Programs Typography Point size Point size Point size

1

How to create good looking

documents?

© 2007, Abonyi-Tóth Zsolt

Szent István University

Faculty of Veterinary Science

Budapest

Programs

�Editors

�Formatting programs

�Publishing programs (DTP)

Typography

�τυποζ (typos) graven figure

� γραφω (grapho) to write

�Typography:

– Developing of printed materials

– Forming the text, aligning the text and pictures

�Typography: developing letters anddeveloping with letters

Point size

� Inch based (pica)

– 0,352 mm

�Didot-Förster

– 0,376 mm

Point size

� Inch based (pica)

– 1 inch = 6 picas = 25,4 mm

– 1 pica = 12 points = 4,233 mm

– 1 point = 0,352 mm

Point size

�Didot-Förster

– 1 point = 0,376 mm = point

– 4 points = 1,504 mm = diamond

– 8 points = 3,008 mm = petit

– 10 points = 3,761 mm = garamond

– 12 points = 4,513 mm = cicero

– ...

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Why is it important?

� You need a new assistant. Who do you trust?

Who do you trust?

Name: John Smiths

Place of Birth: London

Date of Birth: 12.09.1978.

Education:

Blackwell College, Easwick

veterinarian

NDA High School

Hobby:

swimming

name: John Smiths

Place of Birth: London

Date of Birth: 12..09. 1978

Education : Blackwell College, Easwick veterinarian, NDA High School

Hobby: swimming

Parts of the document

�Letter

�Word

�Sentence

�Paragraph

�Chapter

�Document

Letters

Budapest�Base line

– Optical

Letters

Budapest�Line of reading

– Optical

– It guides your eyes!

Letters

Budapest� Font size

– more 10-20% place between rows

• Less space is confusing (you miss the rows)

• More space is a wastage, and breaks the train of thought

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Letters

�Linear impression is needed, when you

change the size

– Use an exponential scale!

E.g. this one:

6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 28, 36, 48, ...

Letters

�Traditional font size:

– 8-10 in newspaper

– 10-12 in books

– (12 with A/4 paper size)

Letters

�Width of letters

– Equal width on typewriters

– Letters should have different width!

• We need rhythm

Letters

�Font type: letters have been developed by

the same graphical idea

�The needs:

– Easy to read

– Nice shape

– Own, special looking

Letters

�The needs of easy reading:

– The looking should be uniform, but the letters

must be easy to distinguish

– The picture of words should be good-looking

– The shape of the letters should produce a good

rhythm of lines

• DON’T WRITE WITH UPPERCASE LETTERS!

Letters

�Other properties

– Type

• Letters with the same graphical elements

– Variant

• How to modify the given type

– Size

�Font: the above 3 things together

– E.g. Times Bold 10

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Letters

�Variants

– Width of the lines

I I O O A A i i o o a a

Letters

�Variants

– Width of the letters

QWERTYUIOPasdfghjkléá


Letters

�Variants

– Italic

• Letters may become unreadable

• Oblique (cursive), if it has been developed

separately



Letters

�Variants

– Small capitals

• The shape of the letters is uppercase

• Wrong line width transforming by the computer!



Letters

�Special effects

Hyphenation and dash is not the same!

- – .

�n-dash with space, or

m-dash without space

Letters

�Kerning

Sometimes we should to move letters to create a

uniform spot-effect

.

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Letters

� With feet

– Normal, continuous text

� Without feet– Bigget size, titles, etc.

� Fixed width letters

– Highlighting

mm

Do we read letters or words?

Veetrinarnais paly a mjoar rloe in the

halethcrae of ptes, lviseoctk, and zoo,

spronitg, and loabarrtoy amnalis. Smoe

veeritniarans use tiher silkls to ptocert

hmunas aagnist disseaes cierrad by amanils.

Letters

�Renaissance types

– Varied lines

– Simulate quill-pen

– Feet

– Axle is not vertical

• E.g. Gaudy, Garamond

Letters

�Baroque types

– Bigger difference between the width of the

lines

– Axes are nearly vertical

• E.g. Times, Plantin, Baskerville

Letters

�„Classical” types

– Don’t follow handwriting

– Light feet

– Very different line widths

– Thin horizontal, thick vertical lines

– Axes nearly vertical

• E.g. Bodoni, Walbaum, Primous

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Letters

�Linear with feet (Egyptienne)

– Line widths are nearly the same

– The end of the lines are angled

– Axes are vertical

• E.g. Memphis, Figaro, Courier New

Letters

�Clarendon (newspaper)

– Uniform line width

– The end of the lines are angled

– Axes are vertical

• E.g. Clarendon, Volta

Letters

�Grotesque (linear without feet)

– Exactly the same line widths

– Regular development (geometrical forms)

– No feet

• E.g. Helvetia, Futura, Reform, Univerz, Arial

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Letters

�Handwriting

– Simulates handwriting

– Movement in lines, in the connection between

letters

– Don’t use for long text! Hard to read!

• E.g. Ariston, Signal, Slogan

Letters

�Decorative types (advertisement,

decoration)

– Not easy to read

– Unusual form

• E.g. Broadway, Stencil, Uncial

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Letters

�Other types

– Everything else

• E.g. black letters, Russian and Greek letters

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Letters

�The similarity of the meaning and the form

– Poems: renaissance

– Polite literature: baroque, renaissance

– Technological: egyptienne, „classical”

– Advertisement: grotesque, egyptienne

Rules of typography

�Don’t use several font types, it suggests

unstability

�Small difference is no difference, only

„dramatic” changes are acceptable

�Few text on big surface: dependable, worthy

of note

Rules of typography

�Spaces: the same size in the same line

�Too big spaces brake the text

�Don’t allow „channels”

� I n e x p a n d e d t e x t spaces should be

expanded also

� space between letters < space < space

between paragraphs < margin size

Rules of typography

�Hyphenation

– Not more than 4 consecutive hyphenations or

signs at the end of the lines

– Minimum 3 letters together

– Compound words at the composition

�Check grammar

– Algorithm + exception dictionary

Rules of typography

�Hyphenation

– Too many hyphenations mean, that column

width is too small

10 points font size �

20 cicero (9 cm) column width

Column width should be minimum 3.5 cm

Highlighting

� A light highlighting (cursive)

� A s t r o n g e r highlighting (expanded)

� More STRONGER highlighting (small capitals)

� A STRONG highlighting (all capitals)

� Very strong highlighting (bold)

� Others: Unuseful, UnofficialUnofficial, UnofficialUnofficialUnofficial

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Drop Caps

HIS way it can be aligned on two sides

HIS way it should be aligned on four

sides, otherways it looks horrible, and

everyone will think, it is not a correct

solution..

T

T

Drop Caps

� If you start one chapter that way, do thesame with all chapters

�Connect it to the first word: move closer oruse small capitals

�Use the second way (previous slide) if itwas higher than two lines

�The top of the Drop Caps shouldn’t belowthe top of the first line

Be careful

�Don’t use handwriting and capital letters

�Don’t expand coursive handwriting

�Don’t use light Drop Caps with dark fonts

�Don’t type ‘dot’ at the end of titles

�Dark text on dark background: max. 30%

�Light text on dark background: min. 50%

�White paper: no light text


�Letters

�Words

�Sentences

�Paragraphs

�Chapters

�Document

How to type

�There is no space between the words and

the following signs!

– Exception: opening braces


�Letters

�Words

�Sentences

�Paragraphs

�Chapters

�Document

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Paragraph

�The set of sentences about the same topic.

Paragraphs

Paragraphs should be separated to show the

reader, that a new topic will be started there.

So the reader will be able to recognize, what

a hell we talk about.

In case he’s wondering...

Paragraphs

Paragraphs should be separated to show

the reader, that a new topic will be started

there.

So the reader will be able to recognize,

what a hell we talk about.

In case he’s wondering...

� Indentation is usually 2 or 3 times the font

size

�All indentations should have the same size

in the document, independently of different

font sizes

Paragraphs

Indent (list)

– 1 kg bred

– 0,5 kg sugar

– 10 apples

– 1 bottle of milk

Paragraphs

Numbered list

1. Britney Spears

2. Prodigy

3. Modern Talking

4. Metallica

– Correct form: 1. a)

• (might be different in different languages)

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To highlight longer text

�Align to the center

�Left and right indentation

�Left indentation

�Summary: bold (bigger)

IMPORTANT

�ENTER means the end of the

paragraph only. Never use to start a

new line only!

�Tabulator, space should not be

used for indentation!


�Letters

�Words

�Sentences

�Paragraphs

�Chapters

�Document

Chapters

�Chapters separate the document by subjects.

It is important to give the same looking to

the chapters.

Titles

� If the document could be separated to smaller

parts, titles and subtitles should be used.

� Highlighting usually with size and alignment

� Visible contrast between title and regular text

� Don’t align to center a coursive line (the whole

page seems to be turned)

� Decimal numbering in scientific documents

Titles

�No more space below the titles than abovethem

�Title should be on the same page as the textbelow

� In case of two-line titles don’t use verysimilar or very different line width

�For more-line titles use the rules on nextslide for every three lines

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Centre of gravity!

Centre of gravity!

Picture titles

� It should be different from regular text

�Same size or smaller

�Close to the picture

�Usually the coursive or smaller and bold

variant of regular letters

Orphan and widow control

�Last page should contain min. four lines

�No single line on the bottom of page

�No first line of a paragraph above a picture

�No last line of paragraph on the top of a

page or below a picture

�One or two lines should not be separated


�Letters

�Words

�Sentences

�Paragraphs

�Chapters

�Document

Alignment

�Free alignment

– One side or the middle of the lines are closed.

� Justified alignment

– Both sides of the lines are closed (to a vertical

line)

Symmetry

�Symmetry: calm, balanced looking

�Asymmetric: more freedom, but hard to

determine the place of the axis. Dinamical,

lively looking.

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Spots

�The most important parts should be the

most conspicuous

�White areas are also important – the

negative should also be harmonical

Contrast

� Makes the document lively and good for the eyes

� Avoid minor changes in size

� Details are more visible on big pictures. They

seem to be bigger if they had a smaller picture in

the neighborhood � size is relative

� Portrait and landscape pictures

� Rounded and angular

� Dark and bright

Balance

�Dark asymmetrical spot breaks the balance

� find a counterpoint

Geometrical and optical centre

�Raise what you want to see in the middle

�Bottom margin should be bigger than top

margin

Two-sided documents

�Symmetry (mirror margins)

The order of reading

1 3 5

2 4 6

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The order of reading The order of reading

Wrong

planGood plan

Columns

�Not more than 60-70 letters in one line

�Separator line between columns if they

contain different articles

Paper size

�A0 - 1m2

– Ratio of sides 1:√2

– 841x1189 mm

– A1 – fold it in half

– A2 – fold it in half again

– …

– A4 210x297 mm

Paper size

�B0


– 1000x1414 mm

– B1 – fold it in half

– B2 – fold it in half again

– …

– B5 ‘írólap’ in Hungarian shops

Paper size

�C0 – The envelope for A-size


– 917x1297 mm

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Mirror

Inner

margin

Outer

marginOuter

margin

Bottom margin

Top margin

1 2

1,5

2,5-3

Mirror

�Should be the same in the whole document

Diplom work

� Chapters

� Heading

� Highlighting

� Pictures, picture titles

� Title page

� Bibliography

� Table of contents

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