20kVar

Solar Power

Designing & Fabrication of a 2-kW Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power Plant

10

Concrete

Pillar

Solar

Cooker

Booster

Mirror

Nylon

Chord

Tracker

Base

Curved

Steel Pipe

Water

Container

Intravenous

Drip Set

α β

I

I' = I / Sin α

I'' = I' Sin (α+ β)

Solar Cooker Box

Booster MirrorI''' = I'' Sin (α+2β–180o)/Sin(180o–α–β)

LB

L

α+2β–180o

180o–α–β

Tracking Circuit

Two 6-Volt Batteries

Lead wires

Electric Motor

Motion synchronizing strip

Circular end attachments of primary mirror strips mounted on wooden frame

Threaded end rod

α β

I

I' = I / Sin α

I'' = I' Sin (α+ β) 180o–α–β

Horizontal Surface

Freznel CollectorSolar Altitude

Performance AnalysisSolar Irradiance at Noon in Karachi – 22 Years Avg.

Month

Jan. Feb Mar April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Inoon 0.52 0.59 0.67 0.77 0.79 0.76 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.56 0.50

I = Inoon Sin [ 180 (t – tsunrise) / (tsunset – tsunrise) ] (W/m2)

Iact(t) = I Sin (α+θ) / Sin(α) (W/m2)

α = Sin-1[Sin δ Sin φ + Cos δ Cos ω Cos φ] (degrees)

ω = 15 (ts – 12) (degrees)

δ = Sin-1 [0.39795 Cos [0.98563 (N-173)]] (degrees)

Φ = Latitude

Performance Analysis t2

Eexp = A € ∫ Iact(t) dt (Joules)

t1

Etheo = M C (T2 – T1)

€ = Eexp / Etheo

€ = 1837 kJ / 4515 kJ = 0.407

Pakistan’s Solar Map

Monthly Averaged Global Solar Radiation on Five Major Cities of Pakistan

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month of the Year

Rad

iati

on

En

erg

y (

MJ/m2 /d

ay)

Solar Resource

Pakistan (Around Quetta) 28-30oN 2200 0.81 0.75

Estimate ~ 85 x 1012 kWh/y ~ 25 times the total installed capacity

(~ 40,000 km2) of Pakistan at 5% conversion efficiency

Solar Electric Generating Systems (SEGS - 1985)

Cost / kWh: 25¢ in 1985 – 10-13¢ today

5 fields of 33 MW each Operational and commercially viable since 1985 15 additional years working life expected

Mojave Desert at Kramer Junction, California

750 MW Imperial Valley Project of 250 kW Solar Dish Striling Engines

Linear Freznel

Concentrating Solar Thermal Power

• CSP capacity expected to double every 16 months over the next five years

• Worldwide installed CSP capacity will reach 6,400 megawatts in 2012

• CSP Costs expected: 7–10¢ per kilowatt-hour by 2015 and to 5–7¢ per kilowatt-hour by 2020

• CSP and PV plants may produce 69 percent of U.S. electricity and 35 percent of total U.S. energy, including transportation, by 2050