r[shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9691/9/09_chapter 3.pdf226 L$p‘prgL$, ‘piy‘[...
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225 * ‚L$fZ - 3 (kpdprS>L$ ep°N]$p_) * ‚L$fZ - 3 (kpdprS>L$ ep°N]$p_) * ‚L$fZ - 3 (kpdprS>L$ ep°N]$p_) * ‚L$fZ - 3 (kpdprS>L$ ep°N]$p_) * ‚L$fZ - 3 (kpdprS>L$ ep°N]$p_) ^dp£–\p_+ kpdpΔL$ A°L$[p = Ap]$iÆcpf[. 3.1 : Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ‚p]y$cpÆh kde_u kpdpΔL$ sı\r[ :- 3.1 : Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ‚p]y$cpÆh kde_u kpdpΔL$ sı\r[ :- 3.1 : Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ‚p]y$cpÆh kde_u kpdpΔL$ sı\r[ :- 3.1 : Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ‚p]y$cpÆh kde_u kpdpΔL$ sı\r[ :- 3.1 : Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ‚p]y$cpÆh kde_u kpdpΔL$ sı\r[ :- B.k.320 \u 500 _p° Ny·kde A° cpf[_p° kyhZÆeyN l[p°. [° ]$frdep_ rlfi]y$^dÆ A°_u L$ur[Æ A_° k—p_p¨ riMf° l[p°. ‚pμ. fphm kpl°b gM° R>° L°$ 1 [° Ny· kpd∞pƒe_u `X$[u \[p¨ [°d_u `R>u Aph°gp l|Zp°_p¨ kdedp¨ ]°$i fpS>L$ue, kpdprS>L$, ^prdÆL$ A_° _•r[L$ T¨Tphp[dp¨ k`X$pep°. Ap kde° cpf[ Mfu L$V$p°L$V$u dp¨\u `kpf \B f¸y¨ l[y¨.6 W$u A_° 7 du i[pÂ]$udp¨ cpf[]°$i rhrcfi_ d[d[p¨[fp° _u ‚Qpfc|rd b_u f¸p° l[p°. d¤dp¨k - blzg[p¨r”L$ D`pk_pdpNÆ, A_°L$pfi[hp]$ _u M¢Qp-M¢Qu dp¨ d|m h•q]$L$^dÆ fl°¨kpB f¸p° lp°B `p°[p_p dpV°$ dlp_ k¨L$V$_p¨ A° eyNdp¨ h•q]$L$ ^dÆ L$p°B `fd DŸpfL$_° T¨Mu f¸p° l[p°. kdpS>_° D–\pr_[ L$fhp ^dÆ S> `pepÍ$` R>°. ^prdÆL$ kdp_ A°L$[p A_° AM¨qX$[[p_u d|m kdS> Ap`_pf ‚pQu_ A_° khÆÓ°õ$ ApQpeÆ A° Óui¨L$fpQpeÆS> R>°. Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° ‚p]y$cpÆh \ep° [° eyN Ap›eps–dL$ A_° kpdprS>L$ k¨OjÆ_p° eyN l[p°. 2 A° kde_y¨ cpf[ Óu V$u.A°d.`u. dlp]°$h_ gM° R>° 3 [°d fpS>qLe ÷rÙ$A° rhcº[ A_° kpdprS>L$ ◊rÙ$A° rR>fi_rcfi_ l[y¨. A°L$bpSy> ip˜p°_p¨ iÂ]$_° S> dl–h Ap`u Ap–dp_° AhNZ_pfp L$dÆL$p¨X$uAp° l[p. [p° buΔ bpSy> d|r[Æ`|≈_p¨ rhfp°^uAp° `Z l[p. "k[π' _p° h°]$_p° d|mc|[ Ap]°$i kpnfp°\u dp¨X$u_° kpdpfieS>_p° `Z rhkfu Nep l[p. Sy>]$p-Sy>]$p `¨\_p¨ ApQpep£ A_° A_yepeuAp°A° ^dÆ_° Δh__p° `pep^pf, ^pfZ L$f_pf NZhp_° b]$g° `fı`f Apæ$dZ_p¨ kp^_ [fuL°$ L$ep£ l[p°. i•h, isº[, c•fh,
Transcript of r[shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9691/9/09_chapter 3.pdf226 L$p‘prgL$, ‘piy‘[...
![Page 1: r[shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9691/9/09_chapter 3.pdf226 L$p‘prgL$, ‘piy‘[ S>¡hp ‘‹\p¡ ]¡$idp‹ âQrg[ lp¡hp\u ^dfi_p‹ k¡h_ rhj¡ A‘rhÓ A_¡ t_Û,](https://reader031.fdocument.org/reader031/viewer/2022021716/5c8ad3dc09d3f21b168b45a2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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* ‚L$fZ - 3 (kpdprS>L$ ep°N]$p_)* ‚L$fZ - 3 (kpdprS>L$ ep°N]$p_)* ‚L$fZ - 3 (kpdprS>L$ ep°N]$p_)* ‚L$fZ - 3 (kpdprS>L$ ep°N]$p_)* ‚L$fZ - 3 (kpdprS>L$ ep°N]$p_)
^dp£–\p_+ kpdp∆L$ A°L$[p = Ap]$iÆcpf[.
3.1 : Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ‚p]y$cpÆh kde_u kpdp∆L$ sı\r[ :-3.1 : Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ‚p]y$cpÆh kde_u kpdp∆L$ sı\r[ :-3.1 : Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ‚p]y$cpÆh kde_u kpdp∆L$ sı\r[ :-3.1 : Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ‚p]y$cpÆh kde_u kpdp∆L$ sı\r[ :-3.1 : Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ‚p]y$cpÆh kde_u kpdp∆L$ sı\r[ :-
B.k.320 \u 500 _p° Ny·kde A° cpf[_p° kyhZÆeyN l[p°. [°
]$frdep_ rlfi]y$^dÆ A°_u L$ur[Æ A_° k—p_p¨ riMf° l[p°. ‚pµ. fphm kpl°b
gM° R>° L°$1 [° Ny· kpd∞pƒe_u `X$[u \[p¨ [°d_u `R>u Aph°gp l|Zp°_p¨ kdedp¨
]°$i fpS>L$ue, kpdprS>L$, ^prdÆL$ A_° _•r[L$ T¨Tphp[dp¨ k`X$pep°. Ap kde°
cpf[ Mfu L$V$p°L$V$u dp¨\u `kpf \B f¸y¨ l[y¨.6 W$u A_° 7 du i[pÂ]$udp¨
cpf[]°$i rhrcfi_ d[d[p¨[fp° _u ‚Qpfc|rd b_u f¸p° l[p°. d¤dp¨k -
blzg[p¨r”L$ D`pk_pdpNÆ, A_°L$pfi[hp]$ _u M¢Qp-M¢Qu dp¨ d|m h•q]$L$^dÆ
fl°¨kpB f¸p° lp°B `p°[p_p dpV°$ dlp_ k¨L$V$_p¨ A° eyNdp¨ h•q]$L$ ^dÆ L$p°B `fd
DŸpfL$_° T¨Mu f¸p° l[p°. kdpS>_° D–\pr_[ L$fhp ^dÆ S> `pepÍ$` R>°.
^prdÆL$ kdp_ A°L$[p A_° AM¨qX$[[p_u d|m kdS> Ap`_pf ‚pQu_ A_°
khÆÓ°õ$ ApQpeÆ A° Óui¨L$fpQpeÆS> R>°.
Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° ‚p]y$cpÆh \ep° [° eyN Ap›eps–dL$ A_° kpdprS>L$
k¨OjÆ_p° eyN l[p°.2 A° kde_y¨ cpf[ Óu V$u.A°d.`u. dlp]°$h_ gM° R>°3 [°d
fpS>qLe ÷rÙ$A° rhcº[ A_° kpdprS>L$ ◊rÙ$A° rR>fi_rcfi_ l[y¨. A°L$bpSy>
ip˜p°_p¨ iÂ]$_° S> dl–h Ap`u Ap–dp_° AhNZ_pfp L$dÆL$p¨X$uAp° l[p. [p°
bu∆ bpSy> d|r[Æ`|≈_p¨ rhfp°^uAp° `Z l[p. "k[π' _p° h°]$_p° d|mc|[ Ap]°$i
kpnfp°\u dp¨X$u_° kpdpfieS>_p° `Z rhkfu Nep l[p. Sy>]$p-Sy>]$p `¨\_p¨
ApQpep£ A_° A_yepeuAp°A° ^dÆ_° ∆h__p° `pep^pf, ^pfZ L$f_pf NZhp_°
b]$g° `fı`f Apæ$dZ_p¨ kp^_ [fuL°$ L$ep£ l[p°. i•h, isº[, c•fh,
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L$p`prgL$, `piy`[ S>°hp `¨\p° ]°$idp¨ ‚Qrg[ lp°hp\u ^dÆ_p¨ k°h_ rhj°
A`rh” A_° t_¤, A_ur[\u cf°gp¨ ApQpfp°, _° dpNp£ ı\m° ı\m° ≈°hpdp¨
Aph[p l[p¨. bp•Ÿp°_p¨ dW$p° rh¤p^pd lp°hp_° b]$g° ]y$fpQpf_p¨ ı\p_ \B Nep
l[p. bp•Ÿ^dÆdp¨ Atlkp, ]$ep, A_° _ur[_p¨ S>° A¨ip° l[p¨ [° khÆN∞p¸ l[p¨
`ffi[y A°_u _psı[L$[p_° gu^° S> bp•Ÿp°dp¨ ]|fpQpf `°W$p° l[p°. [°_y¨ bm nuZ
\[y¨ Ney¨. b∞p˚Zp°A° Ap `qfsı\r[_p° gpc gB b∞p˚Z ^dÆ_y¨ `y_: ı\p`_
L$eyØ. hmu bp•Ÿp°_u dlpep_ ipMpdp¨ dp__pfp_p° ‚cph dp°V$p° l[p°. [°Ap°
hpdpQpf A\hp [p¨r”L$ ApQpfp° A_° k¨lpfL$ isº[ kd|l_p¨ rhr^rh^p_p°
A_° D`pk_p¨ L$f[p `qfZpd° L°$V$gp¨L$ fp≈Ap° æ$p°^° cfpB_° L°$V$gpL$ bp•ŸdW$p°_p°
`Z rh›h¨k L$fhp ‚h©— \ep.
op__u k¨hp]$p–dL$ ‚°fZp A_° ‚cph _pi `pÁep l[p. h°]$p°dp¨\u
‚°fZp gB_° A_°L$ Sy>]$p - Sy>]$p k¨‚]$pep° Dcp \ep l[p. ]$f°L$ gp°L$p°dp¨ ºep
]°$hp°_u AQÆ_p L°$ Apfp^_p L$fhu [° bpb[° Sy>]$p d[c°]$p° ‚h[Æ[p l[p. [°
kdpS>dp¨ A°L$ ‚L$pf_p° _•r[L$ A_° bp•qŸL$ N|¨QhpX$p° Dcp° \ep° l[p°. i•hp° A_°
h•ÛZhp° A¨ ÓŸpdp¨ fpQ[p l[p. h•q]$L$rhr^Ap° r[fıL©$[ b_u l[u. bp•Ÿ ^dÆdp¨
r_fy–kpl A_° hm[p `pZu ]°$Mp[p l[p. [° kde° bp•Ÿ _psı[L$ hp]$_° a°gp[p°
AV$L$phhp dpV°$ Ly$dpqfg cÀ$ A_° d¨X$_rdÓ L$dÆ D`f cpf d|L$u_° op_ [\p
kfiepk_u V$uL$p L$f[p l[p. L$p°B`Z k˘]$e_° qL≠$L$[ÆÏed|Y$ L$fu d|L°$ [°hp
l[pipS>_L$ hl°Zp°_u h√Q° i¨L$fpQpeÆA° ]$piÆr_L$ k¨[ D`fp¨[ æ$p¨r[L$pfu eyN yfyj
A_° kdp≈°ŸpfL$_u c|rdL$p |fu `pX$u OZp¨ D]$pfd[hpmp lp°hp\u, `qfsı\r[
`pdu S>B_° [°dZ° ≈Z° khp£√Q A‹•[_p° D`]°$i Ap`hp R>[p¨ rih, rhÛœ,
isº[ L°$ k|eÆ_u csº[ L$fhp_u kp•_° k¨dr[ Ap`u l[u, k_p[_ A°º[p,
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kpdprS>L$ kdfk[p A_° AM¨qX$[[p_p¨ k¨]°$i ‹pfp ""dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_≤'' _u
cph_p_u ƒep°[ S>gphu l[u. [°d_p ]$piÆq_L$ hN°f° ı[p°”p°A° [p° cpf[ue
tQ[_ `f JX$u R>p` `pX$u l[u.5 kdpS>dp¨ æ$p¨r[L$pfu_u ƒep°[ h°]$k¨‚]$pe_p¨
ApQpf A_° rhQpf bfl° ‹pfp ‚NV$phu. cpf[ue kdpS>_° k¨‚]$pe_p¨ hpX$pdp¨\u
blpf gphu khÆeou b_pÏep°. ]$f°L$ lL$uL$[_° [°dZ° [LÆ$ A_° A_ych bfl°_u
L$kp°V$uA° QX$phu byqŸ_u ‚r[õ$p h^pfu `p°[p_p rhQpfp°_° dp_rkL$ [V$ı\[p\u
A_° r_cÆe[p\u fS|> L$ep£.
cNhp_ i¨L$fpQpe£ kdpS>dp¨ k¨hpq]$[p ı\p`hp [° [° k¨‚]$pe_p
D√Q L$p°qV$_p¨ rh‹p_p° kp\° QQpÆ rhQpfZp L$fu `¨Q]°$hp°`pk_p_p° rkŸp¨[ fS|>
L$ep£. S>°dp¨ ]$f°L$_° `p°[p_p BÙ$]°$h_° ıhuL$pfhp_u R|>V$ A`pB. cpf[dp¨ cphp–dL$
A°º[p, ı\peucph, A°L$p–d[p_p° Acph ı`Ù$ h[pÆ[p° l[p°. ce‚°qf[ L°$
gpQpfu hi,S>Í$qfep[ dyS>b_u, ‚pk¨rNL$ Dcu \e°gu A°º[p [–L$pfZ lp°hp\u
A°_° ıhpcprhL$ _ L$l°hpe. Sy>]$p- Sy>]$p kde° ]°$idp¨ \[p¨ rhQpfL$p°, k¨[-
dlp–dpAp° ky^pfL$p° hN°f° _p° k|f `Z c°]$cph, rhM¨X$_ A_° rhq√R>fi_[p
kpd°_p° f¸p° R>°.
i¨L$fpQpeÆ° `Z dyøe kdıep Í$`° Ap kpdp∆L$ A°º[p ı\p`hp
fpÙ≤$ ∆h__° dlpfp°N_u S>°d L$p°fu Mp[p Sy>]$p-Sy>]$p gp°L$p°_p¨ h[Æ_, rhQpf,
cpjp, hZÆ-h°j, A_°L$ hpX$pAp°dp¨ h°f-rhM°f `X°$gp° kdpS>, A¨]$fp°-A¨]$f
rd’ep Aldπ A_° rh‹°j \u kdpS> M]π$b]$u, f¸p° l[p°, Aphp° r_dpÆÎekdpS>
A°L$[p_p¨ bm rh_p L°$d V$L$u iL°$ ? i¨L$fpQpeÆA° Ap kdpS>_° kpQu ◊rÙ$,
ı`Ù$ dpNÆf°Mp A_° A]$Áe QpgL$bm Ap‡ep. ]|$rj[ kdpS>_p° [pfZlpf
dp” ^dÆ S> lp°B iL°$. Apd L$lu A°L$k[π _p° rhQpf Ap‡ep°. Nd° –ep¨\u
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D]π$ch°gp° rhQpf ∆h, S>N[ A_° Bf_u S> hp[ L$f° R>°. rhrh^ ]°$hp° A°L$d°L$_p¨
ı`^ÆL$ _\u `|fL$R>° Ap ÿrÙ$kp\° [°dZ° ]°$h`¨Qpe[__u ı\p`_p¨ L$fu. S>°dp¨
rih, isº[, rhÛœ, k|eÆ A_° NZ`r[_y ]°$h ¨Qpe[_ f√ey. Ap ¨Q]°$h |≈_u
`f¨`fp A° kdpS>dp¨ k¨hp]$u hp[phfZ kS>Æhpdp¨ _Ω$f apmp° Ap‡ep° R>°. S>°_u
rhN[° QQpÆ ^prdÆL$ ep°N]$p_dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.
V|$L$dp¨ rlfi]y$ kdpS> A_° ^dÆdp¨ k¨hpq]$[p D–`fi_ L$fhp_y Ó°e i¨L$f_°
apm° ≈e R>°. R> d[p°_u rhQpfiysŸ A_° k¨NW$_ ‹pfp (i•h, h•ÛZh,
ipº[, kp•f, NpZ`–e A_° L$p•dpf) kpdprS>L$ A_° ^prdÆL$ A°L$[p ı\p`hp
A\pN ‚e–_p° L$epÆ. hmu `¨Qpe[_]°$h (Apq]$–e, A¨rbL$p, rhÛœ, NZ_p\
A_° dl°f) _u `|S>_rhr^ ‚Qrg[ L$fu_° Sy>]$p - Sy>]$p `¨\p° h√Q° A°º[p
ı\p`u kdp≈°–\p__y¨ L$peÆ L$eyØ. Apd A^p°Nr[dp¨ Ne°gp ]°$i_° k–e_y¨ ıhÍ$`
L$mu S>B_°, _psı[L$`¨\p°_p° ApepÆh[Ædp¨\u brlÛL$pf L$fu Agp•qL$L$ byqŸbm°
A°L$p–dL$[p rkŸ L$fu.
cpf[hjÆ_u kdN∞ k¨ıL©$r[ D`f `p°[p_p° rhriÙ$ ‚cph `pX$_pf,
gp°L$p°—f‚r[cp_p ıhpdu rh‹p_ eyN‚h[ÆL$ ÓuApq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ ºepf° \ep A°
rhj° d[c°]$ lp°hp R>[p¨ blzdpfie d[ [°d_p° ∆h_L$pm B.k. 788 \u NZ°
R>°. A° bpb[ Ap`Z° ‚\d ‚L$fZdp¨ hZÆhu Nep. cpf[_u [–L$pqg_
`qfsı\r[_y¨ kpˇe Ap d[_° `n° S>Zpe R>°.
Ap dlpdp_h_p° ‚p]y$cpÆh \ep° –epf° [° eyN AfpS>L$[p A_° q]$ip
lu_[p_p° r_ı[°S> A_° r_fpipS>_L$ eyN l[p°. ]°$i_u ]$ip ]$e_ue l[u. ‚pQu_
cpf[dp¨ kyhZÆeyN kS>Æ_pf Ny·h¨i_p¨ Aı[ `R>u ]°$i lZp°_p¨ bbÆf lzdgpAp°_p°
cp°N b_°gp°. [°dp¨\u L$m hm[p¨ D—fdp¨ ljÆh^Æ_ A_° ]$rnZdp¨ `ygL°$iu
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bu≈ A° sı\f A_° Ïehsı\[ ipk__p° ‚epk L$f°gp°. [°d_p¨ `R>u A°L$Qæ$u
ipk__p Acph° kphÆr”L$ Ah_r[_p° L$pm iÍ$ \e°gp°.6
_p_p - _p_p fpƒep°, A¨]$f - A¨]$f_p¨ rh‹°j A_° k¨OjÆ, Ïep`L$
fpÙ≤ $csº[_° ı\p_° k¨L y $rQ[ fpƒecsº[, fpS>L$ue ipZ`Z_° b]$g°
rd’eprcdp_ A_° ]|$f¨]°$ri[p_p° Acph - ƒep¨ fpS>L$ue sı\r[ S> Aphu lp°e
–ep¨ kdpS> ∆h_ Ïehsı\[, ıhı\ L°$ kd©Ÿ L°$d flu iL°$ ?
Ap`Z° A° _ c|guA° L°$ [°Ap°_p¨ kdedp¨ Sy>]$p - Sy>]$p k¨‚]$pep°,
D`k¨‚]$pep°, opr[Ap°, ≈r[Ap°,hN°f° Ası[–h ^fph[u l[u. ‚pQu_ rlfi]y$
^dÆ kpd° bp•Ÿ^dÆ_p° ‚Ò l[p°. Sy>]$u - Sy>]$u qagk|auAp° A_° dpfie[pAp°_p°
eyN l[p°. [°dp¨ kdp^p_ L°$ rhhp]$id__u iºe[p rhj° `Z A°L$ ‚Ò l[p°.
-::- fy¡Z kpdprS>L$ sı\q[ :--::- fy¡Z kpdprS>L$ sı\q[ :--::- fy¡Z kpdprS>L$ sı\q[ :--::- fy¡Z kpdprS>L$ sı\q[ :--::- fy¡Z kpdprS>L$ sı\q[ :-
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ kdedp¨ ]°$i fpS>Lu$e fu[° S> _rl `Z kp¨ıL©$r[L$
A_° kpdprS>L$ ◊rÙ$A° `Z V|$L$X°$ V|$L$X$p \B Nep° l[p°. _p[ - ≈[_p hpX$pAp°
Dcp \ep l[p. hl°d_y |ZÆ kpd∞pƒe ı\`pe°gy l[y. A° b^p_u kpd° `p°[p_p¨
‚e–_p°\u i¨L$fpQpeÆA° ^dÆ_° hl°d A_° A¨^ÓŸpdp¨\u R>p°X$phhp_ukp\° kp\°
kdpS>Ïehı\p_p° `Z `y_:fyŸpf L$ep£. A° ◊rÙ$A° i¨L$fpQpeÆ_° kpQp A\Ædp¨
cpf[_u A°L$[p_p¨ ı\p`L$ L$lu iL$pe.
S>hplfgpg _l°fy_p¨ iÂ]$p°dp¨ - [°Ap° A°L$ [“hh°—p, rh‹p_,
Apsı[L$, N|Y$p\Æhp]$u, L$rh, k¨[ A_° Ap b^p \u D`f kdpS> ky^pfL$ A_°
isº[ipmu hluhV$]$pf l[p A_° Ap klz_y¨ A]π$cy[ rdÓZ [°d_pdp¨ l[y¨.
Óui¨L$f° _•r[L$ kpd∞pƒe_u ı\p`_p L$fu S>° L$fiepLy$dpfu\u L$pÌduf A_°
S>Nfi_p\`yfu\u ‹pfL$p ky^u `\fpe°gu l[u. [°dZ° _p[ - ≈[, k¨‚]$pe
hN°f°_p¨ c°]$p°_° [–hop__p¨ [¨[yAp°\u hZu gu^p.7
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Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆA° rhrh^ hp]$p°_p¨ rhhp]$p°_y¨ dp” id_ S> _\u L$eyØ
`Z [°Ap°_y rhip° _ `Z L$eyØ. S>°d S>°d k¨‚]$pe, ^dÆ, ≈r[, cpjp kde_p
hl°Zdp¨\u `kpf \[u ≈e [°d [°d A_y`ep°Nu A_° Ahpı[rhL$ bpb[p°_y¨
bp¸`X$m fQp[y ≈e R>°. Ap khÆ_y r_dÆ|g_ ApQpeÆÓuA° kdfiheL$pfu hgZ\u
]$ipÆÏey¨.8
3:2 kdp≈°‹pfZ dpV°$ ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ‚e–_p°3:2 kdp≈°‹pfZ dpV°$ ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ‚e–_p°3:2 kdp≈°‹pfZ dpV°$ ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ‚e–_p°3:2 kdp≈°‹pfZ dpV°$ ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ‚e–_p°3:2 kdp≈°‹pfZ dpV°$ ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ ‚e–_p°
cpf[dp¨ kpdp∆L$ rhL©$r[Ap° A_° rR>÷p°_p ‚h°i \[p¨ d|m h•q]$L$
k¨ıL©$r[ c|gphp gpNu L$p°B`Z rhQpf^pfp ƒepf° gp¨bp° kde Qpg° –epf° [°dp¨
d|m cph_p c|gp[u ≈e R>°. A_° ıhp\Æh©r— ‚bm b_[u ≈°hp dm° R>°.
k¨ıL©$r[dp¨ æ$di: ≈Z° L°$ rhL©$r[ ‚h°iu NB lp°e [°d gpN° R>°. `f¨[y kdpS>
k[[ `qfh[Æ_iug R>°. Ap\u kpdprS>L$ rhL©$r— ƒepf° ƒepf° h^° R>°. –epf°
_rh_ rhQpf^pfp gB_° L$p°BL$[p° Aph° S> R>°. A° fiepe° kdpS>_° ”pkdyº[
L$fhp A_° h•q]$L$ k¨ıL©$r[_y¨ `y_: ı\p`_ L$fhp, ‚pQu_ `f¨`fp_p¨ ]|$jZp°_°
_°ı[ _pb|]$ L$fhp, cpf[dp¨ A°L$ _hu S> q]$ip_p¨ ‹pf Myâp \ep. ]$f°L$
rhQpfkfZu_° [°_u depÆ]$p lp°eR>°,ƒepf° [° `fpL$põ$pA° `lp¢Q° R>° `f¨[y –ep¨
`lp¢√ep `R>u ApNm h^hp_p° ƒepf°L$p°B dpNÆ _ lp°e –epf° `pR>u [°_u Akf
Ap°R>u \hp gpN° R>°. Aphy¨ S> S>•_ A_° bp•Ÿ ^dÆdp¨ bfiey¨. ApQpeÆÓu A°L$
dp°V$p æ$p¨r[L$pf l[p. h°]$ k¨‚]$pe_p¨ ApQpf [\p rhQpf bfl°dp¨ [°dZ° æ$p¨r[
k∆Æ. `p°[p_u A`|hÆ ‚r[cp\u A°dZ° D`r_j]π$p°_u A°L$hpºe[p rkŸ L$fu
A_° cpf[ue [“hrhQpf_° k¨‚]$pe_p¨ hpX$pdp¨\u blpf gphu khÆ nu b_pÏep°.
]$f°L$ lL$uL$[_° A°dZ° [LÆ$ A_° A_ych bfl°_u L$kp°V$uA° QY$phu A_° byqŸ_u
‚r[õ$p h^pfu. `p°[p_p rhQpfp° A°dZ° dp_rkL$ [V$ı\p[p\u A_° r_cÆe[p\u
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fS|> L$epÆ, A_° ◊Ìe S>N[_p A_ychp°_° ip[ hı[y kp\° d°mhu [p°mu_° [°
D`f ıh[¨” ‚L$pi a¢ºep°.9 i¨L$fpQpeÆA° kdN∞ ]°$i_u `]$ep”p ‹pfp `p°[p_u
rhQpf^pfp_p° ‚Qpf L$ep£$. S>°d L$p°B _hu rhQpf^pfp S>fid°–epf° [°_p° ‚Qpf
A_° ‚kpf L$f_pf_p° gp°L$p° kdpS>dp¨ lp°hp_p S>. Aphp rh‹p_p°_°, dlp_
`¨qX$[p°_° `p°[p_p ıh[¨” rhQpfp°\u `fpı[ L$fu [°d_° riÛep° b_pÏep. dp”
kp°m hjÆ_u he\u iÍ$ L$fu_° ∆h__p¨ A¨[ ky^u ]°$i_p¨ Sy>]$p - Sy>]$p ı\mp°A°
`qfc∞dZ L$eyØ A_° ƒep¨ ƒep¨ S>°V$gp° kde f¸p, –ep¨- –ep¨ [°d_u A‹•[
rhQpfkfZu_° ı`Ù$L$fu, kpdp∆L$ ‚h©r—_° h°N Ap‡ep°.
Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ `qfh∞pS>L$ k¨fiepku ∆h lp°hp R>[p¨ [°d_p¨ ∆h_dp¨
˜u ‚–e°_p° Ap]$fcph ‚NV$\e°gp° ≈°hp dm° R>°. bpÎephı\p\u [°d_p¨ ∆h_dp¨
dp[©csº[_p° ˜p°[ hl°[p° ≈°hp dm° R>°. k¨fiepk kde° dp[p_° Ap`°gy¨ hQ_
[°_p° kpnp[π `|fphp° R>°. dp[p ‚–e° [°d_° A–e¨[ Ap]$fcph l[p°. L°$V$gp¨L$
k¨fiepkuAp° ˜u≈r[_° q_¨¤ NZ[p ƒepf° Óui¨L$f° ˜u≈r[_° Ar[ `|ƒe NZu
]°$hu_° cNh[u ıhÍ$`p NZphu. _pfu isº[ ‚–e°_u `|ƒe cph_p [°d_p¨
∆h_dp¨ klS> A_° ıhcprhL$ fu[° rhL$pk `pdu. [°d_p¨ dp[yÓu A_° `¨qX$[
d¨X$_rdÓ_p¨ `–_u Dcecpf[u - Ap b° ˜uAp°A° [°d_p¨ ∆h_dp¨ isº[hp]$_u
c|rdL$p fQu.
S>N[_p¨ L$ÎepZ_° dpV°$ `p°[p_p¨ A°L$_p¨ A°L$ y”_° k¨fiepk_u A_ydr[
Ap`_pf dp[p ‚–e°_y¨ L$[ÆÏe ApQpeÆA° ky`°f° r_cpÏey¨. k¨fiepku L°$ k¨kpfu
ApMf° [p° dpZk_° ! Alv [°dZ° dpZk _p° drldp ı\p‡ep° A° S> eßH$aÀdß!
""Z _mZwfmV≤ l>Vaß oh qH$nƒMV≤'' 10 dp[p_° Ap`°gy¨ hQ_, [°d_u A¨r[d
B√R>p A_° `y” ‹pfp dp[p_p¨ \[p¨ Ar¡_ k¨ıL$pf. Ap ”Z_u `qf`|r[Æ A_°
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A° `Z A°L$ k¨fiepku ‹pfp i¨L$f_p° _p_u Jdfdp¨ dm°gu L$ur[Æ\u BÛepÆ A_°
AkyM A_ych[p gp°L$p°_° Ap dpfie _ l[y¨. A°L$ [p° i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° k¨fiepk [°
kde_p¨ gp°L$p°_u ◊rÙ$A° ^dÆip˜ rhfyŸ _p° l[p°. A_° hmu [°dp¨ k¨fiepk_p¨
kp•\u JQp æ$d° `lp¢√ep `R>u Of_p¨ klz k¨b¨^p°_p° A¨[ L$fu ]°$hp_° b]$g° –e∆
]$u^°gp¨ Ofdp¨ `pR>p Aphu_° dp[p-`y”_p° k¨b¨^ r_cphhp_y¨ kplk i¨L$f S>
L$fu iL°$ ! ApV$gy¨ Ap°Ry>¨ lp°e [°d k¨fiepku_y¨ r_fq¡_`œ¨ –e∆ ]$B i¨L$fpQpe£
dp[p_° Ap °gp hQ_ dyS>b [°d_p¨ ]$pl k¨ıL$pf `Z gp°L$pQpf A_° opr[S>_p°_p¨
rhfp°^ h√Q° L$epÆ. dp_h[p_u S>X$ [° kdedp¨ `Z L°$V$gu dS>b|[ l[u L°$
_p¨b|÷u b∞p˚Zp°A° `Z i¨L$f_° klL$pf _ Ap‡ep°. `f¨[y i¨L$fpQpeÆ Sy>]$u dpV$u_p¨
dp_hu l[p¨. [°d_° dpV°$ rhfp°^ _hu QuS> _lp°[u. rhfp°^ _p¨ rhj[p° i¨L$f S>
`u iL°$ !
gß_rbZ Z`Z`mZ© oh qH$oMXpÒV $& dp[p_u Ap¨Mp° dvQphp_u kp\°
kNpÏlpgpAp°_u Ap¨Mp° `Z dvQpB NB `R>u k¨b¨^p°_p° [L$p≈° A°L$ k¨fiepku_°
L°$hp° ! dp[p_p¨ r_Û`pZ ]°$l_° V|¨$L$X°$ V|$L$X°$ kmNphu ]$u^p° ? k¨b¨^ kmN° –ep¨
Ìdip_.11
kdpS>\u _pMyi \e°gp¨ i¨L$fpQpeÆA° b∞p˚Zp°_° - h°]$\u brlÛL©$[
\hp_p°, L$p°B k¨fiepku [dpfp¨ Ap¨NZ°\u rcnp N∞lZ _lv L$f° A_° ApS> `R>u
[dpf° dX$]$p¨ [dpfp¨ Of_p¨ Ap¨NZpdp¨ S> bpmhp `X$i° - kp•_p¨ Of Ìdip_
b_i°. Aphp° ip` Ap‡ep°. ApS>° `Z ib_p° \p°X$p° A¨N rh√R>°]$ L$fu [°_°
Of_p¨ Ap¨NZpdp¨ bpmu_° ib_° ıdip_° gB S>hp_u ‚\p Ap b∞p˚Zp°dp¨ R>°.
Ap ‚k¨N A°L$ ◊rÙ$A° i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u op_r_õ$p r[r[np_u L$kp°V$uÍ$`
l[p°-Ap k¨]$c£ rh_p°bp∆ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_° d|Îehp_ A¨S>rg Ap`[p¨ _p¢^° R>° $-
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""kdpS> ky^pfZp_° dpV°$ dpZk ºep¨ ky^u kl_ L$f° R>° [°_y¨ Ap
D—d D]$plfZ R>°.'' `f¨[y i¨L$fpQpeÆ _d∞[p_u `fpL$põ$pA° rhfp°^_u ApN
h√Q°\u æ$p¨r[_y¨ Ly¨$]$_ b_u_° blpf ApÏep l[p. Alv\u S> [°dZ° kpdprS>L$
æ$p¨r[_u dipg kmNphu. A¨r[d h°mpA° i¨L$fpQpeÆA° dp[p_° Ap °gu cphcfu
A¨S>rg kdN∞ kdpS>dp¨ hk[u dp_h≈[ dpV°$ Ad|Îe k¨]°$i kdp_ R>° -
AmÒVmß Vmdo¤`ß ‡gwoV g_` Xwdm©aeybÏ`Wm
Z°È¿`ß VZwemfUß _b_`r eÊ`mß M gmßdÀgar $&
EH$Ò`mo[ Z J^©^ma _aU ∑beÒ` `Ò`mï j_ï
XmVwß oZÓH•$oV`w›ZVm@o[ VZ`ÒVÒ`° OZ›`° Z_ï (dp[©ıd©r[)
""l° dp[p, ‚k|r[ kde_u Ak¸ h°]$_p_° lz¨ bpSy> `f dyLy$ S>fiÁep
`R>u A°L$ hjÆ\ue° h^y kde ky^u [¢ dpfp dmd|”_° kpa L$epÆ, [pfy¨ ifuf
dpfp dpV°$ k|ºhu _pøey¨ A° hp[ `Z ]|$f fpMy¨, `f¨[y dpfp S>fid `l°gp¨ [°
dpfp ifuf_p° cpf D]$fdp¨ hl_ L$fu_° S>° L$Ù$ h°W$Èy¨ A° [pfp¨ A°L$ S> D`L$pf_p°
b]$gp° hpmhp, lz¨ b∞˚r_õ$ \ep° R>[p¨ kd\Æ _\u. l°, dp, [_° Ap Ar¡_
k¨ıL$pf kde° dpfp ‚Zpd !'' Ap l[p° `fd dp[©csº[_p° k¨]°$i.
kpdp∆L$ k¨b¨^p°_p° –epN L$fu ]°$hp_° b]$g° dp[p_° Ap`°gp hQ_
dyS>b A°L$hpf –e∆ ]$u^°gp Ofdp¨ `pR>p Aphu dp[p-`y”_p° k¨b¨^ `Z
r_cpÏep° l[p°. Zmam`Uß VZwÀ`mJ _pfpeZ_p A¨r[d Ahı\pA° ]$iÆ_ L$fphu12
kfiepku_p¨ r_fr¡_ `Zp_° ]|$f L$fu dp[p_p° Ar¡_k¨ıL$pf `Z L$ep£. _mVm d°
[wÃZm_mog kpdp∆L$ rhfp°^_p° cp°N b_°gp i¨L$f_° opr[S>_p°A° klL$pf _
Ap‡ep°. –epf° rhfp°^_p¨ rhj `u^°gp i¨L$f° Of_p¨ hpX$pdp¨ S> dp[p_p¨ r_Û‚pZ
]°$l_° ”Z V|$L$X$pdp¨ kmNphu ]$u^p°.
hmu L°$V$gp¨L$ gp°L$p° [p° i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ kfiepk_° `Z ^dÆip˜ rhfyŸ_p°
NZ[p. æ$di: ApÓdÏehı\p ≈°BA° [p° b∞˚QepÆ `R>u N©lı\pÓd A_°
R>°â° kfiepk_p° Ar^L$pf dm[p° Ap\u rh`fu[ Ap Ïesº[A°[p° b∞˚QepÆÓd\u
ku^p S> kfiepk g°hp_y¨ kplk L$f°gy¨. A°V$gy¨ S> _lv kdpS> ky^pfZp dpV°$
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`p°[p_p S> kdpS>_p°, opr[_p° rhfp°^ kl_ L$fu [°dZ° dp[©F>Z A]$p L$f°gy¨.
hmu dp[© d©[]°$l_° S>gphhp L$p°BA° Ar¡_ `Z _ Ap‡ep° –epf° i¨L$fpQpeÆA°
dp[p_p¨ S>dZplp\_° d\u_° [°dp¨\u Ar¡_ ‚NV$pÏep° A_° dp[p_p° ]$plk¨ıL$pf
L$ep£. Ap fu[° kdpS> rhfyŸ S>B L$[ÆÏe ^dÆ `Z b≈Ïep° Aprl i¨L$f_° L$p°fp
k¨fiepku dp_u rhfp°^ L$f_pfp Í$qY$hpq]$Ap° dp[p-`y”_p ‚°d kfu[p h√Q° `Z
L$p°fp flu Nep Ap L$W$p°f A_ychdp¨\u i¨L$fpQpeÆdp¨ æ$p¨r[_u ƒhpgp cX$L$u DW$u
[°d R>[pe [°dZ° k¨fiepkudp¨ lp°hu ≈°BA° [° L$fyZp A_° kdpS> ‚–e°_p°
D—f]$pre–h A]$p L$eyØ.
-: _fd°O brg_p° rhfp°^ :--: _fd°O brg_p° rhfp°^ :--: _fd°O brg_p° rhfp°^ :--: _fd°O brg_p° rhfp°^ :--: _fd°O brg_p° rhfp°^ :-
Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ ƒepf° cpf[ hjÆ_p¨ rhQfZ ]$fÁep_ D—fpM¨X$dp¨
L$pÌduf [fa Óu_Nf\u AgN Óu_Nf A°L$ rkŸ`uW$ L$l°hpe R>°. –ep¨ [°Ap°A°
≈°ey¨ L°$ Alv A°L$ `–\f `f ÓuQæ$ L$p°[fu_° [°_u `|≈ \pe R>°. A_° Alv fp°S>
A°L$ _fd°O _fbrg \pe R>°. Ap kp¨cmu i¨L$fpQpeÆ[p° æ$p°r^[ \B Nep. Ap
A_pQpf \u [°d_u ^dÆcph_p DL$mu DW$u, A°dZ° A°L$ L$p°i D`pX$u ÓuQæ$_p°
rhipm `–\f A°L$ TpV$L°$ ≈°ic°f J^p° hpmu ]$u^p°, A_° ‚Q¨X$ k|fdp¨ Apop
L$fu L°$ - ""ApS>\u Alv _fc°]$ `f ‚r[b¨^''
ApNm D`f ≈°ey¨ [°d L$p`prgL$ S>°hp dpNÆc|Îep DN∞ kp^L$p° A_°
[p¨r”L$p°_p¨ kdy]$pedp¨ AOp°f kp^_p_p¨ _pd° kfm A_° kp•Áe _ur[-fur[_p°
–epN L$fhp° A° `rh” cph_p_p° ]y$ÏeÆe A_° kpdp∆L$ ÷p°l R>°. ∆h__p° Dÿ°i
dlp_ b_hp_p¨ b]$g°, `p°[p_u Apkpsº[_y¨ brg]$p_ Ap`hp_° b]$g° bu≈
dpZk_p° brg QX$phhp\u L$p°B ^dÆ \[p° _\u. DgVy¨$ A° [p° Op°f A^dÆ R>°.
A°L$ dpZk_p° cp°N Ap`hp_p° Ar^L$pf bu≈ dpZk_° L$B fu[° lp°B iL°$ ?
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dp_h D√R>°]$_° q]$Ïe[p_p¨ D`p]$p__p¨ D√R>°]$_° ºep¨ ]°$h-]°$hu d¨S|>f fpM° ?
]°$h–h_y¨ flıe dp_h L$ÎepZdp¨ R>°, ›h¨kdp¨ _lv. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ Aphp D]$p—
rhQpfp° kpdu Ïesº[ D`f ≈]|$B Akf L$f[p. [°d_p¨ ∆h_ı`iÆ\u Aphu
^©rZ[‚\pAp° b¨^ \B.
kpdprS>L$ S>X$[p dp¨\u kdpS>_° DNpfhp A_° Ap`Z° klz A°L$
R>uA° A°hp° k_p[_ D`]°$i ‚ı\pr`[ L$fhp [°dZ° L$pÌduf \u L$fiepLy$dpfu
ky^u `]$ep”p L$fu, rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_p¨ D–\p_ L$pS>° Qpf ApÓdp° Qpf q]$ipdp¨
ı\p‡ep. Í$Y$ rhr^-rh^p_p°dp¨ k`X$pe°gp¨ kdpS>_° ‚bm h°N\u op__u
q]$ipdp¨ hp˛ep°.
`qfh∞pS>L$ Í$`° lp°hp R>[p¨, cpf[ c|rddp¨ ƒepf° kfiepk_u k¨ı\p
L°$ [°_p¨ L$pep£dp¨ gNcN rir\g[p Aphu NB l[u –epf° kdpS> dpV°$ cpfÍ$`
Aphu S>X$[pdp¨ \u blyS>_ kdpS>_y¨ cgy¨ L$fhp dpV°$ i¨L$fpQpeÆA° `p°[p_u
A]π$cy[ ‚r[cp A_° ‚Mf ‚op_° L$pd° gNpX$u. S>X$[pcfu `qfsı\r[_°
`pduS>B_° [°dZ° Nu[p A_° d_yıd©r[dp¨\u kfiepk_p¨ rhQpf_° ≈Zu ≈°B
ıhuL$pfu_° [°_° _hu S> q]$ip Ap`u ıd©r[ kprl–edp¨\u [°dZ° ˜u,`y”u, N©l
hN°f° –eS>hp_u hp[ ıhuL$pfu `Z A - oH´$` = qæ$epfrl[ \hy¨ L°$ L$dÆ _
L$fhp_u hp[_° _ ıhuL$pfu. Óud]π$ cNh]π$ Nu[p_p¨ NpeL$ cNhp_Óu L©$ÛZ_u
S>°d r_ÛL$pd L$dÆ_y¨ dl–hh^pfu `p°[° `qfh∞pS>L$ kfiepku Í$`° lp°hp R>[p¨
∆h_dp¨ L$dp£_p° –epN L$ep£ _ l[p°. kpdprS>L$ `y_fyŸpf dpV°$ A°L$ \u h^y hpf
`N° Qpgu_° kdN∞ cpf[ c|rd_u ‚]$rnZp L$fu, ‚≈_° Aop_u Nygpdudp¨\u
dyº[ \hp A_° kdN∞ cpf[_° A°L$k|”dp¨ bp¨^hp_p° D`]°$i Ap‡ep°. A° ÿrÙ$A°
cpf[_u ‚≈ dpV°$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ k¨fiepk ıhÍ$`p rhfº[ fp≈ R>°. S>°dZ° k¢L$X$p°
gp°L$p°_p¨ ˘]$e, d_ A_° h[Æ_ `f A°L$Qæ$u ipk_ L$eyØ.
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-:: kdpS>^dÆ :--:: kdpS>^dÆ :--:: kdpS>^dÆ :--:: kdpS>^dÆ :--:: kdpS>^dÆ :-
kpdpfie d_yÛe ^dÆ A_° kdpS>_° AgN `pX°$ R>°. `Z hpı[hdp¨
_uq[d|Îe kdpS>dp¨ ^dÆ S> L°$fi÷ ı\p_° fl°gp° lp°e R>°. L$p°B`Z ^dÆ_p¨
ıhpcprhL$ fu[° b° rhcpN `pX$u iL$pe. A°L$ rhcpN bp¸ ApQfZ_p° A_°
bu≈° rhcpN [–hop__p°. ]$f°L$ kdpS>_° [°_p dp_hd|Îep° lp°e R>°. ""D$‹d©
]mh˛ odam°Â`f Z M H$p¸V≤ l•UmnV _ $&'' Ap iÂ]$p° kdpS>^dÆ_y¨ `pg_ L$fhp
dpV°$ `p°L$pfu `p°L$pfu_° dlpcpf[dp¨ Ïepk∆ ‹pfp L$l°hpep R>°. Alv ‚Ò \pe
L°$ kdpS>^dÆ L$p°_° NZhp° ? ^dÆeyº[ ∆h_ A°V$g° iy¨ ? Ap khpgp°_p¨ D—f
]°$hpkl°gp _\u L$pfZ L°$ (1) L°$V$gp¨L$ h°]$p°dp¨ ÓŸp [°_° ^dÆ NZ° R>°. (2) A_°
L°$V$gpL$ hZpÆÓd ^dÆ ‚dpZ°_p¨ L$dÆ_° ^dÆ W$fph° R>°.13 (3) L°$V$gp¨L$ ^dÆ_p¨
A¨[NÆ[ k¨ıL$pf_° AphÌeL$ NZ° R>°. (4) Afie L°$V$gp¨L$ hZpÆÓd ^dÆ D`fp¨[
L$dÆ, `y_S>Æfid, dp°n_p° rhQpf _° ^dÆ NZ° R>°. (5) Afie L°$V$gp¨L$ gp°L$p° A°dp¨
L|$g]°$h[p, `¨Qpe[_ ]°$h_u `|≈, ÓpŸ qæ$ep hN°f°_° Dd°f° R>°. (6) L°$V$gp¨L$
hmu Npe, b∞p˚Z, h°]$ hN°f°_u k°hp dyøe NZ° R>°.
Apd Vw S> Vw S> _oVo^©›Zm lp°hp R>[p¨ ı`Ù$`Z° A°d L$lu iL$pe L°$
^dÆ ip˜ A_° gp°L$Ïehlpf A°L$S> ^dÆ_u b° bpSy>Ap° R>°. Ap\u S> ^dÆ_° L°$
kdpS>_° AgNfu[° d|ghu iL$pe _rl. "ApQpf: `fdp° ^dÆ:' L°$ "k–e¨h]$'
-"^dØQf'14 S>°hp kpdp∆L$ hpºe\u kdpS> ‚N[u ip^u iºep° R>°. Ap\u
A°hu khÆkpdpfie hp[ıhuL$pfu iL$pe. ‚–e°L$ rkŸp¨[_p¨ ApQpf ^dÆ_p¨ d|mdp¨
[°_y¨ [–hop_ lp°e R>°. h°]$rhrl[ L$dÆ A°V$g° k]$pQpf i¨L$fpQpeÆ `Z Óyr[
‚dpZ A_ykpf ApQpf dpV°$ bp¸ [°dS> Ap¨[qfL$ iyqŸ_p¨ l°[y\u h°]$ ip˜p°A°
S>° L$dp£_u Apop L$fu R>° [° b^p L$dp£_° ApQpeÆ i¨L$f° ıhuL$pepÆ R>°. A¨[:
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L$fZ_u iyqŸ A_° op_‚pr· dpV°$ d]$]$Í$` \B `X°$ [°hp L°$V$gp¨L$ dp_hd|Îep°_u
hp[ `Z [°dZ° L$fu R>°. dp_hd|Îep° ‹pfp S> kpdprS>L$ d|Îep° ı\p`u iL$pe.
≈° L°$ _•r[L$ d|ÎeL°$ kpdprS>L$ d|Îe A° [°d_y¨ n°” _\u. dpV°$ [°dZ° ıh[¨”
fu[° ^dÆip˜ L°$ kpdprS>L$ d|Îep°_° D`]°$Ìep _\u. `f¨[y gp°L$Ïehlpf_° [°Ap°
S>N[_y¨ Arhcpƒe A¨N dp_° R>°. Ap\u S>N[dp¨ D]π$ch[p gp°L$Ïehlpfp°_u
[°dZ° D °np L$fu _\u. `Z h°]$ip˜ rhrl[ L$dp£-^dÆ Aphu hp[ [°Z° ıhuL$pfu
R>°. Ap dpV°$ [°dZ° kde° - kde° hZpÆÓd, ^dÆ, ipfuqfL$ _•r[L$ d|Îep°,
dp_rkL$ _•r[L$ d|Îep°, hN°f°_° gˇedp¨ fpMu_° kpdprS>L$ _•r[L$ d|Îe_u kp\°
Ap]$iÆ kdpS>_u Ïepøep Ap`hp [°Ap° Ïesº[_° h^y dl–h Ap`° R>°. Ap
dpV°$ [°dZ° ºepf°L$ ^dÆip˜p°_p° rhfp°^ `Z L$ep£ R>°. ndp, k–e, d_p°r_N∞l,
ip•Q, ]$p_, ]$d, Atlkp, Nyfyk°hp, [u\Æep”p, L$fyZp, F>S>y[p, Agp°c,
b∞p˚Zp° A_° ]°$hp°_y¨ `|S>_, A_° Ak|ep ApV$gp rhÛœ k¨rl[p dyS>b k_p[_
^dÆ_p¨ khÆL$pgu_ Ap¨[fA¨Np° NZpe R>°.
-:: `gV$p[p° ^dÆ :--:: `gV$p[p° ^dÆ :--:: `gV$p[p° ^dÆ :--:: `gV$p[p° ^dÆ :--:: `gV$p[p° ^dÆ :-
S>°hu fu[° S>y>]$p S>y>]$p dpZkp° [°d_p¨ rhrcfi_ b¨^pfZp°_° gndp¨
fpMu_° Sy>]$p Sy>]$p fp°Np° ‚dpZ° h•]$ Ap°j^p° k|Qh° R>° [°d ApQpeÆ `Z Sy>]$p-
Sy>]$p dpZkp°_° [°d_p¨ hZÆ, ApÓd, hN°f° ‚dpZ° L$[ÆÏep° k|Qh° R>°. [p° hmu
`yfyjp° A_° ˜uAp°_° dpV°$ `Z Sy>]$p r_edp° b[pÏep R>°. Qpf°e hZÆ_p¨ AgN
r_edp° ]$ipÆÏep D`fp¨[ Atlkp, k–e, Aı[°e, ip•Q, Brfi÷ep°_y¨ ]$d_ S>°hp
L°$V$gp¨L$ kdp_^dÆÍ$` [“hp° `Z ]$ipÆÏep. hmu Ap`]$π^dÆ_u L$Î`_p `Z
ıd©r[dp¨ R>°. hmu A°L$ dpV°$ L°$ A°L$ k¨≈°Np°dp¨ S>°_° ^dÆ NZu iL$pe [° bu≈
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dpV°$ L°$ bu≈_p¨ k¨]$cÆdp¨ A^dÆ `Z b_°. Ap\u Nu[pdp¨ `Z cNhp_ ÓuL©$ÛZ
L$l° R>° L°$ - L$peÆ A_° AL$peÆ _u bpb[dp¨ ip˜p_° S> ‚dpZ dp_p°.
""nHß$ H$_© qH$ AH$_oV H$d`m@fl`Ã _mohVmï''
∆h_dp¨ Qpf `yfyjp\Æ_u ‚pr·dp¨ ^dÆ A_° dp°n A° b° qL$_pfp R>°.
d_yÛeA° ∆hp[p ∆h__u ^dÆde ‚h©r— ‹pfpS> dp°n_° ‚p· L$fhp_p° R>°.
kpdpfie fu[° ^dÆ_° b° rhcpNdp¨ hl¢Qu iL$pe S>°dp¨ (1) k_p[_
^dÆ A\hp kpdpfie rh^dÆ A_° (2) rhriÙ$ ^dÆ A\hp Ïesº[ ^dÆ.
k_p[_ ^dÆ L°$ kpdpfie rh^dÆdp¨ k¨[p°j, ndp, k¨ed, k–e, Ap–dop_,
rhh°L$, Aæ$p°^, Brfi÷e r_N∞l hN°f° bpb[p° _p° kdph°i L$fu iL$pe S>°_u QQpÆ
Ap ip°^ ‚b¨^ dp¨ bu≈ A›epedp¨ L$fu R>°.
`f¨[y rhi°j ^dÆ L°$ rhriÙ$ ^dÆ A\hp Ïesº[^dÆ dp¨ hZpÆÓd^dÆ,
ıh^dÆ, eyN^dÆ, Ly$m^dÆ, dp_h^dÆ, ˜u ^dÆ, fpS>^dÆ, ‚≈^dÆ,
‚h©r—^dÆ, r_h©r— ^dÆ :- hN°f°_p° kdph°i L$fu iL$pe. A_° Ap b^p S>
^dÆ_p° kfhpmp° A°V$g° kdpS>^dÆ. L$pfZ L°$ d_yÛeA° Ap [dpd ^dÆ_y¨ `pg_
kdpS>_u h√Q° flu_° S> L$fhp_y¨ R>°.
-:: hZÆÏehı\p :--:: hZÆÏehı\p :--:: hZÆÏehı\p :--:: hZÆÏehı\p :--:: hZÆÏehı\p :-
k_p[_ rlfi]y$ ^dÆdp¨ d_yÛe_u ‚L©$r[_° A_ykpf Qpf hZp£ A_°
ApÓdp°_u Ïehı\p L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R> °. ‡H•$oVodoeÔ> ß MmVwdU© `™
gßÒH$mamodefm¿M$&15 ‚L©$r[N[ k¨ıL$pf° L$fu Qpf hZp£_p° S>_kdpS> b_°gp° R>°.
MÀdmam dUm© ]´m˜UjoÃ`d°Ì`ey–mï $& Ã`m dUm© o¤OmV `m ]´m˜U
joÃ`d°Ì`mï $&
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fQ≤> H$_m©oU ]´m˜UÒ` Òdm‹`m`m‹``Z_‹`m[Zß `km `mOZß XmZ
‡oVJ´húoV& ÃroU amO›`Ò` A‹``Zß `km XmZß M eÛU M ‡Om[mbZß ÒdY_©ÒVZ
OrdV≤$& EVm›`d d°Ì`Ò` H•$ofdm©oU¡`ß [mew[mÎ`ß Hw$grXß M $& Vfmß [naM`m© ey–Ò`
oZ`Vm M d•oŒmï&
Ap fu[° R> L$dp£ b∞p˚Z_p, ”Z nr”e_p, ”Z h•Ìe_p A_° b∞˚Z
hN°f°_u k°hp A° iy÷_p L$dp£ NZpÏep R>°.
3:3 _•r[L$ A_° kpdprS>L$ d|Îep° (i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u ◊rÙ$A°) :-3:3 _•r[L$ A_° kpdprS>L$ d|Îep° (i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u ◊rÙ$A°) :-3:3 _•r[L$ A_° kpdprS>L$ d|Îep° (i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u ◊rÙ$A°) :-3:3 _•r[L$ A_° kpdprS>L$ d|Îep° (i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u ◊rÙ$A°) :-3:3 _•r[L$ A_° kpdprS>L$ d|Îep° (i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u ◊rÙ$A°) :-
X$pµ. k–e`pg_pf¨N gM° R>° L°$ Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ D`f hpf¨hpf A°hp°
Apn°` L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° L°$ [°Ap° Ap–dL°$fi÷u lp°hp_° L$pfZ° kpdp∆L$ d|Îe_u
D`°np L$f° R>°.16 k¨kpf_p Ar_Ù$$p° S>pZhp dpV°$ k¨kpf_p° A_ych g°hp_u S>Í$f
_\u.17 kp¨kpqfL$ Ahı\p ]$fÁep_ i¨L$fpQpeÆ∆ Ïehlpfp°_u A\Æh—p_° sıhL$pf°
R>°.
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpepÆ dpV°$ _ur[ip˜, ^dÆip˜ L°$ kpdprS>L$d|Îep°
`f–h°_y¨ gMpZ A° [°d_y¨ n°” _ l[y¨. ≈° L°$ [°Ap° _•r[L$ A_° kpdprS>L$
d|Îep°_° ^dÆip˜_p Ap^pf [fuL°$ ıhuL$pf° R>°. Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ gp°L$ Ïehlpf_p°
r_j° L$f[p¨ _\u. `Z gp°L$ Ïehlpf A° AphÌeL$ A°hp Ap S>N[_y Arhcpƒe
A¨N R>° L°$ S>° k–e A_° A_©[ _p¨ rdÓZ\u Qpg° R>°. R>°hV°$ Ap kOmp¨ rkŸp[p°
[°d_p¨ A¨r[d gˇe b∞˚\u ‚r[L|$m _ lp°e –ep¨ ky^u d|ghhp ≈°BA°
(^dÆip˜_p¨ A_yk¨^p_°) ≈° L°$ OZu S>¡epA° [°Ap° ^dÆip˜p°_y¨ Ap¨^my¨
A_yL$fZ _ L$f[p¨ `p°[p_p rkŸpfi[p°\u rhfyŸ _ lp°e [°hp° ıh[¨” d[`Z [°Ap°
^fph° R>°. ≈°L°$ _ur[ A_° ^dÆ\u S> ky◊Y$ A_° ıhı\ kdpS> b_° R>°. ıhı\
kdpS> k_p[_ ^dÆ A_° ip[ _ur[d—p L°$ d|Îep°_u ^fp°lf R>°. kdpS> fpÙ≤$
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dpV°$ _•r[L$[p L°$ ^dÆ kpdprS>L$ d|Îep°, ıhı\ kdpS> dpV°$_p° `peÆe R>°.
kpdprS>L$ A°L$[p dpV°$ _•r[L$ A_° kpdprS>L$ d|Îep°_u ≈mhZu AphÌeL$ R>°.
ƒepf° ‚pr·rhjeL A_° ‚h[ÆL$ [“hp°_° _ur[-‚hZ Tp°L$ Ap`hpdp¨ _ Aph°
–epf°, ∆h__° Ïep`L$ [\p rhipg[f ◊rÙ$tb]y$A°\u _lv, `f¨[y `p°[p_p kp¨L$X$p
◊rÙ$L$p°Z\u ≈°hp dpV°$ Ïesº[ ‚°fpe R>°. Ap ‚L$pf_p kpdprS>L$ k¨np°c_p
eyNdp¨, Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° D`]°$i A–e¨[ D`ep°Nu b_u fl° R>°.18-A°
kdepfi[f° Ap`Zp ]°$idp¨ A°hu Ïesº[A° S>fid gu^p° L°$ S>° kdedp¨
kpdprS>L$, fpS>qL$e, ^prdÆL$ ∆h_dp¨ dlp_ `qfh[Æ_ gphu_° _hu q]$ipdp¨
dpNÆ b[phu_° cpf[ue k¨ıL©$r[ A_° `f¨`fp_° D≈Nf L$fhp_p° ‚e–_ L$ep£ R>°
L°$ S>°\u ApS>° hjp£ rh–ep `R>u `Z rlfi]y$ kdpS> [°_u k_p[_ A°L$[p_p° -
^dÆ_p° ›hS> gl°fphu_° NhÆ\u rhcfdp¨ kfidp_ue b_u f¸p°. L$pfZ [°_p
eodp¨ Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u ‚byŸ ‚op_p° Ar¡_ ‚ƒhm° R>°.
[°Ap°A° `yfpZp cpf[dp¨ ‚h[Æ[u A^prdÆL$ qæ$epAp° A_°
dpfie[pAp°_u kp\° kdpS>dp¨ Qpg[p ^t[Np°_° A_° A_°L$ d[-d[p¨[fp°_p¨
hpX$pAp°dp¨ A°L$ _|[_ Q°[_p_p° k¨Qpf L$fu kdpS>_p° `y_fyŸpf L$ep£. [°Ap° rlfi]y$
^dÆ_p¨ kpQp DŸpfL$ b_u f¸p. _p_u he° ApQpeÆ_u `]$hu ^fph_pf i¨L$f
]°$i_u kp¨‚[ ]$ip rhj° k[[ tQr[[ A_° ≈N©[ fl°[p. kpdpfie S>_p°_° \[u
rhrh^ ‚L$pf_u L$_X$N[p°\u [°Ap° d_p°d_ rhjp]$eyº[ fl°[p. [°d_p¨ ˘]$edp¨,
cphS>N[dp¨ `p¨qX$–e_u kp\p°kp\ ]°$i_u ]y$]Æ$ip_° ]|$f L$fhp_p° `X$L$pf `Z
`X$^p[p° l[p°. ^dÆ_p¨ d[-d[p¨[fp° A_° kpÁ‚]$preL$ hpX$pAp°_p¨ k¨OjÆdp¨
`ukp[p A_°L$ r_:klpe gp°L$p°_p¨ r_]$p£j Apæ¨$]$ A_° lplpL$pf [°d_° ı`Ù$
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k¨cmp[p l[p. Ap k¨æ$dZ_p¨ kde° [°dZ° Nu[p A_° d_yıd©r[dp¨\u L°$V$gpL$
rhQpfp° gB_° kdpS>_° _hu q]$ip Ap`u.
[°d_p¨ ˘]$edp¨ A°L$ ◊Y$ r_^pÆf° ApL$pf gu^p° A_° ]°$i_u ]y$:M ]$peL$,
ip°Q_ue ]$ip_° `qfh[Æ_ L$fu kdpS>_u Nqfdp_° ^dÆ Nqfdp b_phu
`y_:‚ı\pr`[ L$fhp_p° ◊Y$ d_p°bm kp\° ApL$fp° k¨L$Î` L$fu, kfiepk gB
kdN∞ ]°$idp¨ `]$ep”p-rhQfZ L$fhp_y¨, gp°L$p°_p¨ k˘]$eu b_u [°d_p° DŸpf
L$fu k_p[_ ÿY$ kdpS> ı\p`hp_p° r_^pÆf L$ep£. A_° A¨^ rhpk [\p Mp°V$u
dpfie[pAp° kpd° b¨X$ `p°L$fhp_y¨ iÍ$ L$eyØ. ]°$i_u ]y$]Æ$ip dpV°$ _p¨ d|mdp¨ [°Ap°
^prdÆL$ `pM¨X$p°_° S> L$pfZc|[ dp_[p. [°_p° S> rhfp°^ L$fu eyŸ_p¨ d¨X$pZ L$epÆ.
A_° Ap eyŸ_p¨ d¨X$pZ [°dZ° L$piu\u S> iÍ$ L$ep£. A_°L$ `¨qX$[p° kp\° ip˜p\Æ
L$epÆ. rldpge\u L$fiepLy$dpfu [\p L$pÌduf \u Apkpd-L$pdÍ$` ky^u [°dZ°
kpdprS>L$ `y_fyŸpf A\£ `]$ `qfc∞dZ L$eyØ.
i¨L$fpQpeÆ b¨Npm A_° rblpfdp¨ rhQepÆ –ep¨ bp•Ÿp°_p¨ dW$ _pg¨]$p,
fpS>N©l [\p Nep `Z Nep. khÆ ı\m° rhrcfi_ d[p°_y¨ r_fk_ L$fu k_p[_
A°L$[p-^dÆ_u ı\p`_p L$fu. V|¨$L$dp¨ [°Ap°A° cpf[ue k¨ıL©$r[ A_° `f¨`fp
D≈Nf L$fhp_p° ‚e–_p° L$ep£ A_° kpdprS>L$, fpS>qL$e A_° ^prdÆL$ n°”°
æ$psfi[gphu Np•fh A`ph° [°hu _°[pNufu `|fu `pX$u ]°$i_° Apr\ÆL$ fu[° `Z
‚Nr[_° dpN£ ]$p°fu S>_pf Sy>]$p Sy>]$p n°”° kdpS>dp¨ ]$p_‚hpl ‹pfp ep°N]$p_
Ap`_pf dp” i¨L$f S> l[p.
i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ dyøe ‚]$p_ ≈°BA° [p° [°dZ° L$f°gp¨ kOmp¨ ^dp£_p°
kdfihe R>°. Óu i¨LfpQpeÆ_p¨ Qqf”_u rhi°j[pAp° A_° rhrQ”[pAp° ı`Ù$ R>°.
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[°dZ° L$pÌduf \u dp¨X$u_° L$fiepLy$dpfu ky^u A_° S>Nflp\`yfu\u ‹pfL$p ky^u
A_°L$hpf `]$ep”p L$fu cp•Np°rgL$ cpf[ep”p [fuL°$ Ap ‚hpk hZÆ__y¨ d|Îe
_\u. [°dp¨ Aı[-Ïeı[ b_°gp¨ kdpS>_° A°L$ [¨[y A° bp¨^u k_p[_ ^dÆ_p¨
D`]°$i_p° ›e°e R>°. [° L$pm° cpf[ ]°$i _p_p - _p_p ny÷ k¨‚]$pep°dp¨ iuZÆ-
rhiuZÆ li° [°_p° øepg dm° R>°. [° kde° ]$f°L$ k¨‚]$pe_p¨ rQåp° Sy>]$p, ApQpfp°
Sy>]$p, h°i Sy>]$p A_° ^prdÆL$ d|Îep°, d[p° [p° rcfl Mfp¨ S> A_° hmu `pR>p
Ap k¨‚]$pep° fpƒeÓe d°mhu_° fpƒep°_° A¨]$fp°A¨]$f Ap\X$[p¨ fpM° A° fpS>L$ue
]$ip ]°$i_° A_°L$ V|$L$X$pAp°dp¨ rhcp∆[ L$fhpdp¨ `qfZdu l[u. Ap_° h•rh›e
_lv i¨cyd°mp° L$l°hpe. i¨L$fpQpeÆ° cpf[ep”p ]$fÁep_ ]°$i_p¨ h°f-rhM°f
kp¨‚]$preL$ V|$L$X$pAp°_° cp¨Nu_° ApMp ]°$i_° A°L$t`X$ b_phhp_y¨ cNuf\ L$peÆ
L$eyØ. ]$f°L$ S>¡epA° –ep¨_p¨ BÙ$]°$h_u `|≈ L$fu, ]°$hL°$fi÷u d[_y¨ ı\p`_ L$f[p.
`¨Q]°$hp°`pk_p_u Ap `Ÿr[ ‹pfp rlfi]y$ kdpS>dp¨ A°º[pkp^u A_° rlfi]$_u
c|du_° AM¨X$ ^dÆ fpƒecph_p\u `qf yÙ$ L$fu. R>°â° [p° gp°L$rl[_° dpV°$ ApQpeÆ
rih A° S> b∞˚, rhÛœ, isº[ hN°f° b∞˚ S> R>°. A°hp rk›^p¨[_p° ıhuL$pf
A_° ‚Qpf [\p q]$s¡hƒe `Z gp°L$rl[p\£ L$f[p b[phpep R>°. h°]$d|gL$
A‹•[]$iÆ_ ı\p`u_° A_° ‚Qpf L$fu_° i¨L$fpQpeÆA° cpf[_u kp¨ıL©$r[L$ A°º[p
rkŸ L$fu R>°. rhcf_p dp_hp°A° L°$mhhp_u D]$pfb¨^y[p "Universal
brotherhood'_p° k¨]°$i rh_u dp_h≈[_° Ap‡ep°. cpf[_u Ap¨[qfL$A°L$[p_p¨
k|ˇd [¨[y_p¨ V|$L$X°$ - V|$L$X$p \e°gp [° afu kp¨^u Ap‡ep R>°. Ap fu[° ^dÆ
kdpS>Í$`u apV°$gp L$`X$p_° h°]$p¨[_p¨ ]$p°fp\u kp¨^u_° ]|rj[ ‚]|$rj[ rhQpf_p
rhÓ©¨Mg kdpS>_p L$Qfp_° bpmu_° i©¨MgpbŸ kdpS> ı\p`u[ L$ep£. Ap
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◊rÙ$A° i¨L$fpQpeÆ dlp_ fpÙ≤$cº[ L°$ fpÙ≤$k°hL$ L$lu iL$pe.
-::- hZÆc°]$ _pb|]$u :--::- hZÆc°]$ _pb|]$u :--::- hZÆc°]$ _pb|]$u :--::- hZÆc°]$ _pb|]$u :--::- hZÆc°]$ _pb|]$u :-
i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ kdedp¨ bp•Ÿ A_° S>•_ ^dÆ_p° a°gphp° rhipm ‚dpZdp¨
l[p°. bp•Ÿ ^dÆ_p¨ _pd° Ïep`°gp°, ≈° L°$ [°dp¨ hZÆc°]$_° ı\p_ _lv lp°hp\u
kdpS>dp¨ Aphp c°]$ Ap°R>p L$fhp_y Ó°e [°d_° d˛ey l[y. bp•Ÿp° Óyr[ ‚pdpŒe_p°
rhfp°^ L$f[p l[p. [°_° kpd° i¨L$fpQpeÆ° Óyr[_° S> A°L$dp” ‚dpZ W°$fhu ApQpf
- rhQpf_p° ‚Qpf Apf¨Êep° l[p°. Óyr[A° - ]´˜Um@Ò` _wI_mgrX≤ ]mhˇ amO›`
H•$Vï CÈ VXÒ` VX°Ì` [X≤‰`mß ey–m@Om`V $&* A°d S>° L$¸y¨ R>° A_° A_°
cNh]π$Nu[pA° MmVwd© `ß _`m g•Ô>ß JwUH$_© od^mJeï A° NyZL$dÆ rhcpN _°
i¨L$fpQpeÆA° Qp[yhŒeÆ_y¨ A_ydp°]$_ L$eyØ R>°.18-bu
kdpS>_° Ïehsı\[ L$fhpdp¨ rlfi]y$ ^d£ hZpÆÓd_p¨ Ap]$iÆ_u fQ_p
L$fu R>°. ]´m˜Um‹`°ï doU©o^ï Amlo_o^ï M l`m@oW©o_ï AZw>r`mZï gY_©ï$ &19
"L$ÎepZL$pdu b∞p˚Z Apq]$ hZpÆÓduAp°A° ApQf°g L$peÆ [° ^dÆ'
ApÓd A°V$g° rhkpdp°. hV°$dpNyÆ S>°d dpNÆdp¨ rhkpdp° g°[p Nfi[Ïe
ı\p_° `lp¢Q° [°d Ap Qpf ApÓdp°_° A°L$ `R>u A°L$ k°hu_° A\hp Qpfdp¨\u
L$p°B`Z ApÓd `|ZÆ[ep D—d fu[° k°hhp\u `fd`] ‚pr· \pe R>°.20
Ap fu[° Qpf ApÓd A_° Qpf hZp£_p° r_]£$i kp\° S> L$fhpdp¨ Aph°
R>°, "S>°d L°$ `yfyj_p¨ dyM, bplz, D]$f A_° QfZp°\u ApÓdp°_u kp\° kp\°
Qpf hZp£_u NyZp_ykpf fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.'
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpe£ L°$ S>° L°$hm iyŸ Qqf” D`f k¨OjÆ_u D`°np L$fu
R>°.21 ApÓd‚\p ≈° b∞˚\u qh`fu[ lp°e [p° D`ep°Nu _\u. 22 k©rÙ$_p¨
Apf¨c\u Ası[–hdp¨ Aph°g A_° crhÛedp¨ fl°_pf A°hp kdpS> _p¨ d|mc|[
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Y$p¨Qp_u rhfyŸ [°Ap° _\u.23 Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ i|÷_p¨ cZ[f_u rhfyŸ R>°.
`Z[°d_p¨ Ap–dop__p° r_j°^ L$f[p _\u. (Qp¨X$pg ‚k¨N) A_° A°L$ hL$ug_u
S>°d [°_p dpV°$ ]$gugp° `Z L$f° R>°.24 hZpÆÓd ‚\p kdpS>_p¨ AÊey]$e A_°
_•Ó°ek dpV°$ R>°.25 [°hy¨ [°Ap° dp_° R>°. MmVwd© `™ _`m g•Ô>ß JwUH$_m©od^mJeï
(^JdX≤JrVm-3.11).
-: Qpf ApÓd :--: Qpf ApÓd :--: Qpf ApÓd :--: Qpf ApÓd :--: Qpf ApÓd :-
h°]$ip˜_° A_ykfu k|”N∞¨\p° A_° ıd©r[N∞¨\p°A° dp_hu_p ∆h__°
Qpf rhcpNdp¨ hl¢Qu Ap‡ey¨ R>°. [°_° Qpf ApÓd L$l° R>°. Ïesº[N[ ıhp\Æ
bpSy>A° dyL$u_° kdpS> fpÙ≤$ A_° rh_p rl[dp¨ ∆h__y¨ kd`ÆZ L$fhp_y¨ lp°e
R>°.
`WmŒm_moZ ÒWmZmoZ ‡mflZwdp›V —T>d´Vmï $&
]´˜Mmar J•hÒWm dm dmZ‡ÒWm `oVÒVWm $& 26
-: ˜u rinZ :--: ˜u rinZ :--: ˜u rinZ :--: ˜u rinZ :--: ˜u rinZ :-
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ ˜u_p¨ rinZ_u bpb[dp¨ S>X$ _\u. f•L$hpQL$π_hu
S>°hu ˜uAp° cZ°gu l[u. ˜uAp°_u Ap›eps–dL$ Dflq[_u bpb[dp¨ [°Ap° S>X$
_\u. [°Ap° ı”uAp°_p¨ A›ep–d dpN£ S>hp_p¨ Ar^L$pf_° dpfie fpM° R>°.
kdpS>ky^pfL$ [fuL°$ A°hy¨ d_pe R>° L°$ [°Ap°A° L°$fm A\hp dgbpfdp¨ 64
ApQpfp° r_rÚ[ L$epÆ l[p¨ S>°dp¨ L$fieprhæ$e A_° k[u ‚\p_p¨ qfhpS>_p° r_j°^
A° dyøe l[p.27 Agb— Ap hp[_y¨ ‚pdpŒe l∆ i¨L$p\u `f _\u.
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"gd©dUm©oYH$ma¸ ZmarUmß `mΩ` Ed M $&' kdpS> ky^pfL$ fu[° khÆ
hZÆ_u S>°d _pfu_° `Z ep°¡e Ar^L$pf R>° A°hp ApNdN∞¨\_p d[_° ApQpeÆÓu
A_ykf° R>°. kpdpfie fu[° k¨fiepkuAp° ˜u_° t_¤ NZ° R>°. –epf° i¨L$fpQpeÆ ˜u
≈r[_° Ar[ `|S>_ue dp_[p. ‚–e°L$ ˜u_° cNh[u ıhÍ$`p [°Ap° dp_[p.
_pfu isº[ ‚–e°_u [°d_u `|ƒecph_p [°d_p¨ ∆h_dp¨ klS> A_° ıhpcprhL$
Í$`° rhL$pk`pdu l[u. `p°[p_u dp[p D`fp¨[ d¨X$_rdÓ_p¨ `–_u Dcecpf[u
kp\°_p° k¨hp]$ Ap bpb[_u Mp[fu `|f° R>°.
-: ]y$Ny ÆZp°_p° r_j°^ :--: ]y$Ny ÆZp°_p° r_j°^ :--: ]y$Ny ÆZp°_p° r_j°^ :--: ]y$Ny ÆZp°_p° r_j°^ :--: ]y$Ny ÆZp°_p° r_j°^ :-
riÙ$ kdpS>dp¨ Ny_p Ap°R>p \pe A_° gp°L$p° fieped¨q]$f ky^u ]$p°X$u _
≈e [° dpV°$ ApQpeÆÓu L°$V$gpL$ ]y$NyÆZp°_p° r_j° L$fhp S>Zph° R>°. Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ
op_hp]$u lp°hp\u rh_d∞[p S>°hp k]π$NyZp°_p¨ AphL$pf_u kp\° S>°d k]π$NyZp°L°$
dpZk_p¨ kpfp kpdprS>L$ k¨b¨^p° `fd[“h_u A_yc|r[ ‹pfp dysº[ D–`fl
L$fu iL°$ R>°. [p° ‚Mf kdpS>ky^pfL$ lp°hp_° _p[° d¤, ¤y[, Qp•eÆ S>°hp A_°L$
]y$NyÆZp°_p° r_j°^ `Z L$ep£ l[p°. [°Ap° L$pW$L$k¨rl[p_u kp\° kld[ l[p. Ap
A^dÆL©$–ep°_° _fL$_p¨ ‹pf NZph° R>°.28 [°Ap° ƒep¨ƒep¨ af[p¨ –ep¨ –ep¨ D`]°$i[p
L°$ S>° d_yÛeAphp A^dL©$–ep° L$f° R>° [°Ap° _hp S>fid° `ZA° Qpgy fpMu `p°[p_p
A^d L$dp£_y¨ am cp°Nh° R>°. A_° Ap A^d am cp°Nhhp hpf¨hpf A^d
Ly$mp°dp¨ S>fid g°[p lp°e R>°.29 Apd [°Ap° dp_[p L°$ Ïesº[ `p°[p_u ≈[_°
ky^pf° [p° Qp°f L°$ Qp¨X$pg `Z kpfp° dpZk b_u iL°$.
-::- N©lı\ ∆h_ dpV°$ D`ep°Nu bp°^ :--::- N©lı\ ∆h_ dpV°$ D`ep°Nu bp°^ :--::- N©lı\ ∆h_ dpV°$ D`ep°Nu bp°^ :--::- N©lı\ ∆h_ dpV°$ D`ep°Nu bp°^ :--::- N©lı\ ∆h_ dpV°$ D`ep°Nu bp°^ :-
Afie ^dpÆQpeÆ_u S>°d Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ∆A° kdpS> ky^pfL$ lp°hp\u
kdpS>dp¨ kdfk[p b_u fl° A°hp Dd]$p l°[y\u L°$V$gpL$ kdp∆L$ d|Îep°_°
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D`]$°Ìep R>° ≈° L°$ kpdp∆L$ d|Îep° [°d_y¨ n°” _\u `f¨[y [°d R>[p¨e D`r_j]π$
A_° cNh]π$Nu[p D`f_p L°$V$gpL$ rhQpfp° gB_° S>N[_u Ïehlpf ]$ip_°
ıhuL$pf[p lp°hp\u [°dZ° L°$V$gp°L$ ÏehlpqfL$ bp°^ Ap‡ep° R>°. ApQpeÆ `p°[°
cg° `qfh∞pS>L$ lp°hp\u k¨kpfu ∆h _lp°[p, N©lı\u _lp°[p, `f¨[y [°Ap°
N©lı\ ∆h__u rhfyŸ _ l[p. [°d_u `pk° A°V$gy¨ A_ychhp_u `|f[u bysŸ
l[u L°$ ≈° N©lı\pÓd S> _ fl° [p° dp_h≈[_p° S> A¨[ Aphu ≈e, D√R>°]$
\B ≈e. Ap\u k¨[r[ `°]$p L$fu_° k¨kpf_p kp[–e_° ≈mhu fpMhp_p° D`]°$i
Ap`° R>°.30 ‚≈[¨[y D`f cpÛe L$f[p-L$f[p [°Ap° `y”L$pÁe eo hX°$ `y”
‚pr·_u hp[ `Z L$f° R>° R>°hV$_y¨ ›e°e [p° k¨kpf Qgphhp_y¨ R>°. [°d sıhL$pfu
S>N[ ‚–e°_p° ÏephlpqfL$ ArcNd ]$ipÆh° R>°. `f¨[y [°Ap°_p° k¨]°$i l[p° L°$
""[dpfy¨ ^_ L°$ Ly$Vy$Áb krl[ S>° L$p¨B [dpfu Apk`pk R>° [° kOmy _pih¨[ R>°
[°_u Mp”u L$fp°.'' [°Ap° ‚–e°_p° h^y `X$[p° fpN [dpfp d__° `fd[“h\u ]|$f
L$fu _pih¨[ [fa ]$p°fu S>i°.
`Wm ZXrZXmï gd g_w– `mp›V gßpÒWV_≤ &
Ed_mlo_Uï gd J•hÒW `mp›V gßpÒWV_≤ $&& 31
S>°d _p_u dp°V$u kh£ _]$uAp° kdy÷dp¨ S>B_° W$f° R>° [°d khÆ ApÓduAp°
N©lı\dp¨ S>B_° W$f° R>°. dp[p_p ApÓe° khÆ ∆hp° fl°gp lp°e [°d N©lı\_p
ApÓe° Afie ApÓduAp° ∆h° R>°.32
[°d_p° bu≈° k¨]°$i A° l[p° L°$ Ap kdpS>dp¨ hk[p ‚–e°L$ _pNfuL°$
]f°L$ Ïesº[A° `p°[° S>° L$p¨B L$fuA° R>uA° [°dp¨\u am_u B√R>p_p° –epN L$f[p¨
iuMhy¨ ≈°BA° [dpfy¨ hgZ A°hy¨ lp°hy¨ ≈°BA° L°$ [d° S>° L$p¨B L$fp° R>p° [°_p¨ am_u
Apipdp¨ [d_° fk _\u. L$]$pQ [°Ap° ≈Z[p l[p. L°$ gp°L$p° ApS>° _rl [p° `Z
eyNp° `R>u `p°[p_p¨ Ap k¨]°$i_y¨ dl–h kdS>i°.
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Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° ”u≈° k¨]°$i kdpS>_p¨ gp°L$p°_° _•r[L$ [•epfu_p¨
ıhÍ$`° Ap‡ep°. [°Ap° dp_[p l[p L°$ Ap`Zpdp¨\u A°L$-A°L$ Ïesº[A° A°hu
fu[° ∆hhy¨ ≈°BA° L°$S>°, `fgp°L$Nd_ L$f[u hM[° Bf_° dmu iL°$. A¨[
kde° ^_, byqŸ L°$ isº[ Í$`° S>° L$p¨B Ap`Zpdp¨ l[y¨ [°_p\u [d° S>° L$p¨B
lp¨kg L$eyØ lp°e [°_p° rhiyŸ "rlkpb$' fS|> L$fu iL$p°. dpV°$ [d° [dpfu isº[
[dpfp ^__u S>°d [dpfp A_yepeuAp°_p¨ rhpk dpV°$ ^pfZ L$fp°. [°Ap° dp_[p
L°$ ‚–e°L$ Ïesº[ dpV°$ L$fyZp A_° ı_°l A° _•r[L$ ∆h__u [•epfu_p° A°L$ cpN
R>°. ""Òd Òd H$_© `o^aVï gßogq’ b^V Zaï'' (c.Nu.18/45).
-:: ip[ ∆h__y¨ rinZ :--:: ip[ ∆h__y¨ rinZ :--:: ip[ ∆h__y¨ rinZ :--:: ip[ ∆h__y¨ rinZ :--:: ip[ ∆h__y¨ rinZ :-
[°d_p¨ ı[p°”dp¨\u L°$V$gpL$_° iÂ]$ ]°$l Í$`° ≈°BA° [p° -
[dpfpdp¨ A_° dpfpdp¨ A_° Afie khÆ” L°$hm A°L$ S> rhÛœ fl°gp¨ R>°.
""od⁄modZ` gÂ[›Z ]´m˜U Jod hoÒVoZ $&
ewoZ M°d ˚d[mH$ M [p S>Vmï g_Xoe©Zï $&&'' A_° hmu
"gd©Xd Z_ÒH$mamï H$edß ‡oV J¿N>oV'33
""`ÒVw gdm©oU^yVmoZ AmÀ_›`dmZw[Ì`oV'' [d° [dpfu ∆[_° bpL$u_u
kOmu hı[yAp°dp¨ r_lpmp°. A°L$–h_y¨ ]$iÆ_ L$fp° bu≈ d_yÛeL°$ `]$p\p£ h√Q°_p¨
Mp°V$p¨ c°]$_p° øepg –e∆ ]$p°. Ap l[p° [°d_p° rh-A•ºe_p° k¨]°$i. Ap l[p°
kdN∞ dp_h ≈[_° c∞p[©cph_p° k¨]°$i.
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ Ap k¨]°$i_p¨ `qf‚°ˇedp¨ rhQpf[p¨ gpN° L°$ kdN∞
dp_h≈[_u hp[ bpSy>A° fl°hp ]$BA° [p° `Z Ap`Z_° A°L$ S> ]$idp¨
c∞p[©cph_u h©r—Ap°_y¨ kS>Æ_ L$fhp_y¨ L$pd L$`fy¨ gpN° R>°. Af° L$]$pQ b° fpƒep°.
A°L$bu≈ kp\° ≈°X$pe°gp lp°e [p° –ep¨_u ‚≈ h√Q° `Z c∞p[©cph_u h©r—
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^fphhp_y¨ Ap`Z_° AOfy¨ gpN° R>°. –epf° A° ÿrÙ$A° i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° rhb¨^y–h_p°
(dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_≤) _p° k¨]°$i `pdhp d_yÛeA° A\pN ‚e–_ L$fhp_u S>Í$f
R>°.
Ap D`fp¨[ ApQpeÆÓu_p° A°L$ k¨]°$i ıh[¨”[p _u ApfT| dpV°$_p°
l[p°. S>°_° k°fiV$ gyL°$ `p°[p_p¨ A°r`ıV$g dp¨ Longing for Eternal Life ip[
∆h__u T¨M_p A°d L$l°g R>°.34 Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpe£ L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ Ap S>N[[p° A°L$
[•epfu L$fhp dpV°$_y¨ Ap^pfı\p_ R>°, A°L$ ipmp R>°, L°$ ƒep¨ Ap`Z° Ap`Zu
≈[_° ip[ ∆h_ dpV°$ rinZ Ap`hp_y¨ R>°. Alv A°d L$lu iL$pe L°$ Ap
‚L$pf° kdpS>_p¨ A¨^L$pfdp¨ AV$hpe°gp¨ d_yÛep°_° [°dZ° A_°L$ fu[° gp°L$cp¡e
iÂ]$p°dp¨ k¨]°$i Ap‡ep°. A_° kdpS>dp¨ A›ep–d_p¨ kpd∞pƒe_u ı\p`_pL$fu.
A_°L$ eyNp° ApÏep A_° Nep. fpƒep° kd©Ÿ \ep A_° _pi `pÁep. `f¨[y
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ Ap›eps–dL$ kpd∞pƒe gNcN bpfkp° hjÆ rh[hp R>[p S>_
kdyl `f_p° ‚cph l∆ `Z [°hp°_° [°hp°S> [pS>Nu `|ZÆ A_° ∆h¨[ R>°, A_°
ƒep¨ky^u Ap`ZuS>_[pdp¨ Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ ı`uqfV$ fl°i° –ep¨ ky^u Ap
]°$i_u dlp_ Nqfdp_u Apip b_u fl°i°.
kp¨kpqfL$ op__p¨ fklu_ ıhÍ$`_y¨ ]$iÆ_ L$fphhp dpV°$ [°Ap° _pf]$_u
L$\p DÎg°M° R>°. Ap A° _pf]$ R>° L°$ S>°Z° [dpd kp¨kpqfL$ op_p°dp¨ JX$p
r_ÛZp[_p° ]$fà>p° ‚p‡[ L$ep£ R>°. A_° R>[p¨ [° rMfi_ A_° rhjp]$N∞ı[ R>°. [°\u
S> [° k_–Ly$dpf kdn D`sı\[ \pe R>° A_°[°d_u `pk°\u A°hp op__u
epQ_p L$f° R>° S>°_p\u [° Ap [dpd rhjp]$p° A_° ÏeN∞[pAp°\u dyº[ \B
≈e.35
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-:: q]$Ïe ∆h__p° k¨]°$i :--:: q]$Ïe ∆h__p° k¨]°$i :--:: q]$Ïe ∆h__p° k¨]°$i :--:: q]$Ïe ∆h__p° k¨]°$i :--:: q]$Ïe ∆h__p° k¨]°$i :-
i¨L$fpQpeÆ L$l° R>° L°$ D`r_j]$πp°dp¨ ]$ipÆhhpdp¨ Aph°gp Ap`Zp¨ |hÆ≈°_p¨
kpnp–L$pf_p° Ap`Z° gpc g°hp° ≈°BA°. [°d_° `fdpr^L$pfu NZu_° Ap`Z°
l¨d°ip d_dp¨ A° hp[ ıhuL$pfhu ≈°BA° L°$ D`pr^Ap°[p° Ap–dp `f_p¨ ‚n° Zp°
R>°. Ap–dp_u ÷rÙ$ D`f ÷Ù$p [fuL°$ fl° [° fu[° Ap ‚n°`Zp° ‚pL©$r[L$ r_edp°
A_° kpdprS>L$ qfhp≈° _uQ° L$peÆf[ \pe. k–epfih°jL$ ≈° A°_u A¨[: Q°[_p_u
≈N©r—_° kd©Ÿ L$f[p° fl° [p° [° Alv S> Ap S>N[dp¨ S> dyº[ R>°.36
Alv i¨L$fpQpeÆ dp_h_° dpV°$ rhL$pk_y gˇe ]$p°fu Ap ° R>°. ıhp\Æhi
Dÿ°ip°_p° S>°dp¨A¨[ ApÏep° lp°e A°hu Ap A°L$ A]π$cy[ rhgnZ sı\r[ R>°.
[°dp¨ ıhpcprhL$ Ïehlpf_° D]$e \pe R>° A_° [° `Z Al¨[p \u dyº[. [°dp¨
]°$Mu[u Ïesº[ r_õ$[p [dpd rhrh^[p_u kp\° A°L$Í$`[pdp¨ k¨g¡_ \pe R>°.
ƒep¨ Al¨ rh]$pe g° R>° Ap R>° q]$Ïe ∆h_. Ap rkhpe [p° ∆h_ l[pipAp°
A_° Ïe\pAp°\u kcf ceyØ R>°.
Apd dp_h_p gˇe_p°, q]$Ïe∆h_p° k¨]°$i Apq]$ i¨L$f_p° Ap øepg
S>N[dp¨\u `gpe_h©r— _\u `Z A° [p° R>° Mf°Mf [p° ıh _u kdS>. [°Ap°
L$l° R>° L°$ S>N[ A_° b^y¨ S> dp” Ïe\Æ L$Î`_ R>°. [°_p\u [° _ b¨^pe `Z [°_p¨
‚cph _uQ° L$peÆf[ b_°. dp_h_u byqŸ_y¨ k–h dp” A° ]•$rlL$ ApL$pf_° Ïep`u
hm° R>° [°dp¨ _\u `Z [° h•rL$ `Z R>°, A°L$ A°hu k¨`|ZÆ[p L°$ S>°dp¨ khpÆ[u[
\hp_p¨ kpd’eÆ A_° ıhcph R>°.37
-:: h•fp¡e - rhh°L$_p° k¨]°$i :--:: h•fp¡e - rhh°L$_p° k¨]°$i :--:: h•fp¡e - rhh°L$_p° k¨]°$i :--:: h•fp¡e - rhh°L$_p° k¨]°$i :--:: h•fp¡e - rhh°L$_p° k¨]°$i :-
Óyr[ ‚bp°^° R>° L°$ - ]y$Úqf”dp¨ k[[ d¡_, rhrh^ D`cp°Np°_p°
B√Ry>L$, Aip¨[ A_° Q¨QgrQ— d_yÛe dp” op_ hX°$ `Z [° (Ap–dp) _°
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`pdu iº[p° _\u.38 khÆ ‚L$pf_u [©ÛZp A_° drg_[p_p° ne L$fu iL°$ A_°
rQ—_° iyŸ, ip¨[, ıhı\, AQg A_° Ap–dkpnp–L$pf dpV°$ `p” b_phu
iL°$ [p° [° R>° h•fp¡e. ÒddUm©l_Y_U V[gm hnaVmfUmV≤ gmYZß ‡^mdV≤ [wßgmß
d°amΩ`moX MVwÔ>`_≤ A°V$g° L°$ `p°[p_p hZÆ A_° ApÓd_p ^dÆ\L$u, [`\L$u A_°
`fdp–dp_° ‚kfl L$fhp\u rhh°L$ A_° h•fp¡e_p Qpf kp^_p° d_yÛe_° ‚p·
\pe R>°.39
Ak¨øe `|hÆS>fidp° ]$frdep_ k¨rQ[ \e°gu rQ—h©r—Ap°_° ‚NV$ L°$
kqæ$e L$fhp dpV°$ d_yÛe - ∆h Ap S>N[dp¨ hpf¨hpf S>fid ^pfZ L$f° R>°.
Aop__p¨ dlpbm\u ‚°fpB_° [° Brfi÷ep°_p¨ Ap_¨]$ - D`cp°N_° T¨M° R>° A_°
[°_° S> [©· L$fhp dpV°$ [° d\[p° fl° R>°. `f¨[y [°_p\u [°_° iy¨ dm° R>° ?
Z OmVw H$m_ï H$m_mZm_w[^mJZ emÂ`oV $&
hodfm H•$ÓUdÀ_d ^y` Edmo^dY©V $&& 40
i¨L$fpQpeÆ° [°d_p¨ k¨]°$idp¨ dp_h≈[_° D`]°$Ìey¨ L°$ L$p°B Ïesº[kdN∞
k¨`r—_u [\pS>N[_u A_° ıhNÆ_u khÆ kp•fi]$eÆ - kpd∞pouAp°_u dpqgL$ b_u
≈e, [p° `Z [°_° k¨[p°j _lv \pe, Ap khÆ dpV°$_u [°_u [©ÛZp OVhp_° b]$g°
‚r[q]$_ h^[u fl°i°, [°\u [°Z° [°_p° k]¨$[f –epN L$fhp° ≈°BA°. A_° `p°[p_p¨
rQ—_° rhh°L$iug b_phu b∞˚ kp\° ≈°X$u ]°$hy¨ ≈°BA°.41 Ap R>° h•fp¡e.
L$pfZ L°$ khÆc°]$cph gp° L$ d©–ey ^_hp_ L°$ r_ Æ_, op_u L°$ Aop_u,
kp^y L°$ `p`u, fp≈ [\pf¨L$ Ap khÆ `pk° kdp_fu[° Aph° R>°. ºepf° Aphi°
[° L$p°B ≈Z° R>° ? dpfp L°$ Afie dpV°$ [° AV$L$i° _lv. [y¨ L$B q]$ipdp¨ S>B f¸p°
R>° ? S>° S>N[dp¨ ‚–e°L$ hı[y Q¨Qg A_° nZc¨Nyf [\p Ar_–e R>°, [°dp¨
^_k¨`r—_p° k¨Ofp° L$fhp, KQu AV$pfuAp° A_° rhipm dlpep° bp¨^hp A_°
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‚rkqŸ [\p L$ur[Æ d°mhhp, [y¨ [pfu isº[Ap°_° h°X$au f¸p° R>°, [° ip dpV°$ ?
‚r[õ$p _p¨ b^p¨ S> `¨\p° A¨[°[p° L$bfdp¨S> rhfpd `pd° R>°.42 (Paths of glory
lead but to the grave) d©–ey_u kp\° b^y¨ S> Mfu `X°$ R>°. A¨[° A_ychp[p
]y$:M A_° `Úp—p` r_f\ÆL$ b_u ≈e R>°. R>°hV°$ \[y¨ d©–ey rhjeL$ tQ[_ A°hp
k–e_p° kpnp–L$pf L$fph° R>° L°$ BpfrcdyM \B_° [°_u D`pk_p L$fhu, [°_p¨
rkhpe b^y¨ S> rd’eprcdp_ R>°. A_° ]y$]Æ$ip_p° ]°$Mph R>°. Ap R>° h•fp¡e.
d_yÛe_u B√R>pAp° A_¨[ R>°. [° L$]$u [©· \[u _\u. S>°V$gu h^y
B√R>pAp°, [°V$gu S> ]y$NÆr[. S>° d_yÛe k¨[p°ju _\u[° L$ip\u k¨[yÙ$ _lv \pe.
""ZmÎ[ gwI_pÒV $& `m d° ^y_m VÀgwI_≤ $&'' 43 Ap ≈Zu lz¨ Ap–dp Ry>¨ - A°hu
‚[ur[ L$fhu A° S> h•fp¡e R>°.
Ap`Zu Ap¨Mp° brldyØM R>°, A_° d_yÛe bp¸ S>N[_y¨ ]$iÆ_ L$fhp
V°$hpe°gp° R>°, Apfu[° [° Brfi÷ep°`cp°Ndp¨ fpQ° R>°. `p°[p_u B√R>pAp°_° [©·
L$fhp [° k[[ d\[p° S> fl° R>°. Ap ‚epkdp¨[° `p°[p_u ≈[_° `Z M[d L$fu
_pM° R>°. A¨[° [p° L$g°i A_° r_fpip S> [°_p¨ _kubdp¨ fl° R>°. [°_u fpl ≈°B
fl°gp S>fp, Ïepr^ A_° d©–ey`pidp¨ k`X$pe°gu, A\hp S>°_° Myi L$fhp [°
Ap¨Mue° tS>]$Nu Y$kfX$p° L$f[p° f¸p° [° kNphlpgp¨ A_° ıhS>_p° hX°$ O°fpe°gu
`p°[p_u ≈[_°, A¨[° [° Sy>A° R>°. i|fie q]$hkp° [\p A°L$p]$u fpr”Ap° [°_° X$fph°
R>°. A¨^L$pf A_° l[pip [°_u kpd° c∞yc¨N L$f° R>°. k¨Ofu fpM°gu kOmu
^_k¨`r— `f_p° [°_p° dyrÙ$b¨^ rir\g \B ≈e R>°. A_° R>°hV°$ A_p]$[ A°hp
d©–ey_° [°Z° c°V$hp_y¨ fl° R>°. `f¨[y L$p°BL$ op_u d_yÛe rhjehpk_pAp°\u ÷rÙ$_°
rhdyM L$fu_° Adf–h_u B√R>p k°h°R>° A_° `p°[p_u A¨]$f Ap–dp_y¨ ]$iÆ_ L$f°
R>°. –epf° S> [°_° kpQp dpNÆ_u ‚[ur[ \pe R>°. [° R>°. h•fp¡e.44
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]$f°L$ d_yÛe_p¨ d_dp¨ [°_u rhriÙ$ h©r—Ap° ‚dpZ°, Ap S>N[ [\p
∆h_ rhi°_u ıhL$ue rhcph_p lp°e R>°. `p°[p_u L$Î`_pdp¨ S>°dp¨ rhep°N _
lp°e, ]$qf÷[p _ lp°e, ]y$:M _ lp°e A°hp kyM S>N[_p¨ qL$âp bp¨^° R>°, S>°
A°L$dp” r_rÚ[ R>° A°hp d©–ey_° `Z [° c|gu ≈e R>°. `p°[p_p¨ ^dÆ `–_u,
k¨[p_p°, dL$p_-rdÎL$[ A_° ‚r[õ$p kp\° [° k¨`|ZÆ fu[° Ap–due b_u ≈e
R>°. `Z [° kdS>[p° _\u L°$ Ap b^y¨ [p° ıhp\Æ [\p L°$hm Aop__y¨ A¨q[d
ıhÍ$` R>°. kyM A_° ]y$:M A° [p° `fı`f rhfp°^u ‹fi‹p° R>°. b° dp¨\u A°L•$edp¨
kyM _\u. kpQy¨ kyM L°$ dysº[[p° kOmp¨ ‹•[p°_u `°g° `pf fl°gu R>°. Ap R>°
h•fp¡e. 45
cpf[ue k¨ıL©$r[, cpf[ue cpjpAp°, cpf[ue fu[qfhp≈°, cpf[ue
]$piÆr_L$ `f¨`fpAp°, cpf[ue D`pk_p `Ÿr[Ap°-Apq]$dp¨ A`pf h•rh›e R>°.
ApV$gy¨ h•rh›e R>[p¨ A°L$ Nl_ A°L$–h `Z Ap`Zp ‚≈∆h_dp¨ R>° S>. Ap
A°L$–h kdN∞ ‚≈_° ≈°X$u fpM° R>°. d_yÛe_u byqŸ_° h•q]$L$^dÆ k¨`|ZÆ ıh[¨”[p
Ap`° R>°. byqŸ_p¨ bpfZp b¨^ L$fhp_p° [°dp¨ Ap]°$i _\u. h•q]$L$^dÆ dysº[_p°
^dÆ R>°. [°dp¨ rhQpfıh[¨‘e A_° bysŸ ıhp[¨‘e A° [°_p¨ Ap–dp R>°. Bf_y¨
ıhÍ$`, Ap–dp, k©rÙ$, D`pk_p_u rhr^ A_° ∆h__y gˇe Ap [dpd `f–h°
dp_hbysŸ k¨`|ZÆ ıh[¨” R>°. L$p°B rhriÙ$ d[p° L°$ `|≈rhr^_u ıhuL$pf _u [°dp¨
afS> `X$p[u _\u. L$p°B Mpk ‚L$pf_p¨ ^dÆ `pg__p° Ap]°$i `Z _\u. ]$f°L$
Ïesº[_° tQ[_ L$fhp_u, k¨ip°^_ L$fhp_u L°$ ‚Òp° `|R>hp_u, rhQpfZp L$fhp_u
R|>V$ Ap`° R>°. Ap\u S> kdpS>_p¨ rhrh^ ^dÆ `pm[p¨ gp°L$p°_° [°d_u Apı\p
‚dpZ° kp^_p_p¨ rhrh^ ‚L$pfp°, cp[cp[_p¨ L$dÆL$p¨X$ L°$ `f¨`fpN[ ≈[≈[_u
Í$qY$Ap°_° A°L$ kp\° dp_ceyØ ı\p_ d˛ey¨ R>°. Ap ‚L$pf_u rhrh^[p_° `qfZpd°
Ap`kdp¨ A°L$ k¨ıL$pfu k¨hpq]$[p A_° kdfihe S>fid° R>°.
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]$piÆr_L$ rkŸp¨[p° A¨N°_p¨ A_°L$ d[c°]$p°, ^prdÆL$ ‚ZprgL$pAp°_p¨
A_°L$ ‚L$pfp° A_° kpdprS>L$ Í$qY$Ap° A¨N° _p¨ A_°L$ ‚c°]$p° lp°hp R>[p¨ ^dÆcph_p
L°$ ∆h_ÿrÙ$_u bpb[dp¨ rlfi]y$Ap°_p¨ b^p k¨‚]$pep° h√Q° [ps“hL$Í$`° kdpS>dp¨
A°L$[p S> ‚h[£ R>°. L$dÆ, `y_S>Æfid, Ah[pf, r`[©`|≈, hZpÆÓd^dÆ, h°]$p°
A_° Bf_y¨ Ası[–h ApV$gpdp¨ ]$f°L$ d_yÛe_u ÓŸp ÷Y$ b_° A_° h°]$_p¨ Ap]°$i
‚dpZ° d_yÛe Apı\p`|hÆL$ k¨›ep, ÓpŸ, r`[©[`ÆZ, `¨Qdlpeo hN°f° L$f[p°
fl°, Ah[pf`|≈ L°$ Óyr[_y¨ A›ee_ L$f[p° fl° [° dpV°$ nZ° nZ° ApQpeÆA°
d_yÛe_° D`]°$i Ap‡ep° R>°. Ap›eps–dL$ A°L$[p rh‚°d A_° rh^dÆdp¨ S>
fl°gu R>°. S>° ]$ipÆh° R>° L°$ cpf[ue ‚≈dp¨ ^dÆ, A›ep–d A_° ]$iÆ_ A° ”Z°e
^pfpAp° A°L$ ]$p°fX$p_p ”Z [¨[yAp° R>°. Ap`Zu k¨ıL©$r[_p° ‚pZ R>°. fpÙ≤$ k¨ıL©$r[
A_° ‚≈_° V$L$phu fpMhpdp¨ Óui¨L$f_p Ap rhQpfp°_p° apmp° Ad|Îe R>°.
-:: Óyr[ -ıd©r[_p¨ Ap]°$i A_ykpf_y¨ ∆h_ :--:: Óyr[ -ıd©r[_p¨ Ap]°$i A_ykpf_y¨ ∆h_ :--:: Óyr[ -ıd©r[_p¨ Ap]°$i A_ykpf_y¨ ∆h_ :--:: Óyr[ -ıd©r[_p¨ Ap]°$i A_ykpf_y¨ ∆h_ :--:: Óyr[ -ıd©r[_p¨ Ap]°$i A_ykpf_y¨ ∆h_ :-
Óyr[ A°V$g° kp¨cm°gy¨, ıd©r[ A°V$g° ep]$ fpM°gy¨ Óyr[Ap°dp¨ fl°gy¨
op_ k_p[_ R>°. h°]$p°_p¨ Qpf rhcpNp° `Z dp_hu_p¨ ∆h__p¨ Qpf ApÓdp°_°
gˇedp¨ fpMu_° L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. b∞p˚Zp° A° eoepNpq]$_° gN[y¨ dpNÆ]$iÆ_
`|fy `pX°$ R>°. N©lı\pÓd_u AphÌeº[p_° _S>f kdn fpMu_° Ap rhcpN \ep°
R>°. h°]$p°_u hı[y r”rh^ R>°.46 (1) L$dÆL$p¨X$ (eoepN - d¨”p° A_° b∞p˚Zp°)
(2) D`pk_p¨L$p¨X$ ( |≈-›ep_-hN°f°.ApfŒeL$p°.)(3) op_L$p¨X$ (D`r_j]π$p°)
Apd D`r_j]π$p° h°]$p°_p° ALÆ$ R>°. S>° k¨fiepk_° _S>fkdn fpMu_° Nl_ A_°
Ap›eps–dL$ k–ep°_° ‚NV$ L$f[p A°_u N|¨\Zu \B R>°. `f¨[y op_‚pr· dpV°$
`Z L$dÆ A_° D`pk_p ‚p\duL$ kp°`p_p° R>°. S>°_p ‹pfp R>°hV°$ ÓhZ, d__
A_° r_q]$›epk_ A_° R>°hV°$ op_‚pr· _p° bp°^ S>_[pS>_p]Æ$__° ApQpeÆ
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Ap`[p. [°d_p° Ap k¨]°$i_u ^pfp op_^pfp ‚ı\p_”eu `f_p cpÛe Í$`°,
csº[^pfp ı[p°” Í$`° A_° L$dÆ^pfp ‚Qpf A_° ‚kpf Í$`° hl°[u flu.
[p° Óyr[ `R>u_y¨ ı\p_ ^fph[u ıd©r[Ap°dp¨ r_]$£Ìep ‚dpZ°
dp_h∆h_ _•r[L$[p`|ZÆ lp°hy¨ ≈°BA°. rlfi]y$ ^dÆ - k]$pQpf `f Mpk cpf
dyL°$ R>°. AmMmaï [a_m Y_©ï 47 k_p[_ hZpÆÓd^dÆ_u dudp¨kp ^dÆip˜p°dp¨
R>°. h•q]$L$rhr^rh^p_p°_u kdS>Z ıd©r[ Ap^pqf[ lp°hu ≈°BA°. d_yÛe_y¨
kdpS>∆h_ ^dÆde lp°e, `Z [° ^dÆ dp” d¨q]$f, dsıS>]$, QQÆ, Nyfy‹pfp
L°$ ı_p_, S>`, [`, `|≈, h∞[, D`hpk hN°f° dp¨ S> ^dÆ_p° kdph°i \B
S>[p° _\u. ∆hp[p ∆h__u lf A°L$ qæ$ep, _ur[de ∆h_ A° S> ^dÆ. A°V$g°
L°$ r_r[de ∆h_ Ïehlpf_° ^dÆÍ$`° ‚\d ı\p_ d˛ey R>°. rlfi]y$Ap°_u fpÙ≤$ue,
kpdprS>L$ L$p•Vy$tbL$ A_° Ïesº[N[ S>hpb]$pfu-ip˜dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g _ur[r_edp°
‚dpZ° Ïe[u[ L$f° Ïehlpf L$f°, [° S> ^dÆ. ip˜rhrl[ A_° r_rjŸ ^dp£_°
ky`°f° ≈Zu [° ‚dpZ° S> ]$f°L$ d_yÛeA° kdpS> ‚–e° Ïehlpf L$fhp° ≈°BA°.48
d_yıd©r[ (dp_h^dÆ ip˜), epohÎL$e, ıd©r[ A_° `fpif ıd©r[ Ap
”Z ıd©r[Ap° rlfi]y$ kdpS>_p° Ap]$iÆ NZpe R>°. S>°dp¨ d_yıd©r[ ‚pQu_ R>°.
kpdprS>L$ ∆h__p° ‚pZ ^dÆ R>°. d_yÛep°_p¨ kp¨kpqfL$ Ïehlpf_y¨
r_ed_ ^dp£ hX°$ S> \pe R>°. Ap gp°L$dp¨ [\p `fgp°L$dp¨ kpQy¨ kyM ^dÆ hX°$
S> ‚p· \pe R>°. "MbmMb M gßgma Y_© EH$m oh oZ¸bï $&' 49 kpdprS>L$
^dÆdp¨ bp¸L$dp£ A_° Ap¨[qfL$ rhQpfp° L°$ S>° d_yÛe_° D›hÆNpdu b_ph° R>°. [°
b^p_° kdpS>^dÆ NZu iL$pe. L$[ÆÏe`fpeZ h©r— A°V$g° kpdprS>L$ ^dÆ.
kdpS>dp¨ hk[p¨ rcfi_-rcfi_ h©r—Ap°_p¨ gp°L$p°_p¨ dp_kdp¨ rhk¨hpq]$[p,
k¨OjÆ, rhjd[p, ‹°j Apq]$ kS>£ [° A^dÆ. Ac°]$ kS>£ [°_y¨ _pd ^dÆ.
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Ap]$iÆ kdpS>_y r_dpÆZ ^dÆeyº[ `qf`pg_ |ZÆ ∆h_ ]•$r_L$ ∆h__y
r_ed_ A°V$g° ^dÆ, ^_, h•ch, kp•fi]$eÆ, ]$u Æ ApeyÛe, Arhs√R>fi_ k¨[r[-
Ap b^p_y¨ d|m ^dÆ. A_pQpf A_° A_ur[ dp¨\u A`L$ur[Æ ]y$:M, Ïepr^
A_° AL$pgd©–ey `qfZd°.50 ^dÆ_y¨ d|m _ur[d—pdp¨ R>°.
kpdpfie S>_ op_, Óyr[Ap°, A‹•[ Ap b^y¨ [–hop_ kd∆ L°$
`Qphu _ iL°$. r_NyÆZ, r_fpL$pf `fb∞˚_u `qfL$Î`_p [°d_° dpV°$ kdS>hpdp¨
L¨$BL$ A¨i° L$W$u_ NZu iL$pe. [°dp¨ kdpS>_° D`]°$i L$fhpdp¨ [°d_p° ^dÆd[
‹•[ [°dS> ‹•[ ‹•[cph cph‚L$pi Óyr[Ap° `f ‚r[rõ$[ R>°.Ap\u i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨
d[dp¨ A‹•[ Óyr[Ap° `pfdpr\ÆL$ k–e `f A_° ‹•[ Óyr[Ap° ÏehlpqfL$ k–e
`f R>°. S>° b∞ `pfdpr\ÆL$ cph° r_NyÆZ A_° op_ ıhÍ$` R>°. [° b∞ ÏephlpqfL$
cph° kNyZ - kL$pf -khÆo khÆisº[dp_ - S>N[_p¨ L$[pÆ R>°. (gd© Xd
Z_ÒH$maï H$edß ‡oV J¿N>oV) [\p od⁄modZ`gß[fi ]´m˜U Jod hpÒVoZ ewoZM°d
ú[mH$ M [p S>Vmï g_Xne©Zï$&& 51 Ïehlpf ]$ipdp¨[p° ‹•[hp]$ `Z h°]$k¨d[ R>°.
Óyr[dp¨ `Z Bf Apq]$ Ïehlpfu L$¸p° R>°. -
-:: ÏehlpqfL$ D`]°$i :--:: ÏehlpqfL$ D`]°$i :--:: ÏehlpqfL$ D`]°$i :--:: ÏehlpqfL$ D`]°$i :--:: ÏehlpqfL$ D`]°$i :-
ip¨L$fh°]$p¨[dp¨ Ïehlpf_y ÏephlpqfL$ d|Îe R>°. Ïehlpf_u ÏephlpqfL$
k—p R>°. ApQpeÆÓu Ïehlpf_° k¨`|ZÆ Ak[π dp_[p _\u. Ap\u dp_h-
dp_h h√Q° Ïehlpf_p° ‚pf¨c \pe A°V$g° [°dp¨ kpfp° Mfpb Ïehlpf D`sı\[
\pe S>. dp_h rhh°L$ |hÆL$ ip˜_p dpNÆ]$iÆ_ ‚dpZ° `p°[p_p Ïehlpf_p ıhÍ$ _°
OX°$ [°hp° ApQpeÆÓu_p° r_]£$i R>°.
dp_h^dÆ_° kd≈h[p dlpcpf[_u `¨sº[ ep]$ Aph° R>°.52
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ly`Vmß Y_©gd©Òdß lwÀdm M°dmdYm`©Vm_≤ $&
AmÀ_Zï ‡oVHy$bmoZ [afmß Z g_mMaV≤ $&&
Ef gdúa Ef ^yVmoY[oVa f ^yV[mb EfgVwod ©YaU Efm ß
bmH$mZm_g^Xm`53 A_° Nu[pdp¨ `Z B©úaï gd©^yVmZmß ˆXeOw©Z oV>oV & 54
Alv i¨L$fpQpeÆA° D`]°$ip° ‹pfp Ïehlpf ‹pfp Ac°]$`œ¨ ]$ipÆÏey¨ R>°. d_yÛe_u
kpQu ip¨r[ [°_u cu[f R>°. L$pfZL°$ A° [p° A_yc|r[_p° rhje R>°.55 kdpS>_u
k°hp L$f_pfpAp° kpQu bpb[ kd∆ ‚≈_° kd≈h°. kpQp kyM_u c|rdL$p
gp°L$p°_p¨ A¨[: L$fZdp¨ Dcu L$f°. gp°L$p°dp¨ fpN-‹°j, cp°Ngpgkp, ÷Ïegpgkp
L$pdæ$p°^pq]$ ]$yNyÆZp°A° JX$p d|m _pøep R>°. ∆h_ l[pipAp° A_° Ïe\pAp°\u
kcf R>°.56 [°d_° kpQp kyM_y¨ ıhÍ$` kd≈Ïey¨ L°$ ≈° kpQy¨ kyM `•kp, fpƒe
L°$ k¨kpfdp¨ S> lp°[ [p° `•kp]$pfp° `•kp dyL$u,fp≈Ap° fpƒe R>p°X$u, k¨kpfuAp°
k¨kpf R>p°X$u rNqfL¨$]$fpAp°dp¨ ºep ip[ kyM_u ip°^ L$fhp ≈e R>° ? S>°
k°hp\u ‚≈_p¨ rcfi_ rcfi_ hNp£dp¨ h•d_ıe D–`fi_ \pe, A¨[fdp¨ fpN‹°j
D–`fi_ \pe. A_° ip¨r[_p° _pi \pe A° kpQu k°hp _\u. Apd nZ° nZ
S>N[dp¨ \[p `qfh[Æ_\u k¨‚]$pe_p¨ ipkL$p°A°, k¨[p°A° A_° kp^y `yfyjp°A°
gp°L$p°_° ÏephlpqfL$ op__p° D`]°$i Ap`hp° ≈°BA°. L°$ L$p°B`Z nZ° ]°$l_p° _pi
\i°. kpQp° A_° r_–eAp_¨]$ ‚p· L$fhp_p° hM[ dp” d_yÛeS>fidS> R>°.
L$pfZ L°$ d_yÛeS>fid L$dÆ A_° [°_p ‹pfp op_‚pr·_y¨ kp^_ R>°. d_yÛe∆h_p¨
nrZL$ kyMp° k_p[_ kyM Ap`[p _\u. A¨[f÷rÙ$ rh_p kpQy¨ kyM ‚p· _lv
\pe Aphy¨ ApQpeÆ hpf¨hpf `p°[p_p¨ D`]°$idp¨ L$l°[p Ap¨[fi”yAp°_° ∆[p°.
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-:: ipfuqfL$ - _•r[L$ - d|Îep°_p° D`]°$i :--:: ipfuqfL$ - _•r[L$ - d|Îep°_p° D`]°$i :--:: ipfuqfL$ - _•r[L$ - d|Îep°_p° D`]°$i :--:: ipfuqfL$ - _•r[L$ - d|Îep°_p° D`]°$i :--:: ipfuqfL$ - _•r[L$ - d|Îep°_p° D`]°$i :-
Q[yqhÆ^$ `yfyjp\Ædp¨ ^dÆ A_° dp°n Ap›eps–dL$d|Îep° R>°. ƒepf°
A\Æ A_° L$pd ÏephlpqfL$ d|Îep° NZu iL$pe. [° A_ykpf k]$pQpf eyº[ Ïehlpf
^dÆ A°V$g° Ap]$iÆ kdpS>_y¨ r_dpÆZ. ]$f°L$ Ïesº[ ≈° `p°[p_p¨ hZÆ, ApÓd,
Ly$m, eyN, ‚h©r— hN°f°_° ›ep_° fpMu_° L$[ÆÏe`pg_ L$f° [p° kdpS> lf[y¨ af[y¨
]°$hpge b_u ≈e. Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ∆_p _uq[ip˜dp¨ ∆h__y¨ khp£√Qd|Îep¨L$_
L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°. ApQpeÆÓu L$l°[p d_yÛe S>fid ]y$gÆc R>°57 Ap\u [°_p°
k]$D`ep°N L$fp°. h°]$ip˜p° S>° L$dp£_u Apop L$fu R>° [° b^p S> L$dp£_p° i¨L$f°
ıhuL$pf L$ep£ R>°. A¨[: L$fZ_u iyqŸ A_° op_‚pr· dpV°$ d]$]$Í$` \B iL°$ [°hp
L$dp £_p ° Dâ°M ApQpeÆA° ıhfrQ[ ""kp^_`¨QL$ ı[p°”'' A_°
""k]$pQpfı[p°”'' dp¨ L$ep£ R>°.
D`r_j]$πp°dp¨ L$dÆ A°V$g° ipfuqfL$ L$dp£ A°hp° A\Æ R>°. ƒepf° Apq]$
i¨L$fpQpeÆA° L$dÆ_p° A\Æ L$dÆL$p¨X$ A°hp° L$ep£ R>°A_° [°Ap° dp_° R>° L°$ Ap kpfu
qæ$epAp° R>° L°$ S>° ıhN£ gB ≈e. D`r_j]$πp°dp¨ L$dÆL$p¨X$ krl[ A_°L$ ‚L$pf_p¨
L$dp£ D`f cpf d|L$hpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ "H$_©' _° dudp¨kp_p¨
k¨]$cÆdp¨ d|gh° R>°. ifuf_° L$Ù$, Ap`° R>° dpV°$ L$dp£ –e∆ ]°$hp\u d_yÛe_° [°_y¨
am A°V$g° L°$ dp°n dmu S>[p° _\u. L$dÆ kp\°_p¨ kyM L°$ ]y$:M _p¨ k¨b¨^_u QQpÆ
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ° L$fu _\u. iycL$dp£ A°V$g° ip˜p°A° b[ph°gp¨ "[wÓ[H$_©' A°hy¨
[°Ap° kd≈h° R>°.58 i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ d[° Aphp L$dp£_y¨ ‚perÚ[ rh_p Dfid|g_
\B _ iL°$. A•rlL$ ∆h_dp¨ iyc L°$ Aiyc L$dp£ Qpgy flu iL°$ R>°, S>°\u [°
_hp S>fiddp¨ `Z am]$peu b_°. L$dÆ_y¨ am [p° AÏe cp°Nhhy¨ S> `X°$ R>°.59
iycL$dp£_p° k¨b¨^ b∞˚gp°L$ kp\° D`r_j]π$p°dp¨ `l°g°\u ≈°X$u ]°$hpe°gp° R>°.
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-:: hZÆÏehı\p - L$dÆ ::--:: hZÆÏehı\p - L$dÆ ::--:: hZÆÏehı\p - L$dÆ ::--:: hZÆÏehı\p - L$dÆ ::--:: hZÆÏehı\p - L$dÆ ::-
Óu i¨L$fpQpe£ ^dÆ_p¨ r_–e k¨fnZ dpV°$ b∞p˚Zp°_° kp•\u h^pf° Ó°õ$
dpfiep R>°.
hZpÆÓddp¨ b∞p˚Zp°_p¨ b∞˚[“h_u fnp L$fhp \u h•q]$L$ ^dÆ kyfrn[
fl° R>°. hZpÆÓd_p¨ `©\L$ `©\L$ ^dp£ b∞p˚Zp°_° Ap^u_ R>°. Ap D`fp¨[ Afie
hZp£_p ^dp£ `Z ]$ipÆÏep R>°. S>° Ap`Z° ≈°ep ApQpeÆÓuA° d©[:‚pe b_°gp
b∞p˚Z ^dÆ_° Ad©[de b_pÏep°. kdpS>dp¨ [°d_p¨ S> riÛep°_p¨ h¨i_p¨
b∞p˚Zp°_u A–epf_u sı\r[ ip°Q_ue R>°.
‡mfl` gd©kVmß H•$ÀÒZmß ]´m˜ `ß [X_≤ A¤`_≤$ &
AZm[›ZmoX_‹`m›Vß oH$_Vï [a_≤ B©hV $&& 60
-:: L$dÆ A_° `y_S>Æfid :--:: L$dÆ A_° `y_S>Æfid :--:: L$dÆ A_° `y_S>Æfid :--:: L$dÆ A_° `y_S>Æfid :--:: L$dÆ A_° `y_S>Æfid :-
L$dÆ A°V$g° dp” L$dÆ S> _rl `Z kp\° kp\° A°_y¨ `qfZpd A° `Z
L$dÆ_p° S> A°L$ cpN R>°. L$dÆ_p° rkŸp¨[ A°V$g° L$peÆL$pfZ_p° rk›^p¨[ hpÏep rh_p
gZpe _tl, A_° S>°hy¨ hphuA° [°hy¨ S> gZuA°. A° fiepe° L$dÆ A°S> k¨kpf_p¨
kOmp¨ c°]$_y¨ [\p `y_S>Æfid_y¨ L$pfZ R>°. 61
"L$dÆ' _p° A\Æ AL$pfZ A_° Ap¨^mu cp¡e_u f°Mp A°hp° \[p° _\u.
L$dÆ_p¨ rkŸp¨[_p° D]π$°i _ur[_u S>hpb]$pfu L$pY$u _pMhp_p° L°$ dpZk_° lp\
`N ≈°X$u b°kpX$u d|L$hp_p° _\u. DgVy¨$ Ap S>hpb]$pfu dS>b|[ L$fhp_y¨ [\p
hpÏep rh_p gZpi° _rl A°d b[phu dpZk_° D¤p°N ‚°qf[ L$fhp_y¨ [p–`eÆ
R>°. k°hp, ]$p_, ]$ep Apq]$ ‹pfp bu≈Ap°_° kyMu L$fip° [p° kyM_p¨ bu≈°
hphip° A_° L$W$p°f iÂ]$p°, A`dp_, ]y$hÆ[Æ_, L$f[p Apq]$‹pfp bu≈Ap°_° ]y$:M
`lp¢QpX$ip° [p° kfhpm° ]y$:M S> gZhy¨ `X$i°. Apd oÃH$mbm]moYV R>° L$dÆ_p°
rkŸp¨[.62
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i¨L$fpQpeÆ L$l°[p [dpfp rhQpfp° D—d fpMp° L°$ S>°_p\u [dpfy Qpqf‘e
OX$pe R>°. [dpfp L$dp£ Qpqf‘e_y¨ cp¡e r_dpÆZ L$f° R>°. ApL$sıdL$ L°$ [f¨Nu L$iy¨
S> _\u.63 [dpfu kƒS>_[p L°$ [dpfu ]y$S>Æ_[p [dpfp k–L$dp£ A_° ]y$ÛL$dp£ `f
Ap^pqf[ R>°. d_yÛe_p¨ d_dp¨ `X°$gp¨ Ly$k¨ıL$pfp° [°_° ]y$h©r—Ap° [fa OkX$u ≈e
R>°. ƒepf° k¨ıL$pfk¨`fi_ d_ Ap›eps–dL$ hgZ [fa ‚Nr[ L$fph° R>°.
q]$ÏeA_yN∞l hX°$ 64 d_yÛe `p°[° S> `p°[p_p ]y$cpÆ¡e_° k]π$cp¡edp¨ `gV$phu
_pMhp_u isº[ ^fph° R>°. A°L$ A°hu k¨`|ZÆ[p L°$ S>°dp¨ khpÆ[u[ \hp_y¨ kpd’eÆ
A_° ıhcph R>°.65 dpV°$ D—d rhQpf buS> hphp°. b∞˚_p¨ rhQpf L$f_pfp° b∞˚
Í$` S> b_u ≈e R>°.66 Apd L$peÆL$pfZ_p¨ dlpr_ed_° A_ykfu_° Ó°e L$fhp_y¨
`|ZÆ kpd’eÆ R>°. A°d ip˜_y¨ [p–`eÆ R>°. d_yÛe k[[ ıhNÆ ‚pr· [\p S>fid
dfZdp¨ cV$L$[p° fl° R>°.67 Ap rhQpfZp_° `yÙ$ L$fhp k¨kpf L$dÆ_p _f amp°
A_° `qfZpdp°_p° i¨L$fpQpeÆ∆ Dâ°M L$fu k–L$dÆ ‹pfp ‚p‡e b_[p ıhNÆ_p¨
Ap_¨]$_° hZÆh° R>°.68
-:: L$dÆ_p¨ ‚L$pfp° :--:: L$dÆ_p¨ ‚L$pfp° :--:: L$dÆ_p¨ ‚L$pfp° :--:: L$dÆ_p¨ ‚L$pfp° :--:: L$dÆ_p¨ ‚L$pfp° :-
ip˜L$pfp° L$dÆ_p¨ ”Z c°]$ `pX°$ R>°. k¨rQ[, ‚pfÂ^ A_° qæ$edpZ.
k¨rQ[ A°V$g° |hÆS>fid_p¨ Ak¨øe L$dÆ_p° k¨N∞l. ‚pfÂ^ A° |h£ L$f°gp k¨N∞ldp¨\u
S>°V$gp° cpN Ap S>fiddp¨ cp°Nhhp dpV°$ iÍ$ L$ep£ R>° [° A_° qæ$edpZ A°V$g° Ap
S>fiddp¨ L$fp[p _hp L$dÆ. L$dÆ kp\° S> `y_S>Æfid_p° rkŸp¨[ `Z ]$ipÆh° R>° L°$
- "[wZao[ OZZß [wZao[ _aUß [wZao[ OZoZ OR>a e`Z_≤ $&' 69 `y_S>Æfid A°V$g°
Sy>_p ifuf_p° –epN L$fu Ap–dp_p° _hp ifufdp¨ ‚h°i. Óud]π$ cNh]$πNu[pdp¨
`Z ÓuL©$ÛZ° L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ OmVÒ` oh Y´wdm _•À`wY´w©dß O›__•VÒ` M $& [\p "dmgmßog
oOUm©oZ `Wm odhm` ZdmoZ J•h≤UmoV Zam@[amoU $&' 70 L$dÆ kp\° A_pepk°
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`y_S>Æfid_p° rkŸp¨[ ≈°X$pe°gp° R>°. [° A°hu fu[° L°$ c|[L$pm_p¨ S>fid dp_hpS>
`X°$ A°d h°]$^dÆ_p¨ ip˜L$pfp° L$l° R>°.
"]hyoZ _ Ï`VrVmoZ O›_moZ Vd MmOw©Z $&71
L$dÆ_p° rkŸp¨[ S>•_ A_° bp•Ÿ]$iÆ_ `¨r\Ap°A° `Z dpfie fpøep° R>°.
hmu L$dÆ_p¨ am Ap gp°L$p°dp¨ L°$ `fgp°L$dp¨ S> cp°Nhhp_p¨ lp°[p _\u. L$epÆ L$dÆ
dpV°$ `fgp°L$-ıhNÆ_fL-dp¨ kyM-]y$:M cp°Nhu_° ∆h Ap gp°L$p°dp¨ afu S>fid°
R>°. A_° A° S>fid A° `p°[p_u hpk_p ‚dpZ° A_° ep°¡e[p ‚dpZ° `pd° R>° -
"jrU [w ` _À`©bmHß$ odep›V $&'* `Z S>° ∆h_u hpk_p ne `pd°
R>°. [°_p° `y_S>Æfid fl°[p° _\u.
∆h_u ”Z Nr[Ap°R>°. Apgp°L$dp¨ `y_S>Æfid, `fgp°L$dp¨ ıhNÆ-_fL$
A_° Dcegp°L$\u `f A°hu dysº[.72 S>°Ap° `fdp–dp_u D—d csº[ L$fu_°,
[©ÛZp_p° R>°]$ L$fu_° op_ k¨`p]$_ L$fu_°, dp°n d°mh[p¨ _\u[°Ap° kpfpMp°V$p¨
L$dp£_p¨ `qfZpd° ıhNÆ_fL$ `pd° R>°.73 D`r_j]π$dp¨ `Z L$¸y¨ R>° [°d $-
`WmH$mar `WmMmar VWm ^doV gmYwH$mar gmYw ©doV [m[H$mar [m[m ^doV&
[w `ï [w `Z H$_©Um ^doV [m[ï [m[ZoV $& AWm IÎdmh˛ï H$m__` Edm`ß [wÈf BoV
g `WmH$m_m ^doV VÀH´$Vw^©doV `ÀH´$Vw^©doV VÀH$_© Hw$ÈV `ÀH$_© Hw$ÈV
VXo^gÂ[⁄V&&74
Z H$_©Um_ZmaÂ^mÀZ°ÓH$Â`™ [wÈfÌZwV L°$d L°$ ‚L©$r[ \u D–`fi_ \e°gp¨
NyZp° khÆ ‚pZuAp° `pk° `fpZ° L$dÆ L$fph° R>°.(A.3, Ôgp°.5. Nu[p).
Q[yrhÆ^ `yfyjp\Æ_u ‚pr· A\£ (^dÆ, A\Æ, L$pd A_° dp°n)
d_yÛeA° L$dÆ[p° L$fhp¨ S> `X°$ R>°. ApQpeÆ `Z h°]$rhrl[ L$dÆ L$fhp k|Qh° R>°-
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dXm oZÀ`_Yr`Vmß VXwoXVß H$_© ÒdZw>r`Vmß
VZeÒ` odYr`Vm_[oMoVï H$mÂ` _oVÒÀ`¡`Vm_≤ $&
[m[m°Yï [naYy`Vmß ^dgwI Xmfm@Zwgw›Yr`Vm_≤
AmÀ_¿N>m Ï`dgr`Vmß oZOJ•hmVyU™ odoZJ©Â`Vm_≤ $&& 75
Qpf `yfyjp\p£dp¨ ^dp£ A\Æ A_° L$pd Ap ”Z ‚h©r—^dÆ _p¨ A¨N
R>°. ƒepf° dp°n r_h©r—`fL$ `yfyjp\Æ R>°. b^p d_yÛep° dp°n dpV°$ [•epf lp°[p
_\u. dp°V$p cpN_p¨ d_yÛep° Ap gp°L$dp¨ A_° `fgp°L$dp¨ cp•r[L$ kyM-kNhX$
S> B√R>[p lp°e R>°. [°d_u S>Í$qfep[_° ›ep_dp¨ fpMu_° h°]$ hZÆ, ApÓd,
˜u, yfyj, N©lı\u, Apd A_°L$ ‚L$pf_p¨ k¨bp° p°dp¨ _•r[L$[p |ZÆ ∆h_ ∆hhp
dpV°$ h°]$ A_°L$ L$dp£_y¨ rh^p_ L$f° R>°. S>°_p¨ A_yõ$p_\u d_yÛe_° cp•r[L$ kyMp°
A_° AÊey]$e_u ‚pr· \B iL°$.
-: L$[ÆÏeL$dÆ bp°^ :--: L$[ÆÏeL$dÆ bp°^ :--: L$[ÆÏeL$dÆ bp°^ :--: L$[ÆÏeL$dÆ bp°^ :--: L$[ÆÏeL$dÆ bp°^ :-
r_–eL$dÆ, _•rdr[L$L$dÆ, L$pÁeL$dÆ, ‚r[rjŸ L$dÆ A_° ‚perÚ—L$dÆ
hN°f°_y¨ ]$f°L$_p¨ Ar^L$pf ‚dpZ° hZpÆÓd Ïehı\p_° ›ep_dp¨ fpMu_° Ap L$dp£_y¨
rh^p_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey R>°. Ap L$dp£ L$fhp d_yÛe_u afS> R>°. [°d cNh]π$Nu[pdp¨
`Z ÓuL©$ÛZ° L$¸y¨ R>°. 76
]´m˜UjoÃ`odemß ey–mUmß M [a›V[ $&
H$_m©oU ‡od^∑VmoZ Òd^md‡^d°Jw©U°ï $&&
- j_m X_ÒV[ï em°Mß jmp›VamO©d_d M $&
kmZß odkmZ_mpÒV∑`ß ]´˜H$_© Òd^mdO_≤ $&&
- em°`™ VOm Y•oVXm©˙`ß `w’ Mmfl`[bm`Z_≤ $&
XmZ_rúa^mdú jmÃß H$_© Òd^mdO_≤ $&&
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- H•$ofJm°a˙` dmoU¡`ß d°Ì`H$_© Òd^mdO_≤ $&
[naM`m©À_Hß$ H$_© ey–Ò`mo[ Òd^mdO_≤ $&&
- Òd Òd H$_© `o^aVï gßogq’ b^V Zaï $&
- lr _X≤ ^JdX≤JrVm 18-/81-42-43-44.
Ap D`fp¨[ `p¨Q eop° - b∞˚eo, ]°$heo, r`[©eo,_©eo A_°
c|[eo. hN°f° F>Z Q|L$hhp dpV° k¨›eph¨]$_, A¬eÆ, Ar¡_lp°”, eoepN
hN°f° ‹pfp ]°$h[pAp°_° Aplzr[ Ap`hu A°d ip˜p° L$l° R>°. _©eodp¨ Ar[r\_°
cp°S>_ A_° c|[eodp¨ brg- Afie`iyAp°_p° cpN L$pY$hp°.
d_yÛedp” ]°$h[pAp°_p° S> F>Zu _\u. S>°_p \L$u ]°$l‚pr· \B R>°
[°hp r`[©Ap°_p° (`|hÆ≈°_p°) `Z F>Zu R>°. r`[©Ap°_p¨ ÓpŸ, [`ÆZ Apq]$_p¨
Í$`dp¨ Ap F>Z Ïeº[ \pe [°hu ip˜L$pfp°_° A`°np R>°. hmu dp_hu op_
c¨X$p°m Ap`_pf F>rjAp°_p° `Z F>Zu R>°. [° F>Z b∞˚eo ‹pfp, ip˜p°_p¨
A›ee_ L°$ A›ep`_ ‹pfp Q|L$hhp_y¨ lp°e R>°. Apd L$lu ApQpeÆÓu dp_hu_°
A°L$ kcp_ A_° S>hpb]$pf Ïesº[ b_ph° R>°.
∆h__p¨ d|Îep°_y¨ op_ ApQpeÆ Ap`° R>° - Y_™ Ma, Z qhÒ`mV≤ gd©
^yVmoZ, gyamß Z o[]V≤ Ap [dpd op_ h°]$p° Ap`° R>°. d|Îer_õ$ Ïesº[–h \u
]°$h[pAp°_u, b∞p˚Zp°_u, NyfyS>_p°_u, rh‹p_p°_u, hX$ugp°_u `|≈ \hu ≈°BA°.
Ap`Z° `|hÆS>p°_p¨ kpnp–L$pf_p° gpc g°hp° ≈°BA°.77 Brfi÷ep°_° rhjecp°Ndp¨
f[ fpMu_° isº[Ap° A_° [°S>_p° Ïee _ L$fhp°. L$p__°, hpZu_° ip˜p°_p¨
ÓhZ-`pW$_dp¨ ep°S>hp, lp\-`N_° k°hpdp¨, d__° D`pk_pdp¨ ep°S>hy¨ A_°
byqŸ_° [“htQ[_dp¨ ep°S>hu ≈°BA°. Aphp d|Îep° ∆h_fur[_p¨ `pg_dp¨
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L$]$pQ L$Ù$]$peL$ gpN°. L$pfZ L°$ [°dp¨ lu_cph_pAp°_p° –epN A_° D–L©$Ù$
cph_pAp°_y N∞lZbp° R>°. Ó°e-‚°e_p° rhh°L$ L$fhp_p° R>°. L$p°B L$pd_p\u ‚°fpB_°
\[p¨ L$pÁeL$dp£, k–e, Atlkp, b∞˚QeÆ, Ar¡_lp°”pq]$ h•q]$L$ L$dp£L°$
L©$rjhprZƒe hN°f° gp•qL$L$ L$dp£ `Z D`]°$Ìep R>°.
h°]$p°dp¨ rhrl[ S>° L$dp£ R>° [°_y A_yõ$p_ L$fp°. A°V$g° L°$ r_–e, _•rdr—L$
A_° S>Í$f `X$È° ‚pesÚ[ L$dp£_y¨ A_yõ$p_ \hy¨ ≈°BA°. ‚r[rjŸ L$dp£_° V$pmhp
≈°BA°.78 dp_hu_y ∆h_ [°S>ıhu b_° dpV°$ h°]$p°º[ L$dp£_y `pg_ L$fhy ≈°BA°.
h°]$p° S>° ÿrÙ$ ‚]$p_ L$f° [° A`_phhu ≈°BA°. d_yÛe r_:ıhp\Æ, k°hp, `|≈
hN°f° d|Îep°_y¨ `pg_ L$f[p° lp°hp° ≈°BA°. `p°[p_u af≈° ‹pfp kcp_° A_°
S>hpb]$pf Ïesº[ b_phhp_y¨ Ap`Z° iuMhy¨ ≈°BA°.
`Vï ‡d•oŒm^y©VmZmß `Z gd©o_Xß VV_≤ $&
ÒdH$_©Um V_‰`¿`© ogq’ od›XoŒm _mZdï $&& 79
i¨L$fpQpeÆ ıhfrQ[ N∞¨\p°dp¨ L$dÆk¨fiepk [\p r_h©r— dpNÆ `f cpf
dyL°$ R>°. "L$dÆk¨fiepk' A° h°]$p¨[_u `qfcpjp_p° iÂ]$ R>°. ƒepf° L$dÆ kpdpfie
Ïehlpfdp¨ h`fp[p° iÂ]$ R>°. i¨L$f° L$dÆ L$f[p¨ op__° Ó°õ$ R>° A°d rkŸ L$eyØ R>°.
`f¨[y A°_p° A\Æ A° _\u L°$ [°Ap° L$dÆdpNÆ_° r_fy`ep°Nu NZ° R>°.
i¨L$f L$l° R>° L°$ L$dp£ [p° A_°L$ ‚L$pf_p¨ R>°. A°dp¨ ºep¨ L$dp£_p° –epN
L$fhp° [° kdS>hp_u S>Í$f R>°. oHß$ H$_© qH$ AH$_oV H$d`mfl`Ã _mohVmï $& 80
L$pÁe L$dp£\u ∆hp–dp k¨kpf Qæ$dp¨ `fp°hpe°gp° flu_° hpk_p de A^p°Npdu
∆h_ ∆h° R>°. [°dp¨\u q]$Ïe Q°[_pdp¨ Apfp°lZ L$fhp dpV°$ kp^L°$ A¨[:L$fZ_°
iyŸ L$fu h©r—Ap°_p¨ ‚hpl_° bp¸ rhjep°dp¨ S>[p° AV$L$phhp° ≈°BA° A¨[dyÆM
\e°gy rQ— A°L$pN∞ b_° A¨[: L$fZ iy›^ \[p¨ drg_ hpk_pAp° - Ar_s√R>_ue
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h©r—Ap°_p° –epN Ar_hpeÆ R>°. Apd A¨[:L$fZ_u iyq›^ dpV°$ dydynyA° L°$hm
r_ÛL$pd L$dp£ S> L$fhp ≈°BA°.
i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ rkŸp¨[p_ykpf L$dÆ hX°$ S> L$dÆ_u r_h©r— \pe R>°. A°V$g°
L°$ r_ÛL$pd L$dÆdp¨ ‚h©r— L$fu iL$pe L$dÆdp¨\u r_h©— \hy¨. L$dÆ A°hu Ly$im[p\u
L$fp°L°$ _hy¨ qæ$edpZL$dÆ D–`fi_ _ \pe. L$dÆ k¨ıL$pfS>fie R>°. dpV°$ k L$pd
L$dp£_° ‚°f_pf k¨ıL$pfkd|l_° r_ÛL$pd h©r—dp¨ ^pfZ L$fu AÊepk hX°$ æ$d° æ$d°
_pi L$fhp°. ApQpeÆÓu_p° Ap rkŸp¨[ L$dÆ_p° rhfp°^u _\u, `f¨[y r_ÛL$pd L$dÆ
L$fhp_u AphÌeº[p `f cpf d|L°$ R>°.81 ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ D`]°$idp¨ ºep¨e S>X$[p
_\u L°$ r_rÛæ$e[p _\u.
-: ipfuqfL$ _•r[L$ d|Îep° :--: ipfuqfL$ _•r[L$ d|Îep° :--: ipfuqfL$ _•r[L$ d|Îep° :--: ipfuqfL$ _•r[L$ d|Îep° :--: ipfuqfL$ _•r[L$ d|Îep° :-
S>°dp¨ L$dÆ_u QQpÆ ApNm L$fu lh° Afie bpb[p° `f_p¨ ApQpeÆÓu_p¨
rhQpfp° ≈°BA°.
-: æ|f[p :--: æ|f[p :--: æ|f[p :--: æ|f[p :--: æ|f[p :-
ipfuqfL$ _•r[L$ d|Îep° _° kd≈h[p¨ i¨L$fpQpeÆ L$dÆ D`fp¨[ L°$V$gp¨L$ _
ApQfhpep°¡e Aiyc L$dp£ rhj° dp_h_° Q°[h° R>°. æ|f L$dp£ D`f i¨L$fpQpeÆ
V$uL$p L$f° R>°. Aphp L$dp£_u NZ[fu ApQpeÆ Aiyc L$dp£ [fuL°$ L$f° R>°. Aphp
L$dp£ L$f_pf_° Bf æ|$f ep°r_Ap°dp¨ S>fid Ap`° R>°.
VmZhß o¤fVï H´y$am›gßgmafw ZamY_mZ≤ $&
oj[mÂ`OÚ_ew^mZmgwarúd `moZfw $&&82
‡[ƒMgma _pd_p¨ N∞¨\dp¨ R> ‚L$pf_p¨ æ|$f L$dp£ NZpÏep R>°. 83 ≈° L°$
Ap L©$r[ Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u Ar^L©$[fQ_p R>° L°$ L°$d [° ≈Zu iL$pey¨ _\u.84
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ipfuqfL$ L°$ dp_rkL$ fu[° bu≈_° `uX$p Ap`hu A° A\Ædp¨ Alv
tlkp iÂ]$ Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpe£ kd≈Ïep° R>°.85
Aqhgm g_Vm V•oÔ>ÒV[m XmZß `em@`eï$&
^dp›V ^mdm ^yVmZmß _Œm Ed [•WpΩdYmï $&& 86
A_°L$ L©$r[Ap°dp¨ [°Ap° rhQpf° R>° L°$ S>°Ap° tlkp ApQf° R>° [° h^y_°
h^y S>Ofie L©$–e hX°$ JX$u [pdkh©r—dp¨ D[f[p ≈e R>°. dpf° bu≈ kp\° A°hu
fu[° h[Æhy¨ ≈°BA° L°$ bu≈° dpfu [fa h[£ [°hu lz¨ Apip fpMy Ry>¨. Ap rkŸp¨[
D`f [°d_p° Atlkp_p° rhr^ Ap^pqf[ R>°.87
-: ]$p_ :--: ]$p_ :--: ]$p_ :--: ]$p_ :--: ]$p_ :-
ApQpeÆÓu ]$d_, ]$ep A_° ]$p_ A°hp D`r_j]π$p°_p kp^y∆h__p¨
`pep_u bpb[p° D`]$°$i° R>°.88 Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpe£ ]$p_ D`f L$p°B cpÛe L$eyØ _\u.
`f¨[y [°dZ° ]$p__° ^dÆip˜p°_p¨ [ygp]$p_ hN°f° _p¨ `qf‚°ˇedp¨ kd≈Ïey¨ R>°.
rinZ dpV°$_p¨ ]$p__u bpb[dp¨ [°Ap° L$l° R>° L°$ rinZ h°Qhp dpV°$ _\u89
(R>p.D`.3-11-6) ≈° L$]$pQ ]$p_ L$fhp_y¨ S> lp°e [p° [° N¨cuf[p`|hÆL$ L$fhy¨
≈°BA°. L$pfZ L°$ `p`ne_y¨ A° A°L$ kp^_ R>°. A_° ^dÆ_u h©qŸ dpV°$ A°
S>hpb]$pf R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ V$uL$p L$f° R>° L°$ dpZk_u Ap¨Mp°_u kpd° S> ]$p__u
qæ$epAp°_p° A¨[ Aphu S>[p° lp°e R>°.90 Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ L$]$pQ ^__p° k¨N∞l
L$fhp dpV°$ A_ydp°]$_ Ap`[p _\u.
-: `rh”[p :--: `rh”[p :--: `rh”[p :--: `rh”[p :--: `rh”[p :-
Xdo¤OJwȇmkß[yOZß em°M_mO©d_≤ $&
]´˜M`©_qhgm M emaraß V[ C¿`V $&&*
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ dp_° R>° L°$ cp•r[L$ `rh”[p Afi_ A_° rhQpfp°_u
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`rh”[p\u lp¨kg L$fu iL$pe R>°. D`hpk_p° [` [fuL°$ Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpe£
ı`Ù$`Z° ıhuL$pf L$ep£ R>°.91 [°Ap° kd≈h° R>° L°$ Aplpf iyqŸ\u k–hiyqŸ-
]°$liyqŸ \pe R>°. [°Ap° ^dÆip˜_p¨ A° rkŸp¨[_° A_ykf° R>° L°$ S>° ]°$l_u iyqŸ
dpV°$ Aplpf _u iyqŸ_y¨ rh^p_ L$f° R>°. 92 Aplpf_u iyqŸ\u Apey, bg,
ıhpı’e A_° kyMu_u h©qŸ \pe R>°. Nu[pdp¨ ]$ipÆh°gp¨ Aplpf_p¨ hNwL$fZ
kp\° Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ k¨`|ZÆ kld[ R>°. `f¨[y Ap`–L$pgdp¨ cˇepcˇe_u
bpb[dp¨ Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ D]$pf R>°. [°Ap°_p¨d[° rh‹p_ ‹pfp Ap`r—_p¨ kdedp¨
Acˇe `Z MpB iL$pe, `f¨[y kpdpfie k¨≈°Np°dp¨ [p° r_ed_y¨ `pg_ L$fhy¨
S> ≈°BA°.94
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ A_ykpf Ap b^u bpb[p° rQ— iys›^ dpV°$ R>°.
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_° d_ "A`l[`p‡dp' A°V$g° "rhiyŸ' A\hp r_dÆm. A°V$g°
ƒepf° rQ— iyŸ \B ≈e `R>u [°dp¨ `p`_p° ‚Ò S> fl°[p° _\u.95 `f¨[y
A¨r[d ›e°e [p° R> ° `rh”[p, A_° `qfZpd° "_Zï ‡gmXï gm°Â`Àdß
_m°Z_mÀ_odoZJ´hï &'96 ƒepf° rQ— r_dpÆ[ \B ≈e –epf° Ïesº[ L|$V$ı\ b_° R>°.
A_° dp_h ∆h__y¨ A° S> ›e°e R>°.
"‡gmX gd©XwïImZmß hmoZaÒ`m[Om`V $&
‡g›ZMVgm ¯mew ]wo’ï [`©doV>V $&& 97
Ap ‚L$pf_p¨ r_dÆm L$dp£_p° ı[p°”, Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ dyS>b, riÙ$pQpf
R>° S>° ip˜p° hN°f°\u rhfyŸ _\u. 98
gdfmß gÀ`_H´$mYm XmZ_qhgm ‡OZZßM
k–e, Aæ$p° , ]$p_, Atlkp A_° ‚≈°–`r—A° khÆ hZÆ_p kpdpfie
^dp£ R>°.99 tlkp, ]$p_, `rh”[p S>°hp ipfuqfL$ d|Îep° _p° D`]°$i Ap`[p
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i¨L$fpQpeÆ kd[p, rh_d∞[p, Ap_¨]$, Al¨L$pf, æ$p°^, A_p]$f, BÛepÆ S>°hp
dp_rkL$ _•r[L$ d|Îep°_p° k¨]$°i `Z Ap`° R>°.
-: kd[p :--: kd[p :--: kd[p :--: kd[p :--: kd[p :-
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ A_ykpf dp_h ∆h__y¨ A¨r[d ›e°e k¨[p°j,
nd[p A_° kyM ‚p· L$fhp_y¨ R>°. [°Ap° dyS>b kdpfie dp_hu [° d°mhhp dpV°$
`p°[p_p¨ `|hÆS>fidp°_u hpk_p_° L$pfZ° ‚e–_ L$f[p° lp°e R>°. `f¨[y A° kpQp°
Ap_¨]$ _\u.100 kpQp° Ap_¨]$ [p° op_dp¨ R>°. ƒep¨ dpZk bp¸ gpcp°\u r_f °n
b_u_° A¨[d|ÆM b_° R>°. ei L°$ A`eidp¨, BÙ$ L°$ Ar_Ù$ dp¨ A_° t_]$p L°$
ı[yr[dp¨ dpZk° kd–h ^pfZ L$fhy¨ ≈°BA°.101 A°hp Nu[p_p¨ rkŸpfi[ kp\°
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ k¨`|ZÆ kld[ R>°.
-: rh_d∞[p:--: rh_d∞[p:--: rh_d∞[p:--: rh_d∞[p:--: rh_d∞[p:-
Apr]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ op_hp]$u102 lp°hp R>[p¨ rh_d∞[p_° ıhuL$pf_pf l[p.
dpZk_p¨ kpfp kpdprS>L$ k¨b¨^p° `fd[–h_u A_yc|r[ ‹pfp dysº[_° D–`fi_
L$fu iL°$ R>° A°d [°Ap° ıhuL$pf[p l[p.
Xdm›^md`VmZZ V Xdm ^md`›Vw dï $&
[aÒ[aß ^md`›Vï l`ï [a_dmflÒ`W $&& 103
Ap\u S> [°Ap° L$l° R>°
AodZ`_[Z` odÓUmX_` _Zïe_` _•JV•ÓUm_≤$ &
^yVX`mß odÒVma` Vma`gßgmagmJaVï $&& 104
Adf–h_u ‚pr· A°S> kpQp° Ap_¨]$ gNcN b^p¨ S> D`r_j]$πp°
"Ad©[' D`f cpf d|L°$ R>°. S>°_y¨ b∞˚ kp\° Arcfi_–h ıhuL$pfhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°
A_° Ap Adf–h_u ‚pr· L°$ S>° _•r[L$ L$dp£_y¨ L°$fi÷ R>° [° L$p°B`Z fu[° d__u
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`rh”[p L°$ eo\u ‚p· L$fhp_u hp[ R>°. Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ dp_° R>° L°$ L°$hm
Ap_¨]$ S> kyM gph° R>°.105
e∑ZmVrh°d `ï gmTw>ß ‡m∑eara od_mjUmV≤ $&
H$m_H´$mYm^ßdß dJß g `w∑Vï g gwIr Zaï $&&
rhh°L$ Q|X$pdrZdp¨ Al¨L$pf_° kd≈h[p ApQpeÆÓu L$l° R>°. Ïesº[[p_p°
cph A°V$g° Al¨L$pf Ïesº[_p¨ kdN∞ Ïep`f_y¨ d|mc|[ L$pfZ `Z [° S> R>°.106
-: Al¨L$pf :--: Al¨L$pf :--: Al¨L$pf :--: Al¨L$pf :--: Al¨L$pf :-
`p°[p_p¨ Ap¨[qfL$ Al¨_° ‚ı\pr`[ L$fhp_u ‚–e°L$_u ‚h©r—_° Apq]$
i¨L$fpQpeÆ° Al¨L$pf107 [fuL°$ kd≈hu R>°. ]$f°L$_° ‚i¨kp ‡epfu R>°. A_° [°dp_°
R>° L°$ [°_p\u h^y bu≈° L$p°B QqY$ep[p° _\u.108 Al¨L$pf_y¨ dpZkdp¨ fl°gy
Ası[–h k¨`r—, rinZ A_° Ly$Vy¨$b_p¨ kÊep°_u isº[ D`f r_cÆf R>°. `f¨[y
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ A_ykpf Al¨L$pf A°L$ N¨cuf ‚L$pf_p° ]y$NyÆZ R>°. L$pfZ A°_p¨
Ası[–h\u ^dÆ_p° D√R>°]$ \pe R>°.109 óA°d L$lu Al¨L$pf_u V$uL$p A_° Al¨L$pf_p
Acph_u ‚i¨kp L$f° R>°.
"AhßH$maß ]bßX[™ H$m_ß H´$mYß M gßolVmï $&
_m_mÀ_[aXhfw ‡o¤f›Vm@‰`gy`H$mï $&&
"A_moZÀd_XpÂ^Àd_qhgm jmp›VamO©d_≤ $&' 110
-: æ$p°^ :--: æ$p°^ :--: æ$p°^ :--: æ$p°^ :--: æ$p°^ :-
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ A_ykpf æ$p°^_y¨ dyøe L$pfZ Ap–dp_° _rl
Ap°mM_pf Ïesº[_° Bs‡k[`]$p\Æ ‚p· _ \hp° A° R>°. `f¨[y S>° Ïesº[A°
Ap–d[–h r`R>pŒey¨ R>° [°_° dpV°$ æ$p°^_y¨ L$pfZ lp°[y¨ S> _\u. cNh]π$ Nu[p_°
A_ykfu_°111 Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ ıhL$pf° R>° L°$ Ap`Z° ]y$:M_° L$pfZ° æ$p°^u b_hp_u
S>Í$f _\u.
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XwïIÓdZwo¤ΩZ_Zmï gwIfw odJVÒ[•Xï $&
drVamJ^`H´$mYï pÒWV Yr_w©oZÈ¿`V $&&*
"H$m_mÀH´$mYm@o^Om`V' A° Nu[p_p¨ rkŸpfi[_p° Apq]$ i¨L$f ıhuL$pf
L$fu_° dp_[p L°$ æ$p°^\u Ar_s√R>[ bpb[p° S>fid° R>°, Ap\u d_yÛe° L$pd, æ$p°^
hN°f°_p° –ep¨N L$fu rd’epop__u c∞p¨r[dp¨\u dyº[ b_u `p°[p_u ≈[_°
Ap–dip°^_dp¨ ep°S>hu ≈°BA°.112 rQ—_u Ak|epS>fie `qfsı\r[ A° æ$p°^
R>°. ƒepf° dp_rkL$ k¨[yg_ QpÎey¨ ≈e R>° –epf° æ$p°^ `°]$p\pe R>°. ip¨r[ A°
æ$p°^_° ]|$f L$fhp_p° A°L$dp” D`pe R>°. L$pd A_° æ$p°^ c°Np dmu_° A^dÆ
S>fidph° R>°. A_° Ap bfi_°_p¨ _pi \u S> ^dÆ D]π$ch° R>°.113
Apq]$ i¨L$f A_ykpf AmpÒVH$]wo’ï A°V$g° ÓŸp 114 L$p°B`Z _•r[L$d|Îe
]$p.[. ]$p_ [°Ap° ]$p_ ÓŸp `f Ap^pqf[ lp°e [p° i¨L$fpQpeÆ [°_u `∞i¨kp L$f°
R>°. "`X≤ X`ß VX≤ l’`m X`_≤' ip˜_p¨ byqŸNÁe Ap^pf rh_p_u Ap¨^mu
ÓŸpdp¨ ApQpeÆÓu dp_[p _\u.
-: Q¨Qm[p :--: Q¨Qm[p :--: Q¨Qm[p :--: Q¨Qm[p :--: Q¨Qm[p :-
d_ ƒep¨ ky^u Al¨L$pf hN°f° ]y$NyÆZp°\u `f \pe _rl –ep¨ ky^u
[°_pdp¨ sı\f[p Aph° _lv.115 A°hy¨ Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ d¨[Ïe R>°. kpdpfie
fu[° d_° A_°L$ rhjep°_p¨ kyM dpV°$ blpf cV$L°$ R>°. `qfZpd° [° `p°[p_u
Ası\f[p OV$pX$hp_° b]$g° k[[ h^pf° R>° -
`Vm `Vm oZÌMaoV _ZÌMƒMb_pÒWa_≤ $&
VVÒVVm oZ`Â`°VXm_›`d deß Z`V≤ $&& 116
hmu Ak|ep L°$ BÛepÆ rhjeL$ ApQpeÆÓu_p rhQpfp° ≈Zhp S>°hp R>°.
Ly$Vy¨$bdp¨ BÛepÆ_y¨ d|mL$pfZ [° k¨`r— R>°. Aphp BÛepÆmy k¨b¨^uAp°_p° Ïehlpf
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S>Zphhp dpV°$ b©l]$pfŒeL$ D`r_j]π$ - 2-2/1 dp¨ rh^p_ R>°. Al¨L$pf A_°
Afie [fa\u ‚i¨kp_u A`°np D]π$ch° R>° –epf° Ïesº[ `p°[p_u dl—p_° bu≈
D`f W$p°L$u b°kpX°$ R>°, A_° Afie_p¨ op__° kl_ L$fu iº[u _\u, [\p [°_y¨
A`dp_ L$f° R>° Ap A‰`gy`m R>°. "` ÀdX‰`gy`›V$& ZmZwoV>p›V _ _V_≤ $&' 117
Aphp BÛepÆmy d_yÛep° bu≈_p¨ h^y kpfp NyZp° kl_ L$fu iº[p
_\u. _m_mÀ_ [aXhfw ‡o¤f›Vm@‰`gy`H$mï $& 118 Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ A_ykpf Aphu
BÛepÆ dp_hp°dp¨ klS> lp°e R>°. `f¨[y Ap ‚L$pf_u BÛepÆ \u `f \hy¨ A° `|ZÆ
∆h__p° cpN R>°.119
]w’`m odew’`m `w∑Vm Y•À`mÀ_mZß oZ`Â` M $&
e„XmoXp›df`m™ ÒV∑Àdm amJ¤°fm° Ï`wXÒ` M $&&*
R>pfi]$p°¡e D`r_j]π$dp¨ `Z Ak|ep_° ^dÆ_p¨ Dâ¨O_Í$` A_° kdpS>_p¨
rhL$pkdp¨ bp^L$ `qfbm NŒey R>°.120
-: ^°eÆ, ]$ep A_° k¨ed :--: ^°eÆ, ]$ep A_° k¨ed :--: ^°eÆ, ]$ep A_° k¨ed :--: ^°eÆ, ]$ep A_° k¨ed :--: ^°eÆ, ]$ep A_° k¨ed :-
D`r_j]π$p° kp^y∆h__u `pep_u bpb[p°dp¨ ]$ep, ^°eÆ hN°f°_p° r_]£$i
L$f° R>°. Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ D`r_j]π$_p¨ "]$ep L$fp°' _p¨ øepg kp\° k¨`|ZÆ kld[
R>°.121 [°d_p¨ d[° ‚–e°L$ Ap–dpA° `p°[p_p¨ `|hÆL$dpÆ_ykpf `fd[“h_° ‚p·
L$fhp dpV°$_p° dpNÆ `p°[° S> ip°^u g°hp° ≈°BA°. A_° [°Ap° D`f ]$ep Mphu A°
[p° rhL$pkfp°^L$ NZpe. "X`m' iÂ]$ D`f Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpe£ L$p°B V$uL$p L$fu _\u.
`f¨[y b©l]$pfŒeL$ D`r_j]$_p¨ _ur[ip˜ kp\° k¨`|ZÆ kldr[ ]$ipÆhu R>°.122
©q[ rhj° Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ L$l° R>° L°$ "rhjp]$ _u nZp°dp¨ ]°$l A_°d__°
X|$bu S>[p¨ bQph° [° ^©r[;'123
^dp›V gÂ[Xß X°dr_ o^OmVÒ` ^maV $&&* (Nu[p 16/3)
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`fı`f qhfp°^u A°hp ‹fi‹p° ^©r[_p¨ Acph_y¨ dyøe L$pfZ R>°. Apq]$
i¨L$fpQpeÆ `Z Nd° [°hu rhL$V$ sı\[udp¨ `Z ^•eÆ ^pfZ L$fhp_p° hpf¨hpf
D`]°$i Ap`° R>°. 124
Ap ^©r[ –epf° iºe R>° ƒepf° rQ— k¨`|ZÆ L$pb|dp¨ lp°e A_°
hpk_pAp°_p¨ b¨^_p° rh_p `Z k¨[yÙ$ lp°e.125
k¨ed rhj° Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ° dp_° R>° L°$ Brfi÷ep°_° cp°¡e `]$p\p£dp¨\u
‚p· \[p° rhjep_¨]$ A° dpZk_u ıhpcprhL$ h©r— R>°. S>°_p\u ApMf° dpZk
æ$p°^u b_° R>°. hmu ºepf°L$ Nyıkp_y¨ L$pfZ `Z b_° R>°. Ap Ap_¨]$ A_¨[ A°
A\Ædp¨ R>°L°$ [° L$peÆ L$pfZ cph_° S>fidph° R>°. A_° [°_p¨ A¨[ dpV°$ _p° A°L$ dp”
D`pe A°_p° k¨ed R>°.126
oOVmÀ_Zï ‡em›VÒ` [a_mÀ_m g_mohVï $& 127 A°d Nu[p `Z L$l° R>°.
`_ - bp¸ k¨ed A_° e_ Ap¨[qfL$ k¨ed A°d b° ‚L$pf _p¨ k¨ed_°
[°Ap° ıhuL$pf° R>°. d_yÛe A_° ]°$h h√Q° [aph[ A° R>° L°$ dpZk_p° `p°[p_u
Brfi÷ep° D`f k¨ed lp°[p° _\u. ƒepf° ]°$hp°_p° lp°e R>°. Ap Ap^yr_L$ kdpS>_p¨
k¨]$cÆdp¨ ]$d_, ]$ep, A_° ]$p_ A–e¨[ AN–e_p¨ A_° kyep°¡e R>°. aº[ Brfi÷ep°
D`f_p° k¨ed S> rQ—_u A°L$pN∞[p_° S>fidph° R>°.128
-: rhjecp°N gpgkp$ ::--: rhjecp°N gpgkp$ ::--: rhjecp°N gpgkp$ ::--: rhjecp°N gpgkp$ ::--: rhjecp°N gpgkp$ ::-
ApQpeÆÓu L$pd, æ$p°^ hN°f°_° dlp_i”y NZ° R>°. "_ ≈[y L$pd:
L$pdp_pdy`cp°N°_ ipÁer[' `]$p\p£ L°$ S>° rhje_p° Ap_¨]$ D–`fi_ L$f[p¨ lp°e
R>° [° dpZk_p¨ d_dp¨ JX$u gpNZu `°]$p L$f[p¨ lp°e R>°. `f¨[y Ïesº[A° kyMu
\hp dpV°$ `]$p\p£_u _f[p kdS>hu S>Í$fu R>°. [° `R>u S> dpZk [°_p\u
dysº[ d°mhu iL°$ R>°.129 Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ bu≈° ‚Ò L$f° R>° L°$ L$p°B ]$f°L$ rhjedp¨
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Brfi÷eS>fie Ap_¨]$_° –e∆ ]°$, A°_°L$p°B fu[° k¨[p°j _ \pe, "lz¨ L°$hm Ap_¨]$
rh_p_p° aº[ ]°$l^pfu S> Ry>¨.' Aphu cph_p [°_p d__° O°fu hm° A_° `qfZpd°
[° A°L$ Dfid— dpZk _u S>°d h[Æhp dp¨X°$ R>°. Ap\u rhrh^ rhje cp°N°jZpAp°
–e∆ ]°$hu ≈°BA°. Nu[p `Z L$l° R>°
""‡OhmoV `Xm H$m_m›gdm©›[mW© _ZmJVmZ≤ $&
AmÀ_›`dmÀ_Zm VwÔ>ï pÒWV‡kÒVXm¿`V $&&'' 130
i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° Ap rkŸp[ dpZk° ∆h_dp¨ D[pfhp° f¸p°. L$pfZ L°$
L$pd A° æ$p°^_° S>fidph° R>°. A_° `p`_° `°]$p L$f° R>°. - "H$m_ Ef H´$mY Ef
aOmJwU g_wÿd $& _hmeZm _hm[mfl_m od’`Zo_h d°naU_≤ $&&' 131
Apd Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ Nu[p_p¨ Ap rkŸp¨[ kp\° k¨`|ZÆ kld[ \pe
R>° A_° [°_p¨ dp_kip˜ue ıhÍ$`_° dpfie fpM° R>°.
‹`m`Vm odf`m›[wßgï gãÒVfy[Om`V $&
gãmÀg¿Om`V H$m_ï H$m_mÀH´$mYm@o^Om`V $&&
H´$mYmÿdoV gÂ_mhï gÂ_mhmÀÒ_•oVod^´_ï $&
Ò_•oV^´ßemX≤ ]wo’Zmem ]wo’ZmemÀ‡UÌ`oV $&& 132
Ap fu[° L$pd Ïep`L$ A\Ædp¨ fpN\u byqŸ_p° _pi L$f° R>°.
D`r_j]π$_p¨ k¨]°$i _° A_ykfu_° L$pd\u dyº[ \hp_p° D`pe Apq]$
i¨L$fpQpeÆ° Ap‡ep° R>°,133 L°$ A°jZpdp¨\u D–`fi_ \[u S>N[_u hpk_p_p° _pi
L$fhp°. "gd©H$_©\$bÀ`mJß ‡mh˛ÒÀ`mJß odMjUmï' 134 L°$hm r_–eL$dpÆ_yõ$p_ dp¨\u
r_–e L$dp£_u Afie L$dp°Ædp¨\u bp]$bpL$u L$fu_° [°_p¨ am_u B√R>p_p° –epN L$fhp°
A°d i¨L$fpQpeÆ dp_° R>°.
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273
rhjecp°N_uS>°d kdN∞ ]y$:Mp°_y d|mL$pfZ [©ÛZp R>°. Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ°
[©ÛZp_u Ïepøep S>° fpN dp¨\u S>fid° R>° [° A°hu Ap`u R>°. 135
"aOmamJmÀ_Hß$ odo’ V•ÓUmgãg_w¤d_≤' 136 Biphpıe D`r_j]π$_p¨ d¨”-
1 _p¨ "_m J•Yï H$Ò`pÒdX≤YZ_≤' _p¨ [°Ap° A° b° A\p£ Ap‡ep R>°. bu≈_p¨
^__u B√R>p L$fhu _rl. A_° ^_ L$p°B_u dprgL$u_y _\u. ƒepf° kOmu hı[yAp°
Ap–dp R>° A_° ]$f°L$ hı[y_p° –epN L$fu ]°$hpdp¨ ApÏep° R>° `R>u L$p°B Ak[π
`]$p\Æ dpV°$ [©ÛZp ip dpV°$ fpMhu ? [©ÛZpS> dpZk_u ]y$:M Ïe\p A_°
Aip¨r[_y¨ L$pfZ R>°.137 ƒep¨ ky^u [°_° r_d|Æm L$fhpdp¨ _rl Aph° –ep¨ ky^u
kyM_p° `X$R>pep° `Z ‚h°iu iº[p° _\u.138
Ap D`fp¨[ cp•r[L$hp]u rhQpfkfZu ‚–e° `p°[p_p¨ gMpZp°dp¨ Apq]$
i¨L$fpQpeÆ° ºep¨e `p°[p_p° `n`p[ ]$ipÆÏep° _\u.139 h[Ædp_ S>N[π ]y$fiehu
kyMp° [fa ]$p°X$u f¸y¨ R>°. `f¨[y d_yÛe° Ap_¨]$ L°$ kyM_p° kpQp° A\Æ kdS>hp_u
S>Í$f R>°.140 dp” hpk_p`|r[Ædp¨ S> kpQy kyM _\u. L$prgL$ A_° ip[ kyM
h√Q°_p° c°]$ `pfMu [°_u depÆ]$pAp°\u ]|f fl°[p iuMhy ≈°BA°. [°hp° ApQpeÆÓu
bp°^ Ap`° R>°.
-: `p` :--: `p` :--: `p` :--: `p` :--: `p` :-
"XwÓH•$V' A\pÆ[π `p`u. Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ kd≈h° R>° L°$ S>°Z° `p` L$eyØ
R>° [°hu Ïesº[.141 `p`u ºepf°e Bf_° ‚p· L$fu iº[p° _\u. hmu S>° Óy>r[
A_° ıd©r[dp¨ r_rjŸ L$dp£ R>° [° `p` L$f° R>°142 A°d [°Ap° L$l° R>°. Ap ‚L$pf_p¨
r_rjŸL$dp£_u QQpÆ Ap`Z° ANpD L$fu Q|ºep R>uA°.Aphp `p`p°_° Am‹`mpÀ_H$
A_° "Aew¿`moXgßgJ©Xmf'S>fie NZph° R>°.143 Ap `p`p° bp¸ ‚L$pf_p¨ R>° [°hy¨
D`r_j]π$_y¨ d¨[Ïe R>°. `p`_p¨ Afie ‚L$pfp°dp¨ Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpe£ Y_© A_° AY_©
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_u QQpÆ Ap`u R>°.144 ApQpeÆ_p¨ d[ dyS>b Apksº[ hæ$[p hN°f° `p` R>°.
i¨L$fpQpe£ `p`u ‚h©r—_° yŒedeh©r—\u rhfy$Ÿ_u ]$ipÆhu R>°. dfZkde° `p`u
rhQpf° R>° L°$ d¢ Mp°V$p L$pdp° L$epÆ R>° [°\u [° `ı[pe R>°. L$pfZ lh° [°_° _fL$dp¨
`X$hp_p° ce k[ph° R>°. `Z kpfp° dpZk rhQpf° R>° L°$ b^u S> kpfuL°$ Mp°V$u
qæ$epAp°dp¨ Bf_p° lp\ lp°e R>°. Ap\u [° dfZkde° `ı[p[p° _\u.145 Ap
`p`p° L°$hm op_\u S> ]|$f L$fu iL$pe R>°. `p°[p_p `p` L$dp£ R>p°X$u Qp¨X$pg `Z
A-Qp¨X$pg b_u iL°$ R>°. [°d Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ dp_° R>°.
-: k–e^dÆ :--: k–e^dÆ :--: k–e^dÆ :--: k–e^dÆ :--: k–e^dÆ :-
dlpcpf[dp¨ k–e_p 13 ApL$pf ]$ipÆÏep R>°. gÀ`ßÃ`mXeodYß
gd©bmH$fw ^maVï $& 146 hmu
ZmpÒV gÀ`g_m Y_m Z gÀ`mo¤⁄V [a_≤ $&
Z oh Vrd´Vaß [m[_Z•VmoXh od⁄V $&&
k–ekdp_^dÆ _\u, k–e L$f[p buSy> L$pB Ar^L$ _\u. A_° Ak–e
L$f[p h^pf° [uh∞ buSy> L$p°B `p` _\u.147 Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ d[p_ykpf
ip˜dyS>b bp°ghy¨ A° k–eR>°. Alv [°Ap°_° d_ ip˜ A°V$g° ^dÆip˜ A°hp°
k–e_p¨ k¨]$c£ A\Æ S>Zpe R>°.148 Afie ı\m° ^dÆ A°V$g° Óyr[ A_° ıd©r[\u
ArhfyŸ lp°e [°. A°d A\Æ [°Ap° Ap`° R>°. Afie” `WmW©dMZ _° ^dÆ NZph°
R>°.149 [°Ap° dp_° R>° L°$ k–eA° h^y dS>b|[ kp^_ R>°. A_° S>N[dp¨ ≈°hpdp¨
Aph° R>° L°$ Ak–e bp°g[p° dpZk k–ehº[p kpd° lpfu ≈e R>°. S>° ‚dpZ°
lp°e [°_° A_yÍ$` D√QpfZ L$fhy¨ A° k–e.150 Aphu S> bu∆ Ïepøep`Z
ApQpeÆ Óu Ap`° R>°. [LÆ$_p¨ rkŸp¨[_° A_ykfu_° Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ ıhuL$pf° R>° L°$
k–e A°V$g° r_rÚ[ ıhÍ$` S>°$ Afie `]$p\p£_p¨ k¨kNÆdp¨ Aph° R>[p¨ `p°[p_y¨
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ıhÍ$` b]$g° _rl. Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ dyS>b Ak–e_y¨ L$pfZ L°$hm bp¸ `]$p\p£
S> R>°. S>°_p L$pfZ° dpZk Ak–e bp°g° R>°.151 Afie” [°Ap° k–e_° b∞˚
A\hp AmÀ_m kp\° A°L$ NZph° R>°.152 kde_p¨ k¨]$cÆdp¨ k–e b]$gpe R>° A°hy¨
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ `Z ıhuL$pf° R>°. ^dÆ_u kp\° ip˜p_ykpf S>° k–e R>° A°
gp°L$p°_p¨ Ïehlpf D`f Ap^pqf[ R>°. `fdk–e A_° ÏephlpqfL$ k–e Ap b°
rcfi_ bpb[p° R>°.153 A°d i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ ı`Ù$ dp_hy¨ R>°. [°Ap° _p¨ d[° Ak–e
A°L$ ‚L$pf_u dp_rkL$ rhqæ$ep S>fidph° R>°. dp_hu_p¨ Ap¨[fd__p° _pi L$f° R>°.
`f¨[y k–e d_yÛe_° isº[ bn° R>°.154
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ dp_° R>° L°$ A≈[i”y[p_p° cph k¸]$e[p\u D–`fi_
L$fu iL$pe R>°. A_° [°_° R>°L$ ‚pZuAp° ky^u rhı[pfu iL$pe R>° A°d L$¸y¨ R>°.
Ap fu[° ApQpeÆÓu_p¨ kpdprS>L$ _ur[d|Îep° A° kpdprS>L$ fiepe kdp_ l[p
L°$ S>° Afie_p¨ ip°jZ ([aÒdm[haU) Apgıe A_° ‚dp]$_° ıhuL$pf[p¨ _ l[p.
Ap D`fp¨[ ApQpeÆÓu kdpS>dp¨ D¤p°N A_° kpdprS>L$ L$ÎepZ dpV°$ ^_hp_p°
[fa\u BÛV$p`|[Æ S>°hp¨ L$pep£_° AphL$pf[p¨ l[p¨.155
-:: Apr\ÆL$$ d|Îep° :--:: Apr\ÆL$$ d|Îep° :--:: Apr\ÆL$$ d|Îep° :--:: Apr\ÆL$$ d|Îep° :--:: Apr\ÆL$$ d|Îep° :-
ApQpeÆÓuA° A\Æ rhjeL$ d|Îep° S>°hp L°$ `qfN∞l, r_õ$p, ‚dp]$
hN°f° `f ‚L$pi `pX$Èp° R>°. ^__p° k¨N∞l Arcdp_ A_° Ap–dL°$fi÷u[p_° D–`fi_
L$f° R>°. dpV°$ kdpS>dp¨ ıhı\[p ı\p`hp dpV°$ ^__u ep°¡e hl¢QZu- k¨rhcpN
\hp° S> ≈°BA°.
AmÀ_gß^modVmÒV„Ym YZ_mZ_Xmp›dVmï $&
`O›V Zm_`k°ÒV XÂ^ZmodoY[yd©H$_≤ $&& 156
kpdpfie fu[° i¨L$fpQpe£ ºepf°e ^__p¨ k¨N∞l_° dpfie fpøep° _\u,
`f¨[y gp°c_u h©r— –e∆_° ^__° cp°Nhhp_p¨ rh^p_p° [°Ap°A° L$epÆ R>°.
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Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ° l¨d°ip –epN_u hp[ L$fu R>°. "VZ À`∑VZ ^wƒ¡OrWm'
`qfN∞l L°$ k¨N∞l[p° L°$hm ifuf V$L$phu iL$pe [°V$gp¨_p° S> dpfie fpøep° R>°.
"earapÒWoV_mà ‡`mOZ_≤'
"oZamer`©VoMVmÀ_m À`∑V gd©[naJ´hï $&' 157 k¨N∞l_p¨ Acph° L$p°B_°
A_° Mpk L$fu_° k¨fiepku_° A°L$p]$ V¨$L$ D`hpk L$fhp_p° ‚k¨N Aph° [p° ip°L$
L$fhp° ≈°BA° _rl. 158 S>du_ L°$ Of_p¨ k¨N∞l_y¨ ApL$jÆZ dpZk _° ggQph°
`Z ApMf° [p° A° A°L$ b¨^_ R>°. S>hpb]$pfu R>°. AY$mL$ ^_ L°$ `yÛL$m
‚pZuAp°\u k¨[p°j \hp_p° _\u.[°_u ‚pdprZº[p [p° L°$hm "Ap–d-cp°N'
`|f[u depÆq]$[ R>°. L$p°B`Z ‚L$pf_p° Ar[k¨N∞l ]$p°j_° S>fid Ap`i°, A_° A°
ºepf°e dpa _ L$fu iL$pe [°hp° Ny_p° R>°. 159 S>° A`qfN∞lu R>° [° S> b∞˚_° `pd°
R>°.
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ L$p°B`Z L$dÆdp¨ ‚dp]$_° r^Ω$pf° R>°, A_° dp_° R>° L°$
‚dp]$ A¨^L$pf_° S>fidph° R>°. S>° op__p¨ Acph_y¨ d|m R>°. dpZk ƒepf° kpfp
dpN£ Qpg[p° lp°e R>° –epf° `Z ‚dp]$ Aph° [p° [° Mp°V$p¨ dpN£ QX$u ≈e R>°.
"‡_mX_mhm° V_gm ^dVm@kmZ_d M$ &' 160 Ap ‚dp]$ A° [dp°NyZ R>°. dpZk_p¨
klS> - ıh^dÆ_u kl°S> ‚dp]$\u `Z D`°np L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p° [° ce¨L$f
b_u ≈e R>°. Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ A›ee_dp¨ ‚dp]$ _rl L$fhp_u hp[ D`f cpf
d|L°$ R>° 161 L$pfZL°$ A° A_\Æ_° gph_pf R>°. Ap\u Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ D`]°$i° R>° L°$
L$p°B`Z L$peÆdp¨ ‚dp]$–e∆ [°_u k¨`|ZÆ `|ZpÆlzr[ ky^u r_õ$p ≈mhhu ≈°BA°.
NyfyS>_p°_u k°hp S>°hu kpdprS>L$ ‚h©r—dp¨ `Z fl°gu r_õ$p khp£—d `qfZpd
gph° R>°.162
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-:: i•nrZL$ d|Îe :--:: i•nrZL$ d|Îe :--:: i•nrZL$ d|Îe :--:: i•nrZL$ d|Îe :--:: i•nrZL$ d|Îe :-
Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ D—d rinZ_p rldpe[u l[p.163 [°Ap° dp_° R>°
L ° $ S> ° Ïesº[_° A`|ZÆ rinZ d˛ey ¨ R> ° [°_p ° _pi \pe R> °.
""ZÔ>mÀ_mZm@Î[]w’`ï&'' op__u A`|ZÆ[p Aph° A_° d__u A°L$pN∞[p Qpgu
≈e A°hp Arhh°L$_° L$p°B S> rinZ S>fid Ap`[y¨ _\u.164 Ap [p° dp_h_p¨
∆h__u A¨^L$pfde sı\r[ R>°. "`Wm^yV' S>° S>°hy¨ R>° [°hy¨ ≈Zhy¨ A_°
A°jZpAp°_p° _pi L$fhp° A° rinZ_y A¨r[d›e°e R>°.165 `p°[p_° cZ°gp° dp__pf
`Z kpQy¨ rinZ _rl `pd°g Ïesº[_u Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ t_]$p L$f° R>°. L$pfZ
Aphp dpZkp° Arcdp__° L$pfZ° kpQy¨ rinZ `pdu iº[p _\u.166 `p°[p_p¨
Ap–dp_u ‚pr· L$fhu A° S> kpQy¨ rinZ R>° A_° b^p ‚L$pf_y¨ rinZ ApMf°
[p° Ap_p dpV°$ S> R>°. S>N[πdp¨ Ap–due[p `|hÆL$ `p°[p_u ≈[_° dî L$fu
]°$hp_u kgpl R>°. S>N[πdp¨\u r_h©—u _lu `Z ıhp\Æ_p¨ `qf–epN `f cpf
dyº[y i¨L$fpQpeÆ∆_y¨ ∆h_ ıhe¨ A°L$ ÷Ù$p¨[ fy` R>°.
Apd Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpe£ kdpS> ∆h__p¨ D‹pfp\£ ‚NV$ L$f°gp D`]°$i
bp°^L$ _•r[L$ d|Îep°_u QQpÆ L$fu. Apq]$ i¨L$f° Ap kdpS>_° D`ep°Nu _ur[
d|Îep° dpV°$ A_°L$ N∞fi\p°_p¨ k¨]$cp£ gB cpÛep° gøep R>°. Apd ApQpeÆÓu
ıhı\ A_° ky÷Y$ kdpS>ı\p`_p¨ rldpe[u l[p [° ≈Zu iL$pe R>°.
cpf[dp¨ rhrh^ ^dp£ A_° `pM¨X$p° h√Q° \[p¨ kpÁ‚]$preL$ rhMhp]$p°
A_° ]|$jZp°_° _°ı[_pb|]$ L$fu kdpS>dp¨ k_p[_ ^dÆ_p° y_:fyŸpf L$f_pf ApQpeÆ
i¨L$f eyN`yfyj dlpdp_h l[p. b”uk hjÆ S>°V$gp¨ AÎ` L$pmdp¨ [°dZ° rhrh^
n°”p°dp¨ Akp^pfZ rkqŸAp° ‚p· L$fu l[u. cpf[ ]°$i ƒepf° `[_L$pm_p¨
Op°fA¨^L$pfdp¨\u `kpf \B f¸p° l[p° –epf° ApQpeÆÓuA° [°d_u blzdyMu
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‚r[cp, byqŸd—p A_° _ur[d—p_p¨ d|Îep°_p° D`]°$i kdpS>dp¨ hk[p
_pNqfL$p°_° M|Z°-M|Z° `lp¢QpX$u rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_p¨ ApQpf-rhQpfdp¨ æ$p¨r[ L$fu _hp
d|Îep° ı\p‡ep. [°d_p¨ ∆h_L$peÆ_y¨ [\p rhrh^ n°”° ‚p· L$f°gu rkqŸAp°_y¨
hZÆ_ [p° k|eÆ kpd° ]$u`L$ ^fhp kdp_ R>°.
i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u qagk|au A° _•r[L$ iyc, ‚°d A_° A•ºe_u qagk|au
R>°. [°Ap° kdN∞ dp_hkdpS> ‚–e°_p¨ [°d_p¨ L$[ÆÏep° [°dS> af≈° ‚–e° kcp_
R>°, Ap ]y$fiehu S>N[dp¨ k–e_p° _L$pf \pe R>°, A•ºe_° [\p Ap_¨]$_°
Ry>`phhpdp¨ Aph° R>° A_° [°_u S>¡epA° ]y$:M, ‹•[, [°dS> dpfp-[pfp hN°f°_p¨
c°]$_u S>¨≈m Ecu L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. opr[_p, ≈r[-`p¨r[_p [°dS> f¨N_p
S>° c°]$p° dp_h≈[dp¨ Ecp \ep R>° [°_p dpV°$ Ap rd’ep ÷rÙ$ S> S>hpb]$pf
R>°. `f¨[y i¨L$fpQpeÆ hpf¨hpf A° bpb[ `f cpf d|L°$ R>° L°$ b]$p S> ∆h d|mc|[
fu[° [p° b∞˚ S> R>° dp_h≈[ kdn dp¢ apX$u_° Ec°gp kp¨ıL©$r[L$, ^prdÆL$,
fpÙ≤$ue A_° Ap¨[ffpÙ≤$ue ‚Òp°_p¨ DL°$gdp¨ ÏephlpqfL$ n°”° dpNÆ]$iÆL$Í$` _uhX°$
R>°. Ap^yr_L$ eyNdp¨ S>N[ ^dpØ^[p, ^prdÆL$ n°”° k¨L$uZÆ kp¨‚]$preº[p [\p
_kubhp]$ Í$`u ‚Òp°\u `uX$pB f y R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p rhQpfp°_° ep°¡e fu[° kd∆
[°_y¨ e\p\Æ A\ÆOV$_ L$fuA° [p° [° Aphp¨ khÆ ]|$jZp°\u rhfyŸ R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨
rhQpfp° Ap`Zp ∆h__° A•ºe A_° ‚°d\u eyº[ b_ph° R>°. A_° Aop_Í$`u
A¨^L$pfdp¨\u DW$pX$u ≈N∞[ \hp_u ‚°fZp Ap`° R>°.
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* ‚L$fZ : 3.4* ‚L$fZ : 3.4* ‚L$fZ : 3.4* ‚L$fZ : 3.4* ‚L$fZ : 3.4
-::- kpdprS>L$ k¨ı\pAp°_p r_dpÆZ :--::- kpdprS>L$ k¨ı\pAp°_p r_dpÆZ :--::- kpdprS>L$ k¨ı\pAp°_p r_dpÆZ :--::- kpdprS>L$ k¨ı\pAp°_p r_dpÆZ :--::- kpdprS>L$ k¨ı\pAp°_p r_dpÆZ :-
kÁeLπ$ sı\r[ A°_y¨ _pd k¨ı\p. d_yÛe Í$qY$N[rhQpfp°dp¨ k¨ı\p
A°V$g° HV$, rkd°fiV$ A_° `’\f_p¨ dL$p__° NZ° R>°. `f¨[y kdpS> kpfu fu[°
sı\f fl° [°hp rhQpf\u \[p ‚–e°L$ L$dp£A° k¨ı\p R>°. Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ∆ A°
◊rÙ$A° ^prdÆL$ A_° kpdp∆L$ `y_fy–\p_ dpV°$ lf[u af[u k¨ı\p NZu iL$pe.
[°dZ° A° dpV°$ dY$p°_u ı\p`_p L$fu Ly¨$c d°mp_p Apep°S>_p° L$epÆ A_° Ap b^p
‹pfp [°d_p° r_ÛL$g¨L$ ‚cph AduV$ b_pÏep°.
Ap¤ i¨L$fpQpeÆ `qfh∞pS>L$ k¨fiepku lp°hp R>[p¨ khÆ kdpS>_p¨ k_p[_
L$ÎepZ dpV°$, gp°L$p°_p¨ D–\p_ A_° dp°n dpV°$ [°dZ° NpY$ ‚e–_p° L$epÆ. Q[yrhÆ
`yfyjp\Æ_u ‚pr· dpV°$ S>° L¨$B ‚e–_p° - L$[ÆÏep° L$fhp `X°$ [° dpV°$ [°dZ° cpf[
cfdp¨ `]$ep”p ‹pfp L$\_, r_]$iÆ_, ‚]$iÆ_, ‚hQ_p° hN°f° ‹pfp k_p[_ ^dÆ
A_° fpÙ≤$ue A°L$[p_p° k¨]°$i a°gpÏep°. ƒepf° kdpS>dp¨\u ^dÆ_u lpr_ \pe
–epf° [°_p `qfZpd° kp¨ıL©$r[L$, kpdprS>L$, ]$piÆr_L$ n°”° `Z lpr_ ≈°hp dm°
R>°. Ap\u ^dÆ A_° kdpS> bfl° _° A°L$bu≈_p¨ `|fL$ NZu ^prdÆL$ L$pep£ ‹pfp
[°dZ° kdpS>_p¨ k_p[_ ^dÆ_p¨ k¨]°$i_° hZu gB kp¨‚]$preL$ c°]$cph,
A¨^ÓŸp_° duV$phhp_p° ‚e–_ k[[ ApQpeÆÓuA° L$ep£. ^prdÆL$ ‚Qpf A_°
‚kpf hX°$ kdpS>_u A¨^ A≈N©[ ‚≈_° k¨]°$i Ap‡ep°.
d_yÛe_u [dpd ‚h©r—Ap° ıhpcprhL$ $fu[° S> `p°[p_p rhL$pkdpV°$
\[u lp°e R>°. qL$fi[y ApQpeÆ dlpcpN_u [dpd ‚h©r—Ap° "khÆS>_kyMpe'
A_° khÆS>_rl[pe A°hu D]$p— A_° `rh”cph_p _p¨ d|gp°]°$i \u a°gpe°gu
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l[u. Ap\u S> k¨fiepku lp°hp_° L$pfZ° kpdprS>L$ ‚h©r—Ap° kpdpfie$Í$`\u
k¨chu _ iL°$ `f¨[y i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u Agp•rΩ$ ‚r[cp A_° A‚r[d d°Opisº[A°
Ap rkŸ L$fu b[pÏey¨. Ap L$pfZ\u S> b^p S> gp°L$p°_u A°L$[p, AM¨qX$[[p
A_° k¨OV$_[p dpV°$ [°dZ° k_p[_^dÆ_p° ‚Qpf A_° ‚kpf b^° S> iÍ$ \pe
A_° iÍ$ \ep `R>u `Z Arhf[`Z° A° k[[ QpÎep S> L$f° A°hp Dd]$p l°[y\u
[°dZ° ‚Qpf, ‚kpf A_° r_dpÆZ_y¨ L$peÆ L$eyØ.
kpdprS>L$ n°”° cp[©cph_p, `fı`f gp°L$p°dp¨ kdpS>dp¨ ı_°l b¨ _,
A_° Ap`ku klpe_u cph_p ≈N©[ b_° [p° S> kdpS>dp¨ A°L$[p L°$ ‚Nr[
iºe b_° A_° –epf° S> ky÷Y$ kdpS>_y¨ r_dpÆZ \B iL°$ L°$ S>° Nd° [°hp ApL$fp
- dp°V$p k¨L$V$p° kpd° `Z bp\ cuX$u iL°$. Aphu D]$p— cph_p\u rhQpf ‚kpf
A\£ Ap¤ i¨L$fpQpeÆA° Qpf dyøe q]$ipAp° dp¨ ^dÆı[ÁcÍ$`° dW$p°_u ı\p`_p
`Z L$fu. S>°\u Ap ^dÆ ‹pfp ≈°X$pe°gp° kdpS> S> ^prdÆL$ A_° ]$piÆr_L$ Í$`°
`Z Dfi_r[ kp^u iL°$. kdpS>_° A°L$ [¨[yA° bp¨^u fpMhp [\p kdpS>dp¨
kdfk[p ı\p`u[ L$fhp [°dZ° ApÓdp°, d¨q]$fp° A_° dW$p°_u ı\p`_p L$fu.
[°Ap° dp_[p L°$ kdN∞ kdpS>_° A°L$ S> [¨[y\u k¨NW$u[ L$fu bp¨^u fpMhp° lp°e
[p° [° dp” A°L$ ^dÆ S> lp°B iL°$ L$pfZ L°$ iyŸ kdpS>_p° d|mc|[ `pep° S> ^dÆ
R>° hmu kdpS>_p qf[fuhp≈°, _p[≈[_p L$pe]$pL$p_|_p° S>°hp ]y$fiehu Ïehlpfp°dp¨
`Z ^dÆcph_p S> Ap]$iÆÍ$`° d]$]$Í$` \pe R>°. i¨L$fpQpeÆA° ^prdÆL$ ı[ÁcÍ$`°
Qpf q]$ipdp¨ - Qpf dW$p° ı\p‡ep. |hÆdp¨ S>Nflp\ yfudp¨ Np°h Æ_dW$, D—fdp¨
rldpgedp¨ b]$qfL$pÓddp¨ ƒep°r[dW$, `rÚddp¨ ‹pfL$pdp¨ ipf]$pdW$ A_°
]$rnZdp¨ L$ZpÆV$L$ fpƒedp¨ i©N°fudW$. Ap D`fp¨[ [°dZ° `p°[p_p ‚\d ¨sº[_p¨
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Qpf dyøe riÛep°_° L°$ S>°_p° _pdp°â°M ApNm L$f°g R>°. [°d_° dW$pr^`r[ [fuL°$
r_eyº[ L$epÆ
ewoMoO©V|o–`m dXdXmßJmoXodemaXï $&
`mJkï gd©emÛmUmß g _XmÒWmZ_mflZw`mV≤ $&&
C∑VbjUgÂ[fiï Ò`mV≤ MV≤ _À[rR>^mJ≤^dV≤ $&
A›`Wm ÈT>[rT>m@oZoZJ´hmhm| _ZrofUm_≤ $&&
AÒ_V≤ [rR> g_mÈT>ï [nad´mSw>∑VbjUï $&
Ah_doV odk`m `Ò` Xd BoV lwVï $&& 167
`qfh∞pS>L$ `rh”, rS>[¢q÷e, khÆip˜p°_p rh‹p_ ≈°BA°. [° dpfu
[yÎe NZpe. [° depÆ]$p_p° c¨N L$f°, [p° [°_p° `Z r_N∞l L$fhp°. Ap Qpf
dW$p°_u `pk° `p°[p_u dy÷pAp° R>°, S>° ipk_`” `f A¨qL$[ R>°. ƒepf° A°
i¨L$fpQpep£_u khpfu _uL$m°, –epf° R>X$u `p°L$pfhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. S>°dp¨ ipk_`uW$
`f Ar^rõ$[ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p ipk__p° r_]£$i R>°. ApS>° `Z Qpf°e dW$_p¨ Ap
ApQpep£_u `f¨`fp kdpS> k_p[_ ^dÆ_u A°L$[p_° ‚ı\pr`[ fpMhp k¨h^w
f¸p R>°.
"ApQpeÆ'"ApQpeÆ'"ApQpeÆ'"ApQpeÆ'"ApQpeÆ' A°V$g° h°]$hpºep° A_° ip˜p°_p¨ hQ_p°_p¨ k¨L$g_ L$f°, [°
‚\d kp°`p_, h°]$ A_° ip˜p°_° Ap^pf° `p°[p_y¨ ∆h_ ∆h° A_° ApQpf
rhQpfdp¨ [° D[pf° [° buSy> kp°`p_ A_° `R>u Afie gp°L$p°_p¨ ∆h_dp¨ h°]$ A_°
ip˜p°_p¨ rkŸp¨[p°_p° Adg L$fph° [° ”uSy>¨ `Ngy¨. Apd ApQpf, rhQpf A_°
‚Qpf, AÊepk, A_yk¨^p_ A_° D`]°$i A° ”Z `Ngpdp¨ S>°d_y¨ ∆h_-
L$\_ A_° A_yNd_ kdpB ≈e [° ApQpeÆ. Ap ApQpeÆ L°$V$gpL$ ]$p°jp°\u
flu[ lp°hp ≈°BA° [°hp° [°d_p° k¨]° $i R> °. XÂ^X[©Hw$hH$emR>` _m`m
_mÀg`m©Z•VmhßH$ma__ÀdmoXXmf doO©Vï$& nyfıe ^pfp S>°hy¨ AOfy¨ L$pd `Z
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i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u rhQnZ byqŸA° A_° ]$u^Æ◊rÙ$A° `p°[p_u Adp` isº[_p° `qfQe
Ap‡ep°. hmu dW$_u `f¨`fp ∆h¨[ fl° A_° kdpS>dp¨ k]$pQpf A_° _•r[L$
^dÆ_p° D`]°$i k[[ hl°[p° fl°, kdpS>_p¨ M|Z°M|Z° `lp¢Q[p° \pe [° dpV°$
dW$_p¨ A›en° `p°[p_p¨ ‚p¨[dp¨ k[[ `qfc∞dZ L$epÆ L$fhp_y¨. Ïesº[ lp°e L°$
k¨ı\p ‚Nr[ l¨d°ip ‚dp]$–epN_u S> A °np fpM° R>°. dpV°$ S> A_°L$ k¨ı\pAp°
A_° kdp≈° ı\`pep A_° Aı[ \ep `Z ip¨L$f rhQpf _p¨ k_p[_ ^dÆ_p°
a°gphp° L$f[p dW$p° D`f ApS>° `Z gp°L$p°dp¨ AM|V$ ÓŸp R>°. Q[y^pƨdh°]$ch_
fiepk [fa\u Ap Qpf°e ^pdp°dp¨ h°]$d¨q]$fp°_u fQ_p L$fu. h°]$p°_p¨ ıhp›epe
A_° dyM`pW$_u `f¨`fp ApS>° `Z Qpgy flu R>°. Óu i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p¨ dW$pÁ_pe_p¨
Ap]°$i ‚dpZ° ^dÆ_u Ïehı\p kQhpe [° cph –ep¨ fS|> \ep° R>°.
-: D–khp° - `hp£ - _y¨ Apep°S>_ :--: D–khp° - `hp£ - _y¨ Apep°S>_ :--: D–khp° - `hp£ - _y¨ Apep°S>_ :--: D–khp° - `hp£ - _y¨ Apep°S>_ :--: D–khp° - `hp£ - _y¨ Apep°S>_ :-
fpÙ≤$ue A°º[p_° kp^hpdp¨ S>°V$gp° apmp° ^dÆip˜_p° R>° [°\u rhi°j
`hp£, D–khp°, [u\Æı\p_p°, [l°hpfp°, d°mpAp° hN°f°_p° R>°. hjÆ cfdp¨ DS>hp[p
Ap [l°hpfp° A_° D–khp°dp¨ kp• S>_p° D–kplc°f cpN g° R>° S>°_p ‹pfp A‚r[d
k¨[p°j_p° A_ych L$f° R>°.
-: Ly¨ $c d°mp :--: Ly ¨ $c d°mp :--: Ly ¨ $c d°mp :--: Ly ¨ $c d°mp :--: Ly ¨ $c d°mp :-
cNhp_ Ap¤i¨L$fpQpeÆA° k_p[_ ^dÆ_u ı\p`_p A_° fpÙ≤$ue
kpdp∆L$ `y_fp°Ÿpf _p¨ Dd]$p l°[y\u Qpf-dW$p° - ApÓdp° ı\p‡ep [°_u kp\°
S> ^dÆ ‚Qpf_° ›ep_° gB kdepfi[f° h∞[p°, D–khp° `hp£ \[p fl°. gp°L$p°dp¨
A°L$[p NpY$ b_[u fl°. A_° h∞[p°–khp° L°$ `hp£ Ap_¨]$ kp\° ≈°X$pe°gp lp°hp\u
gp°L$p°dp¨ A°L$[p_u cph_p h^y ‚NpY$ b_° [°hp D—d rhQpf\u ^dÆ‚Qpfp\£
_prkL$, Dà>•_, ‚epN [\p lqf‹pfdp¨ ]$fbpf hj£ Ly¨$c_y¨ Apep°S>_ L$eyØ.
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A‹•[_p `pep `f Dc°gu Ap`Zu kpıL©$r[L$ A°L$[p_° AMqX$[ fpMhp
A_° Ap›eps–dL$[p_p¨ Ap]$iÆ _° ≈mhhp dpV°$ krfi_õ$ ‚QpfL$p° `Z ≈°BA°.
Aphp L$qW$_ L$peÆdp¨ ƒep¨ k¨kpfu_u depÆ]$p NZpe –ep¨ i¨L$f° k¨epkuAp°_° kqæ$e
b_pÏep. l\°mudp¨ ∆h gB_° lp\dp¨ lr\epf gB S>°d k•r_L$ d°]$p_° `X°$ [°d
Tp°mu dp¨ k¨kpf kd°V$u_° d°]$p_° `X°$ [° kfiepku 168 S>°_° Ar[ kpdprS>L$ dyº[
dp_h L$lu iL$pe. ƒep¨ k¨kpfu _u depÆ]$p Aphu ≈e–ep¨ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u
‚Mf‚op, A_° rhQnZ byqŸA° k¨fiepkuAp°_° L$dÆf[ b_pÏep.
-: ]$i_pdu k¨fiepku k¨‚]$pe_u ı\p`_p :--: ]$i_pdu k¨fiepku k¨‚]$pe_u ı\p`_p :--: ]$i_pdu k¨fiepku k¨‚]$pe_u ı\p`_p :--: ]$i_pdu k¨fiepku k¨‚]$pe_u ı\p`_p :--: ]$i_pdu k¨fiepku k¨‚]$pe_u ı\p`_p :-
Apq]$i¨L$fpQpe£ k¨fiepk_° ∆hu b[pÏep°. ^dÆ `qfh∞pS>L$ ıhÍ$ ° [°dZ°
k_p[_^dÆ_p¨ DŸpf A_° ı\p`_p\£ kdN∞ cpf[_u A_°L$hpf ep”p L$fu.
`p°[p_p riÛep°_° `Z Ap ‚h©r—dp¨ kp\° ≈°X$Èp kdN∞ ]°$idp¨ - Qpf q]$ip
Ap°dp¨ ^dÆı\p`_Í$`° cNhp_ rhÛœ_u Qpf cy≈Ap° Í$`° Qpf q]$ipAp°dp¨ Qpf
dW$p° ı\p‡ep [°_u kp\° S> Qpf°e dW$p° D`f `p°[p_p¨ A°L$ A°L$ riÛe_° dW$pr^L$pfu
ıhÍ$ ° ı\p‡ep. ApNm L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ S>ZpÏep ‚dpZ° [° [° dW$p°_p¨ riÛep°_p¨ _pd_°
A¨[° AfŒe, h_, kfıh[u, cpf[u, `yfu, [u\Æ, ApÓd, rNqf, `hÆ[
A_° kpNf ≈°X$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [° `f\u ]$i_pdu k¨fiepkuAp° `Z Ap dW$p°_u
kp\° k¨b¨^ ^fph° R>°. [° rkŸ \pe R>°.^dpÆ_yipk_ dp¨ S>ZpÏep ‚dpZ° Ap
]$i_pdu k¨fiepkuAp° ^dÆ_p¨ fnZ dpV°$ `p°[p_y¨ brg]$p_ `Z Ap`[p¨. Ap
fu[° Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ∆A° h°frhM°f kp^ykdy]$pe_° ]$k hNp£dp¨ Ïhsı\[ L$ep£ A_°
[°_° rhriÙ$ Ap°mM ‹pfp Qpf°e dW$p° kp\° kp¨L$mu gu^p.
Ap ]$i_pdu k¨fiepkuAp° D`fp¨[ AMpX$pAp°_u `Z ı\p`_p \e°gu.
fS>`|[p_p A_° d›e‚]°$idp¨ A_°L$ k¨fiepkuAp°_u k¨ı\pAp° l[u S>°_p A›en
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Np°ıhpdu - Np°kpB L$l°hpe R>°. Ap Np°ıhpduAp° `qfh∞pS>L$ fp≈ NZp[p.
[°Ap° fp≈ - dlpfp≈Ap°_° fnZ `Z Ap`[p. Ap k¨‚]$pedp¨ R> AMpX$p
A_° bph_ dY$uAp° ≈Zu[p¨ R>°. [°dp¨ (1) `¨Qpe[u AMpX$p - dlpr_hpÆZu
R>°, [°_y¨ dyøe ı\p_ ‚epN R>°. (2) r_f¨S>_u AMpX$p - Ap `Z ‚epNdp¨
R>°. (3) AV$g AMpX$p (4) S|>_p AMpX$p - c•fh (5) Ap_¨]$ AMpX$p,
(6) Ar¡_ AMpX$p A_° (7) Adp_ AMpX$p.
Apdp¨ AV$g AMpX$p° kp•\u ‚pQu_ R>°. d›eeyNdp¨ Ap AMpX$p
Ap°dp¨ lp\u, Op°X$p, khpfu hN°f° fl°[p A_° gpM - gpM S>°V$gu d|r[ÆAp° -
–epNu k¨fiepkuAp° fl°[p. lpgdp¨ r_hpÆZu A_° r_f¨S>_u AMpX$p ‚rkŸ R>°.
[°d_u `pk° OZu k¨`r— fl° R>°. ]$i_pduAp°_p¨ dW$p° A_° ApÓdp° `f dl¨[
d¨X$g°fp°_u `k¨]$Nu L$fhpdp¨ Ap AMpX$pAp°_u k¨dr— dl“h_u NZpe R>°.
Ly¨$cd°mpAp°dp¨ [°d_u khpfu _uL$m° R>°. A_° `l°gy¨ ı_p_ L$p°Z L$f°, [°_p°
r_ZÆe Ap AMpX$pAp°_p¨ d¨X$m°fp°A° L$fhp_p° lp°e R>°.
A¨]$fp° A]$f A_°L$ d[c°]$p° lp°hp R>[p¨ A_° rhrh^ dpfie[pAp° lp°hp
R>[p¨ rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_p¨ fnZ dpV°$ Ap dlfi[p°, kp^yS>_p°, k¨fiepkuAp° A°L$[p
kp^u g° R>° A_° `p°[° rlfi]y$ lp°hp_y¨ Np•fh k°h° R>°. Apd ]$i_pdu k¨‚]$pe A_°
i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u `fÁ`fpA° A‹•[h°]$p[ ^dÆ_u ‚r[õ$p L$fu R>°. D√Q ep°¡e[p ≈mhu
Ap k¨fiepku k¨‚]$pe° i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p Dÿ°i_° Qqf[p\Æ L$ep£. b¨qL$dbpby
Ap_¨]$dW$dp¨ gM° R>° L°$ 169 ""h¨]°$dp[fdπ'' _° Np[p Ap k¨fiepkuAp°dp¨ Ry>`pe°gu
Adp`isº[Ap°_p° rhr_ep°N Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ∆_u ]$uOÆ◊qÙ$_° Apcpfu R>°.
-: k¨[p°_u L$pdNufu :--: k¨[p°_u L$pdNufu :--: k¨[p°_u L$pdNufu :--: k¨[p°_u L$pdNufu :--: k¨[p°_u L$pdNufu :-
ApQpeÆ_p¨ kdedp¨ fS>`|[p° rlfi]y$ ^dÆ‚°du l[p `f¨[y _°[pNufu
^pfZL$fu, [pfZlpf b_u iL°$ A°hu L$p°B kd\Æ Ïesº[ [° kde° _ l[u.
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]$rnZ cpf[dp¨ _pe_pf _pd_p¨ i•h k¨[p° A_° ApÎhpf _pd_p¨ h•ÛZhk¨[p°A°
gp°L$p°_° cqº[dpNÆ [fa hpmhp ‚e–_ L$ep£. `f¨[y Ap L$peÆ `|f[y¨ _ l[y¨.
Ap eyN k¨[eyN NZpe ApQpep£, kp^y-k¨[p° hN°f°_° lf[p-af[p
[u\p£ NZu iL$pe S>°Ap° `N`pmp ep”p L$fu gp°L$k¨`LÆ$ ≈mhu fpM[p Ap\u
S> Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ° `Z `¨qX$[p° L$f[p Aphp k¨fiepkuAp° `f rhi°j cpfd|ºep° R>°.
Óud]π$cNh]$Nu[p_p dlp_ ‚QpfL$ Óu `p¨Xyf¨N]$p]$p_p rhQpfp°_p d|mdp¨ `Z
Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ_p S> rhQpfp° R>°. A° ÷rÙ$A° ≈°BA° [p° Óui¨L$f° dp°V$p`pe° Ap L$pd
L$eyØ A_° kdpS>_° kyNW$u[ L$fhp_p° ‚e–_ –epf`R>u_p A_°L$ ApQpep£ A_°
k¨[p° dpV°$ `\ ]$iÆL$ bfiep°. hmu [°d_p° ‚cph `Z r_ÛL$g¨L$ lp°hp\u ApV$gp
hj£ `Z e\ph[π V$L$u f¸p° R>°.
dlp_‚QpfL$ A_° ‚kpfL$_u cph_p\u csº[ep°Nu [fuL°$ [°Ap° S>°V$gp
A`pf ÓŸphp_ A_° L$fyZpde l[p, [°V$gp¨ S> L$dÆep°Nu [fuL°$ D–L©$Ù$ h•riÛVπ$e
^fph_pf D—d L$p°qV$_p¨ eyN‚h[ÆL$ `Z l[p.
cpf[_p¨ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p M|ZpAp°dp¨ dW ı\p`hp_p° [°d_p° dyøe Dÿ°i,
≈Nuf Dcu L$fhp_p° _ l[p° _p_p-dp°V$p ]$f°L$ rhQpfp°_u `pR>m kdpS>^dÆ_p°
S> l°[y l[p°. [°d_p° rhQpf A° S> l[p° L°$ Ap A°L$ S> ]°$i R>°. cg° Ap`Zp¨
^dp£ Sy>]$p - Sy>]$p lp°e, `¨\p° Sy>]$p Sy>]$p A_° k¨‚]$pep° [\p d[p° `Z rhrcfi_
lp°e R>[p¨ `Z, cpf[_u ]$f°L$ ‚≈ A_°L$ k]$uAp°\u Alv hku lp°e `Z
Ap`Z° klz A°L$ S> Ly$Vy$Áb_p¨ kÊep° R>uA°. ""dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_≤'' _p° k¨]°$i
a°gphhp A_° [°_y¨ ◊Y$uL$fZ L$fhp dpV°$ kdN∞ ]°$idp¨ `qfc∞dZ A° [°d_p° dyøe
D]π$°i l[p°. [°Ap° D`]°$i[p L°$ Ap`œ¨ A°L$ A_° Arhcpƒe cprh R>°. A_° Ap
dlp_ ]°$idp¨ A°L$ kdp_ k¨ıL©$r[ Ïep °gu R>°. [°Ap° ^dÆ_p¨ ‚Qpf ‹pfp kpdprS>L$
A•ºe _p° k¨]°$i a°gph_pfp dlpdp_h l[p.
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-: [u\p£- `hp£- d°mpAp° ‹pfp kpdp∆L$ kdfk[p :--: [u\p£- `hp£- d°mpAp° ‹pfp kpdp∆L$ kdfk[p :--: [u\p£- `hp£- d°mpAp° ‹pfp kpdp∆L$ kdfk[p :--: [u\p£- `hp£- d°mpAp° ‹pfp kpdp∆L$ kdfk[p :--: [u\p£- `hp£- d°mpAp° ‹pfp kpdp∆L$ kdfk[p :-
S>N[π_p [dpd ^dp£dp¨ [_-d_ L°$mhhp_° A\£ ı[yr[ L°$ ‚p\Æ_p_y¨
dl–h sıhL$pfpey¨ R>°. ı[yr[-‚p\Æ_p dpV°$_y¨ D—d ı\m L°$ [u\Æ. ifuf kp\°
d__p° d°g ^p°B_° r_dÆm b_ph° [° [u\Æ S>°_p Ap^pf° [fu S>hpe [° [u\Æ.170
kpdpfie S>_ [“hop__° kd∆ _ iL°$ [°d_° dpV°$ [°dZ° kNyZ csº[ `f
cpf d|ºep°. `p°[p_p¨ ‚]°$i_p¨ - ‚p]°$riL$ [u\p£_p¨ NyZNp_ Np[p¨ gp°L$p°_° kdpS>_°
ApQpeÆ i¨L$f° [u\ÆOp°jZp ‹pfp khÆ[u\p£_° kdp_ NZphu D`]°$Ìep. [° dpV°$
[°dZ°
oZ[mZ AmJ_`mï VrW©_≤ F$ofOwÔ>Ob Jwam° $& (A_aH$me)
gd©VrW©_`r Jãm gd© Xd_`mhnaï $&
kpNfkfu[p S>°hp S>mpie_p `_OV$ r_`p__° [u\Æ L$l° R>°. ƒep¨
F>qjAp°-NyÍ$S>_p°_p `Ngp \ep lp°e [° r[\Æ.
gd©emÛ_`r JrVm gd©Y_m X`m[aï $&& 171 (Z•qgh[wamU)
JßJm, ÒVwoV, Z_©XmÔ>H$_≤, _oUH$oU©H$mÒVwoV A›Z[yUm©Ô>H$_≤ Apq]$
[u\Æı\p_p°_u ı[yr[, ‹pfp k_p[_ A°L$[p_p° D`]°$i Ap‡ep°. khÆ[u\p£dp¨
N¨Np,edy_p, kfıh[u_p r”h°Zu k¨Nd_° L$pfZ° ‚epNfpS> [u\ÆfpS> L$l°hpe
R>°. ApQpeÆÓuA° k_p[_^dÆ_p DŸpfp\£ ^dp£‚Qpf_u [u\Æep”p_p d¨X$pm
‚epN[u\ÆfpS> \u S> iÍ$ L$f°gp.
-: L$dÆ kp\° op_ - ^dÆ :--: L$dÆ kp\° op_ - ^dÆ :--: L$dÆ kp\° op_ - ^dÆ :--: L$dÆ kp\° op_ - ^dÆ :--: L$dÆ kp\° op_ - ^dÆ :-
i¨L$fpQpeÆ° k_p[_^dÆ_u ı\p`_p_u kp\° kp\° [°_p¨ D–L$jÆ dpV°$
[u\Æ^pdp°, h∞[ [l°hpfp°, eoepNpq]$ qæ$epAp°, ^dÆN∞fi\p°_p¨ `pfpeZp° hN°f°A°
`Z `fı`f_p¨ c°]$cph_° duV$phu dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_≤ _u cph_p¨ ≈N©[ L$fhpdp¨
dl–h_p° cpN cS>Ïep°.
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287
cpf[_p¨ Npd° Npd A_° _Nf° _Nfdp¨ [u\Æ^pdp° Aph°gp R>°. bpf°e
dpkdp¨ A_°L$ h∞[, D–khp°, [l°hpf Aph° R>°. `pW$`|≈, eoepN, lp°dlh_
hN°f°dp¨ `Z Apbpg-h©›^, _f-_pfu kp• D–kplc°f cpN g° R>°. Ap_p\u
`fı`f gp°L$p° A°L$bu≈_u _∆L$ Aph° A_° Ap`Z° kp• A°L$S> R>uA° A°hu
cph_p ≈N©[ b_[p Ap¨[qfL$ d[c°]$ Ap°R>p \pe. Apd `fı`f Nd° [°V$gp
d[c°]$p° lp°e [p° `Z A°L$[p kp^u kp• rlfi]y$ lp°hp_y¨ Np•fh k°h° R>°. Sy>]$p-Sy>]$p
d[p° A_° k¨‚]$pep° R>[p [u\Æı\p_p° khÆgp°L$p° dpV°$ Ap]$f `p” f¸p R>°.
gÀ`ßVrW© j_mVrW™ VrW™ Bp›–`oZJ´hï$&
gd©^yVX`mVrW™ VrW™ M o‡`dmoXZ $&
kmZß VrW™ V[ÒVrW™ H$oWVß VrW© g·H$_≤ $& 172
S>°d ifuf d¨q]$f R>°, rihpge R>° [°d ]$f°L$ [u\Ædp¨ A°L$ dyøe ]°$h
hıep R>°, bu≈ klQpfu ]°$hp° R>°. hmu d¨q]$fdp¨ rhÛœ_° ^fhp [ygku L°$ azg_u
dpmp, rih∆_p¨ bpZ `f S>gprcj°L$, ]°$hu d¨q]$fdp¨ L¨$Ly$ Óuam L°$ Q|¨]$X$u,
l_ydp_∆_° [°g L°$ Ap¨L$X$p_p¨ azg_u dpmp, NZ`r[_° ]y$hpÆ, ]$f°L$ ]°$h_° d_Nd[p¨
kp^_p° - N¨Npı_p_, edy_p`p_ A_° h∞S>_u f°[u `Z A°L$kfMuS> `rh”.
hmu ]$rnZ ‚]°$i_p° epr”L$ fpd°f d¨q]$f_p¨ ]$iÆ_° ≈e - –ep¨_u kdy÷ fS>
gB [° `rh” L°$]$pf, bq÷_p\ _p¨ ]$iÆ_ L$f°, N¨Np°”u - edy_p°”u ≈e- Np•fuLy$X$,
rNqfLy¨$X$ _y¨ S>m fpd°f ƒep°r[tgN `f Arcj°L$ L$f°. A°S> fu[° L$p°B ]$rnZ_u
`¨Y$f`yf, NyS>fp[u X$pL$p°f, d÷pku Óuf¨Ndπ, b¨Npmu _q]$ep, `|hw Aep°›ep L°$
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288
`|hp£—fu ep”u L$piu S>B [u\Æep”p `|ZÆ L$f°, `Z _m_Hß$ eaUß d´O _u cph_p
≈N©[ L$fu. hmu S>fidpÙ$du, _hfpr”, dlprihfp”u, fpd_hdu, q]$hpmu,
]$ilfp, D`fp¨[ A_°L$ `hp£ A_° D–khp°_u kp\° _p_p-dp°V$p d°mpAp° cfpe
S>°_p L$pfZ° gp°L$p° Ap`kdp¨ c°Np dmu fpÙ≤$^dÆ A_° kdp_cph_u ÷rÙ$ L°$mhu
iL°$. V|¨$L$dp¨ ]°$idp¨ hNÆ, ≈r[, cpjp, k¨‚]$pe, ‚]°$i, hp]$, hN°f° ]$f°L$dp¨
[u\Æep”p Qpf-^pd A_° Qpf dW$p°_u ı\p`_p ‹pfp [°dZ° i•h A_° h•ÛZh_u
kp\° ipº[ cph_p_u A°L$[p_° `Z d|[Æ L$fu R>°. A_° `hp£_p¨ blp_° rhrh^
‚p¨[_p¨ gp°L$p° A°L$” dmu Ap cph_p ≈N©[ L$fu [\p Ly¨$cd°mp_u fQ_p ‹pfp
rhrh^ ‚p¨[_p¨ kp^y-k¨[p°, dlp–dpAp° b^p S> A°L$ S> S>¡epA° c°Np dm°
A_° "dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_≤'_ucph_p ‹pfp rhrh^[pdp¨ A°L$[p_y¨ ]$iÆ_ iºe b_°
[°hu A°L$ "Mass Movement'i¨L$f° Ap`u - "gßJ¿N>‹dß, gßdX‹dß' dW•$ºe[p
‹pfp. ApQpeÆ i¨L$f° cNhp_ rhÛœ_u Qpf c|≈ Í$` Qpf dW$p° ı\p‡ep Mfp
`Z ıhe¨ L$p°B r_sÌQ[ dW$pk_ `f Ar^õ$ _ fl°[p S>° ‚]°$idp¨ ‚≈ cvkdp¨
lp°e –ep¨ –ep¨ k[[ afu h˛ep. hmu Qpf - dW$p°_u ı\p`_pdp¨ `Z `p°[° i¨L$f
lp°hp R>[p¨ ”Z h•ÛZh^pdp° A°L$dp” rih^pd (fpd°fdπ) `k¨]$ L$eyØ. ApS>°
`Z F>rjL°$i_p¨ L$p°B ApÓddp¨ A°L$ S> Nyfy `pk° h°]$p¨[_p° AÊepk L$f_pfp 25
riÛep°dp¨\u b°Qpf [rdg_pXy$_p, b°Qpf b¨Npm_p, b°Qpf D—f‚]°$i_p A_°
b°Qpf NyS>fp[_p lp°e [°hy¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. Ap `f¨`fp l≈fp° hjp£\u Qpgy R>°.
Ap`Zu k¨ıL©$r[L$ A°º[p_y¨ L°$fi÷ Alv R>°. A_° Ap A°L$[pdp¨ Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ_p°
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apmp° OZp° d|Îehp_ R>°. b]$qf_p\dp¨ cNhp_ b]$qf_p\ D—f_p¨ R>[p¨ `|≈
L$f° ]$rnZ_p¨ _pÁb|÷u b∞p˚Zp° Ap L°$V$gu [°d_u D]$pf[p L°$ A°L$[p ! b÷u_p\_p
d¨q]$f_p `|≈fu L°$fpgp_p lp°e R>°, `iy`r[_p\ (_°`pg) _p d¨q]$f_p `|≈fu
dlpfpÙ≤$_p lp°e R>°. d]$dl°f (rldpge)_p d¨q]$f_p `|≈fu L$ZpÆV$L$_p lp°e
R>°. ]$rnZ_p¨ d¨q]$fp°_p |≈fuAp° D—f cpf[dp¨\u –ep¨ Ne°gp R>°. Ap Ap`Zu
kp¨ıL©$r[L$ A°º[p_p° `pep° R>°. Ap ıhÍ$`_u Ïehı\p Ecu L$fhpdp¨ kp•\u
dl–h`|ZÆ apmp° Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p° R>°, S>°Ap° h°]$p¨[]$iÆ__p¨ ‚h[ÆL$ A_°
‚\dpQpeÆ R>°. Ap`Zu A°º[p_p° ip¨L$fh°]$p¨[ S> `pep° R>°.
Ap D`fp¨[ i¨L$fpQpeÆA° S>° ]$i_pdu k¨[p°_u ı\p`_p L$fu [°dp¨
AgN-AgN R>[p¨ Ap b^p k¨[p° ºep¨e "< _d: rihpe' _lv `Z "Z_m
Zmam`U' A°d bp°g°. Ap ^prdÆL$ A°º[p S> kpdp∆L$ A•ºe_u cph_p_p° `pep°
b_u gp°L$p°dp¨ S>pN©r[ gphhp rh‹°j A_° AkrlÛœ[p_° V$pmhp A\£ `pep_p°
`’\f b_u. cpf[_u k¨ıL©$r[ A_° kÊe[p_p ]$iÆ_ Ap fu[° [l°hpfp°, D–khp°,
d°mp hN°f° ‹pfp tl]y$–h_u cph_p_° AM¨X$u[ fpMhpdp¨ \[p ≈°hp dm° R>°.
cpf[ue kdpS> ƒepf° rhrh^ k¨‚]$pep° A_° hp]$p°_p hpX$pdp¨ h°frhM°f iuZÆ-
rhiuZÆ, ]y$rj[ A_° dqg_ b_u_° a°gpe°gp° l[p°. –epf° kdpS>^dÆ_p Ap
apV°$gp L$`X$p_° ApQpeÆÓuA° L•$hgp‹•[ ]$iÆ_Í$`u ]$p°fp\u kp¨^u gu^p° A_°
"AmÀ_dV≤ gd© yVfw'-"gd©IpÎdXß]´ ' S>°hp k_p[_k–e_u ‚r[õ$p ‹pfp dp_hu_°
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ıhL°$fi÷u duV$phu kdS>]$pf kdpS>L°$fi÷u b_pÏep° A° L•$hgp‹•[ rkŸp¨[pQpeÆ_u
qkqŸ L$p¨B S>°hu-[°hu _ NZpe. 173 S>°_° ApS>`eÆfi[ L$pm_p° L$p¨V$ gp¡ep° _\u.
fp≈fpd dp°l_fpe\u iÍ$ \e°gy¨ A_° fpdL©$ÛZ`fdl¨k, rhh°L$p_¨]$,
V$pNp°f, Np¨^u∆, L°$.ku.cÀ$pQpeÆ, Óu Afth]$ A_° fp^pL©$ÛZ_π ky^u_p° kdN∞
cpf[ue `y_fy–\p__y¨ lp]Æ$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_p h°]$p¨[dp¨ S> fl°gy¨ R>°. Ap\u S> L$lu
iL$pe L°$ h°]$p¨[ kpdp∆L$ ]$iÆ_ R>°. d|mc|[ dysº[_u i¨L$fpQpeÆ_u rhcph_pA°
ıhp[¨‘e Ap¨]$p°g__p Ap`Zp dlp_ _°[pAp°_° `Z ‚°fZp Ap`u l[u. A°d_p
S>°hp h•rL$ Ïep`hpmp d_ cp¡e°S> ≈°hp dm°.174 S>°_u kpd° Ap`œ¨ dı[L$
Ap]$f\u _du ≈e R>°.
A¿`wVß [a_mZ›Xß oMX≤YZß gÀ`_¤`_≤ $&
d›X gd©JwÈß ]´˜ eßH$aß oXÏ`Xe©Z_≤ $&&
Apd h°]$p¨[ op__p° k|eÆ A_° csº[_p° Q¨÷ A° b¨fi_°_u Akf\u
rlfi]y$ ^dÆ_y¨ k_p[_`œ¨ afuhpf ı\pr`[ L$eyØ.
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* k¨]$cÆ k|rQ :-* k¨]$cÆ k|rQ :-* k¨]$cÆ k|rQ :-* k¨]$cÆ k|rQ :-* k¨]$cÆ k|rQ :-
(1) "Óud]π$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ [“hop_' - `©.9
(2) b∞.k|.ip¨.cp. 1.3.33.
(3) "i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `f_u [°d_u `ysı[L$p `©.1 A_yhp]$L$ A°d.hu. bnu.
(4) "›hfiepgp°L$' - "gp°Q_' `©.13 ApQpeÆ Arc_hNy·° "k˘]$e'_y¨ gnZ
Ap‡ey¨ R>°. `fmß H$mÏ`mZwerbZm‰`mgdemV≤.....gˆX`U $&
(5) "‚iıe]$iÆ_p°' - g°. Óu. A.L$. r”h°]$u. `©.50
(6) b∞.k|.ip¨.cp. 1.3.33.
(7) X$uıL$hfu Ap°a BrfiX$ep - S>hplfgpg _l°fy - `©.156-157.
(8) "Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.2. _p_pcpB `pgMuhpmp_p° g°M, k¨`p. Np•[d
`V°$g.
(9) ‚p°. ApW$hm° "Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ' Ap. rhÛœ]°$h `¨qX$[...‚ı[ph_p.`©.1.
(10) Sy>Ap° k[`\ b∞p.3 ≈° L$p¨X$, ip¨r[`hÆ-180-12 [\p rlfi]y$^dÆ]$iÆ_-
©.
(11) "Apq]i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.45 ‚pµ. Bfi÷h]$_ fphg_p¨ g°Mdp¨\u, k¨`p.
Np•[d `V°$g.
(12) Óui¨L$fpQpeÆ frQ[-L©$ÛZpÙ$L$_u `¨qº[Ap°.
(13) Hw$d©fidhH$_m©oU.......... Biphpıe D`.-2.
(14) b©l]$p. D`.1.4.14.
(15) Sy>Ap° rlfi]y$ h°]$ ^dÆ `©.149.
(16) "Apq]$ i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.188, k–e`pg_pf¨N_p° g°M, k¨`p. Np•[d
`V°$g. `p°À$f - A°fikpBL$gp°`°qX$ep -hp°g.3, `©.35 _p° k¨]$cÆ.
(17) X$pµ. V$u.A°d.`u. dlp]°$h_π "i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.43-44.
(18-A°) b∞.k|.ip¨.cp.D`p°]π$Op[.
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292
(18-bu) emÛm `mÀ_oZ dUm©l_d`m@dÒWmodefm‹`mg_molÀ` ‡dV©›V$&
b∞.k|.ip¨.cp. 1.1.1.
(19) b∞. k|. ip¨. cp. 1.1.1.
(20) rlfi]y$ h°]^dÆ `©.164, ip˜pÆŒep–dr_hZpÆÓd hep°@hı\pq]$....
‚h[Æfi[°$ &
(21) [•r[. D`. 1.11.2 oeÓQ>mMmabjUmoZH$_m©oU
(22) h°]$p¨[k|” - 3.4.20.
(23) h°]$p¨[k|” - 1.3.33.
(24) h°.k|.1.3.38 [\p rlıV≤$u Ap°a ^dÆip˜-cpN-2-`©.156.
(25) R>p.D`.2.16, [\p Ap`ı[¨bk|” -2.5, 10-11, cpNh[-
11.5.2 [\p b©l. D`.3.9.21.
(26) rhÛœıd©r[ - 4.1 `WmŒm_moZ ÒWmZmoZ ‡mflZwdp›V –T>d´Vmï $& ]´˜Mmar
J•hÒWm dm dmZ‡ÒWm `oVÒVWm $&&
(27) BrfiX$e_ A°fiV$uºh°fu-cpN-4-`©.255-56.
(28) cNh]π$Nu[p - 16.21.
(29) h°.k|.3.1.8
(29-bu) R>p. D`. 5.11.5.
(30) [•r[. D`. 1.11.1.
(31) "Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.3. _p_pcpB `pgMuhpmp_p° g°M.
(32) rlfi]y$ h°]$^dÆ - `©.170.
(33) cNh]π$Nu[p - A›ep-5.18 dp¨ Ôgp°L$.
(34) "Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ' ©.3. "dybBdp¨ 1989 dp¨ Ap °gp ‚hQ__° Ap^pf°'
`f\u "_p_pcpB `pgMuhpmp_p° g°M'.
(35) R>p. D`. 6.1.2/3.
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293
(36) Ao[ M°Z_mÀ_mZß ....gßamYZH$mb[Ì`p›V `moJZï $& b∞.k|.ip¨.cp.
3.2.24.
(37) AÒ`_oh_mZo_oV drVemH$ï $& _w S>H$-3.2.1, °[p.5.9
(38) L$W$. D`. 2.24.
(39) rlfi]y$h°]$^dÆ-`©.310.
(40) kfMphp° ‹`m`Vm odf`m›[wßgï...... - cNh]π$Nu[p-2.62.
(41) d–ıe`yfpZ-34.11.
(42) Sy>Ap° "Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.25. X$pµ. A°_.ku. –epNu_p° g°M, k¨`p]$L$
Np•[d `V°$g.
(43) R>pfi]$p°¡e D`r_j]π$ -23.1
(44) ip¨L$fcpÛe ‚ı[ph_p k¨.
(45) L•$hÎe D`. 9.
(46) oeÔ>mMmaï Ò_•oVdXmoÛodYß-Y_©bjU_≤ $& d_y ıd©r[. ^dÆ_y¨ ıhÍ$` [\p
rlfi]y$ h°]$ ^dÆ `©-12.
(47) b©l]$p. D`. 1.4.14.
(48) VÒ_mV≤gÀ`ß dX›V_mh˛Y©_©dXVroV Y_©$ & rlfi]y$ ^dÆ]$iÆ_ `©.111.
(49) "h•fp¡ei[L$' c[©Ælqf frQ[.
(50) ZmodaVm XwúnaVmV≤Zmem›Vm Zmg_mohVï Zmem›V_Zgm dmo[ ‡kmZZ°Z_≤
AmflZw`mV≤$& L$W$. D`.2.24.
(51) cNh]π$Nu[p - A›ep. 5-18.
(52) dlpcpf[ [\p rlfi]y$ h°]$ ^dÆ -`©.163.
(53) b©l. D`. 4.4.22.
(54) cNh]π$Nu[p -18-61.
(55) e[p° hpQp° r_h[Æfi[° A‚p‡e d_kp kl $& [•r—. D`.4.1.
(56) Z MoXhmdXrV≤ _hVr odZoÔ>ï $& L°$_. D`. 2.5
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(57) Xwb©^ß Ã`_d°VX≤ XdmZwJ´hh°VwH$_≤ $& _ZwÓ`Àdß _w_wjwÀdß _hm[wÈfgßl`ï$&&
rhh°L$Q|X$pdrZ -3.
(58) b©l]$p. D`. 3.2.13.
(59) h°]$p¨[k|” - 3.1.18.
(60) dpŒX|$. D`. Np•. L$p. 45.
(61) dy¨X$L$. D`. ip¨.cp. 3.2.2.
(62) h°]$p¨[k|” -3.1.8.
(63) L$W$. D`. ip¨.cp.5.7.
(64) `_°d [a_mÀ_mZ_d°f od¤m›d•UwV ‡mflVwo_¿N>oV.....$& dy¨X$L$. D`. ip¨.cp.
3.2.2.
(65) AÒ`_oh_mZo_oV odŒmemH$ï $& dy¨X$L$ - 3.1.2. g MmZ›Vm` H$Î[V $&
°[p.5.9
(66) dy¨X$L$ D`. 3.2.9.
(67) Sy>Ap° ip¨.cp. 3.1.1. \u 27.
(68) VX≤ `Wh H$_©oMVmbmH$ï jr`V..... R>pfi]$p°¡e - 8.1.6. A_°
`mdÀgÂ[mV_wofÀdm $& R>pfi]$p°¡e 5.10.5.
(69) ApQpeÆÓu frQ[ Q`ÆV$`¨S>qfL$p-ı[p°”dπ
(70) cNh]π$Nu[p - 2.22 [\p 2.27.
(71) cNh]π$Nu[p - 4.5.
(72) b∞.k|.ip¨.cp. 4.2.15.
(73) b∞.k|.ip¨.cp. 3.1.17.
(74) D`r_j]π$hpºe [\p rlfi]y$h°]$^dÆ - `©.182.
(75) ApQpeÆÓu frQ[ - kp^_`¨QL$.
(76) Óud]π$cNh]π$Nu[p - 18.41,42,43,44.
(77) Sy>Ap° ip¨.cp. 2.1.14.
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295
(78) cNh]π$$Nu[p -16/32.
(79) cNh]π$Nu[p - 18.46
(80) c.Nu. 4.16
(81) h°.k|. 3.1.8.
(82) Nu[p 16.19.
(83) ‚`¨Qkpf-2.3.5.
(84) rlıV≤$u Ap°a ^dÆip˜ -`©.1070
(85) R>pfi]$p°¡e D`. 8.15.1.
(86) c.Nu. 10.5 [\p 16.2.
(87) Nu[p - 16.32.
(88) b©l]$p. D`.ip¨.cp. 5.43.
(89) R>p. D`. 3.11.6.
(90) b©l. D`. 3.8.7.
(91) b©l. D`. 4.4.22.
(92) h°]$p¨[k|” - 3.4.26, 29. 33.
(93) R>p. D`. 7.26.2.
(94) h°.k|. 3.4.28.
(95) R>p. D`. 1.2.8, 8.13.1, b©l. D`. 1.5.20, 6.3.18.
(96) cNh]π$Nu[p - 17.16.
(97) Nu[p 2.65.
(98) [•—. D`. 1.11.1.
(99) Sy>Ap° rlfi]y$ h°]$^dÆ `©.159.
(100) b©l]$p. D`. 4.3.9.
(101) Nu[p-6.20, 5.24, 6.24.
(102) Nu[p 4.34, 11.44.
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296
(103) Nu[p - 3.11.
(104) ApQpeÆL©$[ rhÛœı[yr[ [\p rlfi]y$ h°]$ ^dÆ -`©.310.
(105) [•[. D`. 1.6.2.
(106) AhßH$ma Ed oh gd©Ò` ‡H•$oV]rOß –Ô>_≤ $& c.Nu.ip¨.cp. 3.4. [\p
rhh°L$Q|X$pdrZ-298.
(107) R>pfi]$p°. D`. 5.18.1.
(108) R>p. D`. 2.9.3.
(109) Nu[p-16.7, 16.4, [\p dy¨X$L$p°`r_j]π$ 1.2.8.
(110) Nu[p 16.18, 13.7
(111) c.Nu. 2.56
(112) cS>Np°rhfi]¨$ - 26.
(113) b©l]$p. D`. 4.4.5 A_° h°.k|. 2.3.17, 3.1.9.
(114) ‚Ò. D`. 1.2.
(115) dy. D`. 1.2.3.
(116) Nu[p-6.26.
(117) Nu[p 3.32, 18.67
(118) Nu[p. 16.18.
(119) Nu[p-2.57, 17.17, 12.17, 18.51.
(120) R>p. D`. 2.14.20.
(121) b©l. D`. 5.2.3.
(122) AVm X_‹d߇moUfw-X`mß Hw$ÈV BoV $& X_ß XmZß X`mo_oV oejXw[mX⁄mV≤ $&
b©l. D`. ip¨.cp. 5.4.3.
(123) Nu[p-16.3.
(124) Nu[p. 2.14 A_° 4.22
(125) b©l. D`. 4.4.23.
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297
(126) Nu[p. 2.64, 2.60-61.
(127) Nu[p. 6.7 [\p dy¨X$L$ D`. 3.2.5.
(128) L$W$. D`. 3.9.
(129) L$W$. D`. 2.3.
(130) cNh]π$Nu[p-2.55.
(131) Nu[p-3.37.
(132) Nu[p-2.62.
(133) dy¨X$L. D`. 12.12, [\p b©l. D`. 3.5.1.
(134) c.Nu.18.10 [\p Nu[p 2.71, b©l. D`. 3.5.1.
(135) Z ‡^yVZodŒmZ V[©Ur`m _ZwÓ`ï $& Z oh bmH$ odŒmbm^ï H$Ò`oMV•o·H$am
—Ô>ï $& L$W$. D`. ip¨.cp. 1.27.
(136) Nu[p 14.7
(137) Aßãß JobVß [obVß _w S>ß............... i¨L$fpQpeÆ∆ frQ[
(138) Z V•ÓUm`mß gÀ`mß gwIÒ` J›Y_mÃ_fl`w[[⁄V $& c.Nu.ip¨.cp. 2.66
(139) h°]$p¨[k|”-2.2.2.
(140) `mdV≤ OrdV≤ gwIß OrdV≤ - QphpÆL$hp]$u d[.
(141) c.Nu[p.-4.8.
(142) L$W$. D`. 2.24.
(143) L$W$. D`. 5.11.
(144) Bi D`. 8.
(145) [•r[. D`. 2.9.1.
(146) Sy>Ap° rlfi]y$h°]$^dÆ-`©-162.
(147) rlfi]y$ h°]$ ^dÆ-`©-199.
(148) b©l. D`. 14.14 [\p LW$. D`. 2.14.
(149) R>$p. D`. 1.2.
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298
(150) dy¨X$. D`. 3.1.6.
(151) R>p. D`. 8.3.1.
(152) b©l. D`. 5.41, R>p. D`. 3.11.2.
(153) b©l. D`. 1.4.14.
(154) R>p. D`. 5.16.1.
(155) Nu[p-3.32, 17.6, 17.11 [\p R>p. D`. `.103.
(156) Nu[p-16.17.
(157) Nu[p-4.21.
(158) dy¨X$L$. D`. 1.2.11.
(159) b©l. D. 5.6.8.
(160) Nu[p-14.17, dy¨. D`. 1.2.10.
(161) R>p. D`. 1.3.12.
(162) R>p. D`. 7.20.1.
(163) b©l. D`. 13.1.1.
(164) b©l. D`. 3.8.8.
(165) b©l. D`. 3.5.1.
(166) dy. D`. 3.2.3. ip¨.cp. 5.11.
(167) Sy>Ap° rlfi]y$ ^dÆ]$iÆ_-`©.359.
(178) "Apq]$i¨L$fpQpeÆ' `©.50.
(169) b¨Npgu kprl–eL$pf b¨qL$dQ¨÷A° gM°gu _hgL$\p "Ap_¨]$dW$'.
(170) rlfi]y$ ^dÆ ]$iÆ_ - `©.304.
(171) _©tkl `yfpZ.
(172) ıL¨$]$`yfpZ-rlfi]y$ ^dÆ ]$iÆ_-`©.282.
(173) Óud]π$i¨L$fpQpeÆ_y¨ [“hop_-`©.778. Preface to the book of
"Themessage of Shankara" - by Shanti Joshi
(174) A°k. fp^pL©$ÛZ_π "BrfiX$e_ ragp°kp°au' hp°Îeyd-2. `©.450.
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(2) ]$iÆ_ iÂ]$_p° A\Æ(2) ]$iÆ_ iÂ]$_p° A\Æ(2) ]$iÆ_ iÂ]$_p° A\Æ(2) ]$iÆ_ iÂ]$_p° A\Æ(2) ]$iÆ_ iÂ]$_p° A\Æ
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(4) ]$iÆ_p°_u ‚h©r—(4) ]$iÆ_p°_u ‚h©r—(4) ]$iÆ_p°_u ‚h©r—(4) ]$iÆ_p°_u ‚h©r—(4) ]$iÆ_p°_u ‚h©r—
(5) cpf[ue ]$iÆ__p tQ[_p–dL$ øepgp° A_° gnZp°(5) cpf[ue ]$iÆ__p tQ[_p–dL$ øepgp° A_° gnZp°(5) cpf[ue ]$iÆ__p tQ[_p–dL$ øepgp° A_° gnZp°(5) cpf[ue ]$iÆ__p tQ[_p–dL$ øepgp° A_° gnZp°(5) cpf[ue ]$iÆ__p tQ[_p–dL$ øepgp° A_° gnZp°
(6) ]$iÆ_ ip˜ - ApQpep£_p d[° ]$iÆ_(6) ]$iÆ_ ip˜ - ApQpep£_p d[° ]$iÆ_(6) ]$iÆ_ ip˜ - ApQpep£_p d[° ]$iÆ_(6) ]$iÆ_ ip˜ - ApQpep£_p d[° ]$iÆ_(6) ]$iÆ_ ip˜ - ApQpep£_p d[° ]$iÆ_
(7) cpf[ue ]$piÆq_L$ k¨‚]$pep° [\p [°d_y¨ hNwL$fZ(7) cpf[ue ]$piÆq_L$ k¨‚]$pep° [\p [°d_y¨ hNwL$fZ(7) cpf[ue ]$piÆq_L$ k¨‚]$pep° [\p [°d_y¨ hNwL$fZ(7) cpf[ue ]$piÆq_L$ k¨‚]$pep° [\p [°d_y¨ hNwL$fZ(7) cpf[ue ]$piÆq_L$ k¨‚]$pep° [\p [°d_y¨ hNwL$fZ
(8) h•q]$L$ ]$iÆ_p°_p° `qfQe(8) h•q]$L$ ]$iÆ_p°_p° `qfQe(8) h•q]$L$ ]$iÆ_p°_p° `qfQe(8) h•q]$L$ ]$iÆ_p°_p° `qfQe(8) h•q]$L$ ]$iÆ_p°_p° `qfQe
