Stichwortverzeichnis

Gottfried Ehrenstein, Sonja Pongratz

Resistance and Stability of Polymers

ISBN (Buch): 978-3-446-41645-1

ISBN (E-Book): 978-3-446-43709-8

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© Carl Hanser Verlag, München

Index

Symbolsα-particles 537γ-radiation 537

AAblation 44Abrasion 79ABS. see Styrene polymers – Environmental Stress Cracking 220

Absorption – Light 442 – Measurement 155 – Oxygen 49 – Spectra 443

ABS/PC. see PolycarbonateAcceleration – Temperature 37 – Testing Methods 143

Acid rain 187Acids – Polyamides 762 – Stabilization 279 – Thermosets 814

Acronyms 915Additives 65ADF 78, 187Adhesion kinetics – Microorganisms 839

AES. see Styrene polymersAging 26 ff. – Chemical. see Chemical aging processes – Definition 26 – External causes 27, 35 – Internal causes 27, 36 – Parallel 145 – Physical. see Physical aging processes

Aging, biological 82, 833 – Cellulose 871 – Elastomers 883 – Fluoropolymers 882 – High-temperature thermoplastics 883 – Mechanisms 838 – Plasticizers 869

– Polyamide 873 – Polycarbonate 871 – Polyester 874 – Polyoxymethylene 866 – Polysiloxane 883 – Polyurethane 881 – Polyvinyl alcohol 871 – Polyvinyl chloride 866 – Standards 255 – Styrene polymers 866 – Thermosets 884

Aging criteria 146Aging inhibitor. see StabilizersAging, mechanical 44, 56Aging stage – Visual characteristics 148

Aging, thermal 39, 193, 581 ff. – Cellulose 645 – Elastomers 661 – Fluoropolymers 646 – High-temperature thermoplastics 648 – Polyamide 628 – Polycarbonate 602 – Polyester, thermoplastic 619 – Polymethyl methacrylate 612 – Polyolefins 586 – Polyoxymethylene 616 – Polyurethane 668 – Polyvinyl chloride 615 – Standards 249 – Styrene polymers 594 – Thermoplastic elastomers 653 – Thermosets 669

Aging, thermal-oxidative 44 ff., 85, 194, 581 f., 587 – Cellulose 645 – Elastomers 661 – Fluoropolymers 646 – High-temperature thermoplastics 648 – Polyamide 628 – Polycarbonate 602 – Polyester, thermoplastic 619 – Polymethyl methacrylate 612 – Polyolefins 586 – Polyoxymethylene 616

1424 Index

– Polyurethanes 668 – Polyvinyl chloride 615 – Standards 249 – Styrene polymers 594 – Thermoplastic elastomers 653 – Thermosets 669

Agricultural films 454Aliphatic-aromatic copolyester 875Aliphatic polyester 874Alkyl radicals. see Primary radicalsAmines 499Anisotropy 63Annealing 341, 585 – Polyamide 628

Antioxidants 276 f., 279 ff. – Aromatic amines 284 – Cellulose 313 – Elastomers 326 – Fluoropolymers 315 – HAS/HALS 283, 290 – High-temperature thermoplastics 315 ff. – Hydroxylamine 284 – Lactones 277, 282 – Measuring of effectiveness 154 – Phenolic 276, 281 – Phosphites 276, 285 – Polyamides 308 – Polycarbonates 297 – Polyester, thermoplastic 308 – Polymethyl Methacrylate 299 – Polyolefins 294 – Polyoxymethylene 306 – Polyurethane 314 – Polyvinyl chloride 300 – Primary 280, 284 – Secondary 280, 284 f. – Styrene polymers 296 – Thermosets 318 ff. – Thio stabilizers 276, 287

Antiozonant 326Apparatus 257Appearance 148Aramid fiber rods 891Aramid fibers 708Arizona 172Aromatic amines. see Antioxidants, aromatic aminesAromatic polyamides. see PolyamidesArrhenius 37, 94, 144ASA. see Styrene polymersASA/PC. see PolycarbonateATF-Oils 768, 802Atmosphere – Processing 349

Atmospheric effects 72Atmospheric influences. see WeatheringAutomotive 262 – Media 766

BBacteria. see MicroorganismBall impression test 215, 218Barrier screw 359Bending stripe test 215, 217Bending test 147Biocompatibility 238, 852 – of individual polymers. see Aging, biological

Biodegradable plastics 223, 837, 846, 848 f. – Standards 253

Biodegradation 228, 231 ff., 833, 837 – of individual polymers. see Aging, biological

Biogas 235Biological aging. see Aging, biologicalBiomass 840Biomedical applications 852Biopolymers 848Bio-stabilizers. see Stabilizers, bio-stabilizersBisphenol A – Epoxy resin 322

Black standard temperature 183Blow molding 358Bond energy 41Boundary layer climates 169Building construction 259 – Biological damage 835

CCables – Testing 261

CAMPUS – Chemical resistance 1341

Carbon arc lamps 177Carbon content 237Carbon fibers 345, 421, 707, 886Carbonyl index 633Catalyst (Residues) 64

– Biolocical media 859 – Polyethylene terephthalate 627 – Polyolefins 364 – Processing 348, 364

Cellulose – biological 871 – Ionizing radiation 575 – Media 779 – Stabilization 313 – Tables of chemical resistance 1133 f. – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 645 – Weathering 510

Cellulose acetobutyrate. see CelluloseCellulose nitrate. see CelluloseC-Glass 704Chain branching 46Chain cleavage 42Chain propagation 46Chalking 162Charpy impact 151

Index 1425

Chemical aging processes 27, 31, 46Chemical barrier layer 1319Chemically active media. see Media, chemicallyChemical resistance – Definition 204 – Tables 923 ff.

Chemicals. see MediaChemical structure 58Chemiluminescence 49, 147, 159 – Polyamide 634

Chemo-crystallization 51Chlorosulfonated polyethylene. see PolyolefinsChromatographic 159Chromatography – Styrene analysis 399

Chromophores 59CIE publication No. 85 165Cleaning – Polycarbonates 740

Climate(s) 168, 491 – Arizona 172 – Florida 172

Closed carbon arc lamp 177Coatings – Absorption 185

Cold temperature value – Elastomere 663

Color 148 – Temperature 164 – Weathering 164

Complexing agents – Stabilization 294

Composites 410Composition 223, 233Compostability 850Compost test 878Congo red method 497Containers, containment 257 – Sealing materials 823, 1005 f.

Contaminations – Solid 79

Continuous operating temperatures. see Service temperature data

Controlled degradable polymers 838Cook-Gordon model 63Cooling phase 341Copolymerization – Stabilization 305

Corrosion resistant resins 816Corrosive gases 76Costabilizers 284, 293Crack Knacker PS-1 213Crazes 692 – ABS 58 – Polycarbonate 477 – Styrene polymers 727

Creep behavior 693, 899 – Fiber reinforced plastics 886 ff. – influences 695

– Media 718 – Pipes 119, 715 – Polycarbonate 738 – Polyolefins 714 – Polyvinyl chloride 748 – TPU 655

Creep rupture test 50, 201, 208Critical deformation 213Crosslinked polyethylene. see PolyethyleneCrosslinking 43 – Chemical resistance 701, 727 – Ionizing radiation 539, 551 – Radiation 678 – Thermosets 17

Curing 320, 393, 404 – DSC 397 ff. – Ionizing Radiation 543 – Media 814

Cyclization reaction 385

DDamage 29Damage accumulation – Miner Rule 39

Damage curves 137Decarboxylation temperature 631Decomposition temperature 43Deficient curing 404Degradable plastics 837Degradation. see Aging; see Chemical aging

processDegree of curing. see CuringDehydrochlorination 154, 378, 488Depolymerisation

– Polyoxymethylene 306Depolymerization 40Design 437 – Thermosets 325

DIBt 715, 823 – List of exposure media 1004, 1188, 1248, 1319

Differential scanning calorimetry 159, 397 ff.Diffusion 60 – Media 680

Diffusions coefficient 585 – Polyamide/acids 763 – Polyamide/water 759

Dimensioning – Strain-related 109 – Stress-related 105

DIN 50035 27Disinfection – Polycarbonate 740

Disintegration 229, 233Dose of irradiation 166Dose rate 537, 547Dry blends 349Durability 28

1426 Index

EEarth climate zones 169Earth’s lower orbit 580ECR-glass 703Effective irradiation 167Effective media 683Effective radiation intensity 166E-glass 702Elastomers 6 – Biological 883 – Classes 7 – Ionizing radiation 579 – Media 799 – Mineral oils 799 – Ozone 190 – Service temperature data 662 – Stabilization 308 ff. – Stress relaxation 202 – Tables of chemical resistance 1272 – Testing, thermal 201 – Testing, thermal-oxidative 201 – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 661 – Weathering 190, 517

Electrical engineering 261, 317Electrical properties

– Epoxy resins 827Electrons – Fast 538

EMMA, EMMAQUA 173End group stabilization 305Energy dose 538Energy-rich radiation. see Radiation, ionizingEnvironmental stress cracking 82, 210, 692 – High-temperature thermoplastics 786 – Media 211 – Pipes 216 – Polyamide 765 – Polycarbonate 736 – Polyester, thermoplastic 757 – Polymethyl methacrylate 743 – Polyoxymethylene 750 – Styrene polymers 735, 1044 – Testing 215 ff.

Enzymatic degradation 854Enzyme 860Epoxy resins. see ThermosetsEPS. see Styrene polymersEquivalence of radiant energy effect 145ESC. see Environmental stress crackingESCA 147ESCR 221Ethyl cellulose. see CelluloseEthylene-buten-1-copolymer. see PolyolefinsEthylene-vinyl acetate-copolymer. see PolyolefinsExperiments. see TestingExposure media list – DIBt 1004, 1188, 1248, 1319

Extraction 206 – Stabilizers 282

Extrapolation 89, 144Extrusion 338, 352

– Functional zones 352 – Single-screw 354

FFailure criteria 107Fast electrons 538Fatigue 28, 127 ff., 899Fiber composite plastics 408, 415Fiber manufactures 388Fiber reinforced plastics 886 ff.Fiber reinforcement – Thermosets 408

Fillers 66 – Ionizing radiation 550 – Polyvinyl chloride 493 – Processing 345 – Stabilization 279

Filter – Lamps 177

Florida 172Flow behavior – Measuring 153

Fluorescent lamp 179Fluoropolymers – Biological 883 – Media 780 – Processing 388 – Service temperature data 646 – Stabilization 315 – Tables of chemical resistance 1213 – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 646 – Weathering 511

Foam – EPS 469 – Polyurethane 530, 813 – Weathering 190, 529

Fries-rearrangement – Polycarbonate 604

FTIR. see IR spectroscopyFull notch creep test 216Fungi. see Microorganism

GGarden – Biologically damage 835

Gas chromatography. see ChromatographyGases – Corrosive 76

Gas fading 279Gel coats 325Gelling 394Gel permeation chromatography 154Gel point 394Geo-membranes 155, 201Geosynthetics 155, 201

Index 1427

Glass fiber reinforced plastics – Chemical resistance 709, 820, 1313 ff.

Glass fibers 65 – Chemical resistance 1313 ff. – Corrosion 702 ff.

Glass transition temperature – DSC 401

Glues 406GreenPla 228

HHaigh diagram 135Halfing interval 199Half-value dose 538HALS-stabilizers. see StabilizersHCl-cleavage 379H-Donors. see Antioxidants, primaryHeat distortion temperature 194Heat stabilizer. see StabilizersHigh-energy radiation. see Radiation, ionizingHigh-speed extrusion screws 360High-temperature thermoplastics – Biological 884 – Environmetal stress cracking 786 – Media 782 – Processing 389 – Service temperature data 649 – Stabilization 315 ff. – Tables of chemical resistance 1194, 1255 f., 1258, 1260

– Thermal, thermal-oxidative 648 – Weathering 512

Hoses – Chemical resistance 1272 – Testing 272

House – Biological damage 835

Humidity 75, 441, 445Hydrogen bond parameter 688Hydrogen peroxides 443Hydrolysis 54, 441, 693 – High-temperature thermoplastics 792 – Polyamides 384, 641, 758 f. – Polycarbonate 738 – Polyester, thermoplastic 382, 753 – Polyethylene terephthalate 308 – Polyoxymethylene 750 – Polyurethane 315, 811 – Stabilization. see Stabilization, hydroylsis

Hydrolytically degradable plastics 838Hydroperoxide decomposers. see Antioxidants,

secondaryHydroxylamine. see Antioxidants, hydroxylamine

IImmersion test 205Impact bending test 147

Impact modified polystyrene. see Styrene polymersImpact tensile test 151Initiating reaction 46Injection molding 338, 359In-vitro-tests 853In-vivo-tests 853Ionizing radiation. see Radiation, ionizingIonomer. see PolyolefinesIrradiation 161

– Lamps 176 – Source 546

IR spectroscopy 147, 152

JJacksonville 187Juska and Harrison model 63

KKinetic – Oxidation 48, 86

Knee – Thermosets 416

Kunststoffinstitut Lüdenscheid 213

LLactone – Antioxidans. see Antioxidans, lactone

Laminates 110, 130, 886 ff. – Chemical resistance 824, 1335 – Pipes 893 – Reduction factor 120

Lamps – Irradiation 176

Laser radiation 580LCP. see High-temperature polymersLeaching – Glass-fibers 702

Leisure – Biologically damage 835

Life prediction 899Life span 28Life time 440Light. see Life spanLight protection. see Light stabilizersLight stabilizer 276, 288 – Cellulose 313 – Elastomers 327 f. – Fluoropolymers 315 – High-temperature thermoplastics 315 – Polyamides 312 – Polycarbonates 298 – Polyester, thermoplastic 307 – Polymethyl methacrylate 299 – Polyolefins 295 – Polyoxymethylene 305 – Polyurethane 314

1428 Index

– Polyvinyl chloride 303 – Quencher 290 – Styrene polymers 296 – Thermosets 318 ff. – UV absorber 288

Liners 1005, 1006Liquid crystal polymers. see High-temperature

polymersList of exposure media – DIBt 1004, 1319

LOCA-Test 193Long-term behavior 29 – Fiber reinforced plastics 410, 413, 886 f. – Standards 249 – Testing 197

Lubricants 293 – Polyamides 768 – Polycarbonate 740

MMABS. see Styrene polymersMacrobiological damage 833Marine organisms 837Maritime conditions 174Mass temperature 335Master curve 901Material selection 435Material specification factor 685Mechanical degradation. see Aging, mechanicalMechanical loading – Processing 337

Mechanical properties 151Media 80 – Cellulose 779 – Chemically 80, 679, 686 – Concentration 685 – Crosslinking 701 – Diffusion 680 – Effective media 683 – Elastomers 798 – Environmental stress cracking 212 – Fluoropolymers 780 – Glass fiber reinforced plastics 709 – High-temperature polymers 782 – Material specification factors 685 – Physically 80, 679, 686 – Polycarbonate 736 – Polyester, thermoplastic 753 – Polymer resistance 680 – Polymethyl methacrylate 743 – Polyolefins 714 – Polyoxymethylene 748 – Polyurethane 810 – Polyvinyl chloride 748 – Reinforcing fibers 702 – Residence time 685 – Standards 251 – Styrene polymers 727

– Temperature 685 – Thermoplastic elastomers 793 – Thermosets 814

Media list 40 110 – Polyvinyl chloride 1188 – Polyvinylidene fluoride 1248 – Thermosets 1319

Medical technology – Biodegradable plastics 856 – Testing 271

Melt enthalpy 160Melt Index 153Metal deactivators

– Stabilization 294Metal halogenide lamp 180Metal-halogenide-stabilization – Polyamide 308

Metals, metal ions 50, 64 – Oxidation 587 – Processing 348, 364

Metal stabilizers – Polyvinyl chloride 300

Microbiological damage 833Microclimates 169Microcracks 484, 488Micro injection molding 360Microorganism 82, 836 ff. – Adhesion 839 – Growth 839 – Protecting 846 – Stabilization 293

MID 676Mineralization 841Mineral oils – Elastomers 799

Miner’s Rule 38, 895Models – Processing 354 – Service life prediction 92

Moisture 445 – Weathering 168

Multiple processing 376 – ABS 374 – Polypropylene 348

NNeutrons 537Non-woven layers 325Norrish Type I und II 445Notched constant tensile load 216Novolac 15, 323Noxious gases – Stabilization 279

OOECD guidelines 237Offshore applications 643, 771

Index 1429

OIT 155, 200 – Creep behavior of pipes 724 – Dynamic 155 – High-pressure 156 – Limits 157, 200 – Polyethylene terephthalate 627 – Stabilizers 157 – Static 155

Olympic stadium of Munich – Roof panels 482

Operating temperatures. see Service temperature data

Organism 82Orientation 33, 63Oven aging 159, 195 f., 198 – Limits 199 – Polyolefins 200

Oxidation. see Aging, thermal-oxidative – Stabilization. see Antioxidants

Oxidation index 152Oxidative induction temperature. see OITOxidative induction time. see OITOxidatively degradable plastics 838Oxo-degradability 851Oxygen absorption 49 – Measurement 155

Ozone 53, 519, 661Ozone chamber test 192

PPA 6, PA 66, PA 12, . . . see PolyamidesPackaging standards 231Paint – Polyurethane 813

Paraffin waxes 326Parallel aging 145PC/ABS, PC/ASA. see PolycarbonatePC-HT. see PolycarbonatePhenolic antioxidants. see Antioxidants, phenolicPhenolic resins. see ThermosetsPhosphites antioxidants. see Antioxidants, phosphitesPhotochemistry – Hydroperoxides 443

Photodegradable plastics 838Photolysis 443Physical aging 32, 34 – Polyamide 629 – Polycarbonate 602 – Polyethylene 621

Physical aging processes 27, 30, 32, 45, 51 – Polyamide 629 – Polycarbonate 602

Physically active media. see Media, physicallyPhysical structure 58Pigments 66 f. – Processing 347 – Weathering 454

Pin impression test 215, 218

Pipes 138, 257 – Creep rupture test 201 – Environmental stress cracking 216 – Media 714, 823 – Polyamide 643 – Polyethylene 119 – Polyolefin 714, 923, 1005 – Polyvinyl chloride 748, 1135 – Processing 353

Plasticization 341Plasticizers – Biological 867 – Polyvinyl chloride 300, 496, 567

Plastics Recognition Yellow Cards 255Plates – Processing 353

Poly-4-methylpentene-1. see PolyolefinsPolyacetal. see PolyoxymethylenePolyamide. see Metal, metal ions – Acids 762 – Biological 873 – Environmental stress cracking 765 – Extrusion 352 – Hydrolysis 384, 758 – Ionizing radiation 571 – Media 758 – Offshore application 771 – Processing 334 ff., 384 ff. – Service temperature data 628, 636 – Stabilization 308 – Tables of chemical resistance 1097 – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 628 – Water 759 – Weathering 505

Polyamide imide. see High-temperature polymersPolyamides – Tables of chemical resistance 1097

Polyarylate. see High-temperature polymersPolyaryletherketon. see High-temperature polymersPolyarylethersulfone. see High-temperature polymersPolyarylsulfone. see High-temperature polymersPolybutene-I. see PolyolefinsPolybutylene. see PolyolefinsPolybutyleneterephthalate. see Polyester, thermoplastic – thermal-oxidative 56

Polycarbonate – Biological 871 – Cleaning 740 – Disinfection 740 – Hydrolysis 299 – Ionizing radiation 564 – Lubricants 740 – Media 739 – Processing 376, 625 – Service temperature data 611 – Stabilization 298 – Sterilization 740 – Stress-cracking 376 – Tables of chemical resistance 1045

1430 Index

– Thermal, thermal-oxidative 602 – Weathering 469

Polycarbonate blends. see PolycarbonatePolycondensate – Processing 345

Polyester amide 876Polyester, thermoplastic – Aliphatic 874 – Aliphatic-aromatic copolyester 875 – Biolocical 873 – Catalyst 626 – Environmental stress cracking 756 – Hydrolysis 752 – Ionizing radiation 571 – Media 753 – Physical aging 621 – Processing 382 – Service temperature data 621 – Stabilization 307 – Tables of chemical resistance 1069 – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 619 – Weathering 503

Polyester, thermoset. see ThermosetsPolyester urethane 879Polyether ether ketone. see High-temperature

polymersPolyether imide. see High-temperature polymersPolyether sulfone. see High-temperature polymersPolyethylene terephthalate. see Polyester,

thermoplasticPolyimide. see High-temperature polymersPolyisobutylene. see PolyolefinsPolymer melts 44Polymethyl methacrylate

– Biological 870 – Critical deformation 213 – Environmental stress cracking 212, 1068 – ESCR factor 222 – Ionizing radiation 564 – Media 743 – Processing 377 – Stabilization 299 – Tables of chemical resistance 1045 – Weathering 478

Polymethylpentene. see PolyolefinsPolyolefins 722

– Biological 861 – Catalysts 364 – Creep test 50 – Ionizing radiation 557 – Media 714 – Metals, metal ions 50 – Multiple processing 349 – Oven aging 200 – Processing 364 – Service temperature data 586 – Stabilization 294 – Table of chemical resistance 923 – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 586

– Ultra-high molecular 559 – Weathering 445 ff.

Polyoxymethylene – Biological 866 – Environmetal stress cracking 750 – Extrusion 352 – Ionizing radiation 569 – Media 748 – Processing 380 – Service temperature data 618 – Stabilization 305 – Tables of chemical resistance 1083 – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 612 – Weathering 499

Polyphenylene ether and blends. see High-temperature polymers

Polyphenylene sulfide. see High-temperature polymersPolysiloxane

– Biological 883 – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 674

Polystyrene. see Styrene polymersPolysulfone. see High-temperature polymersPolytetrafluoroethylene. see FluoropolymersPolytrifluorochloroethylene. see FluoropolymersPolyurethane – Biological 881 – Creep behavior of TPU 655 – Ionizing radiation 578 – Media 810 – Processing 391 – Stabilization 314 ff. – Tables of chemical resistance 1262 – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 668 – Weathering 529

Polyvinyl alcohol 568 – Biological 871

Polyvinyl chloride – Biological 866 – Creep rupture test 209 – Dry Blend 349 – Exposure media DIBt 1188 – Fillers 493 – Ionizing radiation 566 – Media 745 – Plasticizers 300 – Processing 378 – Service temperature data 616 – Stabilization 287, 300 ff. – Tables of chemical resistance 1135 – Thermal stability testing 154 – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 616 – Weathering 487 ff.

Polyvinyl chloride blends. see Polyvinyl chloridePolyvinylfluoride. see FluoropolymersPolyvinylidene fluoride. see FluoropolymersPost-crystallization 33Post-processing 343Post-stabilization 328Primary radicals 332

Index 1431

Processing 62, 82 ff., 332 ff. – Catalysts 364 – Creep behavior 698 – Fillers 346 – Fluoropolymers 388 – High-temperature thermoplastics 389 – Metal, metal ions 348 – Models 354 – Pigments 346 – Plastics composition 343 – Polyamides 384 – Polycarbonates 376 – Polymethyl methacrylate 377 – Polyolefins 364 – Polyoxymethylene 380 – Polyurethane 391 – Polyvinyl chloride 379 ff. – Reinforced agents 346 – Stabilization 276 ff. – Thermoplastic polyester 382 – Thermosets 323, 325, 392

Product liability 28Product requirements 224Product safety 28Profiles – Processing 353

Protective coats 325Protons 537Pyrolysis 584

QQuencher. see Light stabilizers, quencher

RRadiation 69, 164Radiation, ionizing 69, 537 ff. – Atmosphere 548 – Cellulose 575 – Crosslinking 539 ff. – Curing 543 – Degradation 545 – Dose rate 547 – Elastomers 578 – Fillers 550 – High-temperature thermoplastics 576 – Irradiation source 546 – Polyamide 571 – Polycarbonate 564 – Polyester, thermoplastic 570, 678 – Polymethyl methacrylate 565 – Polyolefins 557 – Polyurethane 578 – Polyvinyl alcohol 568 – Polyvinyl chloride 566 – Resistance 541 ff., 553 ff. – Stabilization 550 – Standards 249

– Styrene polymers 562 – Temperature 550 – Testing 193

Radiation technology 551Radical chain reaction 46Radical interceptors. see Antioxidants, primaryRadicals 332Recycled materials – Stabilization 327

Recycling 362 – Polyamide 638

Redrying 762Reduction factor 104, 120, 410, 1188 ff., 1249, 1319Regime A, B, C 694Reinforcing fibers – Chemical resistance 702 – Processing 345

Relative temperature index 199, 257Relaxation – Orientations 33 – Residual Stress 33

Reliability 29Repeated processing. see Multiple processingResidence time 335Residual stress 33Resistance 28Resistance factor 208

– Polyolefins 923 – Polyvinyl chloride 1135

Resoles 16RILEM 260Roof panels – Olympic Stadium 482

Rotational rheology 154Rubber. see Elastomers

SS4-Test 216Safety 29Safety factor 105 f., 119SB. see Styrene polymersScrew geometry 339Screw speed 352Sealing materials – Containments 1005 f.

Segucchi 547Semi-aromatic polyamides. see PolyamidesSensibilization – Ionizing radiation 552

Service life 28, 440Service life prediction 88 – Dynamic load 125 – Methods of testing 143 – Models 92 – Static load 117

Service temperature data 581 – Elastomer 663 – Fluoropolymers 646

1432 Index

– High-temperature thermoplastics 648 – Polyamide 628 – Polycarbonate 611 – Polyester, thermoplastic 620 – Polyolefines 586 – Polyoxymethylene 618 – Styrene polymers 594 – Thermoplastic elastomers 653 – Thermosets 669

Shaping 341SHED test 270Sheets 1005, 1188Shift factor 39, 90, 97Short term behavior 29 – Peak temperature load 676

Short-term behavior – Standards 249

Side group cleavage 40, 43Simulation 144Single-screw extruders 354Slow strain rate method 215SMC 130 f., 133S-N-Curves 129, 137Softening behavior 29Soldering resistance 676Solubility parameters 688Solvolysis 81Spearman 146Specific volume 35Speck formation 374Spectral irradiation 166Spinning 358Stabilizers, stabilization 276 f., 280 – Acids 279 – Bifunctional 287 – Bio-stabilizers 292 – Cellulose 313 – Complexing agents 294 – Creep behavior 698 – Elastomers 326 – Extraction 282 – Fillers 279 – Fluoropolymers 315 – HALS 279 – High-temperature thermoplastics 315 ff. – Hydrolysis 294, 299, 308, 315 – Identification 159 – Ionizing radiation 550 – Lubricants 293 – Market development 276 – Metal deactivators 294 – Metal-halogenide-stabilization 308 – Molecular weight 295 – Noxious gases 279 – OIT 157 – Oxidation. see Antioxidants – Polyamides 308 ff., 638 – Polycarbonate 297 – Polyester, thermoplastic 307

– Polymethyl methacrylate 299 – Polyolefins 294 – Polyoxymethylene 305 – Polyurethane 314 – Polyvinyl chloride 287, 300 – Recycles materials 327 – Reinforcement 639 – Requirements 277 – (Stabilizer) Blends 287 – Styrene polymers 296 – Thermosets 318 ff. – Thermostabilizers 276, 287 – UV-light. see Light stabilizer – Weathering 163

Standards 241 ff.Statistical chain splitting 40Sterically hindered amines. see Antioxidants,

HAS/HALSSterilization 552, 856

– Methods 857 – Polycarbonates 740

Storage stability – Thermosets 319

Stress cracking. see Environmental stress crackingStress relaxation – Elastomers 202 f.

Structure – Chemical. see Chemical structure – Physical. see Physical structure

Styrene analysis 399Styrene polymers

– Biological 866 – Crazes 57 – Environmental stress cracking 1044 – Ionizing radiation 562 – Media 727 – Residual stress 33 – Service temperature data 594 – Stabilization 296 – Tables of chemical resistance 1018 – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 595 – Weathering 459

Sulfur compounds – Antioxidans. see Antioxidans, Thiostabilizers

Sunlight – Spectrum 174

Superposition 96Surface properties 147 f.Surface temperature. see Temperature, surfaceSwelling 81, 205Synergist – Stabilization 284

TTables of chemical resistance – Cellulose 1133 – Elastomers 1272 – Fluoropolymers 1213

Index 1433

– High-temperature polymers 1194, 1255 ff. – Polycarbonate 1045 – Polymethyl methacrylate 1045 – Polyolefins 923 – Polyoxymethylene 1083 – Polyphenylene sulfide 1194 – Polyurethanes 1262 – Polyvinyl chloride 1135 – Styrene polymeres 1018 – Thermoplastic polyester 1069 – Thermosets 1306

Tanks 257Temperature 73, 194, 441 – Acceleration 37 – Black Standard 183 – Color 163 – Long-term 194 – Short-term 194 – Surface 169 f.

Temperature index – Definition 199 – for polymers. see Service temperature data

Temperature-time limits 676Tensile creep test 215Tensile test 147, 151Termination reaction 46Testing 143 ff. – Acceleration 143 – Automotive 262 – Biological 222 – Building construction 259 – Cables 261 – Criteria 195 – Electrical engineering 261 – Environmental stress cracking 210 – Hoses 271 – Media 204 – Radiation, ionizing 193 – Thermal 194 – Thermal oxidative 194 – Weathering 161, 181

Tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. see FluoropolymersThermal. see Aging, thermalThermal analysis 147Thermal degradation. see Aging, thermalThermal long-term diagram 199Thermal long-term profile 199Thermal-mechanical aging. see Aging, thermal-

mechanicalThermal-oxidative Aging. see Aging, thermal-oxidativeThermal-oxidative Stabilization. see AntioxidantsThermogravimetric analysis 158Thermoplastic elastomers 6 – Creep behavior of TPU 655 – Media 793 – Service temperature data 654 – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 653 – Weathering 516

Thermoplastic polyesters. see Polyester, thermoplastic

Thermoplastic polyurethanes. see PolyurethanesThermoplastics 4Thermosets 7, 438, 814

– Acids 814 – Biological 884 – Design aspects 325 – Electrical properties 827 – Fiber reinforcement 408 – Media 814 – Modification 10 ff. – Processing 321, 392 – Properties 10 ff., 14 f. – Reduction factor 114 – Service temperature data 670 – Stabilization 319 ff. – Storage stability 319 – Tables of chemical resistance 1306 – Thermal, thermal-oxidative 671 – Weathering 534

Thermostabilizers. see StabilizersThiostabilizers. see Antioxidants, ThiostabilizersTime-temperature-shift 39, 96, 901Titaniumdoixide. see PigmentsTorsional vibration 147Total oxidized layer 85Tubes – Chemical resistance 1272

UUL cards 241, 255Underwriters Laboratories 255Unidirectional fiber composite profiles 890UP resins. see ThermosetsUV-absorbers. see Light stabilization, UV-absorberUV light 70, 73, 442UV spectroscopy 147, 153UV stability. see Weathering

VVan’t Hoff 37VE resins. see ThermosetsVicat 194Viruses. see MicroorganismenViscosity measuring. see Flow behaviorViscosity number 153Visual evaluation 148

WWater 54 f., 75 – Absorption 682 – Creep behavior 722 – Polyamide 759 – Polyoxymethylene 752

Wavelength – Light 71

Weak spots 589

1434 Index

Weathering – Artificial 174, 185 – Cellulose 510 – Color 163 – Elastomers 190, 519 – Fluoropolymers 511 – Foam 190 – High-temperature thermoplastics 512 – Indoor 161 – Laminates 893 – Maritime 174 – Moisture 167 – Outdoor 161, 172, 185 – Pigments 454 – Polyamides 506 – Polycarbonate 469 – Polyester, thermoplastic 503 ff. – Polymethyl methacrylate 479 – Polyolefins 446 f. – Polyoxymethylene 499 ff. – Polyurethane 529 – Polyvinyl chloride 487 ff. – Processing 333 – Radiation 164 – Stabilization 163 – Standards 244

– Styrene polymers 459 – Surface temperature 170 – Temperature 167 – Testing 161 ff., 181 – Thermoplastic elastomers 516 – Thermosets 534

Wet conditions 441White standard temperature 184Williams-Landel-Ferry 97WLF. see Williams-Landel-Ferry

XXenon arc lamp 176 f.X-radiation 537

YYellow card 255Yellowing 147 f., 162

ZZipper reaction 617Zip reaction 369