Samos

For other uses, see Samos (disambiguation).

Samos (/sems, smos/; Greek: ) is a Greekisland in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north ofPatmos and the Dodecanese, and o the coast of Asia Mi-nor, from which it is separated by the 1.6-kilometre (1.0mi)-wide Mycale Strait. It is also a separate regional unitof the North Aegean region, and the only municipality ofthe regional unit.In ancient times Samos was a particularly rich and pow-erful city-state, particularly known for its vineyards andwine production.[1] It is home to Pythagoreion and theHeraion of Samos, a UNESCO World Heritage Sitethat includes the Eupalinian aqueduct, a marvel of an-cient engineering. Samos is the birthplace of the Greekphilosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, after whomthe Pythagorean theorem is named, the philosopherEpicurus, and the astronomer Aristarchus of Samos, therst known individual to propose that the Earth revolvesaround the sun. Samian wine was well known in antiq-uity, and is still produced on the island.The island was governed by the semi-autonomousPrincipality of Samos under Ottoman suzerainty from1835 until it joined Greece in 1912.[1]

1 GeographyThe area of the island is 478 km2 (184.6 sq mi) 43 km(27 mi) long and 13 km (8 mi) wide. It is separated fromAnatolia by the approximately 1-mile-wide (1.6 km) My-cale Strait. While largely mountainous, Samos has severalrelatively large and fertile plains.A great portion of the island is covered with vineyards,from which muscat wine is made. The most importantplains except the capital, Vathy, in the northeast, are thatof Karlovasi, in the northwest, Pythagoreio, in the south-east, and Marathokampos in the southwest. The islandspopulation is 33,814, which is the 9th most populousof the Greek islands. The Samian climate is typicallyMediterranean, with mild rainy winters, and warm rain-less summers.Samos relief is dominated by two large mountains, Am-pelos and Kerkis (anc. Kerketeus). The Ampelos massif(colloquially referred to as Karvounis) is the larger ofthe two and occupies the center of the island, rising to1,095 metres (3,593 ft). Mt. Kerkis, though smaller inarea is the taller of the two and its summit is the islands

highest point, at 1,434 metres (4,705 ft). The mountainsare a continuation of the Mycale range on the Anatolianmainland.[1]

According to Strabo, the name Samos is from Phoenicianmeaning rise by the shore.

NASA satellite 3D view of Samos. Psalida Beach. At the distant background Mount

Kerketeas. View of Poseidonio.

1.1 FaunaSamos is home to many surprising species including theGolden Jackal, Stone Marten, Wild Boar, Flamingos andMonk Seal.[2]

1.2 ClimateSamos is one of the sunniest places in Europe with almost3300 hours of sunshine annually or 74% of the time. Itsclimate is mild and wet in winter and dry in summer.

2 History

2.1 Early and Classical AntiquityFurther information: Ancient GreeceIn classical antiquity the island was a center of Ionian

culture and luxury, renowned for its Samian wines andits red pottery (called Samian ware by the Romans). Itsmost famous building was the Ionic order archaic Templeof goddess Herathe Heraion.[1]

Concerning the earliest history of Samos, literary tradi-tion is singularly defective. At the time of the great mi-grations it received an Ionian population which tracedits origin to Epidaurus in Argolis: Samos became oneof the twelve members of the Ionian League. By the7th century BC it had become one of the leading com-mercial centers of Greece. This early prosperity of theSamians seems largely due to the islands position neartrade-routes, which facilitated the importation of textilesfrom inner Asia Minor, but the Samians also developedan extensive oversea commerce. They helped to openup trade with the population that lived around the Black

1

2 2 HISTORY

Kouros of Samos, the largest surviving Kouros in Greece (Archae-ological Museum of Samos).

sea as well as with Egypt, Cyrene (Libya), Corinth, andChalcis. This caused them to become bitter rivals withMiletus. Samos was able to become so prominent despitethe growing power of the Persian empire because of thealliance they had with the Egyptians and their powerfuleet. The Samians are also credited with having been therst Greeks to reach the Straits of Gibraltar.[5]

The feud between Miletus and Samos broke out into openstrife during the Lelantine War (7th century BC), withwhich we may connect a Samian innovation in Greeknaval warfare, the use of the trireme. The result of thisconict was to conrm the supremacy of the Milesians ineastern waters for the time being; but in the 6th centurythe insular position of Samos preserved it from those ag-gressions at the hands of Asiatic kings to which Miletuswas henceforth exposed. About 535 BC, when the ex-isting oligarchy was overturned by the tyrant Polycrates,Samos reached the height of its prosperity. Its navynot only protected it from invasion, but ruled supremein Aegean waters. The city was beautied with publicworks, and its school, of sculptors, metal-workers and en-

gineers achieved high repute.[1]

2.1.1 Eupalinian aqueduct

Main article: Tunnel of EupalinosIn the 6th century BC Samos was ruled by the famous

Inside the Eupalinian aqueduct.

tyrant Polycrates. During his reign, two working groupsunder the lead of the engineer Eupalinos dug a tunnelthrough Mount Kastro to build an aqueduct to supplythe ancient capital of Samos with fresh water, as thiswas of the utmost defensive importance (since being un-derground, it was not easily detected by an enemy whocould otherwise cut o the supply). Eupalinos tunnel isparticularly notable because it is the second earliest tun-nel in history to be dug from both ends in a methodicalmanner.[6] With a length of over 1 km (0.6 mi), Eupali-nos subterranean aqueduct is today regarded as one ofthe masterpieces of ancient engineering. The aqueductis now part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, thePythagoreion.

2.1.2 Persian Wars and Persian rule

After Polycrates death Samos suered a severe blowwhen the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered andpartly depopulated the island. It had regained much ofits power when in 499 BC it joined the general revolt ofthe Ionian city-states against Persia; but owing to its long-standing jealousy of Miletus it rendered indierent ser-vice, and at the decisive battle of Lade (494 BC) part ofits contingent of sixty ships was guilty of outright treach-ery. In 479 BC the Samians led the revolt against Persia,during the Battle of Mycale,[1] which was part of the of-fensive by the Delian League (led by Cimon).

2.1.3 Peloponnesian War

During the Peloponnesian War (431404 BC), Samostook the side of Athens against Sparta, providing their

2.2 Hellenistic and Roman Eras 3

port to the Athenian eet. In the Delian League theyheld a position of special privilege and remained activelyloyal to Athens until 440 when a dispute with Miletus,which the Athenians had decided against them, inducedthem to secede. With a eet of sixty ships they held theirown for some time against a large Athenian eet led byPericles himself, but after a protracted siege were forcedto capitulate.[1] It was punished, but Thucydides tellsus not as harshly as other states which rebelled againstAthens. Most in the past had been forced to pay tributebut Samos was only told to repay the damages that therebellion cost the Athenians: 1,300 talents, to pay backin installments of 50 talents per annum.At the end of the Peloponnesian War, Samos appears asone of the most loyal dependencies of Athens, serving asa base for the naval war against the Peloponnesians and asa temporary home of the Athenian democracy during therevolution of the Four Hundred at Athens (411 BC), andin the last stage of the war was rewarded with the Athe-nian franchise. This friendly attitude towards Athens wasthe result of a series of political revolutions which endedin the establishment of a democracy. After the downfallof Athens, Samos was besieged by Lysander and againplaced under an oligarchy.[1]

In 394 the withdrawal of the Spartan navy induced the is-land to declare its independence and reestablish a democ-racy, but by the peace of Antalcidas (387) it fell againunder Persian dominion. It was recovered by the Atheni-ans in 366 after a siege of eleven months, and received astrong body of military settlers, the cleruchs which provedvital in the Social War (357-355 BC). After the LamianWar (322), when Athens was deprived of Samos, the vi-cissitudes of the island can no longer be followed.[1]

2.1.4 Famous Samians of Antiquity

Panorama of Pythagoreion, the place of birth of Pythagoras.

Perhaps the most famous persons ever connected withclassical Samos were the philosophers Pythagoras andAesop. In 1955 the town of Tigani was renamedPythagoreio in honor of the philosopher.Other notable personalities include the philosopherEpicurus, who was of Samian birth and the astronomer

Aristarchus of Samos, whom history credits with the rstrecorded heliocentric model of the solar system. Thehistorian Herodotus, known by his Histories resided inSamos for a while.There was a school of sculptors and architects thatincluded Rhoecus, the architect of the Temple ofHera (Olympia), and the great sculptor and inventorTheodorus, who is said to have invented with Rhoecusthe art of casting statues in bronze.The vases of Samos were among the most characteristicproducts of Ionian pottery in the 6th century.

2.2 Hellenistic and Roman Eras

Main articles: Hellenistic Greece and Roman Greece

For some time (about 275270 BC) Samos served as abase for the Egyptian eet of the Ptolemies, at other pe-riods it recognized the overlordship of Seleucid Syria. In189 BC, it was transferred by the Romans to their vassal,the Attalid dynastys Hellenistic kingdom of Pergamon,in Asia Minor.[1]

Enrolled from 133 in the Roman province of Asia Mi-nor, Samos sided with Aristonicus (132) and Mithridates(88) against its overlord, and consequently forfeited itsautonomy, which it only temporarily recovered betweenthe reigns of Augustus and Vespasian. Nevertheless,Samos remained comparatively ourishing, and was ableto contest with Smyrna and Ephesus the title rst cityof lonia";[1] it was chiey noted as a health resort and forthe manufacture of pottery. Since Emperor DiocletiansTetrarchy it became part of the Provincia Insularum, inthe diocese of Asiana in the eastern empires pretorianprefecture of Oriens.[1]

2.3 Byzantine and Genoese Eras

Further information: Byzantine Greece and Republic ofGenoa

As part of the Byzantine Empire, Samos became part

Vronda monastery

of the namesake theme. After the 13th century it passed

4 2 HISTORY

Church of Kokkari

The harbour of Pythagoreion

through much the same changes of government as Chios,and, like the latter island, became the property of the Ge-noese rm of Giustiniani (13461566; 1475 interruptedby an Ottoman period). It was also ruled by Tzachas be-tween 10811091.[1]

2.4 Ottoman ruleFurther information: Ottoman Greece

Samos came under Ottoman rule in 1475[7] or ca.1479/80,[8] at which time the island was practically aban-doned due to the eects of piracy and the plague. Theisland remained desolate for almost a full century be-fore the Ottoman authorities, by now in secure controlof the Aegean, undertook a serious eort to repopulatethe island.[8]

In 1572/3, the island was granted as a personal do-main (hass) to Kilic Ali Pasha, the Kapudan Pasha(the Ottoman Navy's chief admiral). Settlers, includ-ing Greeks and Arvanites from the Peloponnese and theIonian Islands, as well as the descendants of the originalinhabitants who had ed to Chios, were attracted throughthe concession of certain privileges such as a seven-year

tax exemption, a permanent exemption from the tithe inexchange for a lump annual payment of 45,000 piastres,and a considerable autonomy in local aairs.[8] The is-land recovered gradually, reaching a population of some10,000 in the 17th century, which was still concentratedmostly in the interior. It was not until the mid-18th cen-tury that the coast began to be densely settled as well.[8]

Under Ottoman rule, Samos (Ottoman Turkish: Sisam) came under the administration of the KapudanPasha ' s Eyalet of the Archipelago, usually as part of theSanjak of Rhodes rather than as a distinct province.[7]Locally, the Ottoman authorities were represented by avoevoda, who was in charge of the scal administra-tion, the kadi (judge), the islands Orthodox bishop andfour notables representing the four districts of the is-land (Vathy, Chora, Karlovasi and Marathokampos).[8]Ottoman rule was interrupted during the Russo-TurkishWar of 17681774, when the island came under Russiancontrol in 17711774.[8]

The Treaty of Kk Kaynarca that concluded the warcontained clauses that enabled a great expansion of thecommercial activities of the Ottoman Empires GreekOrthodox population. Samian merchants also took ad-vantage of this, and an urban mercantile class based oncommerce and shipping began to grow.[8] The Samianmerchants voyages across the Mediterranean, as well asthe settlement of Greeks from the Ionian Islands (whichin 1797 had passed from Venice to the French Repub-lic), introduced to Samos the progressive ideas of theAge of Enlightenment and of the French Revolution, andled to the formation of two rival political parties, theprogressive-radical Karmanioloi (Carmagnoles, namedafter the French Revolutionary song Carmagnole) and thereactionary Kallikantzaroi ("goblins") who representedmostly the traditional land-holding elites. Under the lead-ership of Lykourgos Logothetis, in 1807 the Karmanioloigained power in the island, introducing liberal and demo-cratic principles and empowering the local popular as-sembly at the expense of the land-holding notables. Theirrule lasted until 1812, when they were overthrown by theOttoman authorities and their leaders expelled from theisland.[8]

2.4.1 Greek Revolution

In March 1821, the Greek War of Independence brokeout, and on 18 April, under the leadership of Logothetisand the Karmanioloi, Samos too joined the uprising. InMay, a revolutionary government with its own constitu-tion was set up to administer the island, mostly inspiredby Logothetis.[9]

The Samians successfully repulsed three Ottoman at-tempts to recapture the island: in summer 1821, inJuly 1824, when Greek naval victories o Samos andat Gerontas averted the threat of an invasion, and againin summer 1826. In 1828, the island became for-

2.5 Modern Era 5

Flag of the Administration of Samos during the Greek War ofIndependence (18211830).

Lykourgos Logothetis, leader of the Revolution in Samos.

mally incorporated into the Hellenic State under Gover-nor Ioannis Kapodistrias, as part of the province of theEastern Sporades, but the London Protocol of 1830 ex-cluded Samos from the borders of the independent Greekstate.[9]

The Samians refused to accept their re-subordination tothe Sultan, and Logothetis declared Samos to be an inde-pendent state, governed as before under the provisions ofthe 1821 constitution. Finally, due to the pressure of theGreat Powers, Samos was declared an autonomous, tribu-tary principality under Ottoman suzerainty. The Samiansstill refused to accept this decision until an Ottoman eetenforced it in May 1834, forcing the revolutionary lead-ership and a part of the population to ee to independentGreece, where they settled near Chalkis.[9]

2.4.2 The autonomous Principality

Main article: Principality of SamosIn 1834, island of Samos became the territory of the

Flag of the Principality of Samos. It is the old Greek ag withthe two upper quadrants in red to symbolize Ottoman suzerainty.

Principality of Samos, a semi-independent state tributaryto Ottoman Turkey, paying the annual sum of 2,700.It was governed by a Christian of Greek descent thoughnominated by the Porte, who bore the title of Prince.The prince was assisted in his function as chief exec-utive by a 4-member senate. These were chosen byhim out of eight candidates nominated by the four dis-tricts of the island: Vathy, Chora, Marathokampos, andKarlovasi. The actual legislative power belonged to achamber of 36 deputies, presided over by the Greek Or-thodox Metropolitan. The seat of the government was theport of Vath.[1]

The modern capital of the island was, until the early 20thcentury, at Chora, about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the seaand from the site of the ancient city.[1]

After reconsidering political conditions, the capital wasmoved to Vathy, at the head of a deep bay on the Northcoast. This became the residence of the prince and theseat of government.[1]

Since then a new town has grown, with a harbour.

2.5 Modern EraThe island was nally united with the Kingdom of Greecein 1913, a few months after the outbreak of the FirstBalkan War. Although other Aegean islands had beenquickly captured by the Greek Navy, Samos was initiallyleft to its existing status quo out of a desire not to upset theItalians in the nearby Dodecanese. The Greek eet landedtroops on the island on 13 March 1913. The clashes withthe Ottoman garrison were short-lived as the Ottomanswithdrew to the Anatolian mainland, so that the islandwas securely in Greek hands by 16 March.[10][11]

During World War II, the island was occupied by the Ital-ians from May 1941 until the Italian surrender in Septem-ber 1943. Samos was briey taken over by Greek and

6 4 ECONOMY

The union with the Kingdom of Greece in 1912.

Statue of a lion, erected in 1930 to celebrate the centenary ofGreek independence.

British forces on 31 October, but following the Allied de-feat in the Battle of Leros and a erce aerial bombard-ment, the island was abandoned on 19 November andtaken over by German troops. The German occupationlasted until 4 October 1944, when the island was liber-ated by the Greek Sacred Band.On August 3, 1989, a Short 330 aircraft of the OlympicAirways (now Olympic Airlines) crashed near SamosAirport; thirty-one passengers died.

3 GovernmentSamos is a separate regional unit of the North Aegeanregion, and the only municipality of the regional unit.

As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform,the regional unit Samos was created out of part of theformer Samos Prefecture. At the same reform, the cur-rent municipality Samos was created out of the 4 formermunicipalities:[12]

Karlovasi Marathokampos Pythagoreio Vathy

Samos has a sister town called Samo, which is located inCalabria, Italy.

3.1 ProvinceThe province of Samos (Greek: ) wasone of the provinces of the Samos Prefecture. It had thesame territory as the present regional unit.[13] It was abol-ished in 2006.

4 Economy

Muscat of Samos

The Samian economy depends mainly on agriculture andthe tourist industry which has been growing steadily sincethe early 1980s. The main agricultural products includegrapes, honey, olives, olive oil, citrus fruit, dried gs

6.1 Ancient 7

almonds and owers. The Muscat grape is the main cropused for wine production. Samian wine is also exportedunder several other appellations.

4.1 CuisineLocal specialities:

Bourekia (Brek) Katimeria Katades (dessert) Moustalevria (dessert) Muscat of Samos (wine)

5 Architecture

View of Marathokampos village.

Agios Nikolaos Church, Karlovasi.

The island is the location of the joint UNESCOWorld Heritage Sites of the Heraion of Samos and thePythagoreion which were inscribed in UNESCOs WorldHeritage list in 1992.[14]

6 Notable people

Picture of the town of Karlovasi.

6.1 Ancient Aegles, athlete Aeschrion of Samos, poet Aesop, storyteller Aethlius (writer) Agatharchus, painter Agathocles (writer) Aristarchus of Samos (3rd century BC), astronomer

and mathematician, the rst known individual topropose that the Earth revolves around the sun

Asclepiades of Samos, epigrammist and poet Conon of Samos, astronomer and mathematician Creophylus of Samos, legendary singer Epicurus (4th century BC), philosopher, founder of

the Epicurean school of philosophy

Melissus of Samos, philosopher Nicaenetus of Samos, poet Polycrates (6th century BC), tyrant of Samos Pythagoras (6th century BC), philosopher, math-

ematician, and religious leader, after whom thePythagorean theorem is named ('the square on thehypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to thesum of the squares on the other two sides)

Pythagoras (sculptor) Rhoecus (6th century BC), sculptor Theodorus (6th century BC), sculptor and architect Theon of Samos, painter

8 11 FURTHER READING

6.2 Modern Lykourgos Logothetis (17721850), leader of the

Samians during the revolution of 1821

Themistoklis Sofoulis (18601949), politician andPM of Greece

Ion Ghica (18161897), Romanian revolutionary,mathematician, diplomat, prime minister of Ro-mania, rst president of the Romanian Academy,prince of Samos

Nikos Stavridis (19101987), actor Nerses Ounanian (1924-1957), Armenian-

Uruguayan sculptor

7 Gallery Ruins at the Heraion of Samos Kokkari beach Samos International Airport Traditional dress

8 See also 1904 Samos earthquake Pauly-Wissowa Xenophon

9 Notes[1] Bunbury, Caspari & Gardner 1911, p. 116.

[2] Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal (Canisaureus) in Greece (PDF). Retrieved 2012-11-07.

[3] Samos Climate. Hellenic National Meteorological Ser-vice. Retrieved 15 October 2012.

[4] Climate Data for Samos. National Oceanic and Atmo-spheric Administration. Retrieved 15 October 2012.

[5] Samos (island, Greece) - Britannica Online Encyclope-dia. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.

[6] The Siloam Tunnel was rst

[7] Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanis-chen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tbinger Atlas des VorderenOrients (in German) 13. Reichert. p. 107. ISBN9783920153568.

[8] Landros Christos; Kamara Afroditi; Dawson Maria-Dimitra; Spiropoulou Vaso (10 July 2005). Samos: 2.3.Ottoman rule. Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago.Foundation of the Hellenic World. Retrieved 2 April2013.

[9] Landros Christos, Kamara Afroditi; Dawson Maria-Dimitra; Spiropoulou Vaso (10 July 2005). Samos: 2.4.The Greek War of Independence, 1821.. Cultural Por-tal of the Aegean Archipelago. Foundation of the HellenicWorld. Retrieved 2 April 2013.

[10] Hall, Richard C. (2000). The Balkan Wars, 19121913:Prelude to the First World War. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN0-415-22946-4.

[11] Erickson, Edward J. (2003). Defeat in Detail: The Ot-toman Army in the Balkans, 19121913. Greenwood Pub-lishing Group. pp. 158159. ISBN 0-275-97888-5.

[12] Kallikratis reform law text PDF

[13] Detailed census results 1991 PDF (39 MB) (Greek)(French)

[14] Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos - UNESCO WorldHeritage Centre. Whc.unesco.org. 2009-09-18. Re-trieved 2012-11-07.

10 ReferencesAttribution

This article incorporates text from a publication nowin the public domain: Bunbury, Edward Herbert; Cas-pari, Maximilian Otto Bismarck; Gardner, Ernest Arthur(1911). "Samos". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopdia Bri-tannica 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.116117.

11 Further readingAncient sources

Herodotus, especially book iii. Strabo xiv. pp. 636639 Thucydides, especially books i. and viii. Xenophon, Hellenica, books i. ii.

Modern texts

A. Agelarakis, Anthropologic Results: TheGeometric Period Necropolis at Pythagoreion.Archival Report. Samos Island Antiquities Author-ity, Greece, (2003).

9 J. P. Barron, The Silver Coins of Samos (London,1966).

J. Boehlau, Aus ionischen and italischen Nekropolen(Leipzig, 1898). (E. H. B.; M. 0. B. C.; E. Ga.).

C. Curtius, Urkunden zur Geschichte von Samos(Wesel, 1873).

P. Gardner, Samos and Samian Coins (London,1882).

V. Gurin, Description de l'le de Patmos et de l'lede Samos (Paris, 1856).

K. Hallof and A. P. Matthaiou (eds), InscriptionesChii et Sami cum Corassiis Icariaque (InscriptionesGraecae, xii. 6. 12). 2 vols. (BeroliniNovi Ebo-raci: de Gruyter, 2000; 2004).

B. V. Head, Historia Numorum (Oxford, 1887), pp.515518.

L. E. Hicks and G. F. Hill, Greek Historical Inscrip-tions (Oxford, 1901), No. 81.

H. Kyrieleis, Fhrer durch das Heraion von Samos(Athen, 1981).

T. Panofka, Res Samiorum (Berlin, 1822). Pauly-Wissowa (in German, on Antiquity) T. J. Quinn, Athens and Samos, Chios and Lesbos

(Manchester, 1981).

G. Shipley, A History of Samos 800188 BC (Ox-ford, 1987).

R. Tlle-Kastenbein, Herodot und Samos (Bochum,1976).

H. F. Tozer, Islands of the Aegean (London, 1890). K. Tsakos, Samos: A Guide to the History and Ar-chaeology (Athens, 2003).

H. Walter, Das Heraion von Samos (Mnchen,1976).

Westermann, Groer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (inGerman)

Volumes of the Samos series of archaeological reportspublished by the Deutsches Archologisches Institut.

1. V. Miloji, Die prhistorische Siedlung unterdem Heraion (Bonn, 1961).

2. R. C. S. Felsch, Das Kastro Tigani (Bonn, 1988). 3. A. E. Furtwngler, Der Nordbau im Heraion vonSamos (Bonn, 1989).

4. H. P. Isler, Das archaische Nordtor und seineUmgebung im Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1978).

5. H. Walter, Frhe samische Gefe (Bonn, 1968). 6.1. E. Walter-Karydi, Samische Gefe des 6.Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (Bonn, 1973).

7. G. Schmidt, Kyprische Bildwerke aus demHeraion von Samos (Bonn, 1968).

8. U. Jantzen, gyptische und orientalische Bronzenaus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1972).

9. U. Gehrikg, with G. Schneider, Die Greifenpro-tomen aus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 2004).

10. H. Kyrieleis, Der groe Kuros von Samos (Bonn,1996).

11. B. Freyer-Schauenburg, Bildwerke der archais-chen Zeit und des strengen Stils (Bonn, 1974).

12. R. Horn, Hellenistische Bildwerke auf Samos(Bonn, 1972).

14. R. Tlle-Kastenbein, Das Kastro Tigani (Bonn,1974).

15. H. J. Kienast, Die Stadtmauer von Samos (Bonn,1978).

16. W. Martini, Das Gymnasium von Samos (Bonn,1984).

17. W. Martini and C. Streckner, Das Gymnasiumvon Samos: das frhbyzantinische Klostergut (Bonn,1993).

18. V. Jarosch, Samische Tonguren aus demHeraion von Samos (Bonn, 1994).

19. H. J. Kienast, Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinosauf Samos (Bonn, 1995).

20. U. Jantzen with W. Hautumm, W.-R. Megow,M. Weber, and H. J. Kienast, Die Wasserleitung desEupalinos: die Funde (Bonn, 2004).

22. B. Kreuzer, Die attisch schwarzgurige Keramikaus dem Heraion von Samos (Bonn, 1998).

24.1. T. Schulz with H. J. Kienast, Die rmischenTempel im Heraion von Samos: die Prostyloi (Bonn,2002).

25. C. Hendrich, Die Sulenordnung des erstenDipteros von Samos (Bonn, 2007).

12 External links Prefecture of Samos Municipality of Vathy - The capital of Samos World Statesmen - Greece

10 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses13.1 Text

Samos Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos?oldid=673412728 Contributors: Olivier, Mdebets, Bogdangiusca, Tobias Conradi,Carlossuarez46, Dimadick, Twang, Robbot, DocWatson42, Macrakis, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Paul August, CanisRufus, El C, Markussep,Cmdrjameson, Pschemp, Fornadan, Versageek, Japanese Searobin, RHaworth, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Jake Wartenberg, Zyclop, Vegaswikian,Miskin, Chobot, RussBot, Guslacerda, Gaius Cornelius, Alex Bakharev, Odysses, NawlinWiki, Welsh, Tearlach, Aldux, David Pierce,JHCaueld, Nlu, DoriSmith, Fastifex, Attilios, SmackBot, FocalPoint, YellowMonkey, Astavrou, Miha sinkovec, Likeem, Hmains,Chris the speller, Madmedea~enwiki, F382d56d7a18630cf764a5b576ea1b4810467238, Cplakidas, LukasPietsch, Backspace, Bardsand-warriors, Phaedriel, Khoikhoi, PrudenceBumpkin, Germanicus19, SashatoBot, Zahid Abdassabur, CrashMex, , Arvand, JorisvS,Majorclanger, IronGargoyle, DIEGO RICARDO PEREIRA, Frokor, Jmscstl, Hectorian, RekishiEJ, Courcelles, Chris55, CmdrObot,Graham Shipley, ShelfSkewed, Cydebot, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Reywas92, Peter439, Richhoncho, Saintrain, Marek69, Mywayyy,Dawnseeker2000, Bogolov, Euratlas, Pizzatip, JAnDbot, Zenjah, El Greco, Arie Inbar~enwiki, Alexander Domanda, The Anomebot2, Si-mon Peter Hughes, Baristarim, R'n'B, Noyder, CommonsDelinker, Artaxiad, J.delanoy, Efpalinos, Samosbethere, Acolston, Avacalop, Stu-dent7, Jamesontai, 49590439584, VolkovBot, Brando130, AlnoktaBOT, Aesopos, TXiKiBoT, Eve Hall, Rei-bot, Paullabbett,Cantiorix, Mai-Sachme, SieBot, Euthymia, LaHaine, Ipodamos, Bagatelle, Anicic, JL-Bot, Athenean, Sfan00 IMG, Fadesga, Thakaran,Mild Bill Hiccup, Mezigue, Spamhunt, Zykasaa, SilvonenBot, Good Olfactory, December12AC, Addbot, Asybaris01, NjardarBot, Oak-branch, Karl gregory jones, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Legobot II, Qwerty1746, AnomieBOT, Strawberryjampot, Bob Burkhardt,LilHelpa, Skirmishhill, MauritsBot, Xqbot, Tg737, GrouchoBot, Omnipaedista, SassoBot, Nedim Ardoa, , Captain-n00dle,FrescoBot, jlfr, Tlhslobus, Full-date unlinking bot, Greco22, TobeBot, Slimabob, Ollios, EmausBot, Orthodox33, ZroBot, SilentGeorge, PBS-AWB, Oncenawhile, NicatronTg, Aeonx, Tot12, ClueBot NG, Snotbot, , GRprefectures-have-been-dissolved,Kasirbot, Widr, Furkhaocean, Strega17~enwiki, EnzaiBot, StamatisLogothetis, Dexbot, Samos-travel, Ssbbplayer, Odythal, Arimantog,The sigman, Nicosanastassiou, Giannis1900, 20tyledale, KasparBot and Anonymous: 143

13.2 Images File:2011_Dimos_Samou.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/2011_Dimos_Samou.png License: CC

BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pitichinaccio File:Aegean_with_legends.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Aegean_with_legends.svg License: CC-

BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: w:en:User:Future Perfect at Sunrise File:Church_Kokkari_Samos.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Church_Kokkari_Samos.JPG Li-

cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Efgeka File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ? File:Eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG License:

Public domain Contributors: Transfered from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Moumouza at en.wikipedia File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk) File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of theTurkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)

File:Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Diafora

File:Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Samos_(18341912).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Samos_%281834%E2%80%931912%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based on FotW Origi-nal artist: Johannes Rssel (talk)

File:Karlovasi-Agios_Nikolaos.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Karlovasi-Agios_Nikolaos.JPGLicense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kramer96

File:Karlovasi.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Karlovasi.JPG License: CC BY-SA 2.0 de Contrib-utors: Own work (Original text: eigenes Foto) Original artist: Waldviertler

File:LEON-SAMOS-0927.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/LEON-SAMOS-0927.JPG License:CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Macedon-40

File:Logothetis_Lykourgos_Greek_Fighter.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Logothetis_Lykourgos_Greek_Fighter.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: National Historical Museum of Greece Original artist: DionysiosTsokos

File:Marathokambos.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Marathokambos.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0de Contributors: Own work (Original text: eigenes Foto) Original artist: waldviertler

File:Muscat_de_Samos.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Muscat_de_Samos.jpgLicense: CC BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marianne Casamance

File:Periferia_Voriou_Egeou.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Periferia_Voriou_Egeou.png Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pitichinaccio

File:Pythagoreion_harbour.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Pythagoreion_harbour.jpg License:CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Jeremy Lee at en.wikipedia

File:Samos1912.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Samos1912.jpg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: http://www.samosin.gr/photosoldpolitikoiuk.htm Original artist: Unknown

13.3 Content license 11

File:Samos_049_2009.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Samos_049_2009.JPG License: CC BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pe-sa

File:Samos_070_2009.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Samos_070_2009.JPG License: CC BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pe-sa

File:Samoskouros.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Samoskouros.JPG License: Public domain Con-tributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Premeditated Chaos using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Adam Carr at EnglishWikipedia

File:Vronda_monastery_exterior_view.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Vronda_monastery_exterior_view.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Miltos658

13.3 Content license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

Geography Fauna Climate

HistoryEarly and Classical AntiquityEupalinian aqueductPersian Wars and Persian rulePeloponnesian WarFamous Samians of Antiquity

Hellenistic and Roman ErasByzantine and Genoese ErasOttoman ruleGreek Revolution The autonomous Principality

Modern Era

GovernmentProvince

EconomyCuisine

ArchitectureNotable peopleAncient Modern

GallerySee alsoNotesReferencesFurther readingExternal links Text and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license