REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of...

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BIOPLASTIC (An alternative to conventional plastic) REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany

Transcript of REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of...

Page 1: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

BIOPLASTIC(An alternative to conventional plastic)

REHANA KOUSAR06-arid-746PhD Scholar- Botany

Page 2: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

CONTENTS• Overview- plastics • Why bioplastics?• Introduction of Bioplastics• Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms• Types and current uses• Labeling and manufacturing companies• Bioplastics in Pakistan• Drawbacks• Conclusion

Page 3: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

PLASTIC• The word plastic is derived from

the Greek words• πλαστικός (plastikos) meaning

"capable of being shaped or molded",

• from πλαστός (plastos) meaning "molded".

Page 4: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

• These are synthetic polymers made up of complex organic compounds produced by polymerization,

• Capable of being –Molded,– Extruded, – Cast into various shapes and films, – or drawn into filaments and then used

as textile fibers.

Page 5: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

• These are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass mostly derived from petroleum sources i-e., oil and gas

• Therefore, they contain the chemical elements– carbon and hydrogen– Oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other

elements often present as well.

Page 6: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Raw Materials• Oil and natural gas –heavy hydrocarbons are converted

into hydrocarbon monomers such as• Ethylene and propylene.

–Further processing leads to a wider range of monomers such as • styrene, vinyl chloride, ethylene glycol, terephthalic acid and many others

Page 7: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

• linking many monomers together into long chains form a polymer backbone– Polyethylene, polypropylene and

polystyrene

• The different combinations of monomers yield plastics with a wide range of properties and characteristics.

Page 8: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Acquirin

g raw material

• Addition

Polymerizatio

n

• Conde-nsation

Additives

General manufacturing process of Plastic

FinishingFinishing

Page 9: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Uses of Plastics– relatively low cost, –ease of manufacture, –versatility, – imperviousness to water,

• They are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships.

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• They have displaced many traditional materials in most of their uses, – wood, – stone,– horn and bone, – leather, – paper, –metal, – glass, – ceramic,

Page 11: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.
Page 12: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

? Plastics are everywhere then why BIOPLASTICS

Page 13: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Reasons• Fossil fuels are depleting• Burning of some plastics release very toxic

fumes e.g. dioxin• Biggest threats are the environmental issues,

such as toxic pollutant e.g. BPA which is endocrine

disruptorGreen house gasPlastic trash in the ocean gyres• Conventional plastics degrade very

slowly ,lead to enlarged landfills.

Page 14: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Threat to wildlifeplastic bags are causing major problems to wildlife because animals often eat or inhale these bags, mistaking for food, get tangled in it and starve to death.

Page 15: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.
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Approximate time for compounds to biodegrade

ProductTime to

BiodegradeVegetables 5days- 1 month

Paper 2-5 monthsTrees Leaves 1 year

Leather Shoes 24-40 yearsNylon Fabric 30-40 years

Styrofoam Cups 500 years- forever

Plastic Bags 500 years- forever

Page 17: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Degradable Plastics• Plastic which degrades under certain

conditions or after a predetermined length of time

• break down (degrade) upon exposure to – sunlight (e.g., ultra-violet radiation), – water or dampness, – bacteria, – enzymes, – wind abrasion

Page 18: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Degradable Plastics Types• Bio-degradable plastics, which

contain a small percentage of non oil-based material, such as corn starch

• Photodegradable plastics, which will break down when exposed to sunlight.

Page 19: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Concerns of Degradable Plastics• First, these plastics will only degrade if

disposed of in appropriate conditions. – For example, a photodegradable plastic

product will not degrade if it is buried in a landfill site where there is no light.

• Second, they may cause an increase in emissions of the greenhouse gas methane,–methane is released when materials

biodegrade anaerobically.

Page 20: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

• Third, the mixture of degradable and non-degradable plastics may complicate plastics sorting systems.

• Last , the use of these materials may lead to an increase in plastics waste and litter if people believe that discarded plastics will simply disappear.

Page 21: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Bioplastics• Polymers made from plants

sugars and plastics grown inside genetically modified plants or micro-organisms.

• derived from renewable biomass sources, such as –vegetable fats and oils, corn starch,

pea starch or microbiota

Page 22: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

• Bioplastics can be composed of starches, cellulose, biopolymers, and a variety of other materials.

• Generally made from–Agricultural byproducts –Used plastic bottles and other

containers using microorganisms.

Page 23: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Polymers UsedLiving organisms in metabolic

processes, themselves, synthesis different polymers– Such as DNA, Cellulose, Polyester etc.

Division of polymers according to their origin is, – Natural polymers– Artificial/synthetic polymers

Page 24: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Natural Polymers• Animals– hydrocarbons, proteins, fats, nucleic

acids, etc.,

• Plants– e.g. cellulose, oils, starches, even

polyesters

• Lower organisms– cellulose, lignin, starch, chitin,

pectin, agar

Page 25: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Artificial Polymers• Artificial polymers are produced in a

manner identical to the natural.

• Large quantities of polyester are produced on an industrial scale by the fermentation of sugar (glucose) under the influence of microorganisms under the optimal conditions.

Page 26: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Types of bioplasticsBIOPLASTICS

Biodegradable

bioplastics

Non biodegradable

bioplasticsMixed bioplastics

Page 27: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

1. Biodegradable Bioplastics• These are mostly biobased and degraded

by organisms

Starch based bioplastics and PLA(by fermentation of starch derive sugars)

Cellulose basedLignin basedPlant’s proteins basedBioplastics from bacterial originPetroleum based biodegradable plastics

Page 28: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Starch, Lignin and protein based bioplastics• STARCH based bioplastics can be

manufactured from either raw or modified starch (e.g. thermoplastic starch or TPS) – Sources include maize, wheat, potatoes and

cassava

• Lignin based bioplastics uses wood or lignocellulosic plant material of paper milling industry• Plant protein such as zein

Page 29: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Cellulose based bioplastics• Cellulose-based bioplastics are

chemically-modified plant cellulose materials such as cellulose acetate (CA).

• Common cellulose sources include wood pulp, hemp and cotton.

Page 30: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

PLA bioplastics (starch derivative based)

• Is transparent and the most in demand bioplastics .

• Produced from the polymerization of lactic acid.

Page 31: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

General Process of making Bioplastic

CORNFLOUR• 1

tablespoon

WATER• 1

tablespoon

GLYCERIN• ½

tablespoon

VINEGAR

Simply mix these things and we can get bioplastic

Page 32: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Bacterial bioplastics• Usually lipid in nature and are actually

accumulated as storage material in microbes, allow microbial survival under stress conditions.

• Are basically– PHA’s– PHB’s

Page 33: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

PHA’s• PHA’s are storage substances

which store carbon and energy, when nutrients supplies are imbalanced (depletion of N2, P or O2 and excess carbon source)

Page 34: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

PHB’s

PHB’s (poly-3-hydroxybutyric acid) are thermoplastic polyesters synthesized by Ralstonia eutropha and other bacteria as a form of intracellular carbon and energy storage and accumulate as inclusions in the cytoplasm.

Plants such as Alfalfa also secretes PHB.

Page 35: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Biotechnological production of PHAs.Carbon source Bacterial strain Polymer

Malt, soy waste, milkwaste, vinegarwaste,oil

Alcaligenes latus PHB

Glucose, waste free fatty acids, waste free frying oil

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

mcl-PHAs

Glucose, soybean oilalcohols, alkanoates ,

Pseudomonas stutzeriBurkholderia cepacia

mcl-PHAsPHB, PHBV

Page 36: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

2. Nonbiodegradable Bioplastics• Plastics derived from renewable biomass

but cannot be easily broken down in the environment by micro-organisms.

• Conventional plastic resins can be made from plant oils such as castor, soya bean oil e.g. polyurethane (PU) ,polyamides ( PAs)

• Conventional polyethylene (PE) can be manufactured from bioethanol.

Page 37: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

3. Mixed Bioplastics • Mixed bioplastics can be both

biodegradable and non-biodegradable depending on the polymers used to manufacture them. For example

• a mixed bioplastic containing starch and polycaprolactone (PCL) is biodegradable.

• whereas a plastic containing a 1:1 mix of biomass and oil-derived polypropylene (PP) is not.

Page 38: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Genetically Engineered Bacteria • Genetically engineered bacteria that

synthesize a completely biodegradable plastic, Such as Biopol.

• Polymers such as PHBV are produced naturally by some species of bacteria but is uneconomical for large-scale operations.

Page 39: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

GM Plants containing PHA & PHB• PHB in Leaves– Alfalfa, Arabidopsis, popler,

potato,tobacco– Sugercan leaves and plastids

• PHB in Seeds– Brassica napus, Camelina sativa, oil

palm

• Flax contain PHB in stems• Tobbaco contain PHA in leaves

Page 40: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

• Engineering of PHB production in the stover of maize was the first demonstration of bioplastic production in a C4 crop.

• Genes encoding the PHB enzymes from R. eutropha were incorporated in it to produce PHB.

Page 41: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Recovery of PHAs from Cells• PHA producing microorganisms

stained with Sudan black or Nile blue• Cells separated out by centrifugation

or filtration• PHA is recovered using solvents

(chloroform) to break cell wall & extract polymer

• Purification of polymer

Page 42: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Advantages of Bioplastics• Cost Effective and Energy Efficient Producing bioplastics uses 65% less energy

than it takes to produce petroleum-based plastics, making bioplastics the energy-efficient choice.

• Easier to Recycle Bioplastics are created from fully

biodegradable materials ,thus recycling them takes much less energy.

Page 43: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

•Reduces CO2 Emission

When bioplastics degrade, there are very few greenhouse gases and harmful carbon emissions. Bioplastics represent a 42% reduction in carbon footprint

•Non toxic

Page 44: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Current uses /applications of BioplasticsPackaging

application

•Bottles•Films•Clam shell•Corton•Loose fills

Niche market

•Minor automobile parts•Electronics•CDs and casing

Food service ware

•Carrier bags•Mulch Films•Cutlery

Page 45: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.
Page 46: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Future of BIOPLATICS

General food packaging

Vehicles Housing

Medicines&

Micro Encapsulation

Electronics

Page 47: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

BIOLOGICAL DECOMPOSITIONmicroorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and algae) identify the polymer as a source of organic building blocks (e.g. simple saccharides, amino acids, etc...) and source of energy they need for life.

Page 48: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.
Page 49: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

BIODEGRADING ORGANISMS

Biodegrading organisms

BACTERIA FUNGI LICHENS

Page 50: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Examples

• Bacteria such as Bacillus, Anthrax, Corynebacterium, Diphtheria

and Pseudomonas spp. Klebsiella spp. Clostridium spp.

• Fungi such as Aspergillus niger,Chanophora cucurbitarum Mucor and Alternaria spp.

• Lichens (41 strains) had showed PHB degradation. Most of these were deuteromycetes

Page 51: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Bioplastic Labeling• A number of labeling systems of

bioplastics are there in different countries to help the consumers to identify petro plastic and bioplastic types.

Page 52: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

MANUFACTURING COMPANIES

Page 53: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Bioplastics in Pakistan• Not much wrork is reported from

Pakistan but like other Asian countries ,Pakistan is forging ahead for further innovations in bioplastics in collaboration with Europeans bioplastic companies.

1. AMB sourcing2. Nadeem group of companies3. Premier plastic Industries

Page 54: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Recent Challenges / Drawbacks Economically somewhat unfeasible

Some energy still comes from standard petroleum sources cutting the goal of bioplastic

Some of the usual characteristics of conventional plastics are usually absent

Page 55: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

Conclusion important and exciting new field promises to help save the environment,

slows the depletion of non-renewable resources.

still a technology in its infant phases implementation of the correct disposal

methods and corresponding infrastructure are vital if the bioplastics industry is to flourish and deliver environmental benefits.

Page 56: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.

ReferencesChisti Y.,2014. How renewable are the

bioplastics. Biotechnology Advances 32 (2014) 1361

Soroudi, A., Jakubowicz, I., Recycling of bioplastics, their blends and biocomposites: A review, European Polymer Journal (2013),

Maria N.S., O.P., Peoples and D., Kristi. PHA Bioplastics, Biochemicals, and Energy from Crops SnellPlant Biotechnology Journal (2013) 11, pp. 233–252

Page 57: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.
Page 58: REHANA KOUSAR 06-arid-746 PhD Scholar- Botany. Overview- plastics Why bioplastics? Introduction of Bioplastics Biodegradation andBiodegrading organisms.