȇơǁȂƳȁ � ƧƾƸƬŭơǶǷȋơ� ƪǇƢǨǴȈƥĿƩȏƢūơȄǴǟ ŐǯƗ ƢǷƢǸƬǿơǺǷ Ƕǣǂǳơ ȆǴǟǲǏƢƬŭơ ǪȈǸǠǳơ ǝơǂǐǳơ ǺǷ ƨƥǂƴƬƥ ǹƾŭơ ǽǀǿ ǭǂƬǌƫȁ �ǺǷ ƨǨǴƬű ƢººǫǂǗ ǶȀȈǗƢǠƫ ǺǷǶǣǂǳơ ȆǴǟ ȁ ƨȈźǁƢ Ƭǳơ ǶēƢȈǨǴƻ ǝȂǼƫĿ ǱƢūơ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯǺȇƾǳơ ƤºººººƦǈƥ ǵƢººººǈǬǻơȁ ǝơǂǏ ƽȂƳȁ ǹƛ �ƨūƢǐŭơĿ ǱƢūơ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯȆºººǇƢȈǈǳơȁ ȅƽƢŭơ ǝơǂǐǳơ ǺǷ ǂƻƗ ƆƢǟȂǻ ȁ �ƪººǇƢǨǴȈƥ�ƨȇȂºǈƬǳơ ǩǂǗȁǁƢǐūơ ǂǈǯ ƩƢǇǁƢŲ ǹƛ �ǵƢǸƬǿȐǳ ŚưǷ ƞǋȂŮ ƢȇǃơǁȂƳƾȈǠǏ ȆǴǟ ŐƬǠŭơ ǅƢºǇȋơ ǹȂǰƬºǇśƬǇơǁƾǳơśƫƢǿ ǱȐƻǺǷ ƨǷƾǬŭơǹƛ �ĿƢºǬưǳơ ƔƢǼƦǳơȁ ƨȇȂŮơĿ ƨǯǂƬǌŭơ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȍơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơƩƢȈǴǸǠǳơǱƢǨǗȌǳ ƧƢǘǠŭơ ƩƢǗƢººǌǼǳơȁ ƨººǈǇƚŭơ ǁȁƽ ȆǴǟ ǹȂǰȇǥȂºǇ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơǹȂǰƫǥȂºǇ ƢȇǁǃȂƳȁ ƪºǇƢǨǴȈƥŅƢưǷśƥ ƨǻǁƢǬŭơǹƘƥ ǺǷƚǻ ƢǼǻƛ �ƣ ƢƦǌǳơȁƧǂǜǼºƥȁ �ƨǼºǈūơ ƩƢºǇǁƢǸŭơ� ǦȇǂǠƫŅƛ ƆƢǧƢǔǷřǠǷ ƩơƿƨŷƢºǈǷȆǟȂǳơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ȆǴǟǍƢƻǖǤǔºººƥȁǞǼŭơ ȅȂƬºººǈǷ ƩȏȏƽŅƛ ƨǏƢƻ

�ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƷơǂǳơ ǵƾǟȁ ƧƢǻƢǠŭơȆǴǟ ƾȇơǄƬŭơ

Thiswork faces the relation existing among conditionsof physical, political and cultural separation and the possibleexistence of suffering and psychic d iscomfort. The analysis ofbreaking the siege and reconciliation experiences provides usefulinstruments to understand: the possible effect that theseconditions have on the psycho-social well-being , the possibleresilience strategies and the practices of prevention.Particu larly, the results of a European research will be presented.This research concerns the practices of prevention, themanagement of the conflicts and the reconciliation strategiescarried out in schools located in border areas.More specifically, itwill be given much attention to the cases of Belfast (U.K.) andGorizia (Italy). These cities share an experience of deeply rootedconflict, even if they have different h istorical backgrounds andthey have adopted diffe rent reconciliation strategies. Thepresence of a conflict and division due to religion (Belfast) andone more of physical and political type (Gorizia) is of particularinterest.The practices of breaking the siege and the reconc iliationstrategies presented through these two case studies will be thebase for a consideration on the psycho-social processes involvedin the dynamics of identity and cultural reconstruction.The focuswill be kept on the role played by the school and the activitiesaddressed to chi ldren and young people. We believe that thecomparison between the models of Belfast and Gorizia couldoffer a meaningful contribution to the definition of "GoodPractices" of reconciliation; with a special attention to theimplications at a prevention level and a particular stress on theawareness raising process on the suffering and psychicdiscomfort.

Breaking the Siege: Experiences of ReconciliationsFrom the European Project School on Borders

by Reverdito R*., Mo iraghi F**., de C ordo va F.* **, Inghilleri P.*

ƨūƢǐŭơ ƣǁƢš � ǁƢǐūơ ǂǈǯƽȁƾūơ ȆǴǟĺǁȁȋơ ǝȁǂǌŭơ ƨǇǁƾǷ ǺǷ

ȅǂǴȈǤ ǻƛ �ƣ ȁ ƢǧȁƽǁȂǯ ȅƽ �ǥ �ȆǣǁȂǷ �ǥ �ȂƬȇƽǂǧȁǁ �ǁ

* Department of Geography and Human and Environmental Sci ences Unive rsity of Mila n Italy** Bridges for Europe NGO - Ita ly*** Department of Psychol ogy and Cult ural Anthropology University of Veron a - [email protected]@bri dgesforeurope.org




ĿŖȈȈǧȂººǈǳơ ȁǄǤǳơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨǏ Ƣƻ �ǹƢƬºǈǻƢǤǧƗ Ŀƣǂūơ ǺǷƢǷƢǟ ǹȂƯȐƯǱȐƻǺǷ ňƢǤǧȋơƤǠºǌǳơ ƨºƥȐǏ ǂǈǯ ƨǳȁƢŰơȁƾǸǠƫ śƷ�� ǵƢǟƨȈǻƢǈǻȍơ Ǻǰǳ��ƨȈǻƢǈǻȍơȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾǳơ� ǶǇƢƥ ƢǷƢŤ ƨƦȇǂǣƨǧƢǬƯǑǂǧňȂȈǴǷ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ�ƨǴȈŦ ƨǸǴǯ ƢȀǼǷ ǂưǯƗ ŚŬơ ǲǠǨǳ ƔƢǘǣ Ȇǿ ƨȈǬȈǬūơƪºǇńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢºƥ ƨºǫƢǟȍƢƥ ơȂƦȈǏƗňƢǤǧƗ ǹȂȈǴǷ �ơȁƾȀǌƬǇơ ňƢǤǧƗ�ȃǂƻƗ ǹơƾǴºƥĿśƠƳȐǯǊȈǠǳơȁǶǿƽȐºƥ ǭǂƫ ńƛơȁǂǘǓơňƢǤǧƗśȇȐǷƨƦǈǼǳƢƥ ƨǷƾǐǳơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƣǂǯ ƣơǂǘǓơ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇȅǀǳơƣƢƠƬǯȏơ ǺǰȇŃƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ƔȂºººǇȁ ƤȇǀǠƬǳơǞǷ ƨǴȇȂǘǳơ ƩơŐŬơƤººƦǈƥ śƠƳȐǳơ ƔȏƚŮńƛ ǁơǂǘǓȏơȁ �ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơǶǟƾǳơ ƨǴºººǫ ƤºººƦǈƥ ƢǔȇƗ ƢŶƛȁ �ƤººǈƸǧƾǠǳƨƴȈƬǻ ƨǸƟȐǷ ŚǣȆººǈǨǻ ȐȈǴŢƨȀƳơȂǷȁ ƨººƦȇǂǣ ƨǧƢºǬƯ ƨȀƳơȂǷƨǧƢǯȁ śŦǂƬŭơ ƧƔƢǨǯ ĿǁȂǐººǫ ńƛ ƨǧơ�ơ ƨȈǧƢººǬưǳơ ǩȁǂǨǳƢº ƥ ȆǟȂǳơǮǳƿĿ �ŖȈȈǧȂºººǈǳơ ǊȈŪơ ƽȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƪººƦƫǂƫŖǳơ ƨȈººƦǴǈǳơƲƟƢƬǼǳơǹȁƾºǬƬǨȇ ơȂǻƢǯƨȈǻƢºǈǻȍơ ǶǇƢƥ ǹȂƯƾƸƬȇ ǺǷ ǹƘƥ ƢȈǴƳ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ƪǫȂǳơǹƗ ơȂǯǁƽ Ɨ �ƣƢººƦǌǳơ ǶȀȈǧƢŠ �ňƢǤǧȋơƤǠººǌǳơǺǰǳ �ƨȈǻƢººǈǻƛ ǲǯ ńƛȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ǝơǂǐǳơ Ŀ ǶȀǗơǂŵơƤǻƢƳń ƛǶǿǂºººǇ ƗǺǟ ǝƢǧƾǳơ ǶȀȈǴǟńƛ ƧƽȂǠǳơȁ ƣƢººƸǈǻȏơ ȄǴǟ ǅȁǂǳơ ŐƳƗ Ľ ǺǷȁ ƨȇǂūơ ǲƳƗ ǺǷǶŮƢǔǻȁƢǷȂǟƾǷ ǲººǬǼƬŭơœǘǳơ ƝǁơȂǘǳơ ǄǯǂǷ ƢǻƘººǌǻƗƪºǫȂǳơ Ǯǳƿ Ŀ �ǶǿǁƢȇƽȄǴǟƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷȁ�ȃǂƻȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǳơ ǲƦǫ ǺǷȆǬȈǬƷ ƨǫơƾǏȁȆƟƢĔ ȏ ǶǟƾƥǱȐƳĿ ƨǯǂǠŭơǑ`Ɨ ȄǴǟƩơȂǼººǇǆŨ ǱȐƻ�ƲȇȁǂǼǳơǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ

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ƢǼǸȈǫȁ ƢǼƬǧƢǬƯ ĿƨǴưǸƬŭơ ƢǼƫȂǫ ƢǼƦǴǇǺǟ ơȁǄƴǟƪȈȈǧȂǈǳơǹȋ ƢǼǴǿƘƫȁǺȇǀǳơ Ɣȏƚǿ Ƨơȁơƾŭ ƨ ȈǧƢǯ ƢǸƟơƽ ǹȂǰƫ ȏƨȇƢǟǂǳơ Ǻǰǳ �ƢǼǼȇƽȁ ƨȇƾȈǴººººǬƬǳơƧƾººǋǲǠǨººƥ ơȂǔºǫ ǶȀǼǷ ǺȇŚưǰǳơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ ƣǂºǫ Ǻǟ ǭǁƢǠŭơ ơ ȁƾȀºǋńƛ ǹȂƳƢƬŹ ǥȂǇƧƢȈūơ ĿǁơǂǸƬǇȏơ ǺǷ ǹȂƳƢǼǳơǺǰǸƬȇ Ȇǰǳ �ǖǤǔǳơǶȀƬǧƢººǬƯȁ ǶēƢȈººƷ Ŀ ǶǰººƸƬǳƢƥ ǶǿǁȂǠººǋȁ ǶȀƬǷơǂǯƧƽƢǠƬººǇơƢȈǐƼººǋřǻƛ �ƧƢȈūơ ĿǶđȂǴºǇƗńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȅƽƢǐƬºǫȏơǶȀǠǓȁȁƔƢŭơĿǮǸºǈǳơ ǲưǷ �ƅƢƥǺǷƚǷřǻȋƤȇǀǠƬǳơȁǱƢǬƬǟȏơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂƬǟƗǂǓƢūơƪǫȂǳơĿ �ǾȈǧ ǵȂǠǻƔƢŭ ơ ǺǷ ǁƾǫƢǼǳ ȄǬƦƫƮȈƷ ǶǴǫƘƬǳơ ǺǷ ƢǼǼǰŤƢǼǻƛ �ƨºƦȈƦūơ ȅƽȐºƦǳ ȁǄǤǳơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾƳǝȂǼºƥ ƾȇƾƳǺǷǃ Ɨƾ ƥ ŐǸƬƦǇ �� ƾǠƥȁȃǂƻƗƧǂǷ �ǦšǹƗ Ǯǋȁ ȄǴǟƨǧƢǬƯ ǽƢȈǷƮȈƷ ƢȇƾȈƳơǂƫ ƢǠǓȁƾȀǌǻ ǹȉơĿ ƨººƦȇǂǤǳơ ƢǿƽƢººǈƳƗȁ ƢȀƬǧƢººǬƯ ǺººǬƷ ńƛ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ȃȂººǬǳơ ȄǠºǈƫƨȇƽƢŭơȁ ǁȏ ȁƾǳƢƥ ǂƻȉ ơǒǠƦǳơȁ ǵȐǇȍơȅǃĿ ơǂǰǼƬǷ ƢȀǔǠƥ �ǹƢƬǈǻƢǤǧƗȁǄǤǳơƩơȂǫ ŚƯƘƫ ǺǷ ȃȂǫƗ ǶǿŚƯ Ƙƫ ǹƗ ƢǸǯƧǂŭơ ǽǀǿ ƔƢǯƿ ǂưǯƗ ǶĔƛ �ƨƴǨǳơǹƗ ǲƦǫ ǲǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǞȈǘƬǈȇǶǯ�Ȃǿ ȅǂǿȂŪơ Ǳơƚǈǳơ �ƨȈƬȈǧȂǈǳơȅƽǂǨǳơ Ɣ ƢǨººǌǳơ ǹȋ Ǯǳƿ ƾǠºƥ ƢǷƢŤ ǲǿƘƬǻ Ń ǹƢƬºǈǻƢǤǧƗĿƢǼǻƛ �ǞǔźȁǄǤǳơƾǠºƥ ǺȇƾǷƢǏ ƢǼǨºǫȁƾǬǳ �ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ǞǓȂǳơ Ŀ ƢǼǈŢȆǟƾƬǈȇȁǄǤǳơ Ɨƾºƥ śºƷ ƢǘºƦưǷ ǱơǃȏǹƢǯ ƢǼƬǧƢºǬƯ ƨǟƢǼǷ ǃƢȀƳ Ǻǰǳ �ŖȈȈǧȂǈǳơƵơǂŪơ Ƨơȁ ơƾǷ ńƛȄǠººǈǻ ǺŴȁ Ƨǂŭơ ǽǀǿǥŗȇ ƢǼººƦǠǋ ǹƜǧ Ǯǳǀǯ �ƾȇƾŪơǹƗ ǭǁƾǻ ƢǼǼǰǳ �ĺǂǤǳơȁ ȆºǫǂǌǳơśǟƢǘºǬǳơ Ŀ ǵƢǤǳȋơ ǱȂºǬƷƢȇƢºƸǓȁƨǴǏȂºƦǳơ ǹơƾǬǧ ǞǷ �Ƨǂŭơ ǽǀǿ ƱȐǠǳơȄǴǟ ƨȈǐǠƬǈǷ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƵơǂŪơǹƗ ǺǰŻǦȈǯ �ǾƬǳȏƽ ƢǼźǁƢƫƾºººǬǧȁ ƢǼƫǁƢǔºººƷ ƧƢȈǷ ƪǨƳ ƿȐŭơ ǵơƾǠǻơȁƨȈǻƢǤǧȋơ ƨƥǂƴƬǳơ ǹƛ �ĿƢǬưǳơ ƢǼǼǗȂǷ ƢǻƾǬǧ ƾǫ ƢǼǯ ơƿƛ ǲȈǿƘƬǳơ Ŀ ǝǂǌǻƪºǈȈǳ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨǷƾǐǳơ ƱȐǟńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ ƨȇƢǫȂǳơ ǹƗ ƵȂǓȂƥǦǌǰƫǲºƦǬȇ ǹƗ ƤȈºƦǘǳơ ȄǴǟ �ȅȁơƾŭơ ȄǴǟ �ȄǓǂŭơ ǺǷ ƽơƾǟƗ ǞǷ ƨȈǼǬƫ ƨȈǴǸǟǥƾǿǹȁƾºƥ �ǮǸǈǳơƩȂŻ ƔƢǷ ǹȁƾƥ �ƨǧƢǬưǳơ ƔƢǼƥ ƾȈǠȇȁ ȆǸŹǹƘƥ ȅƾƸƬǳơ

�ƢȀǬȇǂǗ ƨǷȁƢǬŭơ ƨǴǧƢǫ ǲǔƫǥȂǇ

ȆǈǨǼǳơ Ńȋơȁ ƨǷƾǐǳơȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾǳơ

ƢŹǁ ƅơ ƾǇƗ �ƽ


Yet sti ll we coped and rehabilitated because the Soviets were notable to take away our strengths such as culture, traditional values,and religion. However, sometimes care does not always healthose, who had witnessed close fighting or battle and there werethose who were killed by the power of stress. In order forsurvivors to move on, they will need to gain their dignity, control,culture , economic statues and their way of life again. I myselfcould oppose imprisonment as well as torture , because I am abeliever; like fish in thewater we were able to cope because therewasstill enough water for swimming.At the present, following 9/11, a new time has set in with a newkind of invasion which is going on in my beloved country. Wenow observe a tragic situation of the water of culture drying out.Again external powers inject their cu lture and foreign bodies inAfghanistan - some by the false name of Islamism, others bydollars and blunt material ism. This time they are smar ter, andtheir impact more severe then that during the Soviet times. Thecrucial question is; how much can a person take before bendingdown? We Afghans were still not fully rehabilitated becauseindividual healing is wedged in soc ial improvement. On footafter the Soviet occupation; our cultures immune system was stilldepressed at the time of this new invasion, a lso this time ourpeople bleed and again our trauma system, MMC, evacuate andheal land mine and war victims both in the Eastern and theWestern sector, but we can see, as well as our trauma doctors onthe ground report, that the invisible psychological wounds areharder to heal this time. With compass lost and nowhere to go-water dried out- also ourproud history loses its s ignificance. Howcan we help rehabilitate when the habitus- our cultural home-islost?The Afghan Experience clearly indicates that prevention inaddition to healing of psychological trauma is not a technicalmatter in individual patients. The healer, the doctor should takeon the challenge to protect and rebuild culture. Without water,fishes d ie. Without an aim, the caravan of resistance will ge t lost.

Afghanistan's 30 years of war, especially during theSoviet invasion in 1979, when they purposely tried to break theafghan people's strengths' by bringing a tota lly alien culture('democracy' & 'humanity ') to us, but true humanity is thedisguise of well doing rather than nice word.Two million Afghans were left martyred, one million disabled inaddition to six million who were forced out as refugees to othercountries, for those refugees the depression which leads to posttraumatic stress d isorder (PTSD) was not only due to the longterms of torture and abuse, however it was from poor socialsupport, having to face an alien like civilization, facing improperpsychiatric analyses because of unawareness of cross cultureissues, along with deficiency of interpreters and further more allthe misappropria te outcomes were down to the Soviet army. Atthe time it wascrystal clear that those say human were in fact in-human. The Afghans which included young adults who foundthat act ing out for their family along side community struggle awayof social reality witha psychological protec tion due to a fightfor freedom, they had had enough and as result the Russians wereforced back home.During this time MMC-Mobile Emergency Medical Cent re wasset up by us along with the endless support and friendship of othercountries, most thankfully Norway. In the course of five years inthe battle fields of Jalalabad, MMC successfu lly saved 4,200wars wounded. (Husum H, Reha A: Effect of early pre-hospitalrescue 4200 war injured: The battle of Jalalabad, Afghanistan,Prehosp Disaster Med 1999; 14:75-80).During the Soviet occupation among our people psychologicaltrauma was obviously caused due to the horrendous effects ofmodern warfare e.g. Napalm bombs, clustermunitionsas well astorture, caused depression, aggressive impulses, nightmares,mood swings, stress. The destruction of our homes and countrywas not just on our material possessions but on us, as well as oursymbols which represented us as humans and people who havetheir own culture with different traditions, values and ways oflife.

Democracy, Trauma & Psychological distress

Dr.Assaddullah Reha *

*C hief MMC-A fghan istan (I nstitut e of Tr aumat ic Eme rgency ) / a.r eha@b topenw orld.c om

mailto:*ChiefMMC-Afghanistan(InstituteofTraumaticEmergency)/[email protected]


�ƨǷƾǐǳơ ƧƾȈǬǟ� ŚȀǌǳơ ƢđƢƬǯĿƧǁȂǘǇȋơǺȇȐǯȆǷȂǠǻƩǂƴǧǱƢŭơȁ ǂǰǨǳ ơǺǟ ƣƢºǬǼǳơ ƪǨǌǯȁ �ƊƢȈǗơǂǬŻƽ ƩǂǐƬǻơƾǫ ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ Ƨǂūơ ǩȂǈǳơ ǹƘƥƨǠºƥǁȋơ ƽȂ ºǬǠǳơ ǱȐƻ ƧǂǸƬǈŭơ ǾƥȁǂƷȁ ŃƢǠǳơ ƩƢǷǃƗ Ɣơǁȁ ƪǻƢǯŖǳơ ƨȈǨŬơ ƾȇȋơȁǹƗ ǦȈǯ ǱȂºƷ ǁƢǜǻȌǳ ƨƥƿƢŪơƨȇơȁǂǳơ �ƨǷƾǐǳơ ƧƾȈǬǟ�ƣƢƬǯ ŐƬǠȇ ƮȈƷ�ƨȈǓƢŭơǱȐƻǺǷǮǳƿȁŃƢǠǳơ ȄǴǟ ƩǂǘȈºººǇƾºººǫ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ Ƨǂūơ ǩȂººǈǳơ ƩƢººǇƢȈǇ

�ƣȂǠǌǳơȁ Ǳȁƾ ǳơ ƤƟƢǐǷȁƭǁơȂǯǱȐǤƬǇơȁ ǂǘƻȋơ ƾǠƫ ƨǴººƷǂǷĿ ƾȇƾƳ ǹȂǻƢºǫ Ǻǟ ƣƢºǬǼǳơ ǺȇȐǯ ƧƾȈºǈǳơ Ǧºǌǯ ƾºǬǧǲºǋƨǯǂºǌǳ ƶǸǈȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘǋǺǷ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ơǀǿ �ǩơǂǠǳơĿƨȈǴǿȋơ ƣǂūơĿǮǴƷȋơ

��ƽȐƦǳơĿ ƨǴƟƢŮơǖǨǼǳơ ƩƢȈǗƢȈƬƷƢƥ ƨƦǳƢǘŭơ ǱȁǂƬƦǴǳ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐ ǳơ ƨǯǂǌǳơȁƢǷ ƽƢǼºǇƜƥ ƧǂºǋƢƦǷ ŐǸƬƦǇ ǺǷ ǂǌǟȅƽƢūơƭơƾƷƗ ƣƢǬǟƗ Ŀ ǉȂƥ Ƨǁơƽ ƛƪǷƢǫ ƾǫȁƨƯǁƢǯ ƾǠººƥȁ��ǩơǂǠǳơ Ŀ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩƢººǇơǂūơ ńƛ �ƣƢǿǁȍơ ȄǴǟ ƣǂūơ� ƨǸȀŠ ǥǂǠȇƞǗơȂºǌǳ ơǽǀǿ ƪǴƻƽƗ ƢȈºǇƕ ǩǂºǋ ƣȂǼƳ ǲºƷơȂǇȄǴǟƪǔºǫŖǳơ ȆǷƢǻȂºǈƫƨƴȈƬǻ śƬƬººǌŭơ Ǆ ǻƢȈǳǁȁƗȂȈǻ ǹƢǰººǇǦºǌƬǯơ �ƨȈºƷ ƢȈǇƩƢǠƴƬǼŭ ƨȈǼǴǟ Ʃơƽ ơǄŭƩ ƢȈǨººººººººǌƬǈŭơȁ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ǺǯƢºº ºººººǈŭơƶƬǧ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǶƬȇ ǺǳǾǻƗ ƢǼȇǂƫƢǯ ǁƢǐǟƛƤǿǀǷ?Ƨƾ ȈººǬǟ�ƣǥǂǠȇ ƢǷȄǴǟ ƨȈººƷ ƨǴưǷƗ ƭơƾººƷȋơ ǽǀǿŐƬǠƫȁ��ǅǁơƾŭơȁƨšƢǼǳơ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ǝƢȈǔǳơȁ ƣơǂǘǓȏơ ƨǳƢºƷ ǱȐǤƬǇơ �ǽǁȁƾƥřǠȇȅǀǳơȁ ��ƨǷƾǐǳơƨȈǠȈººƦǘǳơƭǁơȂǰǳơ ȁƗ ƨȈºƥ Ƣǿǁȍơ ƩƢǸƴŮơȁ ƣȁǂūƢǯ ƨǸƼǓƨȈƯǁƢǯ ƭƽơȂºƷ Ǻǟ��ƨǷƾǐǳƢºƥƱȐǠǳơ �ƣȄǸºǈȇ ƢǷǑǂǧǪȇǂǗǺǟ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơƧǂǘȈǈǳơǪȈǬƸƬǳȄǴǟ ƔƢǔºǬǳơĿśȈǳȁȋơ śƬǷƾǐǳơǺǷ ȅƗƶƴǼƫ ȏ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ ǹƢȈºƷȋơǒǠºƥ ȆǨǧƨǻơǄǻǃ Ŀ ƱǄǳơ ƢǷƛ Ȃǿȁ�� ƨưǳƢưǳơ ƨǷƾǐǳƢººººƥ ǥǂǠȇ ƢǷ ǪºººƦǘȇƢǿƾǼǟ �ƨǷȁƢºººǬŭơ

��ǝǁơȂǌǳơĿ ŚǇƢƫ ǃơǂǗ ǺǷƨȈǫƾǼƥǩȐǗƛ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢƥǂȀǯǪǗƢǼǷĿ ƨȈºƷ ǂȇǁ ƢºǬƫȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ ǺǷ ƩơȂ ǼǇǞƥǁƗȁ ȆźǁƢƬǳơ ƮƸƦǳơ ńƛ ơƽƢǼƬǇơȁȆǿȁ� ƨȈƯǁƢǰǳơ ƨȈǳƢũƗǂǳơ ǹƗǦȈǯ ƵȂǓȂººººƥ ƨǷƾǐǳơƤǿǀǷ ǂȀǜȇ �ƭǁơȂǰǳơǺǷňƢǠƫ ƪǳơǃ ȏŖǳơ ƩƢǠǸƬĐơ ƔƢǼº ƥȁƨºǇƾǼǿ ƧƽƢǟȍ ƢǠȇǂºǇ ƧǂǠƬºǈŭơ ƧǁơǂºǌǳơǀǼǷƣƢƬǰǳơǁƢƯƕ ƽȂǠƫƮȈºººƷ �� ŐǸƬºººƦǇ� ǱȂǴȇƗ �� Ŀ ƗƾººƦƫ Ń�ƨǷƾǐǳơƾȇƾǠǳơ ƪƳǂƻŖǳơȁ� ǹƢǷƾȇǂǧ ǹȂƬǴȈǷƨºǇƢƟǂƥ ȂǣƢǰ Ȉºǋ ƨǠǷƢŪ � ƢǷƢǟśºǈŨĿ ƢȇȂºººººǫǶǿŚƯƘ ƫǱơǄȇ ȏ Ǻȇǀǳơȁś ȈǳơŐȈǴǳơ ǺȇǂǰǨŭơȁƽƾŪơ śǜǧƢƄơ ǃǂºººººƥƗ ǺǷ

Ǻǿơǂǳơ ƪǫȂǳơŕƷǺǘǼǋơȁƩ ƢººǇƢȈǈǳơ śººƥ ƩȐǐǳơ ǺǷ ƧƾǸƬºǈǷ � ƨƠƳƢǨǷǖºƥơȁǁ ǺǟƣƢºǬǼǳơ ǦºǌǯȁƩ ơǂºººƥƢƼŭơƨǳƢǯȁ ƢŮȂŤŖǳơ ƨȇǂººǈǳơ ƣǂūơȁ �Ƥǟǂǳơȁ ƨǷƾǐǳơ� � ƨȇƽƢǐƬººǫȏơ�Ʃ ƢȈǼȈººǈǸŬơ ĿǅơȂūơ ǺǷǹƢǷǂūơȁȆƟƢºƥǂȀǰǳơ ƤȇǀǠƬǳơĿ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨȇǄǯ ǂŭơƲȈǴƻ Ŀ ǵȂȈǳơ ƨǷƾƼƬºǈŭơ ƤȇǀǠƬǳơƩƢºƦȈƬǯƨºƥƢƬǯĿ ƩƾǟƢºǇ Ŗǳơ ƭȂƸƦǳơȁ

�ȂǷƢǻƢƬǻơȂƳ� ǂǏƢǠŭơ ƢǼźǁƢƫ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂǳơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǰǧȋơ ǽǀǿ ǪȈºººƦǘƫ ǞºººƦƬȇ ƨǷƾǐǳơƤǿǀǷ ǹƛ� ƧƾǸǠƬǷƪǻƢǯ ƤȇǂºǬǳơȆǓƢŭơƭơƾƷƗǒǠƥǹƗ ǦȈǯƨƬƦưǷ ǲȈǏƢǨƫǾȈǧ ǂȀǜƫƣȐºººǬǻơ � ƨǷƾǐǳơƤǿǀŭ ƨǘººǌǻƵǁƢººǈǷƾǠƫƪǻƢǯŖǳơǺǯƢǷȋơśººƥ ǺǷȁƨŞǀǷȁ � �� ǵƢǟĿƾǻȐǯȂǧ ǁǄƳ ȄǴǟƣǂūơ � �� ǵƢǟĿȆǴȈººǋ ĿǾȈºǋȂǼȈƥ� �� ǵƢǟ ĿļƢȈǧȂººǈǳơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǁƢȈĔơȁ � �� ǵƢǟĿ ȅȁƢǸºǈǳơ ǵȐºǈǳơ ǹơƾȈǷ

�� ǵƢǟ ĿǊƬȈǷ ǁƢǐǟƛȁ�� ǵƢǟĿ ƨȇȂȈǇȉơƨȈǳƢŭơ ƨǷǃȋơ

.

In THE SHOCK DOCTRINE, Naomi Klein explodes the myth thatthe global free market triumphed democratically. Exposing thethinking, the money trail and the puppet strings behind the world-changing crises and wars of the last four decades, The Shock Doctrineis the gripping story of how America's "free market" policies havecome to dominate the world-- through the exploitation of disaster-shocked people and countries.At the most chaotic juncture in Iraq's civil war,a new law is unveiledthat would allow Shell and BP to claim the country's vast oilreserves�. Immediately following Septe mber 11, the BushAdministration quietly out-sources the running of the "War onTerror" to Halliburton and Blackwater�. After a tsunami wipes outthe coasts of Southeast Asia, the pristine beaches are auctioned off totourist resorts....New Orleans's residents, scattered from Hurricane Katrina, discoverthat their public housing, hospitals and schools will never bereopened� . These events are examples of "the shock doctrine":using the public's disorientation following massive collective shocks- wars, terrorist attacks, or natural disasters -- to achieve control byimposing economic shock therapy. Sometimes, when the first twoshocks don't succeed in wiping out resistance, a third shock isemployed: the electrode in the prison cell or the Taser gun on thestreets.Based on breakthrough historical research and four years of on-the-ground reporting in disaster zones, The Shock Doctrine vividlysh ows ho w disaster cap italism - the rapid-fire corporatereengineering of societies stillreeling from shock - did not begin withSeptember 11, 2001. The book traces its origins back fifty years, tothe University of Chicago under Milton Friedman, which producedmany of the leading neo-conservative and neo-liberal thinkers whoseinfluence is still profound in Washington today. New, surprisingconnections are drawn between economic policy, "shock and awe"warfare and covert CIA-funded experiments in electroshock andsensory deprivation in the 1950s, research that helped write thetorture manuals used today in Guantanamo Bay.TheShock Doctrine follows the application of these ideas thoughourcontemporary history, showing in riveting detail how well-knownevents of the recent past have been deliberate, active theatres for theshock doctrine, among them: Pinochet's coup in Chile in 1973, theFalklands War in 1982, the TiananmenSquare Massacre in 1989, thecollapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Asian Financial crisis in1997 and Hurricane Mitch in 1998.

The Shock Doctrine:The Rise of Disaster Capitalism

� ƨǷƾǐǳơ ƧƾȈǬǟƨȈƯǁƢǰǳơ ƨȈǳƢũƗǂǳơ ƽȂǠǏ

ǺȇȐǯ ȆǷȂǠǻNaomi Klein *

*E-m ail: k lp123@ gmai l.com


mailto:*E-mail:[email protected]


ƨǼŰȁ ǂǸƬºǈŭơ ȆºǇƢȈǈǳơ ǂƫȂƬǳơ ǺǷƨǳƢƷ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫǊȈǠȇƩơƽƾƄơ ǹƛ �ǲǐƬǷ ȆººǇƢȈǇ ǝơǂǏ ǩƢȈº ºǇ Ŀ ƨȇƽƢǐƬººǫơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳơƩƢºǇƢȈǈǳơ ǺǸǔƬƫ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǫĿ ƨºƸǐǳơ ƨǳƢū ƨȈǈȈƟǂǳơƨȈǇƢȈǈǳơǵƢººººǈǬǻȏơńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ ǹƘººººǌǳơ ơǀǿĿ ƨȈǴȈƟơǂºººǇȍơƩƢºººǇǁƢǸŭơȁǝƢǘºººǫȄǴǟȆǴȈƟơǂºººǇȍơ ǁƢǐūơ ǁƢƯƕ ǲưǸƬƫ �ȆǴƻơƾǳơřȈǘºººǈǴǨǳơ�ǝƢǘºǬ ǳơ ƱǁƢƻƨȈºƸǐǳơƩƢǷƾŬơ ńƛȄǓǂŭơ ǱȂǏȁ ƾȈȈǬƫĿ ƨƸǐǳơǁƢƯƕȁȆºººƸǐǳơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƩƢƳǂűȁ ƔơƽƗȄǴǟ ǾƫơŚƯƘƫȁ ȅ ƽƢǐƬººǫȏ ơ ƽȂǯǂǳơƨȇǂǰºǈǠǳơƩơȁǄǤǳơȁ ƩƢȈǴǸǠǳơ ǁƢƯƕ ƢǷƗ �ǞǴ ºǈǳơȁ ƨǫƢǘǴǳ ƽȁƾƄơ ƽơŚƬǇȏơƨŦƢǼǳơ ƨȈºƸǐǳơƩȏƢūơȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬŭơ ƔƤǠǳơ ƧƽƢȇǃ Ŀ ǆǰǠǼƬǧ ƧǁǂǰƬŭơǵƢººººǈǬǻȏơ �ƨȈºº ºƸǐǳơƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ƔơƽƗ ǵƢǜƬǻơ ǵƾǟȁǝơǂǐǳơ ǺǟǝƢǘºǬǳơ Ŀ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ǵƢǜǻȄǴǟ ǆǰǠǼȇȆǴƻơƾǳơřȈǘǈǴǨǳơƩƢǸȈǴǠƬǳơ ƨȈƳơȁƽǃơȁ �ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƨǷƾŬơ ƩƢǈǇƚǷǒǠƥ ǁƢȈĔơ ǱȐƻ ǺǷǵƾǟȁ �ƨǴǷƢǠǳơ ƧȂººǬǳơ śººƥ ƣƢȈǤǳơ ƨººƦǈǻ ǝƢǨƫǁơȁ ǄǧƢūơƣƢȈǣȁ �ƨȇǁơƽȍơȅƽƢºǋǁȍơ ǁȁƾǳơƾȈȈǬƫȁ �ƨƸǐǳơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƩƢǈǇƚǷĿƨǷƾŬơ ŉƾǬƫ ǵƢǜƬǻơƾȇƾŢȁ ȆººƸǐǳơ ǖȈǘƼƬǳơ ǹȁƽ ǱȂūơȁ �ƨȈǼǗȂǳơƨº ºƸǐǳơƩƢǘǴººǈǳǵƢǜǻƩƢƳǂűȁƔơƽ Ɨ ȄǴǟ ƢºƦǴǇ ǂƯƚȇŅƢūơ ǞǫơȂǳơ ǹƛ �ǝƢǘǬǳơĿƩƢȇȂǳȁȋơƔơȂºǇ ƨȈºƦǴǇƲƟƢƬǻ ǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬƫ ǥȂºǇȁ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫĿ ƨȈƸǐǳơ ƨȇƢǟǂǳơƨȈººººººƸǐǳơƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ǵƢǜǻ ƧƽȂǟ ǹƛ �ǲȇȂǘǳơ ȁƗ ǖºººººǇȂƬŭơ ȃƾŭơ ȄǴǟƨȈǔºººǬǴǳ ƢȇǁǀƳ ȐººƷ ȆǟƾƬººǈȇ ȆǠȈº ºƦǘǳơ ǽƔơƽƗ ńƛřȈǘººǈǴǨǳơȆǇƢȈǈǳơ ǝơǂǐǳơ Ǻǟ ƨƸǐǳơ ƢȇƢǔǫǲǐǧ ǹƜǧǮǳƿ ǞǷ �ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơƩƢǸǜǼǷ Ǖơǂŵơ ǺǷ ƾȇǄŭơȁƨºººƸǐǳơĿ Ǫūơ ǵơǂƬºº ºƷơȁ ƧǄǣǝƢǘººǫĿƔơƽƗĿǮȈºǋȂǳơ ǁȂǿƾƬǳơ ǦºǫȂǳ ƨǏǂǧ ǂǧȂȇ ƾºǫ ƧǄǣ Ŀ ƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ

�ƧǄǣĿƨȈƸǐǳơƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ǵƢǜǻƩƢƳǂűȁ�ǁƢǐūơ �ȆºǇƢȈǈǳơ ǝơǂǐǳơ �ȆƸǐǳơǵƢǜǼǳơ �ƧǄǣǝƢǘǫ

�ȆǴƻơƾǳơ ǵƢǈǬǻȏơ�ƮƸƦǳ ơ ƶȈƫƢǨǷ

Gaza Strip exper iences an ongoing political turmoiland socioeconomic advers ity in the context of a protractedpolitical conflict. The main political determinants of health in theGaza Strip includes the Israeli policies and practices toward it,and the ongoing internal Palestinian division. The effects ofIsraeli siege onthe healthsector are manifested by restricting theaccess of patien ts to health services out side the strip, theeconomic recess ion and i ts influences on the health systemperformance and outcomes, and the effects of limited importedpower and commodities. The effects of recurrent militaryoperations and incursions are manifested by the increasedburden of conflict relatedhealth conditions, and the disruption ofthe regular performance of health care facilities. The effects of theinternal Palestinian division on thehealth care system inthe GazaStrip are manifes ted by the collapse of some health services'institutions; dupl icatedadministrative orders, de-motivation andabsenteeism among workforce, and disruption of servicesprovision at the Ministry's of Heal th facilities; limiting thestewardship func tion of the national health authorities; andhindering health planning and priority sitting in the Str ip. Thecurrent realities negatively influence the performance and theoutcomes of the health care system in the Gaza Strip, and willhave negative medium and long term effects. There will not be anormal performance of the Palestin ian health care systemwithout a radical solution for the Palestinian question; however,neutralizing the health affairs in the Gaza Strip f rom the politicalmotives, respecting the right to health, and increasing theinvolvement of international health organizations in Gaza couldgive a window of opportunity to prevent imminent deteriorationof the performance and the outcomes of the hea lth caresystem inGaza.

Gaza Strip, Health System, politica l conflict, siege,Interna l division.Keywords:

Health in the Gaza Strip underSiege, Fire and Internal Division.

Dr. Majdi Ashour *

�ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ Ŀ ƨƸǐǳơȆǴƻơƾǳơ ǵƢǈǬǻȏơȁ ǁƢǼǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơ

ǁȂǋƢǟ ȅƾů �ƽ

* Public Health and He alth Policy Special ist / ma jdyash @yah oo.com

mailto:*PublicHealthandHealthPolicySpecialist/[email protected]


ƾȇǄȇ ƢǷ ǀǼǷ ƧǄǣǝƢǘºººǫ ȆǴǟ ǑȁǂǨŭơȁ ǪǻƢŬơ ǁƢǐūơ ƨƴȈƬǻƨººƸǐǳơ ƧǁơǃȂººƥ ƨȈǠǸƬĐơ ƨȈººǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơƪǷƢºǫ ƾºǬǧ �ǵƢǠǳơ ǺǟǩȐǣȍơ ǂƯƗ ǂȀǜƬǳ ƧǄǣƩƢǜǧƢŰ Ŀ ƨȈǟȐǘƬºǇơ ƨǇơǁƾƥ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơȄǴǟƔơȂºǇ ƨǷƾºǬŭơ ƨȈǠǸƬĐơ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơƩƢǷƾƻ ȆǴǟ ǁƢǐūơȁƨȈººººǈǨǼǳơ ƨºººƸǐǳơ ǄǯơǂǷ ǞȈŦƪǴſ Ŗǳơȁ ȆǓǂŭơȁƗ śǴǷƢǠǳơǲǸºººǌƫ ƨƳȁƽǄǷ ǾǻƢºººƦƬǇơ ǲǸǟ Ļȁ�ƨººǈǸŬơƩƢǜǧƢƄơĿƨȈǠǸƬĐơǹȂºǈŨ Ɣơǁƕ ǞŦ ĻƮȈºƷ �ȆǓǂǸǴǳȃǂƻƗȁ ƨǷƾŬơ ȆǷƾºǬǷǝȐǘƬǇơśȈƟƢǐƻƗ �ǒȇǂŤ �ƔƢººººƦǗƗ� ƢēƢƠǧ ǞȈǸŝƨǷƾŬơȆǷƾººººǬǷǺǷ ƨǼȈǟ�ȆǓǂŭơ ǺǷ ǹȂºººº ººǈŨȁ �śȇǁơƽƛȁ ƨǳƽƢ ȈǏȁśȈǟƢǸƬƳơȁ śȈºººººǈǨǻǲǰºǌƥ ƨǼȈǠǳơ ǁƢȈƬƻơ Ļȁ �ȏǵƗ ǶǠǼºƥ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨºƥƢƳȍơ ǺǸǔƬƫǾǻƢƦƬǇȏơȁǮºǇƢŤȁƲƟƢƬǼǳơ ƣ ǁƢºǬƫƶǔƫƗƮȈºƷȆƟƢǐºƷƛǲȈǴŢ ǲǸǟ Ļȁ �Ȇ ƟơȂǌǟƨǷƾŬơ ȆǴǟ �� ƨººƦǈǻǂƯơ ǁƢǐūơ ǹƗ ƲƟƢƬǼǳơƪǻƢǯȁ ǁƢººƦƬƻȏơ ƩƢººƦƯȁ�ȄǓǂŭơ ȁƗ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ƨǼȈǟ ȃƾǳ ƔơȂºǇ ƨȈºƦǴǇ ƧǁȂǐºƥȄǓǂǸǴǳ ƨǷƾǬŭơǁȂǏĿ ǮǳƿǲưŤȁ �ƔȂºǇ ȆºǈǨǼǳơȁȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơǞǓȂǳơ ƽơǃȁƧǁƾººǫ ǵƾǟȁ ƨȇȁƽȋơǎºǬǻǹƗ śºƦƫśǴǷƢǠǳơ ƨǼȈǟȆǨǧƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƨǷƾŬơśºƦƫ ȄǓǂŭơ ƨǼȈǟ Ŀ ƢǸǼȈºƥ �� ƨƦǈǼƥ ƆƢƦǴǇ ǂƯƗ Ƣǿƙơǂǋ ȄǴǟ ȄǓǂŭơǵƾǟǺǷ ƆƢººƦǴǇ ơȁǂ ƯƘƫ ȄǓǂŭơ ǺǷ ��ȁ �ƢǿƙơǂºǋȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢºǫŚǣ �� ǹƗƪǻƢǯśǴǷƢǠǳơĿ ƢǸǼȈºƥ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơƩƢǷƾŬơ ŉƾºǬƫƨȈººººǈǨǼǳơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ŉƾººººǬƫ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ȃƾǳ ��ƨººººƦǈǼǳơǱȂǏȂǴǳ ƩƢºƥȂǠǏ ǺǷ ŇƢǟ śǴǷƢǠǳơǺǷ � �� ǹơȁ �ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơǹƗȁ �ǄǯơǂǸǴǳ ǱȂǏȂǴǳ ƩƢººƥȂǠǏ ǺǷŇƢǟ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ǺǷ � ��ǹơȁ ǄǯơǂǸǴǳƨºƸǐǳơƩƢǷƾŬ ƨȈǳƢŭơ ƩƢǐǐƼŭơǦǠǓ ǺǷơȂǻƢǟ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ǺǷ ��ƨȈǐȈƼºǌƬǳơȁƨȈƳȐǠǳơ ǲƟƢºǇȂǳơȁ ƩơƾǠŭơȁ Ʃơȁƽȋ ơǎºǬǻȁ ƨ ȈǈǨǼǳơȄǓǂŭơ ǺǷ ��ȁ ǹƗȁ ȆǸǴǠǳơ ǂȇȂǘƬǳơȁȆƳǁƢŬơȁȆǴƻơƾǳơƤȇǁƾƬǳơǎǬǻȁƪǴƯƢŤ ȁ �ƨǷƾŬơ ŉƾǬƫ ǹƢǰŭ ƨǸƟȐŭơȁ ƨȈƦǘǳơ ƩơǄȈȀƴƬǳơǎǬǻ ǺǷ ơȂǻƢǟǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƪƬººƦƯƗȁ �śǴǷƢǠǳơȁȆǓǂŭơ śººƥ ƨºǬưǳơ ǁȂǿƾ ƫĿ �� ƨºƦǈǼǳơƨƦǈǼƥ ȄǓǂǸǴǳ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƨȈƦǘǳơƩƢǷƾŬơ ȆƷƢǼǷǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ǂƯ Ɨ ǁƢǐūơȅȂºǬǳơ ǞȈŦƧȂǟƾºƥ ȄǏȂǻ ơǀŮȁ �ƧǂºǋƢƦǷ ƧǁȂǐºƥ �� Ǻǟ ƾȇǄƫ ƨǷƢǟƝƽƢºººƦŭ ơǒººǫƢǼȇ ȅǀǳơ ǁƢǐūơ ǞǧǁĿƢǿǁȁƽ ǀƻȋƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƩƢººǈǇƚŭơȁ

�ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬūƨȈǇƢǇȋơ

As a result of the constric ting siege imposed on theGaza Strip for more than a year the Community Mental HealthAdministration at the Palestinian Ministry ofHealth carried out asurvey in the governorates of Gaza to investiga te the impact ofclosure and siege on the provision of community mental healthcare services, regarding both workers and patients. The surveyinvolved all community mental heal th care centers in all fivegovernorates. Two questionnaires were prepared, one for healthcare providers and the other for patients. The sample of healthcareproviders included 50 individuals including doctors, nurses,psychologists, social workers, pharmacists and administrativepersonnel. In addition the survey included 50 randomly chosenpatients. Findings were subjected tostatistical analysis.One hundred percent of responses from both health careproviders and patients felt that the siege has negatively affectedthe provision of servicesand has worsened economic, social andpsychological conditions. The affected aspects of health careprovision included a lack of medication andpat ients' inab ility topurchase medication (100% of health care providers and 96% ofpatients); inadequate delivery of communitybased mental healthcare and social services (100% of providers, 96% of patients);difficul ty in reaching centers (96% of providers, 94% ofpatients); scarcity of financial allocations for mental healthservices, necessary equipment and diagnostic and therapeutictools, and a lack of internal and external training andopportunities for scientific development (98%of providers); lackof appropriateand necessary medical supplies needed for serviceprovision (80% of patients ) and deterioration of trust betweenpatients and providers (84%). The findings provide evidence thatthe siege has negatively affected all aspects of service provision(an overall 80%). We call upon all groups and internationalinstitutions to bear their responsibilities in lifting the siege, whichviolates basicprinciples of humanrights.

ƨȈǟȐǘƬǇơ ƨǇơǁƽ ǎƼǴǷƨƸǐǳơ ƧǁơǃȂƥ ƨȈǠǸƬĐơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ǄǯơǂǷ Ŀ

ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ƩƢǷƾƻ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơ ŚƯƘƫ ǱȂƷ

ǲȈƸǯ ƽƢǸǟȁ ǁȂũ ǊȇƢǟ �ƽ

Summary of a Survey o fCommunity Mental Health Centers of the Ministry of Health

Regarding the Impact o f Siege on Mental Health Service Provision

Dr.Ayesh Sammour and Mr. Emad Kuhail

ƧǄǣ ƨƸǐǳơ ƧǁơǃȂƥ ȆǈǨǼǳơ Ƥǘǳơ ȄǨǌƬǈǷ ǂȇƾǷ aye sh_sam mour @hotm ail.com



ȆƟơǀǤǳơ ǞǓȂǳơ ǶȈǬƫ Ņƛ ȆǠǘǬŭơ ȆǸǰǳơƶǈŭơ ơǀǿ ǥƾȀȇƧǄǣƩƢǜǧƢŰĿ ơǂȀºǋ �� Ņƛ �śƥƢǷ ǶǿǁƢǸǟƗƵȁơǂƬƫ ǺȇǀǴǳơ Ǳ ƢǨǗȌǳǪȇǂǗǺǟ śǴǿƚŭơ ǱƢǨǗȋơǺǷ ȐǨǗ �� ǁƢȈƬƻơ Ļ� ǆǻȂȇ ǹƢƻȁ ǱƢǸǌǳơȁǵơƾƼƬºǇƢƥ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ƩƢȀǷƗ ƨǴºƥƢǬǷ ƪȇǂƳƗ ƾºǫȁ �ƨȈƟơȂºǌǟƩƢǼȈǟ ǀƻƗƨȈǟƢǸƬƳơȁ ƨȈǧơǂǣȂŻƽ ƩƢǻƢȈºƥ � ȆƷơȂǻ ƨƯȐƯƪǴſ ƨǸǜǼǷƩƢǻƢȈƦƬǇơǽƢšƢȀǴǷƢǠƫ ƨȈǨȈǯ ȁ ǵȋơ ƩơŐƻŅƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ �ƨȈǻƢǈǻƛ ŚȇƢǠǷ �ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơȁǶǴǠǳ ȆƟƢǐºƷƛ ƲǷƢǻǂºƥ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ǲȈǴŢĻ ƾǫȁ �ƢȀǴǨǗ ƨȇǀǤƫ

�ƣȂǇƢūơ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ȆƟƢǐƷȍơ ǲȈǴƸƬǳơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥȁ ǝƢǸƬƳȏơƢēơƽơǂȇƛ ƩơǂȇƾºǬƫƪǷƾºǫŖǳơ ǂºǇȋơ Ǟº ƥǁ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǹƗ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ƩǂȀǛƗȁǺǷ ǲºǫƗ ȁƗ ǲǰȈºǋ ��śƥ ƢǷ ƨȇǂȀǌǳơ ƢŮȂƻƽ ƵȁơǂƬƫ � �ǖǬǧ " ��ƔơǀǤǳơ śǷƘƬǳ ǥƢǯ Śǣ ǾǻƗȆǴǟ ƢȀǴƻƾǳ ǂǜǼƫ ǂºººǇȋơ ǺǷ �"�� Ǯǳƿ�ǹǃȂǳơǎǬǻ ǺǷǹȂ ǻƢǠȇ ǶȀƬǼȇ ƢǠǷ ƪŤǺȇǀǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ǺǷ �"�� ǹƗ ƢǸǯƔȂººǇ ǺǷ ǹȂǻƢǠȇ " �� ǹǃȂǳơǥƢǠǓ �"� �� ȂǸǼǳơ ǦººǫȂƫǺǷ �" ��

�� ƨȇǂǸǠǳơ ƩƢƠǨǴǳ08$& ȆǴǟ ơƽƢǸƬǟơ� ƨȇǀǤƬǳơ" �� ƨ ǴǷƢǯ ǂȀǋƗ � ƧƾŭǺŮƢǨǗƗǺǠǓǁơ ƩƢȀǷȏ ơ ǺǷ ǖǬǧȅǂƻȋơ ƨǸǠǗȌǳƤººǈǼǳơ ƢǷƗ �ƾººƦǰǳơ ǱȁƢǼƬȇ Ń śǼȇƢǠŭơ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ǺǷ� őǴǳơȁ � " �� ǭƢũȋơȁ" �� ǒȈºººƦǳơ � " �� ǵȂū �ļȋƢǯ ȆȀǧƢǸǯȅƢǌǳơ ǹȂǈƬŹ śǼȇƢǠŭơ ǱƢǨǗȋơǺǷ " �� " �� ǹƢƦǳȋơ ƩƢƴƬǼǷȆǬǴƬƫ " �� ƢȈǷȂȇ ƩơǂǷ�ńƛ � ǱƾǠŠȅƢǌǳơ ǹȂƥǂǌȇǶȀǼǷ " �� ǹƗ

�ǵƢǠǘǳơ ƩƢƦƳȁ ǞǷȅƢǌǳơǖºƦƫǁơ ƢǸǯ � ƨȀǯƢǨǳơ ǺǷ ƨȈǧƢǯ Śǣ ƨȈǸǯ ǀƻƘºƥǹǃȂǳơǎºǬǻ ǖƦƫǁơ ƾǫȁǦºǫȂƫ ǹƢǯȁ �ǁƢǔŬơ ǺǷ ƨȈǧƢǯ ŚǣƩƢȈǸǰºƥ ŚºƦǯƾºƷ Ņƛ ƨȇǀǤƬǳơ ƔȂǇǶƴºƷ Őǯȁ �ǾǯơȂǨ ǳơȁ ǵȂºƸǴǳơ ƨȇƢǨǯǵƾǠºƥ ƧŚƦǯƨƦǈǼƥ ƢǘƦƫǂǷ ȂǸǼǳơƢǸǯ �ǲȇȂǗƪºǫȂǳ ƨȇǀǤƬǳơƔȂºǈǳǑǂǠƬǳơȁ �ǲƻƾǳơ ƨȇƢǨǯ ǵƾǟȁ �ƧǂǇȋơ�ǵƢƬŬơ Ŀȁ � ƧƢǘǠŭơ ǵȂƸǴǳơ ƨȈǸǯ ƨȇƢǨǯ ǵƾǟŅƛǞƳǂȇ ǵƢǠǳơǦǠǔǳơ ǹƗƨǷǃȋơ ǲǛĿ � ƨǼǿơǂǳơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬººººººººººǫȏơ ƨǷǃȋơ ǹƗ ƢǷƢŤ ƶǓơȂǳơ ǺǷȁƨǳƢūơ ȄǴǟ ƧŚǘƻ ƩơŚƯƘƫ Ƨƾǟ ƢȀǼǟǒƼŤ ǩȐǣȍơȁ ƨȈºººººººººǇƢȈǈǳơĿ ǞǓȂǳơ ơǀǿǹƗ ǂǯǀǳƢººƥǂȇƾŪơ ǺǷȁ� ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘººǫ Ŀ ǲǨǘǴǳ ƨȈƟơǀǤǳơ

� ƨǷǃȋơ ǽǀǿǦǫȂǳ ȅǁȂǧ ǲƻƾƫ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ Ƣŭ ơƿƛ ƾȇơǄƬǷ ǁȂǿƾƫ

14.5 ?

A rapid cross sectional quantitative survey aimed atassessing the nutritionalsta tus of children aged 6 - 59 months inGaza, North Gaza , and Khanyounisgovernorates.754 eligible children were selected using a cluster randomsampling method; the mothers of those children were interviewedusing a structured questionnaire that inc luded 3 parts,demog raphic and soc ioeconomic da ta, anthropometricmeasurements, and mother's knowledge and practice as perchild's nutrition. Data was analyzed using SPSS and Anthrostatistical analysis software programs.The study showed that more than one fourth of the families thatprovided estimates of their incomes (only 54.1% ), had monthlyincomes that are 1000 NIS or less. 62.6% of the familiesperceived their incomes as insufficien t for secur ing food. 2 .5% ofthe surveyed children were underweight, 10.3% stunted , 2.4%wasted, and 3.4% malnourished (based on MUAC for age).Only 14 .5% of the mothers exclusive ly breastfed their childrenfor exactly 6 month. 31.8% of the surveyed children neverreceived liver;the percentages for other foodswere, meat: 17.1%,eggs :10.9%, fish: 20.3%, and milk/ milk products:13.2% 69.4%of the surveyed children received tea; 32.9% of them did so 3 to 4times a day, and 59.5% received it wi th meals. Underweight wassignificantly linked to insufficient intake of fru its. Malnutritionwas significantly linked to insuffic ient intake of vegetable.Stunting was sign ificantly associated with insufficient intake ofmeat, decreased f ruit intake , large family size, insufficient familyincome, and history of malnutrition . Wasting was linked toinsuffic ient meat intake. In conclusion, it is qu ite clear that thecurrent economic crisis, in the shadows of the political hardshipand closure, has resulted in severe impacts on child's nutritionalstatus in the Gaza Strip; the situation can further deteriorate if noaction is immediately taken.

Nutritional Status of under FivePalestinian Children in the Gaza Strip

Jasem Humeid and Hamza Abdeljawad*

śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȌǳ ȆƟơǀǤǳơ ǞǓȂǳơƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ Ŀ ƨǈǷƢŬơ ǺǇ ǹȁƽ

� jhumeid [email protected] m (Ja sem), hamja wad@ yahoo.com (Ham za)

ƽơȂŪơ ƾƦǟ ƧǄŧ ȁ ƾȈŧ ǶǇƢƳ


ǝƢǘºǫ ȄǴǟ ȐǷƢºǋ ȁ ȐǷƢǯ ƆơǁƢǐƷňȂȈȀǐǳơ ǹƢȈǰǳơǑǂǨȇƩƽơƽǃơ ƾºǫ ȁ �� ȂȈǻȂȇ ǀǼǷ ƨǸºǈǻ �� ƨºƥơǂǫ ǾǼǘºǬȇ ȅǀǳơ ƧǄǣǞǸƬĐơ ƩƢƠǧ ǲǯǾǼǷ ňƢǠȈǳ ��ŅƢūơ ǵƢǠǳơ ƨȇơƾºº ºƥ ǞǷ ǁƢǐūơ ƧƾººƷǶǰƄơ ǩȐǣȍơ ǁƢǐūơǲſƾºǫ ȁ �ƔƢǼưƬǇ ơ ǹȁƽ ǝƢǘǬǳơ ĿřȈǘǈǴǨǳơȁ ȆȀǘǳơ ǃƢǣ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠ ƽȂººǫȂǳơ Ʃ ơƽơƾǷƛǞǼǷ ȁǎȈǴºǬƫ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ȁ ǂ ºƥƢǠǸǴǳȁ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơǪǧơǂŭ ƨǷǃȐǳơ Ʃơȁƽȋơ ǱƢƻƽƜºƥ ƵƢǸǈǳơ ǵƾǟȁ ƔƢƥǂȀǰǳơǾȈǴǟȁ �ƩƢǧȉơ ƨººƸǧƢǰǷ ȁƨºƦǴǐǳơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼǳơ ȁ ȆºƸǐǳơ ǥǂǐǳơȁ ǽƢȈŭơŃƢǠǳơĿ ŚǜǻƢŮ ƾƳȁ ƢǸǴºǫ ƢǧȁǂǛ ǹȂǻƢǠȇ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǫ ǹƢǰºǇ ƩƢƥ ƾǬǧƨȈºƸǐǳơ ȁ ƨȈƠȈºƦǳơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƨºǇ ơǁƽ ńƛ ƨȈǸǴǠǳơ ƨºǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿ ǥƾē �ǽǂǇƘƥǱȐƻǺǷ ǪǻƢŬơ ǁƢǐūơ ƔơǂƳƧǄǣ ǝƢǘººººººǫ ǹƢǰºººººǇ ƢȀǼǷňƢǠȇŖǳơƤǻơȂŝ ƨºººǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈººƥƽȋơ ƩƢǠƳơǂŭơ ȁ ƨȈǻơƾȈŭơ Ʃơ ǁƢȇǄǳơ ȁ ƩƢǜººƷȐŭơȁ ǂȇƾǐƫ ǞǼǷ ȁǁƢǐūơ ǹƗ ƨºǫǁȂǳơ ƩǂȀǛƗ �ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫĿ ƨƠȈƦǳơ ȁ ƨƸǐǳơĿ ƤºƦǈƫ ƧǄǣǝƢǘºǫ ńƛ ƨȈǠȈƦǘǳơ ƧǁȂǐǳƢƥ ƽȂǫȂǳơ ǱƢǰǋƗƨǧƢǯ Ǫǧƾƫ

�ƢȀŷƗǺǷ ǲǠǳ ƢŮǂǐƷ ȏƨŦ ƨȈƸǏȁƨȈƠȈƥ ǲǯƢǌǷƭȁƾƷŖǳơ ȁ ƢȀǠǸš ǺǯƢǷƗĿ ƢȀººǇƾǰƫ ȁƨºƦǴǐǳơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼǳơ Ƕǯơǂƫ ��ȃǂƻȋơ ƨ ȇǂºǌūơƩƢǧȉơ ȁ ƨȈºǌȇƢǠƬǳơǑǁơȂºǬǳơ ǁƢǌƬǻơ ƢȀǼǟǶƴǼȇƩơǃƢǤǳơ ȁ ƨȀȇǂǰǳơ ƶ Ɵơȁǂǳơ ǁƢºǌƬǻơ ȁ �ǾƬƠȈƥ ȁ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ƨƸǐǳƨȇƿƚŭơȁ ƨǷƢǸººǬǳơ ǵơȂǯƗ ǩǂºƷ ǺǟǶƳƢǼǳơ ƔơȂŮơ ƭȂǴƫ ȁ �ƨȇƿƚŭơ ƨǷƢºǈǳơƢŲ ƢēơǁƢǐǟ ȁ ƨººº ƦǴǐǳơƩƢȇƢǨǼǳƢººƥƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ȁ ƨººƥǂƬǳơ ƭȂǴƫ

�ƨ ȈƠȈƦǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ ȁ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳ ơƾȇƾēǲǰǌȇȅǀǳơƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºººǫĿ ƨǷƽƢǠǳơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƨŪƢǠǷ ƩƢǘŰƧƔƢǨǯňƾƫ ��

ƤºººƦǈƫ ȁ ƢȇȂǼººǇ ƨǷƽƢǠǳơ ǽƢȈŭơ ǺǷ ƣȂǯ ǹȂȈǴǷ�� ǺǷ ǂưǯƗƲƬǼȇǶǜǠǷǦȇǂǐƫĿ ƢŮ ƽȂºǫȂǳơ ƩơƽơƾǷƛǦºǫȁ ȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƾƟơǄǳơ ǲǸūơƨȇƽȁȋơ ȁ ƨºƷȂƬǨŭơƩƢƠȈƦǳơ ĿƢȈƟǄƳ ƨŪƢǠŭơ ȁƗ ƨŪƢǠŭơ Śǣ ǽƢȈŭơ ǮǴƫ

�ƨȇǂƸƦǳơ ƨƠȈƦǳơ ȁĿ ƾȈºƷȂǳơ ȅƾȈǴǬƬǳơ ǁƾǐŭơ ŐƬǠƫŖǳơ ƨȈǧȂŪơ ǽƢȈŭơ ƭȂǴƫ ƧƽƢȇǃ ��ƪǤǴºƥƮȈºƷǑơǂǷȋơ ƩƢºƦƦǈǷ ȁ ƾȇơǁȂǴǰǳơ ȁƩơǂƬǼǳƢºƥ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǫȅǀǳơƾºƸǴǳ ƨǨǟƢǔǷ ơƽȁƾƷƾȇơǁȂǴǰǳơȁ Ʃ ơǂƬǼǳƢƥ ƭȂǴƬǳơ ƩƢȇȂƬǈǷǲǰºǌȇ ƢŲ ƣǂºǌǳơ ǽƢȈǷ ĿƨȈŭƢǠǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ ƨǸǜǼǷ Ǿºƥ ƶǸºǈƫ

�ǱƢǨǗȋơ ƢǸȈǇȏ ȁśǼǗơȂŭơ ƨƸǏ ȄǴǟơǂǘƻȁ ǾȈǧǂƬǳơ ǺǯƢǷƗŚǷƾƫ ȁ ƨȈƠǗƢºǌǳơ ȁ ƨȇǂºƸƦǳơ ƨƠȈƦǳơ ƭȂǴƫ ƧƽƢȇǃ ��Ŀ ƤºƦǈƬȇ ƢŲ �ƨºƦǴǐǳơ ȁ ƨǴƟƢǈǳơ ƩƢȇƢǨǼǳơ ƵǂǗƔơǂƳ ǵƢǸƴƬǇȏơǂºƸƦǳơƞǗƢºǋĿǹȁƾŸ Ǻȇǀǳơ śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǼŬơ ǪȈȈǔƫĿ ƽƢºƷǎºǬǻ ǺǷ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǫ ǹƢǰºǇňƢǠ ȇ �ǶŮơƾȈºƷȁ ƢǈǨǼƬǷƾȈǐǳơ ƣǁơȂºǫ ǦºǫȂƫƤƦǈƥȆǰǸǈǳơ ǁƾǐŭơ ȅƿ ňơȂȈūơ śƫȁŐǳơ

�ƢȀ ǴȈǤǌƬǳ ǵǃȐǳơ ƽȂǫȂǳơ ǝƢǘǬǻȏ ơǂǜǻ ƢȀǴǸǟ ǺǟƤººƦǈƥ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơǑơǂǷȋơ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŠǑơǂǷȋơ ȁ ƨƠºƥȁȋ ơ ǁƢºǌƬǻơ ��ǵƢǠǘǳơ ǁƽƢǐǷƨǴǫ ȁ ƨȇȂǠŭơƩƢȈǴȈǨǘǳơ ȁǑȂǠƦǳơ ȁƩƢǧȉơ ǁƢǌƬǻơǄƴǟȁ ǲºǬǼǳơǖƟƢºǇȁ ƨǯǂºƷ ǦºǫȂƫƤºƦǈƥ ƢǿǁƢǠºǇ ƗǦǟƢǔƫ ȁǽƢȈŭơ ǁƢººººƥƕ ƩƢƼǔǷǶǜǠǷ ƽƢǸƬǟȏǶȀǴȈǏƢŰȅǁ ǺǷ śǟǁơǄŭơ

�ǁȏȂǈǳơ ƽȂǫȁȄǴǟ

ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ ȄǴǟ ňȂȈȀǐǳơ ǁƢǐūơƨȈƸǐǳơ ȁ ƨȈƠȈƦǳơ ǽǁƢƯƕ ȁ

Ǿƥǁ ƾƦǟ ȆǸǜǻ ƵƢƬǨǳơ ƾƦǟ �ƽ

DUDERX#LXJD]D� HGX�S V �ňȁǂ ƬǰȈǳȍ ơƾȇŐǳ ơ


in Gaza. The lack of energy supplies to those stationsresulted in most of this wastewater being disposedof in openspaces, valleys andthe sea.3- Pollution of groundwater, traditionally the sole source ofwater in the Gaza Str ip, with n itrates, chlorides and othercontaminating elements. The level of nitrates and chloridesin drinking water has reached levels that are severa l timeshigher than those permitted by WHO, constituting a dangerto the health of citizens, especial ly children.4- Pollution of the sea environment, in addition torecreational sites, as a result of the disposal of liquid andsolid waste , which has further restric ted the l ives ofPalestinians , for whom the beach is the only access to freshai r and recreation. In addition the popula tion of the Gazast rip are suffering a marked shortage of animal proteinderived from fish, since fishing boats have stopped workingdue to a lack of fuel.5 - Increased prevalence of illness, including mental illness,resulting from increased parasitic infestations, a scarcity offood resources and increases in prices, due to difficultieswith transportation. In addition , farmers are no longer ableto water their land, since most water pumps depend ongasoline.

Since June 2007, the Zionist entity has imposed acomplete and tota l siege on Gaza, which has apopulation of about1,500,000. Since the beginning of 2008 the siege has tightened tothe detr iment and suffering of all sec tors of Pa lestinian societyliving in Gaza, without exception. The siege involved a tightclosure of all crossings and a reduction or ban on all energysupplies, including cooking gas and electricity. Entry ofnecessary supplies for health care,water, sanitat ion, and disposalof solid waste has been denied andconsequently the population ofGaza has been forced to endure living conditions that a re notfound elsewhere in the world. This paper describes theenvironmental and health consequences suffered by thepopulation of Gaza as a result of the s iege. The paper is based onobservations, field visits and literature reviews concern ing thehealth and environmental conditions in Gaza. The research hasdetermined that the siegehas led todangerous environmental andhealth hazards, foremostthe following:

1- Accumulation ofsol id waste resultingin the infestation ofrodents and insects, harmful to both the health of humansand the envi ronment; the spread of foul smells, poisonousgases and air pollution due to the burning of garbage piles;so il and groundwater pollu tion from solid waste,constituting a threat to publicand environmental heal th.2- Decreased efficiency of wastewater management stations

Environmental and Health Consequencesof Zionist Siege on Gaza

Dr.Ab del Fattah Na zmiAbd Rabb o

Em ail: arab ou@iu gaza.ed u.ps

mailto:Email:[email protected]


ǲǰǌƥ ƧƢȈūơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ȄǴǟǹơȁƾǠǳơ ǺǷƢǟȂǻ ǁƢǐūơ ƨǳƢƷ ǲưŤƨȈºººƷƢǼǳơ ǺǷ ƔơȂº ººǇ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ǁȂǘƫƨȈǴǸǟ ȄǴǟǹơȁƾǟ ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ �ȅƽƢǟĿǂǠŭơ ǁȂǘƬǳơ ǹƛ �ƨ ȈǧǂǠŭơƨȈº ººººƷƢǼǳơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȈººººǈǨǼǳơǺǷ ƨȇơƾººƥ ƨȈǠȈººƦǘǳơ ƧƢȈūƢº ºƥ ǁȂǠººǋȄǴǟ ƾǸƬǠȇ ǱƢǨǗȌǳňơƾƳȂǳơȁǁơǂǸƬǇȏơ Ȃǿ ƨȇƽƢǠǳơ ƶǴǘǐŠ ƽȂǐǬŭơ � ƢǿƾǠƥ ƢǷń ơȁ ƧǂǰƦŭơ ƨǳȂǨǘǳơǮŻǶȀǨǳơ ǺǷƢǗƢŶƗȁ �ǪºǬƸƬǳơ ǾǼǰŲƩƢǠºǫȂƫȁ �ǺǷǄǳơ ǞǷƩơŐŬơ ǁơǂǰƫȁƨȇƽƢǠǳơ ƧƢȈūơĿ �ƩȐǷƘƫ ĿƢǿǂȇȂǘƫȁƢȀƬȈǸǼƫȁ Ǻȇǂƻȉơ ǞǷ ƢȀƬǯǁƢººǌǷǹƘººººººººǌƥǑȁƢǨƬǳơ ǺǰŻ ƢǸǯ �ǁǂǔǳơȁ ȃƿȋơƶȈǴǐƫǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ

�ƨȇƢǟǂ ǳơȁ ƨȈǳȂƠǈŭƢƥ ǁȂǠǌǳơ ǹƢǘƦƬǇơȁ ƩƢǧȐŬơȆǴººǬǠǳơ ǁȂǘƬǳơ Ȅ Ǵǟ ǁƢǐūơ ǁƢƯƕ Ŀ ƮººƸƦǳơ ńƛƨǴƻơƾŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǠººǈƫǂºǐǼǟ ȄºǴǟ ǄȈǯǂƬǳơ ǞǷ ƨȇƽƢǠǳơ ƧƢȈūơ ǱȐƬƻȏ ȆǴǯ ǁȂǜǼǷ ǺǷǱƢǨǗȌǳƩƢǐǻȍơ ǹƛ �ƨȈƟƢǸūơ ǲǷơȂǠǳơ ƾººººƷƘǯ ǲǨǘǳơȁǲǿȋơśºººƥ ǲǏơȂƬǳơńƛ ȄǠººǈȇȁ ƧƢǻƢǠŭƢººƥ ǥǂƬǠȇȁ ǲȈǏƢǨƬǳƢººƥ ǶƬȀȇ ƣȂǴººǇƘƥ Ǳ ƢǨǗȌǳƨǰººƥǂŭ ơ ƩơŐŬơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǳƽƢººƦƬǳơȁŘǠŭơ ƔƢǨǓƛƨȈǴǸǟ ǂºǈȈȇ ƢȀƟơȂƬºƷơƩƢǐǻȍơ ǹƛ �ƨȇƽƢǠǳơ ƨȇǂǇȋơ ƧƢȈūơ ǹȂǸǔǷȂǿǮǳƿȁ ǁơǂǬƬǇȐǳ ƧƽƾȀŭơȁǲǿȋơ ǁȂǠºǋƤƦǈƥ ǁƢǐūơ ƪŢ ǲǿȌǳ ƨƦǈǼǳƢƥƤǠǏ ǂǷƗ Ȃǿ ǱƢǨǗȌǳǹƗ ƢǸǯ �ƨȇƢǸūơȁƩƢƳƢȈƬºººƷȏơ ŚǧȂƫ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢººǫŚǣ ǶĔȂǰǳ ǲƴŬƢººƥǁȂǷȋơ ƽơ ƽǄƫǮǳǀǯ �Ǿǳ ơŚºǈǨƫ ǱƢºǬȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƢǸȈǧǭƢƦƫǁȏơ ƤƦǈȇ ǁƢǐūơȁƗ ƣƢƠƬǯȏơȁ ǄƴǠǳƢºƥ ǁȂǠǌǳơȁ ǹơƾǬǨǳơȁ ǪǴǬǳƢƥ ǲǿȋơ ƨƥƢǏƛ ǞǷ ơƾȈǬǠƫǮǳǀǯ �ǁȂǷȋơ ƔƢȈǳȁȋ ƩơƽƢºǋǁȍơǒǠºƥ ƨǴƻơƾŭơ ǽǀǿ ǵƾǬƫ ǥȂǇ �ǅƘȈǳơƧǄǤǳŅƢūơ ǁƢǐūƢº ºƥ ƨǏƢŬơƩƢǸºǈǳơǒǠºƥ ńƛ ƨǴƻơƾŭơ ŚºǌƫǥȂºǇǶȀǧȄǴǟȁ ƨȇƾǳơȂǳơ ƨºǇǁƢŲ Ȅ Ǵǟ ƧǁƾǬǳơ Ȅ Ǵǟ ȆǈǨǼǳơ ǽŚƯƘƫńƛ ƧǁƢǋȍƢƥǵƾǟȁ ƩƢǔººǫƢǼƫȁ �ƧǄǣĿƨȇƽƢǐƬººǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơŚǷƾƫ �ŃƢǠǴǳ Ǳ ƢǨǗȋơƔƢºƥǂȀǰǳơ Ǟǘºǫ ƨȈƟơȂºǌǟȁ ��ǕƢƦƫǁȏơǮǧ� ǀǼǷ ȆǇƢȈǈǳơǖȈƄơ ƵȂǓȁ�ƤºƷƢǐȇ� ƢǷȁ �ǂºƸƦǳơ ƭȂǴƫȁ Ȇ ºƸǐǳơ ǥǂǐǳơǒȈǧȁ �ƽȂǫȂǳơ Ʃ ơƽơƾǷƛȁƩƢºȈǧȁ ǱƾºǠǷǝƢºǨƫǁơȁ ƔơǀǤǳơ ƱƢƬǻȍ ƨȈǴƄơ ǁƽƢǐǸǴǳ ŚǷƾƫ ǺǷ Ǿ Ǵǯ ǮǳƿƾǸƬºǈƫǥȂǇ �ȆƟơȂǌǠǳơƩȂǸǴǳ ǺǯƢǷƗń ƛ ǾȈǧǂƬǳơ ǺǯƢǷƗ ǱȂŢȁ ǞǓǂǳơĿ ǱƢǨǗȋơȁ ǲǿȋơ ǞǷ ƨȈǻȂǨȈǴƫ ƩȐºƥƢǬǷ ǺǷ ƢēƽƢǷ ǺǷ ƢǔǠƥ ƨǴƻơƾŭơǱƢǨǗȋƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈǰȈǼȈǴǯȍ ơƩƢȈƥƽȋơ ǞƳơǂǷ ǵƾƼƬǈƫ ǥȂǇ ƢǸǯ ƧǄǣ

�ǺȇǂǌǠǳơ ǹǂǬǳơĿ ǁƢǐūơ ƩƢȇǂǯƿȁ ƣǂūơƩƢǬƷȐǷǺǷ śƳƢǼǳơ

A state of siege constitutes an attack on the possibilityof ordinary life, and so isalso an attack on children's psychosocialand cognitive development. Children 's cognitive and emotionaldevelopment is scaffolded on a sense of ord inary life frominfancy onwards. Ordinariness means continuity and recurrencesof experiences over time; expectations that can be sustained;understandings that can be shared and grow and emerge intoreflectiveness. In ordinary life damage and harmfulness can berepaired, differences negotiated, responsibility and nurturanceinternalized. This presentation proposes considering the effectsof siege on children's menta l development from the overarchingperspective of the undermining of ord inary life , with a focus onthe role of parent/child communication as a protective factor.Listening to children in a way that delights in particulars, andacknowledges and contains distress, facilitates transformingchaotic and destabilizingexperiences into coherent narrative andmutuality, which is the stuff of ordinary family life.Listening to children is diff icult for parents under siege becauseof parental shame at not be ing able to provide and protect, andconfusion over what can be said. Parental anxiety, grief,helplessness, depression or despair may enter in. Someguidelines for parents will be suggested. Several particularfeatures of current siege of Gaza will be considered withreference to psychological impact on capacities for parenting andon children's understanding of the world: the prior "de-development" of Gazan economy; cont radic tions andambiguities of political surround since "disengagement;"arbitrariness of interdiction of electricity and fuel supplies;sewage overflow and pollut ion of the sea; "colla teral" destructionof local sources of food production; increased infant mortality;sites of recreation become sites of random death. Some materialwill be drawn from telephone inte rviews with parents andchildren in Gaza. Clinical li teratureon child survivors of wartimepersecution, and 20th century siegememoirswill be referenced.

Listening to Children Under Siege

Dr. Elsa First*

ǁƢǐūơ ƪŢ ǱƢǨǗȌǳ ƩƢǐǻȍơƪǇŚǧ ơǄǴȇƛ�ƽ

*N ewYo rk Univ ersity P ostdoc toral Pr ogram in Psyc hoanal ysis and Psych otherap y; facu lty, Tra uma Sp ecializa tion ef 13@ny u.edu or elsaf irst@gm ail.com


ƧȂǫ�ĺȂǳ ǪȇǂǧǪǴŬ ƢȈǬǘǼǷ ƢǇƢǇƗ ƽƢŸȍ ƨǫǁȂǳơǽǀǿ ǥƾēǲǰǳǹƛ ǑǂƬǨǻ ƢǼǻƛ �ƧǄǤºƥŅȁƾǳơ ǶȈǴǠƬǳơ ǲƳƗ ǺǷśȈºƥǂŭơ ǺǷ�ƨǘǣƢǓǾǳƢǨǗƗ ǺǰŻ ǹƗƶƬǨǼǷ ǞǸƬů ǲǰǳ ȆǤººƦǼȇ ǾǻơȁǶȈǴǠƬǳơĿǪūơǲǨǗǦȇǂǠƫ ƢǼǼǰŻ ơǀǿŅ ƛ ơƽƢǼƬººººǇơȁ �ŅȁƽǶȈǴǠƫȆǴǟ ǱȂǐūơĿ Ǫūơ ǺǷǲƦǫǺǷ ǅǁƾȇ ƢȈǳȁƽ ƢȈǇơǁƽ ƢƴȀǼǷ ǵƾǬƫ ƨǇǁƾǷ ǾǻƗȆ Ǵǟ Ņȁƾǳơ ǶȈǴǠƬǳơŃƢǠǳśǼǗơȂǷơȂǻȂǰȈǳ ƣȐǘǳơ ǹȂǴǿƚȇ Ƕǿǁȁƾººƥ ǺȇǀǳơȁśȈǳȁƽ ƧǀƫƢºǇƗŚƻȋơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ Ǫȇǂǧ Ŀ ƔƢǔǟƘǯ ǺȇƾǿƢƳƢǼǴǸǟ ƾºººººǬǳ �ƨŭȂǠǳơ ȂŴ ǾƴƬȇǝƢǘºǫ Ŀ ƨȇƙǂǳơ ǽǀǿ ǲưǷǀȈǨǼƬǳ śǴǿƚǷ śºǇǁƾǷ ƢǼǻȂǯ Ņƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥǮǴƫƪǻƢǯ ǲǠǨǳƢººƥ � ��B�� ǵƢǟƧǄǤººƥ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƨºǇǁƾŭơĿ ƧǄǣƢǼǼǰǳ � ƨ ȇƢĔ Ņƛ ƪǳƗ ƽƢǰǳƢººƥ ƢĔƗŕººƷ ƩơȂǼºǈǳơ ƤǠǏƗǺǷ ƨǼºǈǳơǶȈǴǠƬǳơ ǹƛ ǝƢǼƬºǫȏ ơ ǲǯ ǹȂǠǼƬǬǷ ƧǄǣǺǷ ƢǼǴƷǁƩƢǫȂǠŭơ ǽǀǿǲǯǶǣǂƥȁ

� ǲǬƬǈǷ ƾǴƦǯ ƧǄǣ ǁȂǘƫȁ ǝơƾƥƛ ǺǷ ƔǄƳƶƦǐȇ ǹơȁ ƾƥȏŅȁƾǳơǥƾŮơ ơǀǿ ǪȈºººǬŢ ǵƢǷƛƨºº ºƦǬǟ ŐǯƘǯ ǁƢǐūơǦǼǐǻ ƢǼǻƛƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷȁǶȈǴǠƬǳơ ƢŮƢǨǗȋ ǵƾººǬƫǹơ ƨǴƬŰ ƨǳȁƽ ȆǴǟ ƤǠǐǳơ ǺǷǾǻơ ƮȈººƷ�ǽǀǿǶǟƾǳ ƨǴǐǨǷ ƩƢǛȂººƸǴŠ ƢǻƽȁǄƫ ƨººǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿ ǹƢǧ ƢǷƢƬƻ � ƣȂǣǂŭơǺǷ ƢȀǠŦ Ļ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȆǴǟǅƢººǇȋƢƥ Ƣ ǼǴȈǴŢ ƾǸƬǠȇȁ ƢǸǯ � ƨǘººǬǼǳơƢǼººƥǁƢš ǲȈƴºǈƫǪ ȇǂǗ ǺǟǮǳƿȁ ƤºǫơǂǸǴǳ ȆǐƼºǌǳơ ƣȂǴºǇȋơ ǱȐƻ

ƨǇǁƾŭƢƥǾȈǧ ƢǼǴǸǟȅǀǳơƪǫȂǳơƾǠƥȁ ǱȐƻƢǼƫƢǟƢƦǘǻơȁ

The aim of this paper is to provide a rationale for thecreation of a lobby groupof educators for internationaleducationin Gaza. We postulate that every child has a righ t to an education,and every open society has the duty to provide its children withaccess to international education. We define internationaleducation as a school tha t offers an international curriculumtaught by international teachers who prepare students to becomecitizens of a global world. We were members of the last team ofadministrators and teachers to implement such a vision for Gazaat the American International School - Gaza (AISG) in 2005 - 6.That was a difficult year, and we barely made it to the end. Inspiteof the obstac les, welef t Gazamore convinced than ever thatinternational education should be part and parcel of Gaza'screation and development as an independentstate. The siege mustsurely rank as the largest obstacle to achiev ing this goal. Acountry that is occupied cannot properly educate its ch ildren.Thepaper willprovide detailed observations to support thi s point.Our analysis is based on information we collected through theanthropological technique of participant observation; werecorded our experiences and impressions during and after thetimewe worked a t the school.

Culture, Democracy and Civil Society:Siege and the Obstruction to the Right of an Education

Dr. Hendrik Taatgen; Marga Kapk a *

� ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơȁ ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾǳơ � ƨǧƢǬưǳơ� ǶȈǴǠƬǳơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǵƢǷƗ ǪƟơȂǠǳơȁ ǁƢǐūơ

ƢǰƥƢǯ ƢƳǁƢǷ ȁ ǺšƢƫ ǭǁƾǼǿ �ƽ

* Ph. D. in Anthropo logy from SUNY at Stony BrookM.A. in English Li terature from Western Washington Univers ity / [email protected]; / [email protected]


�ƨǇơǁƾǳơǺǷ ǥƾŮơ

�ƨºǇơǁƾǳơƲȀǼǷ

�ƲƟƢƬǼǳơ

ǁƢºǌƬǻơ ǱƾǠǷĿƮƸƦǳơńƛ ƨǇơǁƾǳơǽǀǿ ǥƾēƨǷƾǐǳơ ƾǠºººººº ºººƥ ƢǷ ƣǂǯ ƣơǂǘǓơǲưǷ �ƢŮǲǠǨǳơ ƽȁƽǁȁ ƨǷƾǐǳơƮȈºƷ ǺǷ ƽȂǸǐǳơ ǲǷơȂǟĿƮºƸƦǳơĽ ǺǷȁ ƢǷȂǸǟ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơȁƩȐǰºǌǷȁ ƨǷƾǏ ƾǠºƥ ƢǷ ƣǂǯ ƣơǂǘǓƢºƥ ƨƥƢǏȎǳ ƨȈǴƥƢǬǳơ ǑƢǨŵơ

�ƨǷƾǐǴǳǲǠǧ ƽǁȁ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ��ŅƢŦƛ ǺǷǲǨǗ ��ǺǷ ƨºǇơǁƾǳơ ƨǼȈǟ ǹȂǰƬƫ�� ƨºƥƢƴƬǇȏơ ǱƾǠǷ ǹƢǯ ƮȈºƷ �ƨºǇơǁƾǳơ ǶȀƬǧƾȀƬǇơ ǲǨǗƭƢǻȍơ ǺǷ �� ǹƢǯ śºººººƷȄǴǟ �� ǁȂǯǀǳơ ǺǷ ơȂǻƢǯ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ǺǷ�� ǂǸǟǖºǇȂƬŠ ƢǷƢǟ�� ȁ �śºƥ ƢǷ Ǳ ƢǨǗȋơǁƢǸǟ ƗƪºƷȁơǂƫ ��ƩƢǷƾǐǳơǅƢȈºǬǳ ƩƢǻƢȈƦƬǇơ ǵơƾƼƬǇƢƥ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ǞǷ ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ ƪŤ �ƢǷƢǟ

�ƽȂǸǐǳơǖŶȁ ǱƢǨǗȌǳ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơȁĿ ƨººǇơǁƾǳơ ĿśǯǁƢººǌŭơ ǹȂȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơǑǂǠƫƭƾººƷ �� ȁ ȆǴȈƟ ơǂººǇȍơ ǹơȁƾǠǴǳ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƭƾºƷ�� ƽƾǠǳǖºǇȂƬŭơǺǷ ƭƢǻȍ ơȁ ǁȂǯǀǳơ śºƥ Ƣºǫǂǧ ƨºǇơǁƾǳơƾšŃ �ǦƟơȂǘǳơśƥ ǝơŗǳơƤƦǈƥǖºǇȂƬǷ ƨºǇơǁƾǳơ ƩƾǏǁ �ƢŮ ơȂǓǂǠƫŖǳơ ƨǷƽƢǐǳơƭơƾºƷȋơƮȈºƷ��ĿǑơǂǟȋơ ǝƢƳǂƬºººǇơ ��ĿƨǷƾǐǳơ ƾǠºººƥ ƢǷƣǂǯ ǑơǂǟƗ�ƨǼȈǠǳơ ǺǷ ��Ŀ ǽƢººƦƬǻȏƢƥ ƨǴǏ ƩơƿǑơǂǟƗȁ �� Ŀ ƨȈººƦǼš ǑơǂǟƗĿ ƨǷƾǏ ƾǠºƥ ƢǷ ƣǂǯƣơǂǘǓƢºƥ ƨºƥƢǏȍơ ǱƢǸƬºƷơ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ƪǴƴǇǝƢƳǂƬºº ºººǇơ�ƾººººƷơȁǑǂǟ ǶȀȇƾǳǹƢǯ ȐǨǗ�� ǱƢǨǗȋơ ǺǷ ��ơȂǴƴººǇ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ǺǷ �� ǽƢºƦƬǻȏơ ǕǂǧȁƗ ƤǼƴƬǳơȁƗ ƭơƾºƷȋơ��ȁ �� ȆƟǄƳ ƨǷƾǏƾǠººƥ ƢǷƣǂǯ ƣơǂǘǓơ�Ǒơǂǟȋơ ǺǷśǼƯơ�� ƨǷƾǐǳơ ƾǠººƥ ƢǷƣǂǯ ƣơǂǘǓơǑơǂǟƗ ǶȀȇƾǳ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǲǨǗƣơǂǘǓƢºƥ ƨºƥƢǏȍƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ śºǈǼŪơśºƥ ƢǼǷ ǩȁǂǧ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰƫ ŃƣơǂǘǓƢƥ ƨƥƢǏȍơ Ŀ ƨǳơƽƧƽƢȇǃ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ƪǴƴǇ�ƨǷƾǐǳơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƣǂǯ�Őǯȋơ ǱƢǨǗȋơśƥ ƢȀǼǟ ƢǼǇ ǂǤǏȋơǱƢǨǗȋơ śƥ ƨǷƾǐǳơƾǠƥ ƢǷƣǂǯƢǷ ƣǂǯ ƣơǂǘǓơǅƢȈºǬǷȄǴǟ ƩƢƳǁƾǳơŅƢŦƛǹƗ ƲƟƢƬǻƪºƸǓȁƗ ƢǸǯȆǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ǹơȁƾǠ ǳơƤºƦǈƥ ƨǷƽƢǐǳơƭƾºƷȋơ ǞǷ ǵǃȐƬȇ ƨǷƾǐǳơ ƾǠƥ

ƣǂǯƣơǂǘǓƢºƥ ƨº ƥƢǏȍơśƥ ƨǳơƽ ƨǫȐǟ ƽȂƳȁ ǺǟƨǇơǁƾǳơǦǌǰƫŃȁǑơǂǟȋơ ƩȏƾǠǷǖºǇȂƬǷ �ǦƟơȂǘǳơśƥ ƩƢǟơŗǳơśƥȁ ƨǷƾǐǳơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷǑơǂǟƗ �� ƨȇƾººǈƳ ǵȏƕ �� ƨȈºǈǨǻ ƨºƸǏǑơǂǟƗ �ŅƢƬǳƢǯ ƪǻƢǯśºººƥ ƨǳơƽ ǩȁǂǧǹȁƽ �� ǥȂƻǑơǂǟƗȁ�� ǪǴºººǫǑơǂǟƗ �� ƣƢƠƬǯơ�ƢǼººǇǂǤǏȋơ ǱƢǨǗȋơśººƥ ǂưǯƗǥȂŬơǑơǂǟƗƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ǁȂǯǀǳơȁ ƭƢǻȍơǶǰºƸƬǳơȁ �� ǵơǄƬǳȏơȁ ��ƪǻƢǯȆºǈǨǼǳơƽȂǸǐǳơƩƢƳǁƽ ǱƾǠǷśººƥ ȁƗƭƢǻȍơȁ ǁȂǯǀǳơ śººƥƔơȂººǇ ƨǳơƽ ǩȁǂǧ ǹȁƽ �� ȅƾºƸƬǳơȁ ��ŅƢººŦƛ ǹƗ ƲºƟƢƬǼǳơ ƩǂºȀǛƗ �ƨºȇǂǸǠǳơƩƢºƠǨǳơǦºǴƬű ǺºǷǱƢºǨǗȋơǞǷ ƢȈºǈǰǟ ƢºƦǇƢǼƫ ƪºƦǇƢǼƫ ȆºǈǨǼǳơ ƽȂǸǐǳơǅƢȈǬǷ ȄǴǟ ƩƢƳǁƾǳơƤºǇƢǼƫ Ǯǳǀǯ �ƤǼƴƬǳơȁ ǽƢƦƬǻȏơ ƨƳǁƽȁ ƨǷƾǐǳơƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƣǂǯƣơǂǘǓơǲǔǧȋơ ȆººǈǨǼǳơ ƽȂǸǐǳơ ȁȁƿ ǱƢǨǗȋơ �ǽƢººƦƬǻȏơ ǞǷ ƢȈºǈǰǟ ǵơǄƬǳȏơǑơǂǟƗȁ ƤǼƴƬǳơȁ ƨǷƾǐǳơƾǠºƥ ƢǷ ƣǂǯƣơǂǘǓơǺǷǲǫƗ ƨƳǁƽ ơȁǂȀǛƗƽȂǸǐǳơ ƩƢƳǁƽƪºººƦǇƢǼƫǮǳǀǯ �ǱƢǨǗȋơ ǂȀǛƗƮȈººƷ �ǽƢººƦƬǻȏơ ǕǂǧƨȇƾºǈŪơ ǵȏȉơȁ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơƨºƸǐǳơ ŅƢŦƛǞǷ ƢȈƦǴǇ ƢƦǇƢǼƫ ȆǈǨǼǳơ�ǪǴººǬǳơ ǞǷ ƢȈºǈǰǟ ƢºƦǇƢǼƫ ƪºƦǇƢǼƫ ǵơǄƬǳȏơ ƩƢƳǁƽ �ǥȁƢƼŭơȁ ǪǴºǬǳơȁƪºƦǇƢǼƫ ȅƾºƸƬǳơ ƩƢƳǁƽȁ �ǥȁƢƼŭơ ǞǷƢȈºƦǴǇ ƪºƦǇƢǼƫ ǶǰƸƬǳơ ƩƢƳǁƽ

�ǥȁƢƼŭơ ǞǷ ƢȈƦǴǇ ƢƦǇƢǼƫ

ƨȈººǇǁƾǷȁ ƨȈǠǸƬů ƲǷơǂºƥ Ŀ ǝȁǂºǌǳơ ƨȈŷƗńƛ ƲƟƢƬǼǳơǽǀǿ ŚºǌƫǶǟƽǲƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƩơǁƢȀŭơȁ ǪǧơȂƬǳơȁ ǶǴºººººººǫƘƬǳơ ƩƢȈǳƕ ǂȇȂǘƬǳǮǴƫĿśǇǁƾŭơȁ ǲǿȋơ Ʊơǁƽƛ ǹƜǧ Ǯǳǀǯ�ǱƢǨǗȋơȃƾǳ ȆǈǨǼǳơ ƽȂǸǐǳơƾƟơƾººººººǌǳơ ȄǴǟ ƤǴǤƬǳơǺǷ ǶȀǼǰŻȁ ǱƢǨǗȋơǶǟƾȇ ƾºººººǫ ƲǷơŐǳơǲǷơȂǟ ŚƯƘƫ ƨǇơǁƾǳ ƭƢŞȋơǺǷ ƾȇǄǷńƛ ƨƳƢŞ ǺƸǼǧǮǳǀǯ �ƩƢǷƾǐǳơȁƩơǁƢȀŭơ ȄǴǟ ƤȇǁƾƬǳơ ǶȈȈºººǬƫȁ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏ ơǶǟƾǳơȁ ƧǂºººǇȋơǲưǷ ȃǂƻƗǲǏơȂƬǳơ ǲƦǇ ǂȇȂǘƬǳ ȃǂƻƗ ǲƟ ƢǇȁ ƧǁȂǴƥ ń ƛ ƨƳƢŞƢǼǻƗ ƢǸǯ �ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ

�ƩƢǟơŗǳơ ǲƷȁ

ƨȈǰȈǼȈǴǯȍơƲƟƢƬǼǳơȁƨǏȐŬơ

ƨƥȐǐǳơȁ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơȁ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨǷƾǐǳơƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ Ŀ śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ȃƾǳ ǖȈǇȁ ǲǷƢǠǯ

ƪƥƢƯ ǄȇǄǠǳơ ƾƦǟ �ƽ

Em ail: thab et@gc mhp.ne t


boys and girls in total general mental health, somatic pains,anxiety, depression, and fears. Fears were more in younger agechildren.Children repor ted mean resilience scores were 58.52,commitment subscale mean was 23 .78, control subscale meanwas17 .58, and challenging subscale mean was 17.60. There wereno significant d ifferences between boys and girls and age ofchildren in total resilience, committment, contro l, andchallenging.The results showed that total scores of resilience were correlatednegatively with total PTSD, arousal, and avoidance.Commitment was correlated negatively with arousal, childrenwith better resil ience had less PTSD, avoidance, and arousalsymptoms and children with commitment had less arousalsymptoms. Total scores of resilience were correlated negativelywith total mental health, somatic pains, anxiety and fears.Commitmentwas correlated negatively withanxiety, cont rol wasnegatively corre lated with fears, and challenge was negativelycorrela ted with fears.

These results highlight the important of starting programs incommunity and schools to develop better coping strateg ies andsocial skills training to increase children resilience. Alsoinvolv ing of parents and teachers in such programs may supportthe children and enable them of being able to overcome theadvers ities andtrauma.Other factors such as family and social support had to beevalua ted in next studies. More applied research in evalua ting theeffectiveness of social sk ills training and other methods ofdeveloping better communication and conflict resolu tion isneeded .

Conclusion and clinical implications

Keywords: Trauma, PTSD, Mental health, Resi lience

Aim:

Method:

Results :

The aim of this study is to investigate the frequency andreactions to trauma suchas PTSD and general mental health, thenexamining resil ience from the perspective of decreasedvulnerability to PTSD and mentalhea lth problems in reaction totrauma.

The study sample consisted of 386 children from total of400 children targeted as study population with respond rate of96.5%, 201 of children were boys (52.07%) and 185 were girls(47.93%). Children age ranged from 7-18 years with amean ageof 13.44 years. Children were interviewed using Gaza FactionalFighting and Israelis Aggression Trauma Scales, Child MentalHealth, UCLA-PTSD, and Resilience Scale.

Palestin ian children exposed to mean of 10.18 eventsdue to Israeli aggressionand 7.42 events due to factional fighting.No ge nder d ifferences in repo rted trau matic e vents.Posttraumaticstress symptoms mean was 25.94, re-experiencingsymptoms mean was 7.50, avoidance symptoms mean was 8.21,and arousal symptoms mean was 7.65. Forty eight 48 childrenreported probable PTSD(12.4%), 103 children were reported oneCriteria (reexperiencing, or avoidance, or hyperarousal) (26.7%),86 of children reported two criteria-Partial PTSD (22.3%), and149 chidren had no PTSD symptoms (38.4%). No genderdifferences in PTSD. Younger age children was significantlyreported total posttraumat ic stress symptoms than older agechildren. The results showed that total scores of PTSD werecorrelated with traumaticevents due to Israelis aggression PTSD,reexperiences, hyperarousal, and avoidance. No significantcorrelation between trauma due to factional factions andposttraumatic stress symptoms. Mean mental health symptomsmean was 9.05, somatic pains mean was 1.31, depressionsymptoms mean was 4.36, anxiety mean was 2.21, and fearsmean was 1.14. There were no signi ficant differences between

Trauma, PTSD, Mental Health, and Resilienceas mediator factor in Palestinian children in the Gaza Strip

Dr.Ab delAziz Thabet

Email : thabe t@gcm hp.net

mailto:Email:[email protected]


ȆººººǈǨǼǳơ ǪǧơȂƬǳơ ȃƾǷȄǴǟ ǥǂǠƬǳơń ƛ ƨºººǇơǁƾǳơ ǥƾēńƛƨºººººǇơǁƾǳơǥƾē ƢǸǯ ǁƢǐūơǲǛĿ Ƕǐǳơ ǱƢǨǗȌǳ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁǱƢǨǗȌǳ ǭȂǴººǈǳơȁ ƨȈººǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơ ŚƯƘƫ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǠƬǳơǱƢǨǗȌǳ ƽƢºǋǁȍơȁ ȆǈǨǼǳơ ǶǟƾǳơƩƢǷƾŬ ǁȂǐƫ ǞǓȁ ƨǳȁƢŰȁ �ǶǐǳơȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ȆºǈǨǼǳơ ǪǧơȂƬǳơ ǅƢȈºǬǷ ǹƢưºƷƢƦǳơ ǵƾƼƬºǈȈǇȁ ǶȀȇȁƿȁǶƟȐƬȈǳ ǾǴȇƾǠƫǶƬȇȁǆſśǟ ƨǠǷƢƳ ǲººƦǫ ǺǷƾǠŭơȁ ǶƳǂƬŭơ ǶǐǴǳȆǨǏȂǳơ ƲȀǼŭơ ǹƢưºººƷƢƦǳơ ǵƾƼƬººǈȈǇȁ ƨȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơƨƠȈººƦǳơ ǞǷƨȈƟƢǐºƷȏơ ƤȈǳƢǇȋơ ǹƢưƷƢƦǳơ ǵƾƼƬǈȈǇ ƩƢǻƢȈƦǳơ ƨŪƢǠŭȁ �ȆǴȈǴƸƬǳơƨǷƢǿ ƲƟƢƬǻńƛǱȂǏȂǴǳ ǹƢưºƷƢƦǳơ ǲǷƘȇȁ �6366 ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǱȐƻǺǷ ƨǸƟȐŭơ

�řȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǞǸƬĐơ ǵƾţ

This study aims to identify the extent of psychologicaland soc ial adjustment among deaf children under siege. It alsoaims to identify the impact of siege on the mental health andbehaviour of deaf children wi th a view to de veloprecommendations for the psychological support and counselingservices needed by the children and their families. The authorswilluse the psychological and social adjustment scale, translatedand prepared by Ain Shams University. The scale will be adaptedto the Palestinian context. The authors will use a descriptiveanalytical methodology. The SPSS program will be used toundertake the appropriate statistical analyses of results. Theauthors hope to reach relevant conclusions that can be of serviceto Pales tiniansociety.

ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ȆǈǨǼǳơ ǪǧơȂƬǳơ ȃƾǷǁƢǐūơ ǲǛ Ŀ Ƕǐǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ȃƾǳ

ǃơǂǯ Ǻŧǂǳơ ƾƦǟ ǶǇƢƥ ȁ ƨƳƢƦǯ ȅƽƢŮơ ƾƦǟ ǶȈǠǻ

Psychological and Social Adjustmentamong Deaf Children under Siege

Naim Abdel Hadi Kabaga & Bassem Abdel Rahman Koraz

naim [email protected]; baqs _1015@ hotmail .com,


ǥƾȀƬºǈƫ ƨȈŭƢǟ ƨ ȈǻƢºǈǻơ ƨǟǄǻ Ȇǿ Ɣơƾǧ ǊºƦǰƥ ƨȈƸǔƬǳơǾǴǠǧ ƢǷ Ȃǿ ơǀǿ�Ǻȇ ǂƻȉơȄǴǟ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠŭơ Śǣ ƨȈƦǴǈǳơ ƩƢǨǐǳơ ǕƢǬǇơƪºƦƦǈƫǮǳƿ ƾǠºƥ �ȆǓƢŭơ ǹǂºǬǳơƩƢȈǼȈǠȈºƥǁƗŕƷ ƢƥǁȁǁȁƗĿǹȂȈǓƢǨǳơƲƟƢƬǼǳơ ǺǷ Śưǰǳơ Ŀ śǘºǈǴǧĿ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơ ƩƢǇƢȈǇǮǴƫǱȐǜººƥǥǂƬǠȇ ȏ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ ȆǠǸŪơ ȆǟȂǳơ ǹƜǧ Ǯǳƿ ǞǷȁ�ƨȈººƦǴǈǳơ�ƣƢǿǁȏ ơ� ƨǨǏǖººǬǈȇǶǴº ºǫƘƬǳơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟǄƳ ƨǳȁƢŰ Ŀȁ �ƩƢºǇƢȈǈǳơśºƥƧơȁƢǈŭơ ǹƘƥ ǺǷƚȇ ȆǰȇǂǷȋơ ȆǠǸŪơȆǟȂǳơ ǹƛ �Ǻȇ ǂƻȉơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƦǴǈǳơśǘºǈǴǧĿ �ƨȇǂǿȂƳ ƨǸȈǫ Ȇǿ �Ǻȇƾǳơ ȁƗ ǩǂǠǳơ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼǳơǒǤƥ �ǞȈǸŪơƔƢŴƗǦǴƬűĿǂºǌƦǳơ ǺǷŚưǰǳơ �ȃǂƻȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨǟȂǸůśºƥǄȈȈǸƬǳơ ǶƬȇƽȂºǬǠǳơ ǾƫƾȀǋȅǀǳơ ǱȂƸƬǳơ Ŀ ȆǇƢǇƗ ƤƦǇ Ȃǿȁ �Ǯǳƿ ǹȂǯǁƾ ȇŃƢǠǳơńơ ǩȂºǬƸǴǳ ƨǸǟơƽȁ ƨȇǂŢ ƧȂºǬǯ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳƢƥ ƣƢƴǟȏơǺǷ ƨȈǓƢŭơ�śǘǈǴǧ�ǲȈƟơǂǇ ơĿ ȆǫǂǠǳơ ǄȈȈǸƬǴǳ ƢȀǸǟƽ ƤƦǈƥ �ǶǿȂǳơ ơǀŮ ǚǨǳŃƢǠǳơ Ɣ ƢƳǁƗ ǦǴƬű ĿƨȈǰȈǷǁȋơ ƨǼǯơƾǳơ ǱȐǜǳƢºƥ ȆǟȂǳơ ơǀǿ ǂºǌƬǼȇȁǦǴƬƼŭ ǂǐƬƼŭơǑ ǂǠǳơ ƾǠƥ �ƢȀǈǨǻƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂǳơ Ŀ ǂǌƬǼȇ ƢŲ ǂưǯƗǥȂºǇ �śǘºǈǴǧ�ǲȈƟơǂǇơ ǽƢš ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơƩƢǇƢȈǇĿƩƢȈƦǴǈǳơǑǂǠǻƮȈºƷ �ƨȈºƦǴǈǳơƲƟƢƬǼǳơ ǮǴƫ ǃŐȇ ǾǼȈǠƥ ǱƢůȄǴǟ ǃȂȈǯǂƬǳƢƥ ǵȂǬǻƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ ǱȁƢǼƬƫŖǳơ ƨȈŻƽƢǯȋơ ƩȏƢºǬŭơȁ ƩƢȈºƥƽȋơ Ŀ ƮƸƦǳǵƾºǬǻǥȂºǇ �ĿơǂǤŪơ ƢȀǠȇǃȂƫ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼǳơ ǒǤºƥƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƨȈǫǂǠǴǳǮǳƿȂǿȁ ȆººǇƢȈǈǳơǦǼǠǳơƲ ƟƢƬǻĿƮººƸƦƫŖǳơ ƩȏƢººǬǸǴǳ ƢǐƼǴǷƩƢººǇƢȈǈǳƢƥ ǂººǋƢƦǷ ǲǰºǌƥ ǂƯƘƫ ȅǀǳơ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǏȏǺǷ ƤǻƢŪơǮǳƿĿ ƢŠ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨǷƾǐǳơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǦǴƬƼŭǑǂǠƬǻ ǥȂºǇȁ�ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơśºǬǿơǂŭơȁ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ǺǷ ��śºƥ ƨǷƾǏȏ ƾǠƥ ƢǷƣǂǯ ƣơǂǘǓơ ǁƢǌƬǻơǺǷ ƧŚƦǰǳơ ƩƢǟȂǸĐơ ǹƘǌƥ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơƣƢȈǤǳ ǦǇƘǻ ƢǼǻƛ �śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơƱǁƢƻśƠƳȐǳơƩƢǸȈűǺǷƧƽȂǠǳơ ǹȁǂǜƬǼȇ ǺȇǀǳơƔȏƚǿ ƨǏƢƻ �ǹƢǰǈǳơȆǟȂǳơ ǺǷ ƨǸǴǜŭơ ƨººººǬǘǼŭơǮǴƬǳ ƢǷƢǿ ƢƳƿȂŶǲưŻ ȅǀǳơ �śǘºººǈǴǧȆǿśȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǴǳ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨǷȁƢǬŭơ Ƕǣǁ �ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơĿ ȆǠǸŪơǹƘººƥ ǱȂºǬǻ ƢǼǻơȏơƭƢŞȋơȁƩƢºǇơǁƾǳơĿ ƵȂǓȂǳơ ǺǷ ŚưǰºƥǾǳȁƢǼƫ Ļ ǂǷƗƨǴǐǳơ Ʃơƿ ƣȂǠººǌǳơ ƨǧƢǰǳ ƨºƦǈǼǳƢƥ �ǞºǇȁƗ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ ƵȁǂŪơ ƧơȁơƾǷȆǰȇǂǷȋ ơ ȆǠǸŪơ ȆǟȂǳơ ǭǁƾȇ śººƷ ǖººǬǧ ǪºǬƸƬȇ ǥȂºǇ �ƨºǬǘǼŭƢƥƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǳơ ƩƢºǇƢȈǇȄǴǟ ƪƦƫǂƫ Ŗ ǳơ ƧŚưǰǳơ ƩƢȈƦǴǈǳƢƥ ǥǂƬǠȇȁ

�ƨǬǘǼŭơĿ

Scapegoating is the universal human tendency toproject unacknowledged negative attributes , or "shadow"material, onto others. The fascists did this in Europe to the1940's; afterwards, US polic ies in Palestine have produced manynegative consequences. However, the collective Americanpsyche does not acknowledge this shadow, and as a partial way ofcoping, projects the negative quality of "terrorism" ontoothers.TheAmericancollectivepsyche holds equality for all, regardlessof race or religion, as a core value. In Israel/Palestine, one groupis privi leged over another. Many people around the world areaware of this, a core reason for theshift over recent decades fromadmiration of the US as a liberatingsupporterof the rights of all todisillusionment--in Israel/Palestine because of support for ethnicprivilege. Others worldwide are more aware of this Americanshadow than isgenerally the case in the US.After acknowledging br iefly var ious downsides of USIsrael/Palestine policies, one specific area of negativeconsequences is focused on, by giv ing result s of a literaturesearch for academic articles on the mental hea lth of people ofPalestinian ethnicity regardless of geographical location. Asummary is made of articles probing the results of politicalviolence, the aspect of Palestinian mental hea lth most directlyresulting from American policies. Data on various types ofpsychological trauma are c ited, including 70% child/adolescentPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder preva lence. Lack of informationabout la rge groups of the population , especially those awaitingreturn f rom refugee camps outside Palestine, is regretted as animportant example of this shadow area of the US collectivepsyche.Though Palestinian resilience is clearly identified in studies, it isargued that healing on a much wider scale, for all peoples withties to the region , will come as the American collective psycheacknowledgesthe many downsidesof its actions there.

Grieving the Catastrophe:Coming to terms with the American Shadow in Palestine

Dr. Bill Slaughter*

�ƨƯǁƢǰǳơ ǵȏƕśǘǈǴǧ Ŀ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǱȐǜǳơ ƣƢǠȈƬǇơ

ǂƫȂǴǇ ǲȈƥ �ƽ

*Harvard Medical School- USA / [email protected] .edu

mailto:*HarvardMedicalSchool-USA/[email protected]


ǩȂººǬƷ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơ ȆǴǟ ƔȂǔǳơ ǂȇǁƢºǬƬǳơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠǳơ ƪǘǴºǇĿ �ǝơǂǐǳơ ƩƢǫȁƗ Ŀ ǶȈǴǠƬǳơȁ ƨƸǐǳơȁ ƧƢȈūơ ĿǪūƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǹƢǈǻȍơǊȈǠȇ �Ƨƾȇƾǟ ǱƢǰǋƘƥȁ ƆơǂǸƬǈǷǝơǂǐǳơ ǱơǃȏƮȈƷřȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǞǫơȂǳơǪȈǠȇȁǶēƢȈººƷǁƾǰȇ ȅǀǳơ ǪǻƢŬơ ǁƢǐūơ ƤººƦǈƥ Ƨǂ ȇǂǷ ƧƢǻƢǠǷ ǱƢǨǗȋơĿ ǱƢǨǗȋơȁ ƩƢȈƬǨ ǳơ ǹƗŅƛ ǂȇǁƢºǬƫ ƧƾǟƩǁƢºǋƗ ƾºǫȁ �ƨǼǷƕ ƨƠȈƥĿ ǶǿȂŶǥȂºǇ �śǻƾǷ ǶĔȂǯ ǱƢūơ ƨǠȈºƦǘƥƩƢº ƦǰǼǳơȁƣȁǂūƢºƥ ǹȁǂƯƘƬȇƤǳƢǤǳơȆǴǟǝơǂǐǳơ ǂƯƗȁ ƩƢȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ ƩƢȈƬǨǳơ ƨǳƢººƷǱ ƢºǬŭơ ơǀǿ ȆǐºǬƬȇŅȁȋơ ƨ ººǈǴŪơƢǻƽȁǄƫ �ƩƢººǈǴƳ ƨǠººƥǁƗ Ǳ ƢººǬŭơ ơǀǿ ǲǸƬºǌȇ �ǶēƢȈºƷƨȈǻƢưǳơ ƨºǈǴŪơƢǷƗ �śǘºǈǴǧ Ŀ ȆºǇƢȈǈǳơ ǞǓȂǳƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŠƨºǌǫƢǼǷ ǶƬȈºǇȁ �ƨȈǻƢưǳơƨǓƢǨƬǻȏơǝȏƾǻơĿ ǝơǂǐǳơ ŚƯƘƫǺǟ ƭƾƸƬƫĻ ƮȈºƷ ƨưǳƢưǳơƨºǈǴŪơ ĿƨºƦǗǂǫ ƨǇǁƾǷ ƩƢƦǳƢǗ ƣǁƢš Ņƛ ǝƢǸƬǇȏơƨººǇǁƾǷ Ŀ ƩƢǸǴǠǷȁ ƩƢºƦǳƢǗ ǞǷ ƪȇǂƳƗ ƩơƔƢºǬǳ ǱȐƻ ƩƢǻƢȈºƦǳơ ǞŦƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ƩƢººƦǴǘƬǷ ǱȁƢǼƬƫǥȂºǇ ƨȈǷƢƬŬơ ƨºǈǴŪơ ƢǷƗ �ƩƢǼºƦǴǳ ƨºƦǗǂǫ

�ƢǷƾǫ ȆǔǸǴǳ ƨƷƢƬŭơǲƦǇȁ ƨǇǁƾŭơ ƩƢȈƬǧ ȃƾǳ ǁȂǘƬǳơȁ

Many reports have highlighted thevio lationsof humanright to life, health, and education during times of conflict. In thecase of Palestine, where the conflic t is continuing and takingdifferen t shapes, children have suffered from the impact of theconflict on their lives anddevelopment. Many reportsshow thatgirls and children are mostly affected by war and crisis ascivilians, this article examines the case of Palestinian girls and theimpact of the conflict on their lives. The article consists of foursessions. The first section provides some contextual informationon the political situation in Palestine. The impact of the conflictfrom the eruption of the second Intifada will be discussed in thesecond section, while listening to the experience of Qurtobaschool girls will be presented in the th ird section . The data wascollected through interviewing the girls and teachers of QurtobaSchool. The final section reflects on the developmental needs ofthe school girlsand possible ways forward.

The Impact of the Siege on the Palestinian girlsListening to the Girls of Qurtoba School

Dr. Sa ida Affouneh *

ƨƦǗǂǫ ƨǇǁƾǷ ƩƢƦǳƢǗ Ņƛ ǝƢǸƬǇȏơ

ƨǻȂǨǟ ƧƾƟƢǇ �ƽ

* Saida Affouneh, PhD, Educational Consul tant, Birzeit Universit y, PalestineE-mai l: saffouneh@b irzeit.e du, s_j aser@hotmail. com


ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƸǐǳơ ǁƢƯƕ ȄǴǟ ǲǷƢºǋ ƮŞ ƔơǂƳƛ ĻƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼºǈǳơ ǱȐƻƢŠ ƣǂūơ ǪǗƢǼǷĿ ȆººººǇƢȈǈǳơ ǦǼǠǴǳ ǹȂǓǂǠƬȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ȄǴǟƩǂȀǛƗ ƾºǫ ƩƢǇơǁƾǳơ ǽǀǿǹƗ ǺǷǶǣǂǳơ Ȅ Ǵǟȁ �řȈǘǈǴǨǳơǞǸƬĐơ ƢȀȈǧƢȇƢǔºººǬǳơǒǠºº ºƥ ƪǳơǃȏǾǻƗ ȏƛ �ƽƾǐǳơ ơǀǿĿƧǂǧơȁ ƩƢǻƢȈººº ƥ ǹƢȈǠǴǳ� ǲƦǬƬǈŭơĿ ƭȂƸƦǴǳ ƩƢȇƾŢ ŚưƫŖǳơ ƨȈǫȐƻȋơȁ ƨȈƴȀǼŭơȁ ƨȇ ǁȂǐƬǳơǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǺǟƮºƸƦǳƢƥƨºǬǴǠƬǷ ƢȇƢǔºǫǑǂǠǳơ ơǀǿĿǑǂǠƬǇƘǇŖǳơ ƩƢȇƾºƸƬǳơ ǮǳǀǯǑǂǠƬºǇƗ ǥȂºǇ ȁ �śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơ śƥǑǂǠƫȄ Ǵǟ ƨºƦƫǂƬŭ ơ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ǁƢƯȉơ ǱȂƷ ǲƦǬƬǈŭơ Ŀ ƭȂƸƦǳơ ǾƳơȂƬǇ

�ȆǇƢȈǈǳơǦǼǠǴǳśȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơȁ ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ǞȈǓơȂŭơ ǊǫƢǻƘǇƩƢȇƾƸƬǳơȁƨȇǁȂǐƬǳơƢȇƢǔǬǳƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁǕƢŶƗ ȁȆºǇƢȈǈǳơ ǦǼǠǴǳƩƢºƥƢƴƬǇȏơ � ȆǿȁǲƦǬƬǈŭơƭȂƸƦƥ ƢȀƬǫȐǟƨȈǿƢǧǁ �ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǂǇȋơ ǺǷ ƧǂǇƗĿ ȆǇƢȈǈǳơ ǦǼǠǳơǞǷ ǲǷƢǠƬǳơƧǂºǇȋơ Ŀ ƨǷȂǷȋơȁ ƧȂƥȋơǕƢŶƗ �ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƧǂǇȋơ Ŀ ƧƢȈūơ ƨȈǟȂǻȁƨǧƢǓƛ �ǲǨǘǴǳƨȈºǈǨǼǳơƨƸǐǳơ ȄǴǟ ǕƢŶȋơ ǮǴƫ ǂƯƗ ȁ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơǁƢƯƕ ǱƢººǬƬǻơ ƨȈǳƢǸƬººƷơ Ŀ�ȅǂºƸƬǳơ�ǪȈǬƸƬǳơ ƨȈŷƗǊºǫƢǻƘǇ Ǯǳƿ ńƛǮǳǀǯ �ƔƢǼººƥȋơńƛ Ľ ǺǷȁ ƔƢººƥȉơ ńƛ ƽơƾƳȋơ ǺǷ ȅƗ � ȆººǇƢȈǈǳơǦǼǠǳơ� ƨǨǨƼŭơƩơŚǤƬŭơ ȁ ƨǻȁǂŭơȁ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǲǷơȂǟ ĿƮºƸƦǴǳ ƨƳƢūơ ǊºǫƢǻƘǇƨȈǸȈǜǼƬǳơȁ ƨȇǂºººǇȋơȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾǳơ ƨȈǐƼºººǌǳơǲǷơȂǠǳơ ȅƗƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǴǳ ƨȈƦǴǈǳơ ǁƢƯȉơ ǺǷǦȈǨƼƬǳơ ƢȀǼǰŻŖǳơ �ƨȈǧƢǬưǳơȁ

�ȆǇƢȈǈǳơ ǦǼǠǴǳ ǱƢǨǗȋơǑǂǠƫǺǟ ƨŦƢǼǳơƢȇƢǔººººǬǳơ ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔǳơ ǖǴºººǇƘǇȆƴȀǼŭơ ǲǷƢǠ ǳƢºººƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ȁǱƢǸǟƗ ǲȈǠǨƫ ȁǅƢȈººǫ ȁ � ƢȀǸƴººƷȁ ƩƢǼȈǟ ǀƻƘºƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơƩƢȇƾºƸƬǳơȁƨººƸǐǳơ ǆºǇƗ ǱȂºƷ ƨȈºƥǂǤ ǳơ ŚȇƢǠŭơ ǵ ơƾƼƬºǇơ ȁ �ȆºǇƢȈǈǳơ ǦǼǠǳơ

�ƭȂƸƦǳơ ǶȈǸǐƫȁ � ƨȈǈǨǼǳơƩƢȇƾºƸƬǳơȁ ƢȇƢǔºǬǳơ ǱȁƢǼƫƗ ǥȂºǇ �ȆºǫȐƻȋơ ǱƢĐơ Ņƛ ƨºƦǈǼǳƢƥ � ƆơŚƻƗȁǁǂǔǳơȁ �ƩơƽƢǧƛŉƾºǬƫ ȄǴǟƨºǬǧơȂŭơȁ �ƨȇǂ ºǈǳơȁ ǶºǇȍơ ǱƢǨǣƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ�ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǺǟƮºººƸƦǳơ Ŀ ǹȂǯǁƢºººǌȇ ƢǷƾǼǟǱƢǨǗȋơ ǪººƸǴȇ ȅǀǳơśȈǼȈǘººººǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ȄǴǟ ǵƾººººǬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻŖǳơƩƢǷƾŬơ Ǯǳǀǯȁ

�ǶǿǂǇƗ

In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on themental health consequences of children's exposure to politicalviolence in war zones, including Palestinian society. Althoughthese studies have elicited abundant data on the topic, there arestill some conceptual, methodological, and ethical issues thatpose s ignificant challenges for future research. In thispresentation, I wi ll review issues related to research on the topicamong Palestinian children, and will presentcha llengesfor futureresearch on the psychological effects of Palestinian children'sexposure to political violence.Withregard toconceptual issues and challenges, I will discuss thefollowing topics and their relevance for future research: theresponses to and patterns of coping with political violence inPalestinian children's famil ies; well-being and quality of life inthe Palestinianfamily; the s tructure, processes, and dynamics ofthe Palestinian family; and parenting patterns in the Palestinianfamily, and the impact of those patterns on children's mentalhealth. In addition , I will discuss the importance of investigatingthe potential for intergenerational transmission of theconsequences of political violence (i.e., from grandparents toparents to children). Furthermore, I will discuss the need forresearch on protective and resiliency factors and bufferingvariables (i.e., personal, in terpersonal, familial , organiza tional,and cultural factors) that can mitigate the negative mental healthconsequencesof children's exposure to political violence.Withregard to the methodologicaldomain, Iwil l highligh t issuesandcha llengesrelated tosamplingand sample size, measurementand operationalization of political violence, the use of Westernmeasures for mental health constructs, and research designs.Finally, with regard to the e thical domain, I wil l deal with issuesand challenges related to anonymity and confidentiality,informed consent , harm caused to children when they participatein research on the topic, and services that can be offered toPalestinian children and the ir families .

Issues and Challenges in Studying theMental Health Consequencesof Children's Exposure to

Political Violence: The Case of Palestinian Children

Dr. Muhamm ad M. Haj-Yahia *

ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ǁƢƯȉơ ƨǇơǁƽĿ ƩƢȇƾŢ ȁ ƢȇƢǔǫȆǇƢȈǈǳơ ǦǼǠǴǳ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ǑǂǠƫ ȄǴǟ�

śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ƨǳƢƷŜŹ ƱƢūơ ƾǸŰ �ƽ

*PaulBaerwald School of SocialWork and Social Welfare The Hebrew Universityof J erusalem / [email protected]

mailto:*PaulBaerwaldSchoolofSocialWorkandSocialWelfareTheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem/[email protected]


ŚºƦǯ ǲǰǌƥ ƩƾǟƢǇŖǳơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǲǷơȂǟ ǺǟǪǸǠƥǦǌǰǳơ ńƛ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ƪǧƾǿƨȈǟƢǸƬƳơȁ ƨȈººǈǨǻƩƢºƥơǂǘǓƢƥ ǶȀƬºƥƢǏƛǺǷ ǲȈǴºǬƬǳơ ȁƗ ǱƢǨǗȋơƨȇƢŧ ĿǆŨǺǟ ƾȇǄȇ ƢǷ ńƛǑǂǠƫ ƾǫ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ǽǀǿ ĿǲǨǗǲǯ ǹƗ Ƕǣǂǳơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƸǏȁ�ǲ ȇȂǘǳơ� ǞººǇȁƗ ƨººǇơǁƽ ǺǷƔǄƳ ȂǿƮºƸƦǳơơǀǿ ǹƘº ƥƆƢǸǴǟ � ƨǷƽƢǏ ƧŐƻ ƧǂºǌǟǱƢººǨǗȋơ ȄººǴǟ ƨººǼǷǄŭơ ƨººǷƽƢǐǳơ ƩơŐººƼǴǳ ǑǂººǠƬǳơ ǁƢººƯƕ ƪºǳȁƢǼƫ ��

� ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫĿśȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơƪŤƮȈºƷ ƨǼǇ �� śƥǶǿǁƢǸǟƗ ƵȁơǂƬƫ ǱƢǨǗƗ � �� ǺǷ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ƨǼȈǟ ƪǻȂǰƫǶǿǁƢȈƬƻơ Ļ ƾǫȁ �ƧǂǤǐŭơ ƨǴǰȈȀŭơ ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ ƩƢȈǼǬƫ ǵơƾƼƬǇơ ǱȐƻ ǺǷ ǶȀƬǴƥƢǬǷ

�ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ Ǖȁǂǌǳơ ǾȈǧƪǬǬŢǺȇǀǳơ�ńȁȋơ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ƨǼȈǟ ƽơǂǧƗ ǺǷ�ƩƢǷƾǏ Ƨǂǌǟ Ǻǟ ƾȇǄƫ ƨȈǇƢǫ ƨǷƽƢǏ ƩơŐŬ ơȂǓǂǠƫ ƾǫ ơȂǻȂǰȇ ǹƗ�Ɨ

�ƨǨȈǨƻǑơǂǟƘºƥ ǶȀƬºƥƢǏƛȁƗ ƧƾȈƳ ƨȈºǈǨǻ ƨºƸǐƥ ǹȂǠƬǸƬȇ ǺŲ ơȂǻȂǰȇ ǹƗ �ƣƨǴºƥƢǬŭơ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ļ ƾºǫȁ �ƨǴǰ ȈȀǷ ǾƦǋ ƨǴƥƢǬǷƪǼǸǔƫƨǷƾƼƬǈŭơǅ ƢȈǬǳơ ƩơȁƽƗǭ ƢǼǿ ǹƘºƥ ƨºǇơǁƾǳ ơƲƟƢƬǻ ƪºƸǓȁƗ �ƨȇǄȈǴųȍơńƛ ƢȀƬŦǂƫ Ļ ƢǸǯ ƨȈƥǂǠǳơ ƨǤǴǳƢƥƨº ºººƥƢǏȍơǺǷśǷȁƾǐŭơ ǱƢǨǗȋơƔȏƚǿ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ ƩƾǟƢººººǇ ƨǷƢǿ ǲǷơȂǟ

�ȆǴȇ ƢǸǯ ȆǿȁǑơǂǟȋơǮǴƫǁȂǘƫ ȁƗ ƨǷƾǐǳơƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƩƢƥơǂǘǓơǑơǂǟƘƥǞǷǦȈǰƬǳơȄǴǟ ƨȈǳƢǟ Ƨǁƾºǫȁ ƨȈºƥƢŸƛ ƨȈǐƼºǋƩƢǸǈƥǱƢǨǗȋơ Ɣȏƚǿ ǞƬŤ ��

�ƧǄǣǝƢǘǫĿ ƨȇȁƢǇƘŭơ ƧƢȈūơ ǥȁǂǛƾȇƾǌǳơ ǶȀƦƷ ǱȐƻǺǷ ǱƢǨǗȋơ Ɣȏ ƚŮ ȅȂǬǳơȆƳȂǳȂȇƾȇȍơ ǵơǄƬǳȏơȁ ƔƢǸƬǻȍơ ��Ŀ ǶȀºǬƷȁǶȀƬȈǔºǫ ƨǳơƾǠºƥ ǹƢŻȍơȁ �ǾǴƳƗǺǷ ƨȈºƸǔƬǴǳ ƽơƾǠƬǇȏơȁ ǺǗȂǴǳƨȇǂūơ ƝƽƢººƦǷ ȄǴǟ ƩƢººƦưǳơȁ�Ǿǳ ǝȂǔŬơ ǵƾǟȁ ǲƬƄơ ƨǷȁƢººǬǷĿǶȀºǬƷȁ ƧƢȈūơ

�ǲƬƄơ ƨȀƳơȂǷĿ ŐǐǳơƨȈŷƘƥ ȅȂǬǳơǶĔƢŻƛǮǳǀǯȁ �ƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾǳơȁȆººººǈǨǼ ǳơ Ƕǟƾǳ ơǂǧȂƫ ǹƛ �ǲǨǘǴǳ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ Ȇºº ºǈǨǼǳơ Ƕǟƾǳơ ƨǰºººƦǋ ��ƣ ǁƢºǫȋơ ȁ śǸǴǠŭơȁ ƔƢºǫƾǏȋơȁ ƾƴºǈŭơȁ ƧǂºǇȋơ ǱȐƻ ǺǷ ǲǨǘǴǳ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ

�ȆǷȂǰūơȁňƾŭơǞǸƬĐơ ƩƢǈǇƚǷȁǑȁǂǟ �ƨȈǸȈǴǠƬǳơȁ ƨȈȀȈǧǂƬǳơ ƣƢǠǳȋơ � �ǲưǷ �ƨȈǴººººǈƬǳơȁ ǾȈǧǂƬǳơ ǲƟƢººººǇȁ ��ƨǯǁƢºǌǸǴǳǝȂǘƬǳơȄǴǟ ǾƦ ȇǁƾƫ �ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơƩƢǈǇƚŭƩơǁƢȇǃ� ƩȐƷǁ �ƨȈƷǂǈǷƩ ƢȈǳƢǠǧ ƢȀǴǴƼƬƫ ƨººƷȂƬǨǷ ǵƢȇƗȁ ƩơƔƢººǬǳ � ƧƾȈǨŭơ ƨ ȈǠǸƬĐơ ǱƢǸǟȋơ ǒǠººƥ ĿƪǏȁƗ ƾºǫȁ��ł ƛ � �ƨȈǓƢȇǂ ǳơ ƨǘºǌǻȋơ �ƨȈǨȈǐǳơ ƩƢǸȈƼŭơ �ƨȈǨȈǬưƫȁ ƨȈȀȈǧǂƫǱƢǨǗȋƢǧ �śǘºǈǴǧĿ ƨǳȂǨǘǳơ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ ǲǸǠǳơƨǟǂºǇȁƨȈŷƘºƥ ƨǇơǁƾǳơŃƢǠǳơ ǱƢǨǗƗ ȆºǫƢ ƥǲưǷ ǶȀƬǳȂǨǘºƥ ǞƬǸƬǳ ơǺǷ ơȂǳơǃƢǷȁ ơȂǷǂºƷ ǹȂȈǼ ȈǘºǈǴǨǳơǹơȁȋơ ƩơȂǧ ǲºƦǫ ǝǁ Ƣºǈǻ Ń ơƿƜǧ �ƾȇƾºǋ ǂǘƻĿ ǶȀƬǳȂǨǗ ƪºƸǓƗ ƮȈºƷ ��ǂūơƶººººƦǐȈǇȁ ��ǱƢǨǗȋơǺǷ ǲȈŪơ ơǀǿǂººººǈƼǼǇ ƢǼǻƜǧ �ƢȇȂǼǠǷȁ ƢȇƽƢǷǶȀƬȇƢǸŞ

�ƆơƾƳ ƨƦǠǏƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǶēƾǟƢǈǷȁǶȀƳȐǟ� ǱƢǨǗȋơ ĿƨǷƾǐǳơƾǠº ƥƢǷ ƣǂǯ ƣơǂǘǓơ � ƨǼǷ Ǆŭơ ƨƥƢǏȍơ �ƮƸ Ʀǳơ ƶȈƫƢǨǷ

�ǹȂȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢǨǗȋơ� ƨƟƾȀŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠǳơ

This research aimed to explore, in depth, some of themoderating factors relating to Palestinian children in the GazaStrip who have been exposed to chronic traumatic experiences,particularly thechildrenwho are doing well or show lowlevels ofPTSD. It formed part of a la rger study (Altawil , 2008) about theeffects of chronic traumatic experiences on Palestinian childrenin the Gaza Strip. The sample consisted of six childreninterviewed by using a semi-structured interv iew. They wereagedbetween13-18 years. Those children hadall been exposed toat least 15 traumatic events which for some of them should besevere, showed low levelsymptoms of PTSD, and theyshould beliving in clashing areas in the GazaStrip.The measurements used were a semi-structured interview. Theparticipants were interviewed in Arabic and the interviewschedule was also translated into English.The results revealed that the modera ting factors and levels ofinfluence which protected children from developing PTSD arepositive personality traits, ideological commitment, a network ofpsychosocial support, entertainm ent and adaptation oracclimatization.The study concluded that a lthough some children in Gaza whohave been exposed to traumatic experiences seems to be doingreasonably well at present, there isa significant risk that they willcontinue to beexposed to further traumatic experiences. If theseand other less fortunate children inGaza do not get adequa te help(both preventative and reactive). We might face the prospect of alost generation of Palestinian children. Key words: Chronictrauma, childhood PTSD, modera ting factors, Palestinianchildren.

What are the Possible Reasons forDifferent Re-actions to Chronic Trauma?

A Qualitative Study

Dr. Mohamed Altawil, & Dr.Pieter Nel*

ǲǠǨǳơ ƽȁƽǁ ǥȐƬƻȏ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƣƢƦǇȋơ�ƨȈǨȈǯ ƨǇơǁƽ� �ƨǼǷǄŭơ ƩƢǷƾǐǴǳ ǑǂǠƬǳơ Ɣơǃƛ

ǲȈǻ ǂƬȈƥ �ƽ ȁ ǲȇȂǘǳơ ƾǸŰ �ƽ

E-mail: m [email protected]



ǍƢŬơȁ ǵƢǠǳơśǟƢǘººǬǳơśººƥ ƢǷ ƧȂƴǨǳơ ǹƗ ǦȈǯ ƨºǇơǁƾǳơǽǀǿ ǱȁƢǼƬƫƩƢȇƾŢ ǲǰºººǌƬǳ ƧƽƾŰƨȈºººǇƢȈǇƢǸƬƳơ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ UHDUWLFXODWHGȆǿȁ ƽơǂǧȋơ śºººƥ ǦǼǠǳơ ǱƢůĿ śǷƢǠǳơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȆǷƾºººǬŭ ƨȈƟƢǼưƬººǇơǞȇǁƢººǌŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠǳơ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǑǂǠƬººǈǻ ǺŴ ƢǼǿ ȁ�ƨȈ ººǈǨǼǳơ ƨººƸǐǳơȁ ��ǹȁǂƻƕ ȁ ŚǴȈƬºǇƢƥ ȁ ��ǹȁǂƻƕ ȁ ǂǴƬǻƢºǌƫ ǝȁǂºǌǸǯ ƨȈưƸƦǳơǞȇǁƢººǌŭơ ǮǴƫ ǲǯ ��ǹȁǂƻƕȁŜººǬȇĈƾǏȁ ��ǹƢǷƽȂºƥ ǝȁǂºǌǷĿ ƧƗǂŭơ ƾǓ ǅǁƢǸŭơ ȅǂººººǇȋơ ǦǼǠǳơ ǞǼŭ ƨȈƟƢººººǫȂǳơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ǱȁƢǼƬƫȁ �ƨȈǷȂºǫ ȁ ƨȈǼȇƽ ƨȈǧƢºǬƯ ƩƢȈǴºǫƗ ƢǿǁƢºƦƬǟơ ƨȈǨǴƻ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơĿ Ņȁȋơ ǲǸǠǳơ ǱȐƻ ǙȂºƸǴǷ ǲǰǌƥ �ȅǂǇȋơǎƻȋƢƥ �ȁǦǼǠǳơ ȄǴšƆƢȇǂǿȂƳ ƆƢºƦǇǂǷơȁƾǤȈǳ ǱȂŢŚƻȋơ ǹȋ Ɔơǂǜǻ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơ Ƕǟƽ ǱƢůǂŤƚŭƢºƥ ƆƢǬȈƯȁ ƆƢǗƢƦƫǁơ ǖƦƫǂȇ ȅǀǳơ ňƢǘȇŐǳơ ǹƘǌǳơĿ ǂǷȋơ ȁ�ƽȂǐǬǷ ŚǣŚǣƩƢǈǇƚŭơ ǹƢǷǂƷȁ �ƧǂƴŮơ ȄǴǟ ƨƥƢǫǂ ǳơĿ ƾǈƴƬŭơ ƨǳȁƾǳơ ǦǼǟ ȂǿǞǷ Ȅººº ºººººººǋƢǸƬȇ ȅǀǳơ ǂǷȋơ ȅƽƢŭơǶǟƾǳơ ȄǴǟǱȂǐūơ ǺǷ śǼǗơȂŭơǺǷ ƱȁǂŬơ ǺǷ ƔƢºǈǼǳơ ǞǼŭǹȂǷǂĐơ ƢȀǷƾƼƬǈȇ ǹƢǯŖǳơ ƩƢȈƴȈƫơǂƬǇȏơǞǷ Ƣǿƙơ ǂƳƛ ĻŖǳơ ƩȐººƥƢǬŭơ ǹƗ Ǧȇǂǘǳơ ǺǷȁ �ƨǨȈǼǠǳơ ƩƢºǫȐǠǳơ ƨǷơȁƽŚºƦǯǲǰǌƥ ƩǂȀǛƗ ȃȂƬǈŭơ ȆǠȈǧǁƩƢǇƢȈǇ Ȇũơǁ ȁ ƩƢǷƾƻ ȅǂȇƾǷǲǷơȂǠǳ ơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗǦȈǯ ƨȇơǁƽȄǴǟ ơȂºǈȈǳ Ɣȏƚǿ ǹƗƧƾºƷȂǷ ǾºƦǋ ƧǁȂǐƥȁƩƢȈǨǴŬơ ǮǴƬǳ ƩƢȈǸƬǼŭơ ƔƢºǈǼǴǳ ǞǼŤƨȈǧƢǓƛ ǲȈºǫơǂǟ ƪǴǰǋ ƨȇǂǿȂŪơśºººººº ƥ ƧȂƴǨǳơ ǹƗ ȃǂȇƮºººººƸƦǳơ ơǀǿ ǹƛ �ƩƢǷƾŬơǮǴƫńƛ ǱȂǏȂǳơ ǺǷƨȈºǇƢȈǇȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳơǥȁǂǛǪǧȁƶǓơȁ ǲǰǌƥǍƢŬơȁ ǵƢǠǳơśǟƢǘǬǳơśºƥǦǼǠǳơ ǱƢůĿ śǴǷƢǠǳơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ȆǷƾºǬŭƩƢȇƾŢ ǲǰºǌƫ Ƣēơǀºƥ

�ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƨƸǐǳơǶǟƽȁ ƽơǂǧȋơ

This paper considers how the divide between publicand pr ivate is rearticula ted within specific socio-politicalcircumstances to present particula r challenges to serviceproviders working around interpersonal violence and mentalhealth support. We review findings ar ising from several researchprojects (Chantler et al, 2000; Bats leer, et al, 2002; Burman,2004, Siddiqui, et al, 2008) addressing domestic violence serviceprovision for women from cultural-religious and nationalminority backgrounds in the UK. Significantly, the focus ondomestic violence emerged through initial work on mental healthsupport provision, since this turned out to be a key causalprecipitant. Of particular relevance to this conference is how, inthe UK context, state violence (in the form of immigrationcontrol) and institutionalexclusionof non-citizens fromaccess tostate-funded support services was found to interact with thestrategies used by perpetra tors to prevent women from leavingviolent relationsh ips. Interestingly, interviews with senior servicemanagers and pol icymakers almost uniformly indicated that theywere unaware of how these material fac tors constitutedadditional barriers for women from such backgrounds inaccessing services. The paper considers how the divide betweenpublic and private is rearticulated within specif ic socio-politicalcircumstances to present particula r challenges to serviceproviders working around interpersonal violence and mentalhealth support.

'Walls within walls: intersections betweenstate, political and domestic violence'

Erica Bur man, Khatidja C hantler and Nadia Sid diqui*

�ǁơȂǇȋơ ǲƻơƽ ǁơȂǇƗȆǴƻơƾǳơ ȁ ȆǇƢȈǈǳơ ǦǼǠǳơ ȁ ƨǳȁƾǳơ ƩƢǠǗƢǬƫ

ȆǬȇĈƾǏ ƨȇƽƢǻ ȁ ǂǴƬǻƢǌƫ ƨŸƾƻ ȁ ǹƢǷǁȂƥ Ƣǰȇǂȇƛ

E-m ail:e .burm an@m mu.ac.uk



ǂººƥƢǠŭơ ǩȐǣƛ ƨºǇƢȈǈǳ ǲȈƟơǂ ºǇƛ ƱƢȀƬǻơ ƨºǫǁȂǳơǽǀǿ ǱȁƢǼƬƫśºƥȄǟƢŦ ƣƢºǬǠǯ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǬǳ ƢŮȐƬºƷơ ǀǼǷǲºǬǼƬǳơ ȁ ǂǨǈǳơ ǞǼǷȁƤººǬǟ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘººǬǳ ȆǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ǁƢǐūơ Ǻǟ ƭƾºƸƬƫ Ľ �ȃǂƻȋơȁ ƨǼȈǨǳơǮǳƿǾȈǧ ƤºººƦǈƫ ƢǷȁ � ǵ �� ǵƢǟ ǞǴǘǷ ľ ƨȈǠȇǂººǌƬǳơ ƩƢººƥƢƼƬǻȏơȄƷƢǼǷ ǦǴƬűľ ǝƢǘǬǳơ ǹƢǰǈǳ ƧƢǻƢǠǷȁ �ƽƢǐƬǫȐǳ ƣǂǓǺǷ ǁƢǐūơǲȇȂŢȁ � ǵ ��ǹơǂ ȇǄƷ�ȂȈǻȂȇǦǐƬǼǷǺǷ ǁƢǐūơ ƾȇƾǌƫ ǱȁƢǼƬƫ Ľ�ƧƢȈūơ

�ŚƦǯ ǺƴǇńƛ ǝƢǘǬǳơȄǴǟǪǻƢŬơ ǁƢǐūơ Ǯǳƿ ǂƯƗǺǟ ƮȇƾºººƸǴǳ Ǯǳƿ ƾǠººƥ ƨººǇơǁƾǳơ ǲººǬƬǼƫǺǷ ǱƢĐơ ơǀŮ Ƣŭ �ƨºƸǐǳơǝƢǘǫ ƨǇơǁƾƥ ƗƾƦƫȁ �ƧǄǣľ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ƩƢǟƢǘǫǁƢǐūơ ǁƢƯƕǅǁƾƫ Ľ �ƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ƤǳȁǅƢººǇƗ Ȃǿ ǹƢºǈǻȍƢǧ �ƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƗƩȏȁƢºǬ ŭơȁƩơƔƢǌǻȍơ ǝƢǘǫȄǴǟ Ǆǯǂƫȁ � ƨǟơǁǄǳơȁ ƨǟƢǼǐǳơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬǳơ ȄǴǟǲǸǠǳơ ƨººǫǁȁ ǱȁƢǼƬƫ ƢǸǯ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ľ ƢǸȀǷ Ƣº Ʀǐǟ ǲǰºǌȇŕǳơƢđƤººƦǈƫŕǳơ ƧǂǷƾŭơ ǁƢƯȏơ ȄǴǟ ǲȈǳƾƬǴǳ ƨǳƢǘººƦǳơȁ ǂºǬǨǳơ ƩȏƾǠǷȄǴǟǁƢǐūơ ǁƢƯơƢǔȇơ ƨººººǫǁȂǳơǅǁƾƫȁ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘººººǫ ƨȈǸǼƫȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơ ǂƯơǱȁƢǼƬƫȁ ƨƬȈǸǼƫ ǺǷ ƾūơľ ǶȀǇơǦȈǯ ƶǓȂƫȁ ǶȈǴǠƬǳơƲƟƢƬǼǳơ ǺǷ ƽƾǠººººƥ ƨººººǇơǁƾ ǳơ ǶƬƬţȁ ƨ ȈǸǼƬǳơ ȄǴǟ Ǯǳƿ ǂƯơȁ ƨƠȈººººƦǳơ

ƩƢȈǏȂƬǳơȁ

The paper addresses the Israeli policy of closure, restriction ofmovement and travel since its occupa tion of the Gaza strip, as acollective punishment. It then addresses the Is raeli siege of theGaza st rip after the legislative elections in the beginning of 2006resulting in the de terioration of the Palestinian economy and thesuffering of the Gaza population in all aspects of life. It furtherdescribes the esca lation of the siege since mid June 2007, turningthe Gaza strip into a big prison. The paper proceeds to describethe impact of this siege on development sectors in Gaza,beginning with the healthsector inview of itscrucial importance,since the human bring constitutes the bas is and core ofdevelopment. It also addresses the impact of siege on trade,industry and agricultureand focuses on the cons truction and realestate sector which constitu te important elements in the processof development. It provides a review of the rates of pover ty, andunemployment to indicate the destructive impact of the siege.Finally it demonstrates the impact of siege on education and itsconsequent deterioration. The paper closes with a number ofconclusions and recommendations.

ƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ȄǴǟ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ ǁƢǐƷ ǁƢƯƕȃǂǔŬơ ȄƳƢǻ ǱƢŦ

Impact of the Gaza Siege on Development

Jamal Nagi El Khod ari

E-mail: freegaz a.ps@ gmai l.com



�ȆºǇǁƾŭơ ǦǼǠǳơ� ƨƴǘǴºƦǳơ� ǶȀǨǳƨǳƢūơ ƱƿȂŶǵƾƼƬºǈȇƱƿȂǸǼǳơǑǂǟ ŐƬǠȇƮȈºƷ �śǘºǈǴǧȁ ǲȈƟơǂºǇƛśºƥ ƩƢºǫȐǠǳơ ŚǈǨƬǳƢȀȈǧƢŠ ƨȈǼǠŭơȁ ƨǴǟƢǨǳơƩƢȀŪơ ǞȈŦǁȁƽ ǶȀǧ ȄǴǟ ƾǟƢºººººǈǷ ǲǷƢǟŖǳơ ƩƢȈƴȈƫơǂƬººººǇȏơȁ �śǠǧơƾŭơȁ śºººƦǫơǂŭơȁ �ƢȇƢ ºººƸǔǳơȁ ǺȇƾƬǠŭơ �6DOPLYDOOL� +XWWXQHQ�ǁơȁƽȋơ ǽǀǿƤǠǴǳ ƧƾººƷơȁ ǲǯ ƢǸȀǷƾƼƬººǈƫǺǷ ǲǯ ǲǸººººǌȇ ƆƢƳƿȂŶ ȆºººǇǁƾŭơ ǦǼǠǳơ ǂǧȂȇ/DJHUSHŖǳơ ǁơȁƽȋơ ǞȈŦȁ �śǠǧơƾŭơȁ śƦǫơǂŭơȁ ��ƨǟȂǸƴǸǯ� ȅƾƬǠŭơ �ƨȈƸǔǳơǲȈƟơǂǇ ƛśƥ ƩƢǫȐǠǳơ ȄǴǟƱƿȂǸǼǳơ ơǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǹƛ �ƧǂǿƢǜǳơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀȇȂƬŢŖǳơ ƨǳƢǠǨǳơƩơȂǘŬơȁ ƩƢȈƴȈƫơǂƬººǇȏơ ǶȀǧȄǴǟ ƾǟƢºǈȇśǘºǈǴǧȁǱȁƗ ǹƜºǧ �ǽǀºǿ ǂºǜǼǳơ ƨºȀƳȁ ǺºǷ ��/HUD� �� ǥơǂºǗȏơ ǞȈŦ ƢēǀţơǦǼǠǳơ Ƥǰƫǂȇ ƢǷƾǼǠǧ �ǁơȁƽȋơ ǽǀǿ ǵȂȀǨǷ Ȇǿ ƢȀººƸȈǓȂƫ ƤŸ ƨȈǔºǫśººƥ ȃȂºǬǳơ ǝơǂǏ ǅƢºǇƗȄǴǟ �ƧǁǂǰƬǷ ƨºǬȇǂǘƥȁ ƆơƾǸǟ ƢȇƢºƸǔǳơ ƾǓƮȈũ� �ǝơǂǏ ǆȈǳȁ �ƨǨȈǼǟ ƨºǫȐǟ ƾǳȂƫ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ Ǯǳƿ ǹƜǧ śºƦǻƢŪơśȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơśƥ ǩǂǨǳơ ǹƗ śƦƫ ƨǳƢƸǴǳ ǲȈǴƸƬǳơǱȐƻ ǺǷ �� ƣǁƢǋŃƢǠǳƢºƥ ƆƢǷƾǬƫǂưǯȋơ ƵȐǈǳơ Ǿȇƾǳ ǶǿƾƷƗ � ƆơƾƳǲƟƢǿ ǩǂǧśȈǴȈƟơǂǇȏơȁǦǼǠǳơ ƣƢǰƫǁơ Ļ�ƧǁƢƴūƢºƥǾǈǨǻ Ǻǟ Ǟǧơƾ ȇ ǹƗ ȃȂǇǮǴŻ ȏ ǂƻȉơ ƤǻƢŪơȁƶǓơȂǳơ ǺǷ ȁ ǵƢǟ �� ǺǷǂưǯƗ ǁơƾǷ ȄǴǟ śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ǹƢǰºǈǳơ ƾǓƢŮǖǘű ȁ ƧƾǸǠƬǷ ƪǻƢǯ śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƾǓƩƢǸƴŮơ ǞȈŦ ǹƘºƥƨǨȈǼǟ ƨººǫȐǟǲȈǴŢ ǁȂǗĿƢǼǻȋ ơǂǜǻȁ �ƨ ȈǴȈƟơǂººǇȍơƩơȂºǬǳơ ǲºƦǫ ǺǷƨȀƳȁ ǺǸǧ �ǲȈǴƸƬǳơ ƨǴȀǇƨǫȐǠǳơǮǴƫ Ŀ śƦǻƢŪơ ǁơȁƽƗ ǹƜǧ ��ƨƴǘǴƦǳơ�ǝƢǧƾǳơ ƩƢȈǳƖƥ ǶǿƾȇȁǄƫ ńƛƨƳƢŞ ǶĔƜǧ �śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ� ƢȇƢƸǔǳơ �ǂǜǻƩƢǸƴŮơ ǲǛĿƧƢȈūơ ƾȈººǫ ȄǴǟ ƔƢººǬƦǳơ ǺǷ ơȂǼǰǸƬȇŕºƷȆºǈǨǼǳơǹƗřǠƫŖǳơȁ ƨȈºººǈǨǼǳơ ƨºººƥȐǐǳƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫƩƢȈǳȉơ ǽǀǿ �ƧǂǸƬºººǈŭơȄǴǟǹȁǁƽƢºǫ ȁ ǺȇǄƳƢǟ Śǣ ǶĔƘºƥ ǁȂǠºǌǳơȁ ƨǬưǳơ ǶȀȇƾǳśȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơƩƢȈƴȈƫơǂƬǇȏơǹƜǧ �ǺȇƾƬǠŭơ ǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ ǺǷ �ƤǟƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƤǴǤƬǳơơǁƽƢºǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ȅȂǼǠŭơ ǕƢºƦƫǁȍơǮǧ ƩƢȈǳƕȆǿ ƢǷơƾƼƬºǇ ơ ǂưǯȋơǺǷ ǝȂǼǳơ ơǀǿȁ �ƔƢȇǂ ººƥƗ ǅƢǻƗ ƾǓ ƨƬȈǸŭơƩƢǸƴŮơ ǮǴƬººƥ ǵƢȈººǬǳơ ȄǴǟ

tz¡ 1997).

ƩƢǘǴºººǈǳơ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ǾºººƥƤǟȐƬǳơȁƧȂºººǬƥ ǾǷơƾƼƬººǇơǶƬȇ ƩƢȈǳȉơƾȇǂšȁ ǶȀºººǈǨǻƗ Ǻǟ ǝƢǧƾǳơ ǲƳƗ ǺǷƨǨȈǘǴǳơ ƩơǁƢº ºƦǠǳơ ǵơƾƼƬººǇƢƥǶȀǴȈǸŢȁ ƢȇƢºƸǔǳơ ȄǴǟ ǵȂǴǳơ ƔƢºǬǳƛȁǶȀƬȈǻƢºǈǻơ ǺǷ śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơƽǁơȂŭơ ȁ ǹȁƾƬǠŭơƢȀǴǰººǋŖǳơ ƨǰºƦǌǳơ ǹƜǧ Ǯǳǀǯ �łƛ �ǹơȁƾǠ ǳơ ƲƟƢƬǻǶȀǷơƾƼƬºǇơȁ �ŅƢǠǳơ ƿȂǨǼǳơ ȅȁƿ ƩƢǟȂǸĐơ Ƕǟƽȁ �ƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ �ƨǨǴƬƼŭơǵơƾƼƬǇơĿǶǿŚǣȁ śȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ȄǴǟ ŚƯƘƬǳơȁ �ǵȐǟȍơ ǲƟƢǇȁ ȄǴǟ ŚƯƘƬǳơĿƩƢºǈǇƚŭơȁ ƽơǂǧȋơ ǹƜǧ�śƦǫơǂǸǯ �śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơǽƢš ƨȈƦǴǇ ǱƢǠǧƗ ƽȁƽǁǹȂºǗǁȂƬǷ ơȁŐºƬǠȇ ǶºĔƜǧ ǲºǠǧ Ƨƽǁ ȅƗ ƿƢ ºţơ ǹȁƽǞºǓȂǳơ ńƛǂǜǼƫŖǳơǶƬȇǥȂºǇǮǳƿǹƜǧ śƳǂǨƬǷśƦǫơǂŭơƔƢǬƥ ƨȈǴǸǠǳ ǲȈǴŢ�ƔơƾƬǟȏ ơǶƟơǂŝ

�ǾǴȈǴŢƨººȈǷȂǰūơ ŚººǣƩƢººǸǜǼŭơ Ŀ ƆƨººǴưǸƬǷ �śºǠǧơƾŭơ ǁȁƽ Ȃºǿǁơȁƽȋơ ǂºƻƕƧƾǟƢºǈǷ ǱȁƢŢȁ ƨȈǐƼǌǳơ ƝƽƢƦŭơȁƩƢǟ ƢǼǬǳơ Ǟǫơȁ ǺǷȆǿ śǟȂǘƬŭơȁƨǠǷƢƳ Ŀ ƣȐǘǳơ ǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁǲȈǴŢ Ļ �ƨǳƢū ơ ǽǀǿƤƴǋȁśȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơǺǷ ƨǼȈǟ ǵơƾƼƬºǇƢƥƪǴǸƬºǋ ơ ƨǼȈǟ ǩȐƻ ǺǷ ǁȂǜǼŭơ ơǀǿ ǺǷƨȈǴȈºƦǋơȃƾǷǺǟ ǶŮơƚºǇ Ļ ǹƢȈºƦƬǇȏơĿ �ƩƢǐǐƼƬǳơ ǞȈŦ ǺǷƤǳƢǗ ��ǥơǂǗȋơ ǺǷ ǥǂǗǲǯ ǾºººƦǠǴȇ ǹƗ ƤŸȅǀǳơ ǁȁƾǳơȁǞǓȂǳƢºººƥǶȀƬǧǂǠǷǺǟ ƨƟȂǘű ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǶȀȇƾǳ ƨººƦǴǘǳơ ǶǜǠǷ ǹƗ Ʋ ƟƢƬǼǳơ ƩǂȀǛƗƾºǫȁǹƗ ǶȀǸǜǠǷ ƾǬƬǟ ơ ƾǬǧ �ȆǴȈƟ ơǂǇȏơřȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ǝơǂǐǳơśƥ ƨǫȐǠǳơ�ǞºǫơȂǳơ Ŀ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ ŚºƦǯ ǲǰºǌƥǆȈǳǺǰǳȁ ƨǨǴƬű śºƦǻƢŪơśƥ ȃȂǬǳơńƛ ƢȇƢºƸǔǳơ ǁȁƽƾǼºǈȇ ǺǷǶȀǼǷ " ��ƨƠǗƢŬơ ǁƢǰǧȋơ ǽǀǿ Ƕǣǁȁ �Ǻǰǳȁ�ƧƾºƸƬŭ ơ ǶǷȏơńƛ śƦǫơǂŭơ ǁȁƽȁ �ǲȈƟơǂǇơ ńƛ ǺȇƾƬǠŭơ ǁȁƽȁ śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơǲưǸƬƫ ơƾ ȈǨǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻƩƢȈƴȈƫơǂƬºººǇȏơ ǂưǯƗ �ǽǀǿ ǂǜǼǳơ ƨȀƳȁ ǺǷƨȈŷƗ ƩƢƷǂƬǬŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷȁ�ǁơǂǸƬǇȏơȄǴǟ ƢȇƢƸǔǴǳ ƧƾǟƢǈŭơ ŉƾǬƫĿśºƥƩƢºǫȐǠǳơ śºǈŢĿ śºǇǁƾŭơ Ƕǟƾǳ ȆºǇǁƾŭơ ǲƻƾƬǳơƲǷơǂºƥ ƔƾƥśºǈŢ ȁ ǄȇǄǠƫ ǶƬȇ ŕºƷ �ǆǨǼǳƢºƥ ƨºǬưǳơ ȁ ƩơǀǳơǵơǂƬºƷơ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ �ƣȐǘǳơ�ƨȈººƦǿǀǳơ ƧǂǜǼǳơ� ƵǂƬººǬŭơ ơǀđ ƔƾºƦǳơ Ļ �ǶȀȇƾǳ ƨȈºǈǨǼǳơ ƨºƥȐǐǳơ

ZZZ�JROGHQ��RUJ ǂǧȂƬǷ ȂǿśǘǈǴǧĿGolden5

ƨƴǘǴƦǳơ ǭȂǴǈǳ ȏƢưǷ śǘǈǴǧ Ŀ ǦǼǠǳơ ǲȈǴŢ

ơŚǳ ǾȇǃȂƻ ƢȇǁƢǷ �ƽ


frequently used are moral disengagement mechanismsin order tobe able to carry on such kind of deathly attacks against innocentpeople . That kind of mechanisms are strongly manipulated by theauthor ities using euphemisms like need to defend themselves,stereotypes and dehumanization of Palestinian people, blamelessthe vic tims for the consequences of the aggressors, and so on.Also the network made by the aggressors, the resources,economy, and the support of the most powerful group will beanalysed, likethe influence on themass media, and thesupport ofEEUU and Europe in their evil behaviours against Palestinians.As observers, people or ins titutions that just look at the s ituationwithout any actions against of them are also manipula ted. Ananalys is of the process tha t keeps the observers just observingwillbe provided.The last role is the defenders, actually represented by NGO andvolunteers that under personal principles are trying to helpPalestinians and denouncing the situation.The perspective of the students at Seville University have beenanalysed fromthis perspective. Asample of 500 students f rom allthe subjects has been analysed. In the questionnaire we askedthem about their knowledge of the situation and which role willassign to each one involved. Results shown that most of thestudents have wrong information about the israel-Palestinianrelations; in fact, most of them think that the different of powerbetween bothsides is not as big as is in reality. However, and spitethese misconceptions, 80% of them assigns the role ofvictims toPalestinians, Israel as aggressors, and the UNas the observer.From this point of view more strategies can be useful presentedfor the victims in order to help them to carry on. One of theproposals we have is to start school interventions supportingteachers in improving relat ionships with students, andincreasingtheir self-esteem and confidence, so resilience will be alsoenhance. Theproposal we have already started in Palestine is theimplementation of Golden5 programme (seewww.golden5.org).

The contextual model to understand "school bullying"is used to explain the relations between Israel and Pales tine. Apresentation of the model helps to understand the role of all theactors involved: aggressors , victims , observers and defenders,andthe strategies used byeach oneto play these roles (Salmivalli,Huttunen, & Lagerpetz, 1997).

School bullying provides us with a contex tual model thatincludes the victim, the aggressor (as a group), the observers anddefenders, as all the roles including in this phenomenon. Theapplica tion of this conceptual model to the relations betweenIsrael and Palestine helps to understand the s trategies and theeffectiveness of the actions taken byal l the parts (Lera, 2007).Fromthis point of view, the first issue to clarify is the definition ofthe roles. When the violence is committed intentionally againstthe victims, in a repetitive way, and under the basis of a relevantdifferen t of power between both sides, then the relation is aviolent relation (not a conflict)(Smith & Sharp, 1994).Fromany point of view the analysisof the situation shows that thedifference between Palestinians and Israelis are enormous; one ofthem has the most developed army in the world, while the othersidemost of the time hasto defendthem withstones. Theviolencehas been executed for over 100 years against the Palestinianpopulation, and obviously all the a ttacks against Palestinianshavebeen totally intentiona l and well plannedby Israeli forces.Given that we are analysing a violent relation(bullying), roles ofparts involved are easy to analyse. From the perspective of thevictims (Palestinians) they need to be provided with copyingstrategies mechanisms in order to carry on surviving under theconstant attacks . These copying strategies are related toresilience, that means, a way to perceive the situation as it wouldbe end sometimes ; it is taken undersense of humour, and is basedon the security and confidence under the feelings thatPalestinians will overcome such tremendoussituation.From the point of view of the aggressors, the strategies most

Analysis of violence in Palestine as an example of bullying behaviour

Dr. Maria-Jo se Lera *

E-m ail: Lera@ us.es



ǁƢǐūơ ǂƯơ ȄǴǟǥǂǠƬǳơńƛƨȈưººººƸƦǳơ ƨº ºººǫǁȂǳơǽǀǿ ƪǧƾǿǽǂƯƗǹƢȈƥ Ǯǳǀǯȁ �ǶȀƬȈƥǂƫȁǱƢǨǗȋơ ǶȈǴǠƫ ȄǴǟ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ ȄǴǟǑȁǂǨŭơƲȀǼŭơ ƮºƷƢƦǳơǞƦƫ ơ ƾǫȁ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƲȈǈǼǳơȁ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơƧǂǇȋơ ȄǴǟ

�ƨȈǳƢƬǳơ ƨǴƠǇȋơ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢƳȎǳ ȆǴȈǴƸƬǳơ ȆǨǏȂǳơ� ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫĿȆǇƢǇȋơǶȈǴǠƬǴǳ ŅƢūơ ǞǫơȂǳơ ƢǷ

ǱƢǨǗȋơǶȈǴǠƫȄǴǟ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºººǫȄǴǟǑȁǂǨŭơ ǁƢǐūơ ǂƯơ ƢǷ�ǶȀƬȈƥǂƫȁ

ǞǸƬĐơȁ ƨȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ ƧǂººǇȋơ ȄǴǟǑȁǂǨŭơ ǁƢǐūơ ǂƯƗ ƢǷ�řȈǘǈǴǨǳơ

ƨȈººƦǴǈǳơ ǁƢƯȉơǺǷ ƾºƸǴǳƨȈǴǸǠǳơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ ƩƢºƷǂƬǬŭơ ƢǷ�ǁƢǐƸǴǳ

ƧǄǣǝƢǘºǫĿ ȆºǇƢǇȋơǶȈǴǠ Ƭǳơ Ǟºǫơȁ ǦǏȂºƥƮºƷƢƦǳơ ǵƢºǫ ƾºǫȁ ơǀǿĽ �ǁƢǐūơǑǂǧǲººƦǫ ǵƢǠǳơ ǶȈǴǠƬǳơ ǝƢǘºǫ Ŀ ƪŤŖǳơƩơǃƢųȏ ơǑǂǟȁƨȇȂºººƥǂ Ƭǳơȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǠƬǳơ ƨȈǴǸǠǳơ ȄǴǟ ǽǁƢƯƗȁ ǑȁǂǨŭ ǁƢǐūơ ǂǿƢǜǷ śºººƥ

�ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫĿƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƧǂǇȋơȄ ǴǟǮǳǀǯȁǱ ƢǨǗȌǳǁƢƯȉơ ǺǷ ƾºƸǴǳƧǂǸưŭơ ƩƢȈǏȂƬǳơȁ ƩƢºƷǂƬǬŭơ ǺǷƽƾǠºƥ ƨºǫǁȂǳơ ƪƳǂƻȁ

�ŃƢǜǳơ ǁƢǐūơ ơǀŮ ƨȈƦǴǈǳơ

This paper aimed at recognizing the impact of siege onEducation for the children in Gaza Strip, and to illustrate theimpact of the adversity situation on the Palestinian family andcommunity. The researcher used the descr iptive analyticalmethod to answer the following questions :

What is the present status of basic education in GazaStrip?What i s the impact of siege on teaching / learningProcess in Gaza Strip?What is the impact of siege on the Palestinian familyandcommunity?What are the proposals to commute the impact ofsiege?

In this paper the researcher described the status of education andthe accomplishment achieved in Gaza Strip before the imposedsiege, in education to illus trate the impact of siege teaching /learning Process and the impacts ofliving in adversity situation.Many useful recommendations andproposalswere determined toreduce and commute thenegative impacts of this cruel siege.

�ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ ȄǴǟ ǑȁǂǨŭơ ǁƢǐūơǶȀƬȈƥǂƫȁ ǱƢǨǗȏơ ǶȈǴǠƫ ȄǴǟ ǽǂƯƗȁ

ƣƢȇƽ ǩǃǁ ǲȈȀǇ �ƽ

Impact of the Gaza Siege on Children'sEducation and Development

Dr. Su hail Diab

E-mail: suhaildiab@h otmail.com



ƩƢȈǷƢǼȇƾǳơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǺǟǦºººººǌǰǳơńƛ ƨºººººǇơǁƾǳơ ǥƾēƨǷǃƗ ƨȀƳơȂǷ ĿƩƢƥȂǠǐǳơ ƨǧǂǠǷȁ �ǁƢǐūơ ƨȀƳơȂŭ ƨȈƷȁǂǳơ ƨ ȈǈǨǼǳơƨǷǃƗ ƨȀƳơȂǷ ĿƨȈºººǈǨǼǳơ ƩƢȈǷƢǼȇƾǳơ Ǻǟ Ǧººǌǰǳơ Ǯǳǀǯȁ �ǁƢǐūơǺǷ ƨȇƢǫȂǳơ ƩƢȈǳƕ ƨƥƢưŠ ƨȈƷȁǂǳơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƩƢȈǷƢǼȇƾǳơ ŐƬǠƫ ƮȈƷ �ǁƢǐūơƢŠ ƢēƢƦǬǟ ǲȈǳǀƫȁ ƨǴǰǌŭơ ƨȀƳơȂǷȁƨȈǈǨǼǳơƩƢƥơǂǘǓȏơĿ ǝȂǫȂǳơƔƢǔºǬǴǳ ƶȈºƸǐǳơǶȀǨǳơ ǺǷ ȄƷȂƬǈǷȁ ƧƾȈǬǠǳơ Ƶȁǁ ǺǷƾǸƬǈǷ Ȃǿ

�ǁƾǬǳơȁƨȈƯƢǣȍ ơƩơƔơƾǼǳơ ǪǴǘǼƫ Ǳȁƾǳ ơ ǺǷ ƨǳȁƽ ȅƗ Ŀ ƨǷƢǟ ƨǟƢů ǞºǬƫ ƢǷƾǼǠǧǃŐƫȁ � ƣȂǏȁƣƾƷ ǲǯ ǺǷƨȈǻƢǈǻȍơƩơƾǟƢǈŭơńơȂƬƫȁ �� ŃƢǠǳơ ƔƢŴƗĿňƢǈǻȍơ ŚǸǔǳơ ǹƘƥ ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǂǠǌȇ ǲǰǌƥ ƨƷƢǈǳơ Ŀ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƩƢƠȈŮơǺǷ ƤƴǠǳơ ǲǯƤƴǠǳơ Ǻǰǳȁ �ƧƢȈººººƷƨȈºººǬƥ ǾȈǧ Ǳ ơǄƫ ȏ ǵȂȈǳơ ƢǼŭƢǟĿƤǠºǋ ƾǓ ǲȈƟơǂºǇƛ ǾºǇǁƢŤ ȅǀǳơ ǲǷƢǌǳơ ǁƢǐūơǺǟȆŭƢǠǳơ ƪǸǐǳơǹơȁƾǠǳơ ńƛ ǃȁƢšǲººƥ �œǴººǈǳơ ǁƢǐūơ ĈƾºƷ ƾǼǟǞǓȂǳơ ǦºǬȇ Ń �� ƧĈǄǣƣƢºººƦǌǳơȁ ǱƢǨǗȋơ ƢȀȈǧƾȀººǌƬǇơŖǳơ ƨȈǴȈƟơǂººǇȍơ ǁǃƢĐơȁ ȅȂǷƾǳơƩƢƠȈȀǴǳ ňƢºǈǻȍơ ŚǸǔǳơ Ƥǿƿ ǺȇƗ �ƨȈǌƷȁ ƨǬȇǂǘƥśǼǈŭơȁ ƔƢǈǼǳơȁ��ǱƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢºǈǼǳơ ǺǷ ǁƢǐūơ ƢȇƢºƸǓǺǟ ƪǸǐǳơ ơǀǿ ơƿƢŭȁ �� ƨȈǳȁƾǳơȂǿ ȁƗ � ȆººǇƢȈǈǳơ ǥȐŬơȂǿ ǲǿ � Ǯǳƿ Ɣơǁȁ ƨȈºǬȈǬūơƣƢºƦǇȋơ Ȇǿ ƢǷȁȂǿ ǂÊǏƢƊƄơ ǹȋ ȁƗ � ǾƬǷȂǰººººƷ ȄǴǟǒǨƬǼȈǳ ƤǠººº ºǌǳơȄǴǟǖǤǔǳơȄǴǟƢǿǁƢººƦƳƛ Ǻǟ ƧƾººƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơƩǄƴǟŖǳơ ƧƾȈºƷȂǳơ ƨǳȁƾǳơ ǲȈƟơǂºǇƛƆơǁŐǷǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏȆººǇƢȈǈǳơǥȐŬơ ǹƛ � ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƩơǁơǂººǬǳơ ǪȈººƦǘƫȏ ȅƾƟƢºǬǠǳơǥȐŬơŕƷ �ǶȀǼǷ ƔƢȇǂƥȋƢƥ ǁơǂǓȍơȁ ǲǷƢǯ ƤǠǋ ƤȇǀǠƬǳąǶƌǰċǼăǷÊǂ ąƴ ăȇ Ɗȏ ăȁ �� ńƢǠƫ ǱƢºººǫ ƢǸǯ � ƩȁŐŪơȁ ǶǴǜǴǳ ƆơǁŐǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗƶǴǐȇƌǹƕǂºººǬǳơ ƵƾǷ ǲººƥ � �� ȃ ăȂ ƒǬċƬǴ Êǳ Ąƣ ăǂƒǫƊƗ ăȂĄǿ ƒơȂ ƌǳ Êƾ ąǟơ ƒơȂƌǳÊƾ ąǠ ăƫ ōȏƊƗ ȄƊǴ ăǟÇǵ ąȂƊǫ ƌǹƖăǼ ăǋȄƊǴ ăǟ ăǵƢ ăǠ ōǘǳơ ƊǹȂĄǸ ÊǠ ƒǘĄȇăȁ� �ǾǻƢºƸƦǇ ǱƢºǬǧ �ŚǇȋơȁƾǠǳƢƥ ǥƗǂƫ Ŗǳơ ƨĈǷȋơ

� ƆơŚ ÊǇƊƗ ăȁ ƆƢǸȈ ÊƬ ăȇăȁ ƆƢǼȈ Êǰ ąǈ ÊǷ ÊǾ ďƦĄƷ�ȆǴȈǴºƸƬǳơ ȆǨǏȂǳơƲȀǼŭơ ƮºƷƢƦǳơ ǞºƦƬȈǇ ƨºǇơǁƾ ǳơǥơƾǿƗǪȈǬƸƬǳȁƆƢȀƳȁ ƨȀƳơȂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƾǸƬǠƫƮºƸƦǳơ ƩơȁƽƗ ǺǷ ƧơƽƗǵơƾƼƬºǇơǶƬȈǇ ƮȈƷ�ƨȈºƸǈŭơ ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ ƆơƾȇƾŢȁƨǴƥ ƢǬŭơ Ȇǿȁ ȆȀǨǌǳơƣȂǴǇȋơ ƧǀƼƬǷ ǾƳȂǳǺǷ ƨȈºƦȇǂš ƨǼȈǟȄǴǟ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫǶƬȈǇȁ ƨ ǴƥƢǬŭơ ƨǴƠǇƗ ƔƢǼƥǶƬȈǇ ƮȈƷƨººǇƢȈǈǳơ ƔơŐƻ �ƨ ȈººƥǂƬǳơ ǱȂǏƗ �ȆºǈǨǼǳơ ƽƢºǋǁȍơ �ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ȅȁƿ

�ƧȂƳǂŭơ Ʋ ƟƢƬǼǳơńƛ ǱȂǏȂǴǳ� ƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ

This papers aims toexplore the psycho-spiritual dynamicsfor encountering a siege. It introduces the difficulties that arise whenencountering the crisis of a siege. It also explores the psychologicaldynamics necessary to encounter such a crisis. Psycho-spiritualdynamics are preventive mechanisms against falling in the trap ofpsychological disorders and help encounter troubles and overcometheir repercussions based on our beliefs and concepts stemming fromthe correct interpretation of fatalism.When a famine strikes a country, appeals for aid are launchedworldwide. Humanitarian aid flows from all parts of the world.International bodies intervene on the ground in a way that makes usfeel that human conscience isstill functional. However, the weirdestthing ever is that the whole world is silent with regard to the tightsiege imposed by Israel on thePalestinian people in Gaza. It is notjusta negative state of imposing siege, but it goes beyond a bloody assaultandmassacres by theIsraeli army, where kids, youth, women andtheelderly were savagely killed. Where is the human conscience of theinternational bodies? Why is everyone silent while women andchildren are victimized by this siege? What are the real reasonsbehind that silence? Is it the political disagreement? Is it a way topressure a population in orderto rise up against their government? Isit because Israel is theState to impose this siege, the onlystate that theUN failed to oblige to apply international resolutions? Politicaldisagreement cannot be a valid justification to torture a wholepopulation and causedamageto innocent people. Even abelief-baseddisagreement cannotbe a validreason for injustice and tyranny.Allahsays in the Holy Quran: ' [O you who believe]� let not the enmityand hatred of any people seduce you that you avoid justice. Dealjustly, that is nearer to your duty and piety .' Moreover, the HolyQuran praised those who have mercy with captive enemies: '[thepious and righteous]� give food, for love of him [God], to the poor,the orphan and the captive.'

To achieve the objective of the paper, the researcher will follow theanalytical-descriptive method. He will utilize a tool of research thatdepends on one on one encounter, adopting a verbal protocol of faceto face encounter, which is a survey interview. Anumberof questionswillbe compiled and will be asked to asample of specialized persons(psycho-counseling, basics of education and experts of politics andeconomics) in order to achievethe desired results.

ƨȈƷȁǂǳơ ƨȈǈǨǼǳơ ƩƢȈǷƢǼȇƾǳơǁƢǐūơ ƨǷǃƗ ƨȀƳơȂŭ

ǎǸŮơ řǤǳơ ƾƦǟ ƵƢƬǨǳơ ƾƦǟ �ƽDr. Abdelfatta hAbdelghani El-Hims

[email protected]:

Mental and Spiritual Mechanisms inConfronting Siege Crisis in Gaza

mailto:[email protected]:


ƩȐǰººººǌǷ ƨȈǷƢǼǳơ Ǳȁƾǳơ Ŀ ƨȇƽƢǐƬºº ºǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ǾƳơȂƫǞǔźƾǴººƥĿƨȈǸǼƬǳơ Ǻǰǳ �ƨȇƽƢȈƬǟȏơǥȁǂǜǳơ ǲǛ ĿŕººƷ ƧŚººǈǟǹƗ ńƛ ƨ ȈǸǼƬǳơ ƩƢȈºººƥƽƗ Śººǌƫ ƿƛ �ǂǘƻơȁ Őǯơ ƢȇƾŢǲưŤœǼƳƗ ǱȐƬººƷȏǲƬƄơ ƾǴƦǳơ ƽƢǐƬǫơȁ �ǶȈŭơǂǈǰƥ� ǂ ÊǸǠƬǈŭơ ƽƢǐƬǫơ śƥ ƨǫȐǠǳơ ƨǠȈƦǗȄǴǟǲƬƄơ ƾǴºƦǳơ Ƨǁƾǫ ǱȐƬƷȏ ơ ƤǴƬǈȇ ƮȈƷ �ƨȈǠƦƫ �ƧǂǘȈǇƨǫȐǟ Ȇǿ

�ƽȂȈǬǳơȁ ƩƢǇƢȈǈǳơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯƨǟȂǸůǱȐƻ ǺǷ �ƔƢǸǼǳơ ȁ ǁȂǘƬǳơǽƢšƨȈǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ƩƢºǇƢȈǈǳơ ǲǸů �ǲǷƢǌǳơ ǾǷȂȀǨŠ ǁƢǐūơ ǹƢǯ ƢŭȁǲƦǫƨȈǴȈƟơǂǇȍơ ƨǇƢȈǈǴǳƢȈǇ ƢǇƗ ƢƴȀǼǷǲưŻ �ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơȆǓơǁȋơǲºƦǬƬǈǷȁ ǁƢǐūơ śºƥ ƨºǫȐǠǳơ ǶȀǧǺǷ ƾºƥȐǧ�ǽƾǠ ºƥȁ ƨǘǴºǈǳơ ǵƢȈǫƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ǲºƦǬƬǈŭ ȆºǈȈƟǂǳơ ȅƾƸƬǳơǲưŻ ǁƢǐūơǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ƨȈǴǸǟǺǷ ƢǷƢǟ ǂºǌǟƨǠºƥǁƗ ƾǠºƥ Ǿǻơ ƶǓơȂǳơ ǺǸǧ �ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơȆǓơǁȋơĿȆǿƨȈǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ƨ ȇƾȈȈºǬƬǳơ ƩƢºǇƢȈǈǳơȁ ŚºƥơƾƬǳơ ǱơǄƫ ȏ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǵƢȈǫȄǨźȏȁ �ƨȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ȆǓơǁȌǳ ƨȇƽƢǐƬºǫȏơ ǩƢǧȉơ ȄǴǟȄǤǘƫŖǳơƽƢǐƬººǫȏơ ǥƢǠǓƛ ǱȂººƷǁȂºƸǸƬƫ �ǁƢǐūơ�ƩƢºǇƢȈǈǳơ ǽǀǿ ǥơƾǿƗ ǹƗƨȇȂǸǼƫ ƩȏȁƢŰƨȇ ƗȄǴǟ ƔƢǔººººǬǴǳ�ȐǏ ƗǦȈǠǔǳơ�řȈǘºººǈǴǨǳơǁȂǐƫǺǟ ơƾȈǠººƥ ƨ ȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ ƨǳȁƾǳơ ǵƢȈººǫǍǂǧ ǺǷ ǃǄǠƫ ƨȈºǬȈǬƷ

�ǾƬȇƙǁȁ ǱȐƬƷȏơƤǴǘƬȇ ȂǸǼǳơ ǁƢºǈǷ ȄǴǟřȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƽƢǐƬºǫȏơ ǞǓȁ ǹƢǧ �ǾȈǴǟ ƔƢǼƥơǀººŮ ǲººƳȋơƨºǴȇȂǘǳơ ƨºȈǸǼƬǳơ ƩƢºȈǻƢǰǷƛ ĿƧǂºƯƚŭơ ǝƢºǓȁȋ ơǶºȀǧƨǨǔǳơ ǱȐƬººƷơ ƣƢºǬǟƗ ĿƪƠºǌǻƗŖǳơ ǲǯƢȈŮơ ƨǏƢşȁ�ƽƢǐƬºǫȏơǽǀǿǹƛ �ǽȂŶ ƩƢȈǷƢǼȇƽ Ŀ ǂƯƚƫŖ ǳơ ƨȈǈǇƚŭơ ƨȈǼƦǳơȁ �ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫȁ ƨȈƥǂǤǳơǲȈºƦǇ ȏ śǠǷǁȂǘƫ ǁƢºǈǷ Ǯºǋ ȐƥƩƽƾƷ ƨȈǈǇƚŭơŘƦǳơȁ ǲǯƢȈŮơƽƢǐƬºǫȐǳ ƨǴǷƢǰǳ ơřȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƽƢǐƬºǫȏơ ƨȈǠƦƫ ǲǛĿǾǼǷ ƱȁǂƼǴǳ

�ȆǴȈƟơǂǇȍơǲºƦǬƬǈǷ ȄǴǟǞºǇơȂǳơ ǾǷȂȀǨŠ ǁƢǐūơ ǂƯƗ ƾȇƾºƸƬǳ ƨǫǁȂǳơǽǀǿ ǥƾē�ǩȐǣȍơȁ ǁƢǐūơśººƥ ƨººǫǂǨƬǳƢƥ ƨººǫǁȂǳơ ǶƬē ǥȂºǇȁ �ƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ƨȈǴǸǟǒǠººººººººƥ ȄǴǟ ǆȈǳȁ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ƨȈǴǸǟȄǴǟ ǁƢƯȉơ ƾȇƾŢĿǮǳƿ ƨȈŷȋǂǿƢǜǷ ȆǿŖǳơ �ǂºǬǨǳơȁ ƨǳƢǘºƦǳƢǯ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȇ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ Ʃơǂǋƚŭơ

�ƨǴǰǌǸǴǳ ǑơǂǟƗȁƩƢȈǳƕ ǲưǷ �ǁƢǐūơ ǵȂȀǨǷƾȇƾŢ ƾǠºƥ�ǞȈǓơȂǷ Ƨƾǟ ƨºǫǁȂǳơǑǂǠƬºǈƫǁƢǐūơ ƢȀǓǂǨȇŖǳơ ƩƢȇƾººƸƬǳơȁ �ƨȇƽƢǐƬººǫȏơ ǽǁƢƯƕȁ ǾƫơǁȂǘƫȁ ǁƢǐūơƨȇƙǂǳ ǵƢǟ ǁȂǐƫǞǓȂººººƥƨºººǫǁȂǳơ ȆȀƬǼƫ ÈăǶƊƯ ǺǷȁ �ƨȈǸǼƬǳơƨȈǴǸǟ ȄǴǟǍȐƼƬººǇơ ƢȀºƦǬǠȇ �ƨȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬǴǳ ƨȈǴºƦǬƬǈǷ

�ƨƦǇƢǼŭơƩƢȈǏȂƬǳơ ǞǓȁȁƲƟƢƬǼǳơ

Economic development in developing countries facemajor challenges even under normal circumstances. However,development in an occupied country is even a greater challenge.Development literature indicates that the nature of the relationshipbetween the economic of the occupant and the occupied is a relationof control/dependence, where the occupier deprives the occupied ofthe potential for growth and development through a series of policiesand restrictions. Since siege in its broad context (i.e. the totality ofIsraeli policies towards the Palestinian territories) represents anessential element of Israeli policy, before and after the establishmentof the Palestinian Authority, we have to understand the relationbetween the siege and the future of development, where the siegeconstitutes the major challenge to the future of development in thePalestinian territories. It is clear, after 14 years of establishment ofthe Palestinian authority, that the restrictive Israeli measures andpolicies continue to dominate the economic horizons of thePalestinian territories.It is no secret that hose policies (the siege) targets the weakening ofthe already weak Palestinian economy to abort any attempts at a realdevelopment, which might enhance the opportunities for theestablishment of a Palestinians state outside the control and vision ofthe occupation.Accordingly, to put the Palestinian economy on the path towardsdevelopment, we have to understand the conditions which impactthe long term potential of development of that economy, especiallythe structures that have been introduced upon the occupation of theWest Bank and Gaza and the institutional structure that affects thedynamics of its growth. Those structures and institutional constructshave undoubtedly determined a specific path for development thatcannot be challenged in view of the total dependence of thePalestinian economy on the Israeli economy. This paper aims toidentify the impact of siege, in its broad sense, on the future of theprocess of development. It will differentiate between siege andclosure in view of the importance of that differentiation inidentifying the consequences on the process of development and notmerely on some economic and social indicators such asunemployment and p overty, which are symp toms andmanifestations of the original problem. After outlining the conceptof siege the paper will address other issues such as the mechanismsof siege, their development and their economic impact, and thechallenges imposed by the siege on the process of development. Thepaper will conclude with an overall suggestion for a future vision ofdevelopment in the Palestinian territories, followed by a number ofrecommendations.

ǁƢǐūơ ǲǛ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ǲƦǬƬǈǷƨǴƴǠǳơ ƵȐǏ ǹǃƢǷ

The Future of Development under SiegeMazen Salah El Ejla

E-mail: e [email protected]



ǺǨǳơȁ ƨǷƾǐǳơśºƥ ƨǫȐǠǳơ ǂǿƢǜǷǒǠƥ ƨǫǁȂǳơǽǀǿ ǱȁƢǼƬƫĿ ǱȐƬºƷȏơƪŢ śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ǹƢǰºǈǳơ śƥ ƽȂǸǐǳơȁ ǵƢǠǳơ ȆǠǸƬĐơƨȈǠǸƬů ƩƢȇǁơƾƳ Ƨƾǟ ǺǷƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơǞŦ Ļ ƾǬǳ �ƧǄǣȁ ƨȈƥǂǤǳơ ƨǨǔǳơǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬǳƢºƥ ƩơȂǼºǇ ǂºǌǟ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟƢȀũǁȁ ƢȀǸȈǜǼƬºƥǺȇǂƳ ƪǷƢǫǝȁǂººǌǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǴƻơƾŭơ Ǆǯǂƫ ǥȂººǇ �ƪǸǐǳơ ǂººǈǯ ƩƢȇǁơƾƳ ǝȁǂºǌǷśººƥ ǭǂƬºǌǷǝȁǂºǌǷ Ȃǿȁ �ƢȈºƦǸȈǳȁƗȁ ƶǧǁŖǼȇƾǷ śºƥ ȆƻƖƬǳơ ƨȇǁơƾƳ�ƪǸǐǳơ ǂǈǯƩƢȇǁơƾƳ ǝȁǂǌǷȁ �ƨǳơƾǠǳ ơ ǲƳƗ ǺǷȅ ǁȂǯ ǲǋơǁ ƨǈǇƚǷǺǸǔƬȇ ȅǁơƾŪơ ǝȁǂºººǌŭơ �ƧǄǣ Ŀƶǧǁȁ ǺǘǼººǋơȁ ƢȈººƦǸȈǳȁƗ ǹƢǰººǇȁŐǟ ƔƢǼººƦǳơǥƾȀƬº ºǈƫƶǧǁȁ ƢȈºƦǸȈǳȁƗ ǺǷ ǲǯĿƨǷƢǟ ƨȈǼǧƩƢǟȁǂºǌǷǺǷ ǞººººǇơȁ ǦȈǗ ǺǟŐǠƫ ǹƗȁ ƨǴƟƢŮơ ƨ ȈǧơǂǤŪơƩƢǧƢººººǈŭơȁ ƩƢǯǂūơƨǷȁƢºǬŭơȁ ǵƢǠǳơ ǕƢºǌǼǴǳǂºǌƦǳơ ǵơƾƼƬºǇơ ǩǂǗǮǳƿ Ŀ ƢŠƩƢȈǷƢǼȇƾǳơƾǼƬººǈƫ �ƔƢººƦƷȋơ ǹơƾººǬǧ ȄǴǟ ǹǄūơȁ ƩƢǷƾǐǳơ ƨȀƳơȂǷĿǝơƾºƥȍơȁƢǸȈǧȆºǈǨǼǳơǲȈǴºƸƬǳơ ƩƢȇǂǜǻȁ ȅƾǬǼǳ ơȁ ȆǴƻƾƬǳơ ƮƸƦǳơńƛ ƨǴƻơƾŭơŘǠǷ ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔǳơ ƔƢººǬǳƛȁ ǶȀǨǳ ƨǳȁƢŰ Ŀ ǂǯǀƬǳơȁ ƨǷƾǐǳƢºƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ�ǹơƾººǬǨǳơƩơŐƻȁ ǦǼǠǳƢººƥ ƔȆǴǷ ǩƢȈºǇ Ŀ ȆǠǸƬĐơ ǺǨǳơƩƢǟȁǂºǌǷƢºǈǼǳơ ƢȀǼǷňƢǟŖǳơ ƩƢǷƾǐǳơ śºƥ ƨǫȐǠǳơ ǱȁƢǼƫ ńƛ ǝȁǂǌŭơ ȄǠǈȇǹƛ� �ƭȁǁƢǯ ȆƯƢǯƪǳƢºººǫ ƢǸǯ �Ņȁƾǳơ ǞǸƬĐơ Ŀȁ ƢȀǼȈǠºººƥ ƩƢǠǸƬůĿ�ƺȇǁƢƬǳơ ǹƗ Ŀ ƪǴưŤ �ƾȈƷȂƬǳơȁ ȄǇȂǷ�Ǿƥ ƢƬǯ Ŀ ƨȈǇƢǇȋơ ƾȇȁǂǧ ƧŚǐƥơƾȇƾŢ ȂǿƺȇǁƢƬǳơ ǹƛ ��ƽǂǨǳ ƢǰǴǷ ơƾºººººººººƥƗ ǹȂǰȇȏ �ƨǷƾǐǳơ ǲưǷ ǾǴưǷǍ ��Ǻȇǂƻȉơ ƩƢǷƾǏĿ ƢºƦƦǇȁƗ ƢǧǂǗ ƢđƶºƦǐǻŖǳơ ƨǬȇǂǘǳơ

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If haunting describes how that which appears to be notthere is often a seething presence, acting on and often meddlingwith taken for granted reali ties, the ghost is just the sign , or theempirical evidence if you like, that tells youa haunting is takingplace�Haunting is a very particular way of knowing, beinghaunted draws us affective ly somet imes against our will andalways a bit magically, into the structure of feeling of area lity wecome to experience, no t as cold knowledge, but as atransformative recognition .Ghostly Matters, Avery Gordon(1997, p8).This presentation explores some of the relationships betweentrauma, community public art and resilience in refugeepopulations living underoccupation in Palestine's WestBank andGaza. The data is collected from a series of community murals,that Greene has organized and painted collaboratively over thelast10 years with Break the SilenceMural Projec t (BTS).Thefocus of the presentation will be on the Olympia-Rafah SisterCity Mural Project, a collaboration between the Rachel CorrieFoundation for Peace and Justice, BTS, the people of OlympiaWashington and Rafah inGaza. Themural projec t includes publicart projects in both Olympia and Rafah that aim to build acrossmovements and large geographicaldis tances, and will articulate awide range of dynamics including the way people make use ofactivism, resistance and creativity in the face of trauma andmourning.The study makes use of action and critical research,psychodynamic and analytic theories of trauma and memory inan attempt to understand and illuminate the meaning of publiccommunity art projects and solidarity in the context of high levelsof violence and traumatic losses. The projectseeks to address therelationship between the traumas suffered in individualcommunities and the world community. As Cathy Caruth notes:Freud's central insight in "Moses and Monotheism" is thathistory, like trauma is never simply one's own- that his tory isprecise ly the way we are implicated in each other's traumas(1996, p.11).

Public Art, Solidarity andResilience in Occupied Palestine

Dr. Su san Greene.*

ǺǷƢǔƬǳơȁ ȆǠǸƬĐơ ǺǨǳơƨǴƬƄơ śǘǈǴǧ Ŀ ƽȂǸǐǳơȁ

ǺȇǂƳ ǹơǃȂǇ �ƽ

* San Francisco Art Institute USA / [email protected]

mailto:*SanFranciscoArtInstituteUSA/[email protected]


ĿĿƢºǬưǳơ ǞǓȂǳơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơ ǂƯƗ śƦƬǳ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ǽǀǿ ƩƔƢƳǁƢƯƕ ǃơǂƥƛ Ȃǿ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ǾȈǳƛ ȄǠǈƫȅǀǳơǥƾŮơ ǹƜǧŅƢƬǳƢƥȁ �ƧǄǣƩƢǜǧƢŰǺǨǳơ �Ƶǂººººǈŭơ �ƩƢººººƦƬǰŭơ �Ŀ ǲưǸƬƫ ƨȈººººǈȈƟǁ ƤǻơȂƳȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơĻƮȈººƷ �ȆǨǏȂǳơ ƮººƸƦǳơ ƲȀǼǷ ƨººǫǁȂǳơ ƩƾǸƬǟơ ƾººǫȁ �ȆǴȈǰºǌƬǳơǺǷ ƨȇƾǴºƥ ǲǯ ǺǷ ƨƦƬǰǷǀƻƗ ĻȁƩƢȇƾǴƦǳơ ƩƢƦƬǰǷ ńƛƩƢƦƬǰŭơǦȈǼǐƫǢǴºƥȃǂƻȋơ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƩƢºƦƬǰǸǴǳ ƨȈƟơȂºǌǟ ƨǼȈǟ ǀƻƗ Ľ �ǆǸŬơ ƩƢǜǧƢƄơǺǷ ƨȈƟơȂººººǌǟ ƨǼȈǟ ǁƢȈƬƻơ Ļ ƢǸǯ �ƩƢººººƦƬǰǷ� ƢȀǼǷ ƣƢƴƬºº ºǇơ ǺǷƢȀǼǷƣƢƴƬǇơƮȈƷ ƩƢȈƷǂǈǷǑǂǠƫȁ ƲƬǼƫŖǳơȁ ƨȈƷǂǈŭơƩƢǈǇƚŭơƨȈƟơȂºǌǟ ƨǼȈǟǀƻƗ Ļȁ ƢǸǯ �ǶȀǠǷ ƩȐºƥ ƢǬǷ ǲǸǟ Ļ ƮȈƷ �ƩƢǈǇƚǷ �ǹƢȈººƦƬǇơ ǞȇǃȂƫĻȁ �ƧǄǣ ƩƢǜǧƢŰ ǦǴƬű ǺǷ śǻƢǼǨǳơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ǺǷƪǨºǫȂƫ ƮȈƷ ƨŦ ǁƢƯƕ ǁƢǐƸǴǳ ǹƗśƦƫ ƨǇơǁƾǳơ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǱȐƻǺǷȁ �ǶȀȈǴǟ�ƢǿŚǣȁ ƧǁƢǟȍơƩƢǷƾƻȁ ƨǷƢǠǳơ ƩƢºƦƬǰŭơ ǶǜǠŭƤƬǰǳƢºƥ ƾȇȁǄƬǳơ ƨǯǂºƷǑȁǂǠǳơȁ ƩƢȈººƷǂǈŭơ ƽƾǟƮȈººƷ ǺǷȆºƷǂǈŭơǲǸǠǳơ ǶƴºƷǎǴºǬƫȁǶȀƳƢƬǻƛ ƮȈºººººƷ ǺǷ ǁƢǐūƢºººººƥśǻƢǼǨǳơ ƱƢƬǻƛ ǂƯƘ ƫ ƢǸǯ �ƨǷƾºººººǬŭơńƛ ƨººǫǁȂǳơƪǐǴƻ ƢǸǯ �ƨȈƳǁƢŬơƩƢºǋǁȂǳơȁǑǁƢǠŭ ơĿ ǶēƢǯǁƢºǌǷȁ

�ƢȀǼǷƩƢȈǏȂƬǳơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸůƩƢǷȂºǬǷĿ ƨǷƢǿ ǂǏƢǼǠǯ ǶǴǠǳơȁ ƨǧǂǠ ŭơȁ ƧƔơǂǬǳơ ǞȈƴǌƫ

�ǲƬƄơ ǾƳơȂǷȁ ƽȂǸǐǳơǾºǫȐǘǻơ ǞȈƴºǌƫȁřȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ȆǴȈǰºǌƬǳơ ǺǨǳơ ǞȈƴǌƫǵȏƕǺǟ ŚºººƦǠƬǳơĿ ǶȀºººǈƫ ƨȈŭƢǟƨǤǴǯ ȆƳǁƢŬơ ƔƢǔǨǴǳǲƟƢººǇȂǳơ ǲǯ śǷƾƼƬººǈǷ �řȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƤǠºǌǳơ ǱƢǷƕȁ

�ƨȇǂǐǬǳơ ƽȁƾƸǴǳ ƧǃȁƢƴƬǷ �ƨưȇƾūơƨȈǻȁǂƬǰǳȍơȁ ǢȇǂǨƬǳơȁ ŚºƦǠƬǳơ ƤȈǳƢºǇƗ ƾºƷƘǯ Ƶǂºǈŭơȁ ƢǷơǁƾǳơ ǞȈƴǌƫƢǔȇƗȁ �ǱȐƬºººƷȏơ ƶǔǨƫƨȈǷȐǟƛ ƨǴȈºººǇȂǯ ƢȀǠȈƴººǌƫĿ �ƨưȇƾūơ ƨȈǻȁǂƬǰǳȍơ ǲƟƢººǇȂǳơ ȁ ƪǻǂƬǻȍơ ǺǷ ƧƾȈǨƬººǈǷ

�ƢȈŭƢǟȁ ƢȈǴŰ ǁƢǌƬǻȏơ ȁ ǱȂǏȂǳơ

This study came to showthe impact of the Israeli siegeon the cultural situation in Gaza provinces ,therefore the aim ofthe study is to seek the effects of the Israeli siege on three mainaspects presented in : libraries, theatre and visual art.The paper has adopted a descriptive research approach, whichclassified the libraries toMunicipal libraries that were taken fromeach of the five provinces municipality, and then take a samplerandom of the other public libraries which 6 of them respond.Also another sample random has been selected from institutionswhich produce and present plays and 5 of them respond and hadan interviews;Also a sample random was selec ted from a groupof artists from different Gaza provinces and a questionna ire wasdistributed to them, and through the results of the study showedthat the siege had a negative effects. where the acquisition ofbooks had stopped for most of public librar ies and the loanservices and many others. Also the theatre work reduced from thenumber of plays and presented shows. and the artists productionhad been effected from their produc tion and participation inexhibitions and workshops for Foreign Affairs . Also this paperfound set of conclusionsand recommendations Including:

Encourage reading and science and knowledge as animportant elements of Steadfastness in the face of theoccupier.Encourage thePalestinian Art Studio and motiva te it tolaunch of outer space as a universal language toexpress the pain and aspirations of the Palestinianpeople, using all modern electronic means, by passingthe borders.Encourage drama and theater as an expression andunloading methods and encourage it as a media exposethe occupation, and also taking advantage of theInterne t and the modern e lectronic means to accessandcontribute locally and globally.

ǥƢǬưǳơ ǞǓȂǳơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơ ǂƯƗƧǄǣ ƩƢǜǧƢŰ Ŀ ȅ

ƅơ ǂǐǻ ƽƢǸǟ

The Impact of the Israeli Siege onthe Cultural Situation in Gaza Provinces

Mr. Emad Nasrallah

E-mail: [email protected]



ǞǸƬĐơ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ƲȈºǈǻ ǺǷ ƔǄƴǯ ƨȈǴǿȋ ơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƪºƦǠǳǹƢººƥƗ ƨǷȁƢºǬŭơȁ ƽȂǸǐǳơ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơ ƩƢȈǳƕ ǄȇǄǠƫ Ŀ ƆƢǷƢǿ Ɔơǁȁƽ ňƾŭơƨǷƢǠǳơ ƩƢººººǇƢȈǈǳƢƥ ŚƯƘƬǳƢººººƥ ƪŷƢººººǇ ƢǸǯ �ȃŐǰǳơƨǓƢǨƬǻȏơƩơƿ ƢȇƢǔºǬǳƢƥ�� ǵƢǟ ƾǠƥƨȈǼǗȂǳơ ƨǘǴǈǳơ ǲȈǰǌƫ ǹƢƥƗ ƩƢǠȇǂǌƬǳƢƥȁńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ ƨǨȈǠǔǳơȁ ƨºǌǸȀŭơ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƩƢƠǨ ǳơŁƢǐŠ ƨºǫȐǠǳơǹƢǈǻȍ ơ ǩȂǬƷȁƨȈǗơǂǬŻƾǳơ ǶȈǫȁ ƨǧƢǬƯ ǵơǂƬƷƢƥƨǏƢŬơ ƩƢȀƳȂƬǳơ ǮǴƫ

� ƨȈǻƢǈǻȍơ ƨȈǸǼƬǳơȁƩȏƢºººº ºººǬƬǟȏơȁ � ƨǳȁƾǳơǺǷƗ ƨǸǰŰƪǔǧǁ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹơ ǂǯǀȇȁǲȈǰººǌƫȁ ŚººƦǠƬǳơȁ ƾºǬǼǳơȁ ȅƗǂǳơ ƨȇǂºƷ ǺǷ ƾūơƩȏȁƢŰȁƨȈºǇƢȈǈǳơƨȈǟƢǸƬƳơ ƩƢƠǧŁ ƢǐǷ Ǻǟ ŐǠƫŖǳơƩƢȈǴǟƢǨǳơȁƩƢººƥƢǬǼǳơȁ ƩƢȈǠǸŪơƨȇȂǘǴºǈǳơȁ ƨȇȂºƥȋơ ǱƢǰǋƗ ǲǯ ƪǔǧǁ ȆȀǧ ŅƢƬǳƢ ƥȁ� ǞǸƬĐƢƥ ƨǨǴƬűǪƷǺǟ ƪǠǧơƽȁǞǸƬĐơ ƩƢǸǜǼǷȁ ǲǯƢȈǿȁŘƥ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈǈǳơ ƩȏȁƢŰȁńƛ ƽƢǼƬºǇȏơȁ ƶǷƢǈƬǳơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǺǷ ƪƼǇǁȁ ƨȇƽƾǠƬǳơ ƨǧƢǬƯȁ ǥȐƬƻȏơ

� ƾȈǳƢƥ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơ ǀƻƗ ƩȏȁƢŰǺǷ Ɔȏƾƥ ǹȂǻƢǬǳơƧƽƢȈǇ ƗƾƦǷƔơǂƳƛ ǽƢšƢºººººƥƢǿƾȀŝ ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ƪǠǧƽ ȅǀǳơƪºººººǫȂǳƢƥȁƔƢĔƛ ǥƾđ � ��Ŀ ƪŤŖǳơ ƨȈǠȇǂºǌƬǳơ ƨǏƢƻȁƩƢºƥƢƼƬǻȏơƨºǈǇƚŭơ ƨȈǼºƥ ƨǣƢȈǏ ƧƽƢǟƜºƥ ƨŷƢºǈŭơȁ ƨǘǴºǈǳƢƥ ƨȈƳơȁƽ ǃȏơ ƨǳƢƷƧƾǟƢºǫ ȄǴǟȁ ƧƾºƷȂǷ ǆºǇƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơȁƨȈǇƢȈǈǳơǩȁƾǼǐºƥ ȁƗƩƢºƥƢƼƬǻȏƢƥ ƢȀǼǟ ŐǠŭơ Ƨǂūơ Ǿƫƽơǁƛȁ ǺǗơȂŭơ ȅƗǁńƛ ƽƢǼƬǇȏơǺǷ ƩƢƥ ƢƼƬǻȏơ Ǻǟ ƨšƢǼǳơ ƨȈƯǁƢǰǳơ ƲƟƢƬǼǴǳ ƧǁȂǘşƩǂǜǻ ƢĔƜǧ � ǝơǂƬǫȏơȃƽƗ ȅǀǳơ ǵƢºǈǬǻȏơȁ ƪƬǨƬǳơ ƆơŚƻƗȁ ǂƫȂƬǳơȁ ǹƢºǬƬƷȏơ ƨǳƢºƷ ƺȈǇǂƫ ƮȈƷ� ƆƢȈǧơǂǤƳȁ ƆƢȈºǇƢȈǇ řȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ȆºǇƢȈǈǳơ ǵƢǜǼǳơ ƨȈǼºƥǁƢǘǌǻơ ńƛǝƢǘºǫ ĿǅƢŧƨǯǂºƷ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǷƾºǫƗ ȅǀǳơ ȅǂǰǈǠǳơǶǈūơ Őǟ ƔơȂǇƢȀȈǴǟ ǵƾǫƗŖǳơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬǳơȁ ƨȇ ǁơƽȍơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ŐǟȁƗ � ��Ŀ ƧǄǣÅƔơȂºǇ ƩƢǇǁƢǸŭơ ǮǴƫ � ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨǨǔǳƢƥǑƢȈǧ �ƽ ƨǷȂǰƷȁ ǹǃƢǷȂƥƗ ǆȈƟǂǳơ

Ŀ ǁơǂǓȋơƪºǬūƗȁ ƨǈǇƚŭơ ƧƾƷȁǒȇȂǬƫńƛƩƽƗ ƨȇǁơƽȍơ ȁƗƨȇǂǰǈǠǳơƧƾºƷȁĿ ƪƬǨƬǳơ ƨǳƢºƷ ǺǷƪƼǇǁ ƢǸǯ �řȈǘǈǴǨǳơřǗȂǳơ ǝȁǂǌŭơƩǂƯƗǽǂǘƻ ƩƢȈǟơƾƫ ńƛ ǵƢººǈǬǻȏơ ơǀǿȃƽƗ ƮȈºƷ �ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơƲȈºǈǼǳơƨǳƢºƷǮǳƿ ǺǷ ƺǇǁ ƢǸǯ � ƨǷƢǟ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨǈǇƚŭơȁƨǇǁƾŭơȁ ƧǂǇȋơ ȄǴǟŐǟ ÅƔơȂºǇ ƨȈºƥǂǤǳơ ƨǨǔǳơȁ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǫ ǺǷ ǲǯśºƥ ƢǷ ǱƽƢºƦƬŭơ ǵƢǬƬǻȏơǥǂǘǴǳ ƽȂǠƫŖǳơƩƢȈǠǸŪơ ǩȐǣƛ ȁơ ȆººǇ ƢȈǈǳơ ǱƢºǬƬǟȏơ ƧǂǿƢǛ ƾȇƾšȅǀǳơȁ ǹȂ ǻƢºǬǳơ ƨǘǴǇǥƢǠǓƛ ńƛ ȃƽƗȅǀǳơ ǂǷȋơśƬǬǘǼŭƢƥǮǳ ƿȁ ǂƻȉơ

�ǆȈǈƬǳơȁ ƨȈƥǄūơ ƨȇȂƠǨǳơ ƨǳƢū ǂƻȉơ Ȃǿ Ǟǔƻňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơƩƢǸǜǼǷ ƣǁƢšȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ ȄǴǟ ÅƔƢǼºººƥȁ ƆƢºººƦȇǂǣ ǺǰȇǶǴǧ ǾȈǴǟȁƨǳƢºººƷ ƔƢĔƛ ńƛ ƨȈǷơǂǳơ ƩƢȈǴǟ ƢǨǳơȁ ƩơǁƽƢººƦŭơ ǺǷƨǴººǈǴǈƥ ƢȀǷƢȈººǫǲƻƾŭơ ǲǰººǌȇǮǳƿ ǦǏȂººƥ ƨȈǼǗȂǳơ ƧƾººƷȂǳơƧƽƢǠƬºǇơȁ ǵƢºǈǬǻȏơǞǸƬĐơ ƲȈºǈǻ ƧƾºƷȂǳȁ řǗȂǳơ ǝȁǂºǌǸǴǳ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ƨƽ Ƣǟƛ ǽƢšƢƥ ȆǈȈƟǂǳơ

� ƪǫȂǳơ ǆǨǻĿȆǴƻơƾǳơ� ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǷƾººººǫ ƗŖǳơ ƩȐǸūơȁ ƩơǁƽƢººººƦŭơ ǹƛȃȂºǬǳơ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬǳƢƥ ƨȈǴǿȋơƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƨǰƦǋ � ƩƢǠǷƢŪơ ƧǀƫƢǇƗ ƨ ȈǠŦǲºƷǄǯǂǷ� � ǅƢŧȁ ƶƬǧ�śȈºǈȈƟǂǳơśºƦǘǬǳơƧǂƟơƽ ƱǁƢƻ ƨȈºǇ ƢȈǈǳơƩȐŧƢȀȈǠŦ�ł ƛ �� řǗȂǳơ ǩƢǧȂǳơ ƨǼŪȁ �ǮǼȈƯ ǱƢººººººƥ � ƩƢǟơŗǳơǵƢǈǬǻȏ ơ ƨǳƢƷ ƔƢĔƛ ȄǴǟ ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơƩƢǸǜǼǷǍǂƷǆǰǠƫ ƩơǁƽƢƦǷȁȅǀǳơǞǸƬĐơƲȈººǈǻ ƧƾººƷȁ ǶȈǷǂƫ ƧƽƢǟȍ ȅǄǯǂŭơǲƻƾŭơ ǲǰººǌȇ ȅǀǳơȁ

� ƾ ȇƾƦƬǳơȁǮƬȀƬǴǳ ƆơǂƻƚǷ ǑǂǠƫǦȈǬưƫȁ ƨȈǟȂƬǳơ ǺǷ ƲǷơŐƥƨǬǧǂǷ ƩơǁƽƢƦŭơȁ ƩȐǸūơ ǽǀđ ǁơǂǸƬǇȏơ ǹƛƔƢǐººǫȍơ ƨººǇƢȈǇ Ǻǟ ƽƢǠƬº ºƥȏơȁ ǂƻȉơ ǲºƦǬƫ ƨǧƢºǬƯ ǄȇǄǠƫǽƢš ǞǸƬĐơǞǸƬĐơ ǆǇȋ ƨǸƸǴǳơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ƨƸǴǷ ƧǁȁǂǓƩƢƥ � ƨǬȈǬūơ ǁƢǰƬƷơȁƨȈǗơǂººº ºǬŻƾǳơǶȈǿƢǨŭơȁ ŚȇƢǠŭơńƛ Ǆǰƫǂȇ ǹƗƤŸȅǀǳơřȈǘºººǈǴǨǳơ

� ƨǴǷƢǋ ƧǁȂǐƥřǗȂǳơ ǝȁǂǌǸǴǳǅƢǇƗ ƧƾǟƢǬǯ

ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ǁȁƽǞǸƬĐơ ƲȈǈǻ ƧƾƷȁ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơĿ

ǹƢǔǷǁ Ȃƥơ ǺǈŰ




Bank as well. Those undertakings, whether military oradministrative, have led to the jeopardy of the institutional unityand has greatly harmed the Palestinian national project. Theyhave also established a state of fragmentation of the unity ofsocial matrix, since that split has led to dangerous consequenceswhich affected the family, the school, and the institution ingeneral. It has also lead to a state of ongoing mutual revengebetween the Gaza strip and the West Bank, whether through thepolitical detentions or closure of organizations belonging to theother party, in both areas. This inevitable lead to a weakening ofthe power of the law, which itself has been subjected tosectarianisms and political polarization. Accordingly it was nota surprise that civil society organizations undertake a series ofinitiatives and actions targeting to put an end to the state ofdivision and to reclaim national unit, since this is the most crucialentry point towards a rebuilding of the national project and theunity of Palestinian society. The initiatives and campaignsundertaken by civil society organizations (association ofuniversity professors, PINGO in collaboration with politicalgroups other than the two poles Fath and Hamas, center forconflict resolution, Pal Think, committee of national consensus,etc.) all reflect the determination of civil society organizations toend the state of division and to rehabilitate the unity of socialmatrix which has been subject to violation and breach. Thecontinuation of those campaigns and initiatives accompaniedwith awareness raising and community education programstargeting acceptance of the other, rejection of exclusion andmonopoly of the truth has become an urgent necessity in order tobuild cohesion in thestructure of Palestinian society which has tobe based on democratic principles and values as a basis for acomprehensive national project.

Non-Governmental Organizations as part of civil society haveplayed an important role in the enhancement of developmentmechanisms in support of resilience and resistance after themajor intifada. They have also influenced public policies andlegislations upon the formation of the national authority after 94as regards the interests of marginalized and vulnerable groups inthe community. They have also forwarded recommendationsregarding respect for the culture and values of democracy,human rights and human development. We note that thoseorganizations have rejected the state security court, politicaldetentions, attempts at restriction of freedom of opinion,criticism, expression and formation of associations and unionsand all structures representing the interests of different socialsectors in society. They have rejected all forms of patriarchy,hegemony and attempts to control the structures andorganizations of civil society. They have defended the right todiffer and the diversityof culture. They have called for principlesof tolerance and respect of law instead of taking justice in one\sown hand. Civil society organizations have spent their effortscalling for e lections, especially legislative elections, which tookpart on the 25th of January 2006 in the hope that this will end thestate of double authority and have contributed to thereformulation of the Palestinian political and legal infrastructureon unified principles and on the basis of referring to the free willof citizens expressed in the ballot box through elections.However, they have also viewed with concern the catastrophicresults of those elections in so far as they precipitated a state ofcongestion and tension, and eventually split, which lead to adivision of the Palestinian political system, both politically andgeographica lly, established militarily by Hamas in the Gaza stripand through administrative and legal procedures undertaken byPresident Abu Mazen and the Dr. Fayyad government in the West

Role of Civil Society in the Maintenanceof Community Cohesion

MohsenAbu Ramadan



ǶǿǁƢºººººƦƬǟƜƥǆǨǼǳơ ƔƢǸǴǟ ƨǟƢŦȁǺȇǂǰǨŭơ ȆǴǟ ƤŸ ƢŠǁǲưǷǶȀǴưǷ ǄȈǯǂƫȁ ǵƢǸƬǿƗǁȂŰ ǹȂǰȇǹƗȆǷƢǜǻȃȂƬºǈǷȄǴǟ Ǻ ȇǂǰǨǷǺǷ ƨȈºǇƢȈǈǳơȁ ƨȈǫƢǬưǳơȁƨȇƽ ƢǐƬǫȍơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ȆƷơȂǼǳơ ǺǷ ǶǿŚǣǝơǂǐǳơ ƤººƦǈƥ ǂƟ ƢºǈƻǺǷǹƢºǈǻȍơ ǾǠǧƾȇ ƢǷȁǁƢƯȉ ơȁ ƣƢºƦǇȋơƮȈºƷǺǷ ƨȈǳȁƾǳơ ƩƢǰºƦǌǳơ ǦºǬƫ �Ǯǳƿ ǺǷǶǣǂǳơ ȆǴǟȁ �ǱȐƬƷȏơȁ ȅǂǰǈǠǳơƾȈǯƗ ơǀǿȁ �ƢȇƢǔºǬǳơ ǽǀǿ Ɣơǃƛ Ɣ ƢǸǏ śȈǟƢǸƬƷȍơǆǨǼǳơ ƔƢǸǴǟ ƨǟƢŦơǀǳ �ƩƢǟȂǓȂŭơǽǀǿ ǽƢš ǱȂƠºǈǷȁ ƽƢƳ ǦǫȂǷ ȅƗ ơȁǀƼƬȇ ŃǶĔƗ ƮȈƷǽƢšǶȀººǈǨǻƗśȈººǈǨǼǳơ śǐƬƼŭơ Ɣȏƚǿ ǾƳȁǦȈǯǲƟƢººǈƫƗřǻƜǧƔơǁȁǦǼǠǳơ Ʃȏȏƽ ƢºººººººǬƷ ǹȂǯǁƾȇ ơȂǻƢǯƢǷ ơƿơȁŃȂǠŭơǦǼǠǳơ ǵȂȀǨǷȄǴǟǺȇǁƽƢºǫ ơȂǻƢǯƢǷ ơƿơ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǲƟƢºǈƫƗȁ �ȆǐƼºǌǳơȁ ȆǴƻơƾǳơ ȅȂƬºǈŭơǲǷƢǠƬǳơ ȅƾǷȁȆǐƼºǌǳơ ȅƾŭơ ǃȁƢƴƬƬǳ ǦǼǠǳơǂǿơȂǜǳ ǶȈǿƢǨǷ ǞǓȁĿ Ɣȏƚǿ ƵƢų ȅƾǷ Ǻǟ ƢǔȇƗ ǲƟƢºººǈƫƗňƜǧ ǮǳƿȆǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ �ƽơǂǧȏơ śººƥ�ƨȈƳǁƢŬơȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾǳơ ƨȈǷȂºǬǳơ ǾºƦǻơȂƳǺǸǔƬȈǳǦǼǠǳơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ƵƢǔȇơǺǟ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿǲưǷ Ŀ ƨȈºǇƢȈǈǳơ ƢȈǧơǂǤŪơȁ ƩƢǯǂǌǳơ ƢǔȇƗ ǲǸǌȈǳȁśȇƽƢǐƬºǫȍơȁśǇƢȈǈǳơǺǷ śǬƥƢǈǳơ ǦǼǠǳơƣƢƸǏȋƵƢǸǈǳơ ǪȇǂǗƶũȅƾǷ ȅƗŅơ � ǱƢưŭơ ǲȈºƦǇ ȆǴǠǧ� ƨǴǷƢǰǳơ ƨȈǧƢǨǌǳƢƥơȂǸǈƬȇ ǹȋǲǔǧơȆ Ǵǟ ǀƻȋơ ǺǷƩƢǷȂǰūơȁ ƩƢǯǂºººººººǌǴǳǞǸƬĐơȁǆǨǼǳơ ƔƢǸǴǟƔȂºǇƗ ȆǴǟ ƨȇǁƢǸǠƬºǇȏơŁƢǐŭơȁ ƩƢǯǂºǌǳơƪǠƴºǋǦȈǯȁ ǱơȂƷȏơǞǸǗǺǷ ƨºƦƦǈƬŭơ ǦǼǠǳơ ǱƢǸǟȋ ǲǷƢǯ ǲȈǴŢ ǺǷ ǲǫƗ ǱȐƻǺǷ ǱơȂƷȋơƢǻƽȁǄȇ ƾºǫ ȅǂǰºǈǠǳơ ǱȐƬºƷȏơȁ ƣǂūơǹƛ � ȆºǇƢȈǈǳơ ƾºǬūơȁ ƩƢǯǂǌǳơƔơǃƛ ǶȀǷƢǸƬǿơ ơȁƾºƦȈǳ ǞǸƬĐơȁǆǨǼǳơƔƢǸǴǟ ȅƾȇƗȆǴǟƣǂǔǴǳ ǥƢǘŬƢƥǥǂǠȇ ƢǷ Ņơ Śºººǌǻ ƢǼǻƜǧǮǳƿ ǲǠǨººƥȁ ǲǷƢººǌǳơȁ ǶǜǼŭơ ǦǼǠǳơǕƢŶơǞǸƬĐơȁǆǨǼǳơƔƢǸǴǟƩƢǰºƦǋ Ŀ ȆǇƢȈǈǳơ ǲǸǠǳơ Ƨǁƾǻ ǂǓƢūơ ƪǫȂǳƢƥǂưǯƗǲǰºǌƥ ƨȈƸǔǳơ ƨǴǰǌǷǑǂǠǳ ǦǫơȂŭơ ǵơǄƬǳơ ƩƢƦƯȍƨƳƢūơŅƛȁƤȈǐǼƬǳ ǵƢǠǳơȅƗǂ ǳơ ǞǷ ƾººǫƢǻ ǲǰºǌƥǕơǂŵȏơȁǵƢǜǼǳơ ƨǻơƽƛȁ �Ƣ ºƷȂǓȁ

�śǿƢšȏơ ȐǯĿ ȏƢŷƛǹȁƾƦȇ Ǻȇǀǳơ ǞǸƬĐơȁǆǨǼǳơ ƔƢǸǴǟ

As system-level thinkers, communi ty psychologistsshould perhaps be as focused as anyone else on the social,economic, cultural and political causes, effects and human costsof military conflicts and occupations. However, internationalnetworks of community psychologists appear to have been muteon such issues, certainly they have not taken a discernable publicstance. I ask how community psychologists orient themselvestowards the concept of globalised violence and whetherthey fullyrecognise the manifestations of violence beyond the level of theintra and interpersonal. Further, I ask how successfu l havecommunity psychologists been at conceptualising violence toinclude its intra- and inter-national aspects, and to include thecorporate and the geo-political in such a conceptualisation bypermitting the political and economic antecedents of violence tobe made fully transparent.For example, to what extent has community psychology at bestallowed corporations and governments off the hook and at worstpromoted corporate and colonialist in terests through a less thanfull ana lysis of the violence caused by corporate greed andpolitical misanthropy? War and military occupation couldprovide the hooks upon which to lash community psychologicalconcerns over widespread and systemic patterns of violence andin doing so to point to what is perhaps, at present, a dearth ofpoliticised action in networks of communitypsychologists and tothe need to demonstrate the disciplines' commitment to rendermore visible the plight of the victim, the culpability of the systemand to engage critically with the public positioning of apsychology that appearsnegligent towards both.

Community Psychology's Response toMilitary Conflicts and Occupations

Dr Pa ul S. Du ckett *

ȆǠǸƬĐơ ǆǨǼǳơ ǶǴǟ ƨƥƢƴƬǇƛǱȐƬƷȏơȁ ƨȇǂǰǈǠǳơ ƩƢǟơǂǐǴǳ

ƪȈǯơƽ ǱȂƥ �ƽ

* D epartm ent of Psycholog y and Social Change, Manche ster [email protected]


mailto:*DepartmentofPsychologyandSocialChange,[email protected]


ƾƳȂȇ ǾǻƢǧ � ǺȇǁǂƄơȁ ȃǂǇȋơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ĿƢǼȇƾǳ ƧǂǧȂƬŭơ ƨȈƟƢǐƷȍơƩƢǻƢȈƦǴǳ ƆƢǬǧȁȁśǟǃȂǷ Ɣȏƚǿȁ � ǲǨǗ �� ȁ ƧŚǇƗ � �� ǶȀǼȈƥ ǲǬƬǠǷ �� ƨƥơǂǫ ǹȉơ

�ǦȈǫȂƫ ǄǯǂǷȁ ƆȐǬƬǠǷȁ ƆƢǼƴǇ �� ƨƥơǂǫȄǴǟƢȀƬǟƢǜǧȁ ƢēȁƢºǈǫƩƾƬºǋơȁ ƆơƾƳ ƨǴȇȂǗȃǂºǇȋơǪŞƩƢǯƢȀƬǻȍơ ƨǸƟƢǫ

� ƢǿǃǂƥƗȁ ǵȐǟȍơǲƟƢǇȁǺǟ ơƾȈǠƥȁƪǷƢǏǲǰǌƥ� ǁƢǐūơ ƨȇơƾƥǀǼǷǺȇǀǳơ � ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǫȆǴºǬƬǠǷ ƨǧƢǰǳȆǟƢŦǲǰǌƥǲǿȋơƩơǁƢȇǃ ǺǷǹƢǷǂūơƧǁƢȇǃ ǺǷ ȃǂºǇȋơ ŅƢǿƗ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƽơƾǟƗ ǞǼǷȁ �ǲǬƬǠǷ �� ºƥ ǶǿƽƾǟǁƾǬȇǹƢǷǂººƷřǠȇ ơǀǿȁ �řǷȋơ ǞǼŭơ � ȄǸººǈȇ ƢǷƪŢȅƽǂǧǲǰºǌƥǶȀƟƢǼºƥƗƨȇȂƬººǌǳơǆººƥȐŭơȁ � ǲǿȋơǪȇǂǗǺǟ � ƢǼȈƬǼǰǳơ � ǱơȂǷƗȆººǬǴƫ ǺǷ ŚºǇȋơȃǂºººǇȋơ ƩƢºººƥƢǈƷ ǩȐǣơ ńơ ƨǧƢǓȍƢºººƥ �ƨȇȁƽȋơȁ ƨȇǁȁǂǔǳơ ƨȈǘǣȋơȁǶººǫƢǧ ƢŲ ƣƢºƦǇȋơ ǾǨƫȋǶȀȈǴǟ ƨȈǳƢǷƩƢǷơǂǣǑǂǧȁ ǶŮơȂǷƗ ƧǁƽƢǐǷȁ

� ǶȀȇȁƿȁ ȃǂǇȋơ ƧƢǻƢǠǷǺǷƨȈºǇƢǫ ƨȈǈǨǻ ƨƥǂǓǲǰǌƫȁǲǿȋơ ƩơǁƢȇǃ ǺǷ ǹƢǷǂūơ ǹƢǧ ǾȈǧǮǋȏƢŲȁȄǴǟ ƨǨǟƢǔǷ ƨººƦǠǏƨȈººǈǨǻ ƆơǁƢƯƕ ǭǂƬȇȆǟƢŦƣƢººǬǟ Ȃǿȁ � ǶȀºǬŞ� ƢǸȀǼȈºººƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȍơ ƨººǫȐǠǳơ ĿƧȂƴǧǪǴźȁ �śǧǂǘǳơƩƢȈººǈǨǻƨºǫǁȁȁ � ƨȈǻƢǈǻơ ƩƢƬǨǳńơ ǾǳȂŢȁǝȁǂǌŭơ Ǫūơ ơǀǿƤǴǇǲǏơȂƫ ǲȈƟơǂǇơȁǲǯȃƾǳ ƭƾŹ Ƣŭ ơǂǜǻ ǪǴºǫ ƨǳƢºƷĿ Ǿȇȁƿȁ ŚºǇȋơȄºǬƦȇȁ � ƨǷȁƢǈǷȁǃơǄƬƥơǾȈǧ ƩƾǟƢǐƫƪººǫȁĿơǀǿ �ňƢưǳơǥǂǘǳơ ȃƾǳ ƨººǬǴǬǷƭơƾºƷƗ ǺǷǥǂǗƨƥơǂǫ ńơ ǾȈǧśǴǬƬǠŭơƽƾǟ ǲǏȁȁ ǁƢǐūơǺǷǱȁȋơ ǵƢǠǳơ ǱȐƻ ƩȏƢǬƬǟȍơƩȐǬƬǠǷȁ ǹȂƴǇǲƻơƽ � ȃǂǇƗ � � ǾǳȐƻƾȀǌƬǇơ ƢǸȈǧ � � ǺǗơȂǷ ��

�ǱȐƬƷȍơƢĔƜǧǅƾººººǬǳơȁ ƨȈºººƥǂǤǳơ ƨǨǔǳơŅƢǿȋƩơǁƢȇǄǳơƪŤǹƛȁ �ƢǿǁƢƯƕȁ ǄƳơȂūơƆơǁȁǂǷȁ �ƪȈºƦǳơ ǺǷ ƱȁǂŬơ ƨǜūǺǷ ƗƾºƦ Ƭǧ � � ƨȇǁơǂǘǓƛ ƧƢǻƢǠǷ ƨǴƷǁǲǰǌƫƩƢººǫǂǘǳơȄǴǟ ƨǧƢưǰººƥ ƧǂººǌƬǼŭơ ƨȇǂǰºǈǠǳơ ǄƳơȂūơ ǺǷƩơǂºǌǠǳơ ŐǟƨǓƢǨƬǻơ ǱȐƻ ǙȂºººƸǴǷǲǰºººǌƥƩƽơƽǃơŖǳơȁ ǹƾŭơȁƩƢǸȈƼŭơ ǲƻơƾǷȁǹƢȀƬǷơȁǲȇȂǘǳơ ǁƢǜƬǻȍơȁ Ǳȏƿȍơ ƢȀǴǴƼƬȇȁ � ƨȈºƥǂǤǳơ ƨǨǔǳơ ĿȄǐºǫȋơǲºǬƬǠǸǴǳ ȁƗ ǺƴǈǴǳǱȂǏȂǳơśƷȁ � ƆȐ ȇȂǗ ƢƬǫȁȁ ơƾȀƳǥŗƬǈƫȁ � ƨǷơǂǰǴǳƨƠȈºººǇ ƨǴǷƢǠŭ ǹȂǓǂǠƬȇ ǶĔƜǧ � ǶǿƢǼǰºººǇǺǯƢǷƗ Ǻǟ ƆơƾƳ ƾȈǠºººƦǳơǲººƦǫ Ǻƴººǈǳơ ƨººƥơȂƥǵƢǷƗ ƆȐȇȂǗ ǁƢǜƬǻȎǳ ǹȁǂǘǔȇȁƨǳǀǷ ƩƢººǌȈƬǨƫȁƧŚưǯ ƆƢǻƢȈºƷƗĿȁ � ƣǂǔǳƢºƥ ǶȀȈǴǟ ȃƾƬǠȇ ƆƢǻƢȈºƷƗȁ � ƧǁƢȇǄǳƢºƥ ǶŮƵƢǸǈǳơǺƴǈǳơ Ƨǁơƽƛ ƢȀǫȂǈƫ ƨȈǿơȁ ǞƟơǁƿƪŢȁ ǶȀƟƢǼƥƗ ƧǁƢȇǃ ǹȁƽǶēȂȈƥńơ ǹȁƽȂǠȇƩơǂǌǠƥ ǁȁǂŭơ Őǟ ȃǂƻơƧƢǻƢǠǷǲǰǌƫǶēƽȂǟǹƢǧ � ȏǵơ ƧǁƢȇǄǳơ ǺǷ ơȂǼǰŤȁ �

� ƨȇǂǰǈǠǳơǄƳơȂūơǶȀȇȁƿȁ ȃǂººǇȋơȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơ ǁƢƯƕ ǺǷǦȈǨƼƬǳơ ǱȁƢŢ ǺȇǁǂƄơȁ ȃǂºǇȋơ Ƨǁơǃȁ

ƨǟȂǼƬŭơƩƢǷƾŬơȁƩƢȈǳƢǠǨǳơȁ ƨǘǌǻȋơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠǳơ ǱȐƻǺǷ

Accord ing to statistical data available at the ministry there are atpresent around ten thousand prisoners of war, among them 94women and 344 children distributed over 25 prisons, detentioncenters and incarceration centers. The list of vio lationscommitted against the detainees is extremely long and hasescalated in severity and brutality since the beginning of thesiege, a ll in silence and without any media coverage. Theseinclude a violation of basic human rights, includ ing thecollectivedeprivation of family visits for all de tainees from the Gaza strip(about 920 detainees) and the prevention of large numbers offamilies from vis iting their children on an individual basis underthe pretext of security. This constitutes a violation of internationalconventions and humanitarian laws.

This lack of visi tation deprives the detainees from receivingfunds for use in the canteen, winterclothes, medication, blankets,etc. In addition, the bank accounts of detainees are closed, theirmoney is confiscated and they are fined for trivial reasons,causing extra stress for them and their families. It is a collectivepunishment that results in complex psychological consequencesfor both parties and creates a socia l gap between them. Thedetainees and their families continue to live a state of insecurity,each worrying about what is happening to the other. For familiesattempting to visit detainees, a visit to the West Bank andJerusalem is a tedious journey. It requires passing through tens ofmilitary checkpoints along roads and at entrances to camps andcities. Upon arrival at prisons or detention centers, which arelocated far from people's residences, family members aresubjected to maltreatment, humiliating searches and long hoursof wait ing in front of the prison gate before they are allowedinside. Sometimes they are beaten. Other times , they may returnhome without visiting their loved ones under weak, artificialpretexts. The number of detainees has increased during the firstyearof the siege, reaching around 8000 detainees in addition to 6people who were martyred inside the prisons and detentioncenters . This paper focuses on the impact of the siege on POWandthe ir families.

śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ śǴǬƬǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ǄƳơȂūơȁ ǁƢǐūơ ƩơŚƯƘƫ� ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ ȆǴǬƬǠǷ ƢǸȈǇ ȏ ǶȀȇȁƿȁ

ƨǻơȁ ǂǧ ňȂǟ ǂǏƢǼǳơ ƾƦǟMr. Abdel NasserAw ni Ferwana*


The Impact of Siege and Blockade onPalestinian Detainees and their Families,

in particular, the Gaza Detainees



ǑȁǂǨŭơ ȆǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ǱȐƬºƷȏơȄǴǟ ƨºƦƫǂƬŭơ ƲƟƢƬǼǳƢƥ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ ǁƢǗơĿƨȇǂºǇȋơƩƢºǫȐǠǳơȆǴǟƩơŚƯƘƫǺǷ ǾǳƢǷȁřȈǘºǈǴǨǳơƤǠºǌǳơȆǴǟƣƢǠȈƬººǇơ ƨȈǨȈǯȄǴǟ ƔȂǔǳơƨººǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿ ǖǴººǈƫ �ƨºƥơǂǬǳơ ƨǴǏȁǾǳȐƻ ǺǷƤǗƢƼƬǳơȁ ǾƬººººººǇǁƢŲ ǶƬȇȆȈǼȇƽ ǥǂǠǯ � ƨȇƢǟǂǳơ� ǵȂȀǨǷ�ƔơƾȀºǌǳơȁ śǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƔƢǼƴǈǳơ ǂǇƗ ǲƻơƽǒǫƢǼƬǷ ǲǰǌƥ ǾǯơǁƽƛȁǹƗ ǁƢºººƦƬǟơ ȆǴǟǅƢǼǳơǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨƠǨººƥřǠƫ ƨººǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ ơǀđȁĿ ǂǜǼǳơ ǹƛ �ƧƾȈǨƬºǈŭơ ƩȐƟƢǠǳơśƥ ǺǷǶǿ �ƨȈǳȁȋơ ƨȇƢǟǂǳơȆǷƾǬǷ�ǱƢǘºººƥȋơ ƔȏƚǿƩȐƟƢǟ ǹȋ ƨȈŷȋơ ƨȇƢǣĿ ǂǷƗ Ȃǿ ƨȇƢǟǂǳơƩƢººǇǁƢŲřȈǘºǈǴǨ ǳơƤǠǌǳơǶŮ ǞǴǘƬȇ ǺȇǀǳơǍƢƼǋȋơ ǺǷǶǿśȈǼǗȂǳơǲǸūǺȇǂǘǔǷ ƧǂººǇȋơ ƽơǂǧƗ ƾų ƢǼǻƜǧ ǂººǇȋ ơ ǽǀǿǲƻơƽĿȁ �ǾƬǷǂººƥǒǠºƦǳơǶȀǔǠºƥśºƥȁ ǶȀºǬƫƢǟȆǴǟ ƨȈǻơƾƳȂǳơȁ ƨȇƽƢŭơƩƢȈǳȂƠºǈŭơƢººǬǧȁȁ �ƧƢǧȂǳơȁƗ ǺƴººǈǳơƤººƦǈƥǺººƥȍơ ȁƗ ƱȁǄǳơƣƢȈǣ ǱƢºƷĿǮǳƿȁƨºººǇǁƢǸŭơ ǱȐƻ ǺǷǆǰǠǼȇ Ǯǳƿ ǹƢǧ �śǘºººǈǴǧĿǵƢǠǳơ ƣ ƢǘƼǴǳƩƢººǫȐǠǳơȁ ƩƢºǇǁƢǸŭơȆǴǟ Ƥưǯ Ǻǟ Ƨǂǜǻ ƢǼȈºǬǳơ ơƿƛ ƢǼǼǰǳȁ �ƨ ȈǴǸǠǳơƧƢȈūŅƢưŭơ ǲȈƼƬǳơ ĿƣȂȈǟȁ ƩƢºǫƢǬǌǻơ ƢǼǳ ƶǔƬȇ ǥȂºǈǧ ƨȇǂºǇȋơǂƬǯƗ ǲǸºǌȇřȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƤǠǌǴǳňƢǰǈǳơ ƽ ơƾǠƬǳơ ǹȏ ơǂǜǻȁ �ƧǂǇȋơǲǰºǌƫƨȈǷȐºǇȍơ ǶȈºǬǳơȁ ƩơƽƢǠǳơ ǹƜǧŅƢƬǳƢºƥśǸǴǈŭơǺǷ ��ǺǷƩơƽƢǠǳơ ǽǀǿ ǶǿƗǺǷ ǲǠǳȁ �ƨȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȍơ ƧƢȈºƸǴǳ ƆƢǇƢǇƗơǁȁƽ ƤǠǴƫ ƢĔƗƮȈºººƷ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơȁ ƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ƔơƽƗ ȆǿƩƢººǇǁƢǸŭơȁ ƨȈǼȇƾǳơřǻƛ �ƣǁƢºǫȋơȁ ƧǂºǇȋơƨȇƢǟǂºƥǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǸȈǇȏȁ ǵȐǇȍơĿ ƢȇǁȂŰƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ƨºǇǁƢǸŭ ơǁƢǗƛ ǲǰºǌȇȅǀǳơȆǫȐƻȋơ ȆŭƢǠǳơ ǵơǄƬǳȏơ ơǀǿǞƳǁơ

ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳơ ƨººǇǁƢǸǸǯƨǤǴǳƢººƥǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ �ƢȀººǈǨǻƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ƵȁǁŅƛȆŮǹơǂºǬ ǳơ ƧƔơǂǬǳ ƨȈǼȇƾǳơ ƧƽƢǠǳơ ǹƗ ƨǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿǑǂƬǨƫ ��ǆǻƢǿ�ƾºǬƬǠȇȁ ƢǸǯ �ƧǂǇȋơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǺǷǺȇǂƻȉƢƥ ƨȇƢǼǠǳơȁƨȈƫơǀǳơ ƨȇƢǼǠǴ ǳ ƨǴȈǇȁƢǸǯȆǨǗƢǠǳơȁ ȅƾºǈŪơŃȋơȁ ǂƫȂƬǳơ ƧƾºƷǺǷǦǨţǹơǂºǬǳơ ƧƔơǂºǫ ǹƗǵƢǟ ňơƾȈŭơ ǲǸǠǳơŅƛ ơƽƢǼƬǇơȁ �ǹƢǈǻȍơǲƻơƽĿŐǐǳơƵȁǁǅǂǤƫ ƢĔƗƔƢǼƴºººǈǳơȁ ƔơƾȀººǌǳơ ǂººǇƗśººƥ ƨȈººƥǂǤǳơ ƨǨǔǳơĿ�� ƨȈǼȇƾǳơ ƧƽƢǠǳơ ǹƘǌƥǪȈǬƸƬǳơ ǹƗ Ņƛ Śǌƫ ƨǫǁȂǳơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ �śȈǇƢȈǈǳơ�ƨȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ ƨȇƢǟǂǳơ Ƶȁǁ ĿƩƢººǫƢǬǌǻȏơ ƩǁƢƯƗ ƾºǫǹƕǂºǬǳơ ƧƔơǂºǬǳǲǷơǁƗȁ ƔƢǼƴºººǈǳơ ƩƢƳȁǃ ƣǁƢšĿśººƦƬƫƩƢººǫƢǬǌǻȏơ ǽǀǿ ȅƾººƷƛȁǹơǶŮǱȂºǬǳƢƥ ǦǗƢǠƬǳơǶŮǹȁƾºƦȇ ƧǂºǇȋơ ƽơǂǧƗ ǹƗƪȈºƷ ƔơƾȀǌǳơǺǰǳȁ �ǺȀƳ ơȁǃƗ ƣƢȈǣ ƨǼŰǺǷǦȈǨƼƬǳơ ǲƳƗ ǺǷ ǹơǂºǬǳơ ƧƔơǂǫ ǶȀȈǴǟƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ǺǷ ƨȈǼȇƾǳơƩơƽƢǠǳơ ǽǀǿǲưǷ ǹƗŅƛ �ƨǳ Ƙºǈŭơ ǽǀǿŅƛ ǂǜǼƫ ƧƗǂŭơ�ǶȀƬǼººººººƸŠȁ ǶđǵƢǸƬǿȏơǆȈǳȁ ǶŮǱƢŷȍơ ǾƳȁƗ ǺǷ ƢȀƳȁƾǠƫǲǏȂȇȏ ȏ Ǯǳƿ ǹƘǧ �ǹƕǂººǬǳơ ƧƔơǂºǬǳřȇƾǳơ ǥǂǠǳơ ƨºǇǁƢŲȄǐºǬƬƥȁȄǴǟ ǄȈǯǂƬǳƢººƥȁ �ƨȈǼȇƾǳơ ƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ƩƢººǇǁƢǸŭ ƨǔºǫƢǼƬŭơ ňƢǠŭơ ǖºǬǧƢǻƽȁǄȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘººǋǺǷǮǳƿǹƜǧ �ǹƢǟƿȎǳ ƨȈǟơƾǳơ ƨȈǼȇƾǳơ ƨȇƢǟǂǳơƩ ƢººǇǁƢŲśǼǷǄǷ ƢººƸƦǏƗ ǺȇǀǳơȁǦǼǠǳơȁ ƩƢǟơǂǐǳơ ǦȈǯ ǱȂºƷ ƨºƦǫƢƯ ƧǂǜǼºƥƢŭ ȆºººǇƢǇȋơ ǶȀǨǴǳ ƧǂǏƢǠŭơ ƱƿƢǸǼǳơǺǷ Ɔȏƾººƥ ��ǡƢǧ ǭǁƾǼǿ�

�ƧǂǏƢǠŭ ơřȈǘǈǴǧĿƨȈǟơǁ ƧǂǇƗǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǾȈǼǠȇ

ǆǨǼǳơ ȆǴǟ ƧǂǘȈǈǳơȁ ƨȇƢǟǂǴǳ řȇƽ ǥǂǠǯ ǹơǂǬǳơ ƧƔơǂǫ B ƨȇƢǟǂǳơ ǺǷ ƾǠƥƗ ȂǿƢǷ ŅƛƔơƾȀǌǳơȁ śǇƢȈǈǳơ ƔƢǼƴǈǳơ ȅȁƿ ǺǷ ƨȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ ƩȐƟƢǠǳơ śƥ

ǊƫȂƥ ƩȂǳ


Qur'an is a way of performing care for self and others infamilies. Reading the Qur'an is believed to relieve tension,emotional and bodily distress as well as engendering patience[sabr].

Based on fieldwork in 2007 and 2008 in the WestBank amongfamilies of martyrs and political prisoners, the paper suggeststhat investigating the religious practice of reading the Qur'anilluminates fractures within the Palestinian ethos of care. Onesuch fracture shows in the experiences of prisoners' wives andmartyrs' widows' of their family members' supposed displayof care by telling them to'read the Qur'an' in order to alleviatethe distress of enduring the absence of their husbands. But, tothe women in question, these religious practices of care areperceived to display carelessness rather than care about theirdistress.

Investigating the religious practice of reading the Qur'antherefore conveys not only the contested meanings ofreligious practices of ca re; a focu s on religious,intersubjective practices of care provides us with a glimpse ofhow violent conflict that has become chronic (Henrik Vigh2008) rather than temporary moulds the basic understandingof what it means to be a caring family in contemporaryPalestine.

Framed by a concern with the consequences of theIsraeli occupation of the Palestinian people on familyrelations and intimacy, this paper investigates how 'care'understood as a religious practice is enacted, negotiated andperceived contradictorily within families of Palestinianpolitical prisoners and martyrs. The paper is thus concernedwith the category of people considered to be the 'primary caregivers' among beneficiaries' families. Examining religiouspractices of care among these families is significant becausethe families of the national heroes are someone the entirePalestinian population cares about. And, within thesefamilies, family members are obliged to take financial andemotional care of each other in the absence of the husband orson due to his imprisonment or decease. According to publicdiscourse in Palestine this is reflected in practice, but taking acloser look at family relations and practices of care displaysignificant fractures in this ideal imaginary of family life.Since the Palestinian population is comprised of 97 %Muslims, norms and values rooted in Islam underliePalestinian social life. One such religious value and practice isthe performance of care which in Islam plays a pivotal role,particularly with regards to caring for and about family andkin. I term the moral universe of obligation that framespractices of care for 'an ethos of care'.

Regarding language as a social practice (Hanks 1995) thispaper assumes that that the religious practice of reading the

Beyond Care - Reading the Qur'an as Religious Practices of Care and (self-)control in Palestinian families of Political Prisoners and Martyrs

Ms. Lotte Buch *

*Inst itute of Anthropo logy, University of C openhagen Denmark / lotte [email protected]

mailto:*InstituteofAnthropology,UniversityofCopenhagenDenmark/[email protected]


ƩƾǸǟ �ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǫȁ ƨȈºƥǂǤǳơ ƨǨǔǴǳ ȆǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ǱȐƬƷȏơ ƩơȂǫ ǱȐƬƷơǀǼǷƢēǂǘȈǇ ǖǈƦǳ �ǹƢǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǼƬǷ ǱƢǰǋƗ ƨǇǁƢŲȄǴǟƩǂǸƬººǇơȁ �śȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ ǱƢººǬƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ƪǴǸǠǧ �ǹƢººǈǻȍơȁ ǑǁȋơȄǴǟȏȁ ƨȈǻƢǈǻȍơ ƧƢȈūơ Ǖȁǂǋ ǞǷ ǪǨƬƫ ȏ ǃƢƴƬƷơ ǺǯƢǷƗĿ ǶȀǠǓȂƥ ƢȀƬǇƢȈǇƢǸȈºǇȏ ǹƢºǈǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷǖǈƥƗǺǷ ǶĔƢǷǂƷ Ļȁ �ƨȈƻƢǼŭơ ǥȁǂǜǳơ ǞǷ ǵƔȐƬƫǪūơȁ �ƨºƸǐǳơ Ŀ Ǫūơȁ �ƨƠȈºǈǳơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ȁƗ ƤȇǀǠƬǴǳǑǂǠƬǳơ ǵƾǟĿǪūơ

�ƨǳƽƢǠǳ ơ ƨǸǯƢƄơ ĿƧǄǣǝƢǘºǫĿȅǂǰºǈǠǳơ Ƕºǈūơ ƲƟƢƬǻ ȆǴȈ ƟơǂǇȍơǱȐƬƷȏơƩơȂǫ ƪǴǤƬǇơǥƾđ �ƩơǁơǂºǬǳơȁ śǻơȂºǬǳơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ǁơƾǏƜƥ ƩƗƾƥȁ ǵ��ƺȇǁ ƢƬƥǁơǂºǬǳ ǹƢǰǧ �ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǫĿ śȈǻƾŭơ ǹƢǰǈǳơ ǪŞ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƢēƢƥȂǬǟƨǴǏơȂǷĿ śȈǼȈǘºǈǴǨǳơ śǴºǬƬǠŭơ ƪǴſ ơǁƢƯƕƨȇƽƢǠǷ ƨºǬǘǼǷ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ ǁƢƦƬǟơ�ǶȀȇȁǀǳśǴººǬƬǠŭơ ƧǁƢȇǃ ǞǼǷ ǁơǂºǬǳơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬǧ�ƨȈǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ǹȂƴºǈǳơŚȇƢǠŭ ǦǳƢűȆǴȈƟơǂǇƛ ǹȂǻƢǬǳ ƢǬǧ ȁ �śȈǟǂǋ Śǣ śǴƫƢǬǷ� ǶȀǔǠƥ ǁƢƦƬǟơȁ

�ƨȈǻƢǈǻȍơśǻơȂǬǴǳȁ ƨǳƽƢǠǳơ ƩƢǸǯƢƄơ

śǴººǬƬǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘººǫ ǺǷƣƢºƸǈǻȏƢƥ ȆũƢǷ ǂƯƗ � Ǳȁȋơ ǁȂƄơ�śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ

�ǶȀȇȁǀƥ ƔƢǬƬǳȏơ ǺǷƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫ ȆǴǬƬǠǷǞǼǷ�ňƢưǳơ ǁȂƄơȆǴºǬƬǠǷǒǠºƥȄǴǟ �Ȇǟǂºǋ Śǣ ǲƫƢºǬŭơ� ǹȂǻƢǫ ǪȈƦǘƫ�ƮǳƢưǳơ ǁȂƄơ

�ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘǫŅȁƾǳơ ǹȂǻƢºǬǳơ ƾǟơȂǬǳȆǴȈƟơǂǇȍơ ǱȐƬƷȏơ ƩơȂǫ ƨǨǳƢű �Ǟƥơǂǳơ ǁȂƄơ

�ƧǄǣǝƢǘǫ ȆǴǬƬǠǷƨǴǷƢǠǷĿ�ƨǏƢƻ ƩȏƢƷ�ǆǷƢŬơ ǁȂƄơ

ǝƢǘºǫ ǺǷƣƢƸǈǻȏƢƥȄǸǈȇ ƢǷǂƯƗ ǲǸǠǳơƨǫǁȁ ǺǷǱȁȋơ ǁȂƄơĿ ǑǂǠƬǈǻȁĿ ǑǂǠƬºǈǻ ƢǸǯ �ƧǄǣǝ ƢǘºǫĿśǴºǬƬǠŭ ơ ȄǴǟ ƨǫȐǠǳơ ƩơƿƩơǁơǂǬǳơȁ �ƧǄǣǺǷśȈǼȈǘººǈǴǨǳơ śǴººǬƬǠŭơȆǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ǱȐƬºƷȏơ ƩơȂºǫǞǼǷňƢưǳơ ǁȂƄơǂŧȋơƤȈǴǐǳơ ǁȁƽȁśǴºǬƬǠŭơ ǽƢš ƨȈǴȈƟơǂºǇȍơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ ǶȀȇȁǀƥ ƔƢǬƬǳȏơǲƫƢººǬŭƢƥ� ȆǸºǈȇ ƢǷǦȇǂǠƫƮǳƢưǳơ ǁȂƄơĿǱȁƢǼƬǻ ƢǸȈǧ �ƩơǁƢȇǄǳ ơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ĿǁȂƄơĿȁ �ƧǄǣ ǝƢǘºǫ ȆǴºǬƬǠǷ ȄǴǟ ǾºǬȈƦǘƬǳ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬ ǳơ ƽƢǠƥȋơȁ �ȆǟǂǋŚǣśǻơȂººǬǳơȁ ƩơƔ ơǂƳȍơ ƨǨǳƢű ȃƾǷȁ ƨǳƽƢǠǳơ ƨǸǯƢƄơŚȇƢǠǷ ǱȁƢǼƬǼºǇ ǞºƥơǂǳơǆǷƢŬơ ǁȂƄơ ƢǷƗ �ƨǠººƥơǂǳơ ǦȈǼȈƳƨȈººǫƢǨƫơȁ ŅȁƾǳơǹȂǻƢººǬǴǳ ƨȈǴȈƟơǂººǇȍơńƛǶȀǴȇȂŢ ĻǺŲ Ǻȇǂƻƕȁ ƾȈǠǇ Ǻƥ ƾǳƢƻ ǲǬƬǠŭơ ƨǳƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔǳơǖǴǈȈǇȅȁƿ ƧƢǻƢǠǷǒǠººƥǑǂǠƬººǈǼǇȁ �ƧŚƻȋơƨǻȁȉơĿśȈǟǂººǋŚǣ śǴƫƢºǬǷǹȂƴºǈǳơĿśǴǬƬǠŭơǶȀƟƢǼƥƘƥ ƔƢǬƬǳȏơ ǺǷ ǶĔƢǷǂƷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǺǷ śǴǬƬǠŭơ

�ƨȈǴȈƟơǂǇȍơ

�ǁȁ ƢŰ ƨǈŨ ǲǸǠǳơ ƨǫǁȁ ǱȁƢǼƬƬǇ

Since its occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza St rip, theIsrae li Occupation Forces (IOF) intentionally breaches humanrights indiffe rent ways to control both man andland . Itarrested thePales tinians and continued with its policy of imprisoning them injails with inadequate standard of l iving. Prisoners are deprivedfrom their most basic human rights , especially the right not to besubjected to torture and inhuman, cruel treatment , right to heathcare andrigh t tofair trial.The IOF util ized the repercussions of the Hamas takeover on 14June 2007. It issued a number of laws and decisions with the aim tocontinue imposing a col lective punishment of the civilianpopulation of the Gaza Strip . Its dec ision to consider the Strip as ahosti le territo ryhas impacted the Palestinian prisoners in the Israelijails. As a result, families were banned from visiting theirimpr isoned persons. TheIOF considered some of those imprisonedpersons as 'il legal fighters' in accordance with an Is raeli law that isdefiant tothe standards of fai r trials andhumanitarian laws.The paperwi ll discuss thefo llowing:The impact of the so-called 'pullout from Gaza' on the PalestinianprisonersBanningGaza'sprisoners from meet ing thei r familiesApplying the 'illegal fighter' lawon someof theStrip 'sprisonersThe IOF's violation of the ru lesof the international law with regardto the Gaza Strip's pr isonersSpec ial cases

The f irst topic will explore the impact of the so-called 'pullout fromGaza ' and re lated decisions on the Strip's prisoners. The secondwill explore the IOF 's banning Gazan fami lies from visiting theirrelatives imprisoned in the Israeli jails. It will also deal with theIsrae li measures against pri soners and the role of the Red Crosswith regard to such visits. The third topic will discuss the so-calledlaw of 'illega l fighter' and the legal consequences of applying it onthe Strip's prisoners. Thefourthtopic will di scuss the standardsof afair t rial and to what extent the Israe li laws are in defiance with theinternational law and Fourth Geneva Convention. Finally, the lasttopic will shed ligh t on the case of Khal id bin Said and otherprisoners who were recently considered il legal fighters. We willexplore afew aspects of thesuffering ofthei r families after banningthem fromvisiting their relat ives imprisoned in the Israeli ja ils.

śǴǬƬǠŭơ ǝƢǓȁƗ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǐūơ ŚƯƘƫƨȈǴȈƟơǂǇȍơ ǹȂƴǈǳơ Ŀ śȈǼȈǘǈǴǨǳơ

ǹƢƷǂǇ ǲȈŦ

The Siege's Impact on PalestinianPrisoners in Israeli Jails

Advocate Jamil Sarhan*

E-mail: [email protected] s


Siege and Mental Health

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