Biology 2017-2018 Name: Noble efforts change lives. Excellence. Tenacity. Community. Reflection.

Topic #6: Human Physiology6.6: Hormones, Homeostasis, and Reproduction

Skeleton NotesSyllabus Statement Guidance6.6.U1 Insulin and glucagon are

secreted by β and α cells of the pancreas respectively to control blood glucose concentration.

6.6.U2 Thyroxin is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the metabolic rate and help control body temperature.

6.6.U3 Leptin is secreted by cells in adipose tissue and acts on the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite.

6.6.U4 Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland to control circadian rhythms.

6.6.U5 A gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop as testes and secrete testosterone.

6.6.U6 Testosterone causes pre-natal development of male genitalia and both sperm production and development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

6.6.U7 Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

6.6.U8 The menstrual cycle is controlled by negative and positive feedback mechanisms involving ovarian and pituitary hormones.

The roles of FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone in the menstrual cycle are expected.

6.6.A1 Causes and treatment of Type I and Type II diabetes.

6.6.A2 Testing of leptin on patients

with clinical obesity and reasons for the failure to control the disease.

6.6.A3 Causes of jet lag and use of melatonin to alleviate it.

6.6.A4 The use if IVF of drugs to suspend the normal secretion of hormones, followed by the use of artificial doses of hormones to induce superovulation and establish a pregnancy.

6.6.A5 William Harvey’s investigation of sexual reproduction in deer.

William Harvey failed to solve the mystery of sexual reproduction because effective microscopes were not available when he was working, so fusion of gametes and subsequent embryo development remained undiscovered.

6.6.S1 Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their functions.

Recommended resources: Allott, Andrew. Biology: Course Companion. S.I.: Oxford UP, 2014. Print.

6.6.U1: Insulin and glucagon are secreted by β and α cells of the pancreas respectively to control blood glucose concentration.

Using the following video, state what happens under normal conditions, high glucose levels, and low glucose levels

Video link: http://medmovie.com/portfolio-item/diabetes/

Normal Conditions

High Glucose Conditions

Low Glucose Conditions

Practice: Explain the control of blood glucose. (8 marks)

6.6.A1: Causes and treatment of Type I and Type II diabetes.

Type I Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes

Alternative name

When is it diagnosed?

What are the key changes in

regulating blood glucose levels?

6.6.U2: Thyroxin is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the metabolic rate and help control body temperature. AND 6.6.U3: Leptin is secreted by cells in adipose tissue and acts on the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite. AND 6.6.A2: Testing of leptin on patients with clinical obesity and reasons for the failure to control the disease. AND 6.6.U4: Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland to control circadian rhythms. AND 6.6.A3: Causes of jet lag and use of melatonin to alleviate it.

Thyroxin Leptin Melatonin

Structure

Produced By:

Effects:

Specific Examples

(Not on Skeleton Notes) Obesity Jet Lag

6.6.U5: A gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop as testes and secrete testosterone.

- Humans have pairs of chromosomes in diploid somatic cells (n=2).

- 22 pairs of these are , which are homologous pairs.

- One pair is are the chromosomes.

gives the female gender, gives male.

- The X chromosome is much larger than the Y.

- X carries many genes in the region which are not present on Y.

- The presence and expression of the SRY genes on Y leads to male development.

6.6.U6: Testosterone causes pre-natal development of male genitalia and both sperm production and development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

Testosterone:

- The testes develop from the when the embryo is becoming a

- The testes secrete which causes the male genitalia to develop.

Question: What happens at puberty?

Primary Sexual Characters:

Secondary Sexual Characters:

6.6.S1: Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their functions.

Label and annotate the following diagram:

6.6.U7: Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.

Estrogen and Progesterone:

- Estrogen and progesterone are present. At first they are secreted by the mother’s and later by her .

- In the of and the presence of maternal estrogen and progesterone, female reproductive organs develop (ovaries develop from embryonic gonads) due to:

Estrogen and progesterone No testosterone

Question: What happens at puberty?

Primary Sexual Characters:

Secondary Sexual Characters:

6.6.S1: Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their functions.

6.6.U8: The menstrual cycle is controlled by negative and positive feedback mechanisms involving ovarian and pituitary hormones.

Menstrual Cycle

How long (typically) does each human cycle last?

What is the benefit of this in terms of regulation?

Which two hormones are produced in the pituitary gland?

Which two hormones are produced in the ovaries?

Outline the main components of each phase:

The FOLLICULAR phase (day 1-5):

The OVULATORY phase (day 5-14):

The LUTEAL phase (day 14-28):

Practice: Explain the role of hormones in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. (8 marks)

6.6.A4: The use of IVF drugs to suspend the normal secretion of hormones, followed by the use of artificial donors

Question: What are some causes for infertility?

Female: Male:

- -

- -

- -

-

6.6.A5: William Harvey’s investigation of sexual reproduction in deer.

Outline William Harvey’s deer experiment:

What part of Harvey’s experiment was deemed “true”?

What part of Harvey’s experiment was deemed “false”?

What was his biggest issue?