Role of Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Regulatory microRNAs in...

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Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved 1 MINI-REVIEW Role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulatory microRNAs in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer Farzad Rahmani 1 , Amir Avan 2,3 , Seyed Isaac Hashemy 4# , Seyed Mahdi Hassanian 1,5,6# 1) Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 2) Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 3) Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 4) Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 5) Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 6) Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Running title: Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulatory microRNAs in CRC The authors have no financial conflicts of interest. Contract grant sponsor: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS) This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: [10.1002/jcp.25897] Received 10 January 2017; Revised 6 March 2017; Accepted 6 March 2017 Journal of Cellular Physiology This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved DOI 10.1002/jcp.25897

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MINI-REVIEW

Role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulatory microRNAs in the pathogenesis of

colorectal cancer †

Farzad Rahmani1, Amir Avan2,3 , Seyed Isaac Hashemy4#, Seyed Mahdi Hassanian1,5,6#

1) Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical

Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

2) Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of

Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

3) Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,

Mashhad, Iran.

4) Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

5) Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical

Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

6) Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

Running title: Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulatory microRNAs in CRC

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Contract grant sponsor: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)

†This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been

through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: [10.1002/jcp.25897]

Received 10 January 2017; Revised 6 March 2017; Accepted 6 March 2017 Journal of Cellular Physiology

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved DOI 10.1002/jcp.25897

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# Corresponding Authors:

Seyed Mahdi Hassanian, Ph.D.

Department of Medical Biochemistry

School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Mashhad, Iran.

Phone: (+98) 5138002375, Fax: (+98) 5138002389

E-mail: [email protected]

Seyed Isaac Hashemy, M.D., Ph.D.

Surgical Oncology Research Center,

Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,

Mashhad, Iran.

Phone: (+98) 5138002366, Fax: (+98) 5138002389

E-mail: [email protected]

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Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. In more than 90% of all CRC patients, the master oncogenic Ras-Wnt signaling axis is over-activated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potential novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for several cancers including lung, breast, gastric and colorectal cancers. Oncogenic or tumor suppressor miRNAs modulate tumor cells proliferation, cell cycle progression, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis through regulating oncogenic pathways including Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulatory miRNAs in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease. This article is protected by

copyright. All rights reserved

Keywords: Wnt/β-catenin signaling, MicroRNA, Colorectal cancer

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Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world

(Rodrigues et al., 2016). The progression of the CRC from normal colonic epithelial cells to the

malignant phenotype is accompanied by the accumulation of mutations in oncogenes and

tumor-suppressor genes including adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) (Pandurangan, 2013;

Rodrigues et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2013). The APC is a multi-functional tumor suppressor

protein with inhibitory functions on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (Guo et al., 2016a). APC

mutations induce over-activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and over-expression of Wnt

downstream effectors including c-myc, cyclin D1, E-cadherin and etc. leading to cell

proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of CRC cells (Stanczak et al., 2011). Mutations

in APC have been found in almost 90% of CRC as well as in all familial adenomatous polyposis

patients (Coppede et al., 2014).

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are novel promising biomarker candidates for CRC that regulate

various oncogenic pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling (Zhang et al., 2013). MiRNA-

induced Wnt signaling regulation modulates tumorigenesis in brain (Saydam et al., 2009),

colorectal (Kim et al., 2013a; Kim et al., 2011), breast (Cai et al., 2013a; Cai et al., 2013b) and

liver cancers (Wang et al., 2012). In this review role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulatory

miRNAs in the pathogenesis of CRC is summarized.

Wnt signaling pathway

Wnt signaling is classified into canonical (β-catenin-dependent) and non-canonical (β-

catenin-independent) pathways (Fortress and Frick, 2015; Niehrs and Acebron, 2012). The

canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays essential roles in different stages of tumor development

including cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis (Chua et

al., 2014; Jiang et al., 2016; Song et al., 2015). In the absence of a Wnt ligand, cytoplasmic β-

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catenin protein is phosphorylated at Ser33, Ser37, Thr41 (Yost et al., 1996) and Ser45 (Liu et

al., 2002) by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and casein kinase 1 (CK1) respectively,

leading to ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the protein by the proteasomal system

(Huang et al., 2010; Song et al., 2015; Wheelock et al., 2001).

However, in the presence of a Wnt ligand, the receptor/co-receptor complex

phosphorylates and activates the scaffolding protein Disheveled (Dsh) leading to the inhibition

of the GSK-3β. Following deactivation of GSK-3β, β-catenin is not targeted for degradation by

the ubiquitin/proteasome system and as a consequence, the β-catenin accumulates in the

cytoplasm and travel to the nucleus to form complexes with co-regulators of transcription factors

including T cell factor/lymphocyte enhancer factor (TCF/LEF). This complex regulates

transcription of multiple downstream factor genes involved in cellular proliferation,

differentiation, survival and apoptosis (Anastas and Moon, 2013; Clevers, 2006; Clevers and

Nusse, 2012; Kim et al., 2013b; Moon et al., 2004).

Non-canonical Wnt signal transduction is independent of β-catenin stabilization and is

classified into the Wnt/Ca2+ and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways (Kühl et al., 2000; Pandur et

al., 2002). Wnt/Ca2+ pathway activates transcription factor nuclear factor associated with T cells

(NFAT) to regulate cytoskeletal rearrangements, cell adhesion, migration, and tissue separation

(Kohn and Moon, 2005). In the PCP pathway, the activated Dvl triggers Rho (Habas et al.,

2001; Tanegashima et al., 2008) and Rac branch of signaling (Marlow et al., 2002) which

regulate myosin activation (Weiser et al., 2007) and actin polymerization in stimulated cells

(Gordon and Nusse, 2006). These complicated signaling are integrated for cytoskeletal

changes, cell polarization and motility during gastrulation (Gordon and Nusse, 2006; Seifert and

Mlodzik, 2007).

Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been linked to the pathogenesis of various

diseases, including cancer. Over-expression of Wnt or gene mutations in β-catenin, GSK3β,

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Axin or APC leads to over-activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Wnt/β-catenin pathway

regulates E-cadherin via promoting the expression of repressors of this adhesion molecule

including transcriptional factors SNAI1 and SNAI2, and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1

(ZEB1) leading to metastasis and invasiveness (Schmalhofer et al., 2009; Yost et al., 1996).

MicroRNAs regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

MiRNAs are short non-coding 18-25 nucleotide RNAs (Zhong et al., 2012). MiRNAs are

transcribed by polymerase II as large RNA precursors of variable length (1 kb-3kb), called pri-

miRNA. These precursor molecules are processed within the nucleus by RNase III enzyme

Drosha into pre-miRNA with 60–70 nucleotide stem loop structures. Pre-miRNAs are

transported to the cytoplasm through nuclear pore complexes by a shuttle protein, exportin 5.

Once in the cytoplasm, the Pre-miRNAs are processed by Dicer, a RNase III enzyme, to

generate the single stranded mature miRNA (Fabian and Sonenberg, 2012). Mature miRNAs

assemble into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which following binding to the

complementary sequence of the target mRNA induces cleavage of the mRNA (Bonfrate et al.,

2013; He and Hannon, 2004).

MiRNAs could regulate the expression of about 30% of the human genome (Schee et

al., 2010) including oncogenes or tumor suppressors (Hosseini et al., 2016). MiRNAs are

involved in almost every type of cancers including lung, breast, gastric carcinoma and colorectal

cancer (Kayani et al., 2011; Kong et al., 2012). Given their tendency to regulate numerous

cellular processes, it is no surprising that aberrant expression of miRNAs be associated with

dysregulation of oncogenic signaling pathways such as Wnt/ β-catenin in cancers (Kong et al.,

2014). Here we discuss about the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulatory miRNAs in the CRC

pathogenesis (Fig. 1).

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Role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulatory oncogenic miRNAs in CRC pathology

APC is a key component of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway which together with other

components of the destruction complex suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin signaling through

targeting β-catenin for ubiquitination and degradation (Coppede et al., 2014). Mutation in APC is

associated with the up-regulation of several miRNAs in CRC patients (Diosdado et al., 2009;

Grillari et al., 2010; Lanza et al., 2007; Mogilyansky and Rigoutsos, 2013; Zhou et al., 2014).

For instance, β-catenin binds and activates the promoter of miR-17-92, oncogenic polycistronic

miRNA cluster, but APC suppresses expression of these miRNAs via inducing degradation of β-

catenin. Similarly, up-regulation of β-catenin is positively associated with miR-19a expression in

CRC patients (Li et al., 2016b). Consistently, enforced expression of miR-19a attenuates

inhibitory effects of APC on cellular migration, invasion and growth by targeting tumor

suppressor PTEN (Li et al., 2016b). Consistent with these findings, it has been shown that

expression of miR135b, a key downstream effector of oncogenic pathways, is negatively

correlated with the APC gene expression. Further studies showed that APC is a target gene of

miR135a/b in human CRC cells. Over-expression of miR135b is associated with advanced

tumor grade and poor clinical outcomes (Nagel et al., 2008; Valeri et al., 2014).

Furthermore, oncogenic miR-574-5p activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling through down-

regulation of Quaking 6/7 (Qki6/7) protein (Ji et al., 2013). Qki 6/7 is a RNA binding protein

regulating several cellular processes including cell cycle progression, differentiation and

angiogenesis (Lobbardi et al., 2011; van Mil et al., 2012). Consistently, inhibition of miR-574-5p

suppresses growth of CRC cells in the nude mice (Ji et al., 2013). To further support the

stimulatory effects of oncogenic miRNAs on Wnt/β-catenin pathway, Yu Y et al. showed that

oncogenic miR-21 significantly activates Wnt/β-catenin pathway, through down-regulation of

transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFβR2), a negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin

pathway, in colon cancer cells (Yu et al., 2012). Ectopic expression of miRNA-21 stimulates β-

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catenin-induced TCF/LEF activity leading to up-regulation of c-Myc and cyclin D in colon cancer

cells (Yu et al., 2013). Consistent with these findings, Farooqi et al. demonstrated that

oncogenic miR-155 up-regulates expression of oncogenes including c-Myc, cyclin D1, TCF-1

and LEF-1 through suppressing tumor suppressor HMG-box transcription factor 1 (HBP1)

(Farooqi et al., 2014; YC Wan, 2016). Similarly, miR-15b induces proliferation and metastasis

through up-regulating β-catenin and suppressing Axin2, a component of the destruction

complex, in colon cancer cells. MiR-15b is elevated in CRC individuals which is associated with

poor patient prognosis (Guo et al., 2016a). Moreover, Guo et al. demonstrated that miR-150 is

the most up-regulated microRNA in response to over-activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in

human colon cancer cells, HCT116 (Guo et al., 2016b). Interestingly, they showed that

TCF/LEF1 transcription factors bind to the promoter of miR-150 leading to trans-activation of the

miRNA in Wnt/β-catenin deregulated colon cancer cells. Ectopic expression of miR-150 potently

increases cancerous properties including migration and invasion activities and enhances

epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by targeting CAMP responsive element binding protein

1, CREB1, and EP300, a histone acetyl transferase, in colon cancer cells (Guo et al., 2016b).

To further support the role of stimulatory Wnt/β-catenin oncogenic miRNAs in CRC

pathogenesis Li et al. showed that miR-224 is an oncogenic miRNA that directly targets Wnt/β-

catenin signaling suppressors including GSK3β and secreted Frizzled Related Protein-2 (sFRP-

2), resulting in cytoplasmic accumulation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin thereby up-

regulating the pathway target genes c-Myc and cyclinD1 (Li et al., 2016a). Similarly, miR-29a

activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling via inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin antagonists including Dickkopf

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (Dkk1) and sFRP-2 proteins. In contrast to miR-29a,

miR-29b down-regulates Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inhibits cell growth, tumor angiogenesis

and EMT in human colorectal cancer cells. The inhibitory effects of miR-29b on Wnt/β-catenin

pathway is mediated through targeting β-catenin transcription cofactor, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9-

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like (BCL9L), and transcription factors including transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) and SNAI1

in colon cancer cells (Jiang et al., 2016; Kapinas et al., 2010; Subramanian et al., 2014).

Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulatory tumor suppressor miRNAs in CRC pathology

In contrast to oncogenic miRNAs, tumor suppressor counterparts inhibit Wnt/ β-catenin

pathway in CRC patients. Tumor suppressor miR-23b decreases CRC progression through

down-regulation of frizzled 7 (Fzd-7), a Wnt/β-catenin signaling receptor, in CRC individuals

(Zhang et al., 2011). Similarly, miR-7 targets the oncogenic transcription factor Ying Yang 1

(YY1) (Zhang et al., 2013). YY1 protein activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby

promoting cell proliferation (Zhang et al., 2013). Moreover, miR-34a is another tumor

suppressor miRNA with an inhibitory effect on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (Kim et al.,

2011). It has been shown that loss of miR-34 contributes to neoplastic progression in colorectal

cancer cells and the epigenetic silencing of this miRNA through CpG methylation contributes to

the formation of distant metastases in primary tumors (Siemens et al., 2013). In support of the

regulatory role of tumor suppressor miRNAs on Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Zhang et al. showed

that compared to colon cancer cells, levels of miR-26b is significantly higher in normal colon

cells (Zhang et al., 2014). Further studies showed that miR-26b down-regulates LEF-1

expression by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colon cancer cells (Zhang et al.,

2010).

Furthermore, miR-93 level is decreased in CRC tissues and colorectal carcinoma cell

lines compared with normal colon mucosa (Xiao et al., 2013). Expression of miR-93 potently

decreases expression of Wnt/β-catenin components and effectors. Further studies showed that

miR-93-induced Wnt/β-catenin inhibition is partially mediated through targeting of smad-7, a

protein essential for nuclear accumulation of β-catenin (Tang et al., 2015). Consistently, miR-

101 is another inhibitory Wnt/β-catenin miRNA that its expression is impaired in CRC specimens

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(Strillacci et al., 2009). Enforced expression of this miRNA decreases CRC pro-malignant

features including cell growth, hypoxic survival and invasion, suggesting that MiR-101 functions

as a potent tumor suppressor in CRC patients (Strillacci et al., 2013). Moreover, tumor

suppressor miR-145 expression is significantly decreases in colon cancer cells (Akao et al.,

2006). Recent studies showed that this miRNA inhibits Wnt/β-catenin pathway by disturbing the

intracellular translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus (Yamada et al., 2013). Further studies

showed that miR-145 targets catenin δ-1, a regulator of cytoskeletal reorganization that binds to

p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4). The latter one is a modulator of intracellular translocation of β-

catenin to the nucleolus which is a key step for the signaling pathway activation. Similarly, miR-

185 and miR-320a expressions are significantly down-regulated in colon cancer cells compared

with normal colon cells (Dong-Xu et al., 2015; Schepeler et al., 2008). This miRNAs suppress

cell proliferation in colon cancer cells through inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathway and down-

regulation of signaling effector genes including c-Myc and cyclin D1 (Dong-Xu et al., 2015; Sun

et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2015). These studies clearly demonstrate that miRNAs can modulate

the pathogenesis of CRC through regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and should be

pursued as potential novel diagnostic, prognostic biomarkers as well as a therapeutic target for

development of novel drugs for CRC patients.

Conclusion

This review summarizes the recent findings on the Role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling

regulatory miRNAs in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (Table 1). Through regulating

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, oncogenic or tumor suppressor miRNAs modulate colon

cancer cells proliferation, invasion and metastasis (Fig. 2). Study results clearly support the

hypothesis that these regulatory miRNAs could be novel diagnostic factor as well as a clinically

invaluable post-treatment marker for CRC patients.

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From this point of view, pharmacological inhibition or restoration of miRNAs might

attenuate the aggressive behavior of CRC that either alone or in combination with standard

clinically chemotherapy agents can be used in patients with advanced CRC cancer. Noting that

a role for miRNAs in regulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been reported, several studies

investigated the interplay between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and miRNA expression by

determining if inhibition of one pathway by specific inhibitors is mirrored in the other. Results

demonstrated that not only Wnt/β-catenin signaling components including APC, β-catenin and

Axin are targets for miRNAs but also many miRNAs promoters are

downstream effectors of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These findings support the hypothesis that

modulation of miRNA profile is a key mechanism in anti-tumor properties of Wnt/β-catenin

pharmacological inhibitors in cellular or clinical models. Understanding of the effect of specific

Wnt/β-catenin pharmacological inhibitors on miRNA profile could therefore help to design of

agent with more specificity and less side effects than those currently in use.

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Figure legends

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulatory microRNAs

in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.

Figure 2. Regulatory functions of oncogenic and tumor suppressor miRNAs on Wnt/β-catenin

signaling pathway in CRC.

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Table 1.

Oncogenic and tumor suppressor miRNAs regulate the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer

through targeting the specific components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

microRNA Target Effect Reference

miR135b miR-15b miR-574-5p miR-21 miR-224 miR-29a miR-19a

mir-150 miR-320a miR-29b miR-23b miR-34a miR-26b miR-93 miR-145 miR-7 mir-155

APC Axin2 β-catenin, Qki6/7, p27 TCF/LEF, TGFβR2 GSK3β, sFRP-2 sFRP-2, DKK1 PTEN

CREB1, EP300 β-catenin TCF7L2,BCL9L,SNAI1 Fzd-7 Wnt 1 LEF-1 smad-7 catenin δ-1, PAK4 YY1 HBP1

Oncogene

Oncogene

Oncogene

Oncogene

Oncogene

Oncogene

Oncogene

Oncogene

Tumor suppressor

Tumor suppressor

Tumor suppressor

Tumor suppressor

Tumor suppressor

Tumor suppressor

Tumor suppressor

Tumor suppressor

Tumor suppressor

(Nagel et al., 2008) (Guo et al., 2016a) (Ji et al., 2013) (Yu et al., 2013) (Li et al., 2016a) (Kapinas et al.,

2010)

(Li et al., 2016b)

(Guo et al., 2016b) (Sun et al., 2012) (Subramanian et al., 2014) (Zhang et al., 2011) (Kim et al., 2011) (Zhang et al., 2010) (Tang et al., 2015) (Yamada et al., 2013) (Zhang et al., 2013) (YC Wan, 2016)

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Figure 1

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Figure 2

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