Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

A.E. Tsagkarakis1, N.N. Koutsianas 2, A.N. Koutsianas 2, T.L. Katsikogianni 2, A.J. Choukalas 2 and G.N. Balotis 1

1Institute of Agronomical Sciences (I.G.E.), Hellenic Ministry of Rural Development and

Food, 14562 Κifissia, Greece 2 APIVITA S.A., Industrial Park of Markopoulo, 19003 Markopoulo Mesogaias, Greece

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Propolis: Greek word Πρόπολις (Pròpolis) Compound word: Προ (Pro = before, at the entrance) and Πόλις (Polis = city) Defence - point of the city

Propolis: Bee glue Collected from living plant tissue (buds, branches, flowers) Mix with wax Use as: • Structural – sealing material • Covering – embalming substance

Pereira, A. S., Norsell, M., Cardoso, J. N., Neto, F. R.A. and Ramos, M. F. S. 2000. Rapid screening of polar compounds in Brazilian propolis by high-emperature high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, (48): 5226-5230. Bankova, V.S., Castro, D.S.L. and Marcucci, M.C. 2000. Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie, (31):3-15. Hegazi, A.G. 2000. Propolis an overview. Retrieved from: http://www.apinetla.com.ar/congreso/c05.pdf

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Composition 40-50% resin 25-30% wax 5-15% essential oil 5% pollen Small amount of trace minerals (zinc, iron, silica)

Active components Flavonoids Aromatic acids and esters Terpenoids Steroids Amino acids

Marcucci M.C. 1995. Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutical activity, Apidologie 26: 83–99. Bankova, V.S., Castro, D.S.L. and Marcucci, M.C. 2000. Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie, (31):3-15. Hegazi, A.G. 2000. Propolis an overview. Retrieved from: http://www.apinetla.com.ar/congreso/c05.pdf

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Propolis has a long history of medicinal use, dating back to 350 B.C., the time of Aristotle. Greeks have used propolis for abscesses; Hippocrates recommended propolis on wound’s healing while Democritus suggests that longevity and health can be accomplished by the consumption of bee products and especially propolis. Assyrians have used it for healing wounds and tumors. Egyptians have used it for mummification.

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Benefits – Effects Propolis is reputed to have

Antibiotic Antiseptic Anti-infective Antifungal Anti – inflammatory Anesthetic Antitumor Antioxidant Anti – aging Antiviral

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Benefits – Effects Propolis is reputed to have J.W. Dobrowolski, S. B. Vohora, K. Sharma, S. A. Shah, S. A. H. Naqvi, and P. C. Dandiya, “Antibacterial, antifungal, antiamoebic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic studies on propolis bee products,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 77–82, 1991. M. C. Marcucci, “Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity,” Apidologie, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 83–99, 1995. M.Huleihel andV. Isanu, “Anti-herpes simplex virus effect of an aqueous extract of propolis,” Israel Medical Association Journal, vol. 4, no. 11, supplement, pp. 923–927, 2002. N. Vynograd, I. Vynograd, and Z. Sosnowski, “A comparative multi-centre study of the efficacy of propolis, acyclovir and placebo in the treatment of genital herpes (HSV),” Phytomedicine, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2000. J. Sutta, J. Hanko, J. Janda, and J. Tkac, “Experimental and clinical experience of the treatment of wounds of domestic animals with a locally applied solution of propolis,” Folia Veterinaria, vol. 18, pp. 143–147, 1975 (Slovak). S. Scheller, J. Szaflarski, J. Tustanowski, E. Nolewajka, and A. Stojko, “Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. I. Some physico chemical properties of propolis,” Arzneimittel-Forschung, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 889–890, 1977. S. Scheller, A. Stojko, I. Szwarnowiecka, J. Tustanowski, and Z. Obuszko, “Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. VI. Investigation of the influence of ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) on cartilaginous tissue regeneration,” Arzneimittel-Forschung, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 2138–2140, 1977. A. Stojko, S. Scheller, I. Szwarnowiecka, J. Tustanowski, H. Ostach, and Z. Obuszko, “Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. VIII. Experimental observation on the influence of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on the regeneration of bone tissue,” Arzneimittel-Forschung, vol. 28,no. 1, pp. 35–37, 1978. S. Scheller, L. Ilewicz, M. Luciak, D. Skrobidurska, A. Stojko, and W. Matuga, “Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. IX. Experimental observation on the influence of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on dental pulp regeneration,” Arzneimittel-Forschung, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 289–291, 1978. K. L. A. Aripov, I.K.Kamilov, andK. U. Aliev, “Effect of propolis on experimental stomach ulcers in rats,” Medskii Zh Uzbek, vol. 5, pp. 50–52, 1968 (Russian). A. G. Gorbatenko, “Treatment of ulcer patients with a 30 percent alcohol solution of propolis,” Vrachebnoe Delo, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 22–24, 1971 (Russian). F. D. Makarov, “Propolis treatment of ulcer disease and pyloroduodenitis,” Vrachebnoe Delo, vol. 4, pp. 93–96, 1972 (Russian). S. M. Lutsenko and A. S. Pisarenko, “Use of water-soluble propolis for trophic ulcers of the lower extremities in arteriosclerosis obliterans,” Klinicheskaya Khirurgiya, vol. 7, p. 74, 1980 (Russian). R. Damyanliev, K. Hekimov, E. Savova, and R. Agopian, “The treatment of suppurative surgical wounds with propolis,” Folia Medica, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 24–27, 1982. I. M. Korochkin and M. V. Poslavski˘ı, “Treatment of chronic gastroduodenal ulcers by local administration of propolis,” Sovetskaya Meditsina, no. 10, pp. 105–107, 1986 (Russian). S. Scheller, A. Stojko, I. Szwarnowiecka, J. Tustanowski, and Z. Obuszko, “Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. VI. Investigation of the influence of ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) on cartilaginous tissue regeneration,” Arzneimittel-Forschung, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 2138–2140, 1977. M. F. Hayacibara, H. Koo, P. L. Rosalen et al., “In vitro and in vivo effects of isolated fractions of Brazilian propolis on caries development,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 101, no. 1–3, pp. 110–115, 2005. A. S. Mahmoud, K. Almas, and A. A. Dahlan, “The effect of propolis on dentinal hypersensitivity and level of satisfaction among patients from a university hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,” IndianJournal of Dental Research, vol. 10,no. 4, pp. 130–137, 1999. V. R. Santos, F. J. G. S. Pimenta, M. C. F. Aguiar, M. A. V. do Carmo, M. D. Naves, and R. A. Mesquita, “Oral candidiasis treatmentwith Brazilian ethanol propolis extract,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 652–654, 2005. B. Siro, S. Szelekovszky, B. Lakatos, G. M´ady, E. Szathm´ari, and Z. Kar´anyi, “Local treatment of rheumatic diseases with propolis compounds,” Orvosi Hetilap, vol. 137, pp. 1365–1370, 1996 (Hungarian). Z. Szmeja, B. Kulczynski, Z. Sosnowski, and K. Konopacki, “Therapeutic value of flavonoid in rhinovirus infections,” Otolaryngologia Polska, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 180–184, 1989 (Polish). P. N. Doroshenko, “Treatment of chronic tonsillitis patients with a propolis-wax paste,” Meditsinskaia Sestra, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 36–37, 1983 (Russian). W. Krol, Z. Czuba, S. Scheller, J. Gabrys, S. Grabiec, and J. Shani, “Anti-oxidant property of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) as evaluated by inhibiting the chemiluminescence oxidation of luminol,” Biochemistry International, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 593–597, 1990. S. Scheller, T. Wilczok, S. Imielski, W. Krol, J. Gabrys, and J. Shani, “Free radical scavenging by ethanol extract of propolis,” International Journal of Radiation Biology, vol. 57,no. 3, pp. 461–465, 1990. C. Velazquez, M. Navarro, A. Acosta et al., “Antibacterial and free-radical scavenging activities of Sonoran propolis,” Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 1747–1756, 2007. M. Viuda-Martos, Y. Ruiz-Navajas, J. Fern´andez-L´opez, and J. A. P´erez- ´ Alvarez, “Functional properties of honey, propolis, and royal jelly,” Journal of Food Science, vol. 73, no. 9, pp. R117–R124, 2008. L. Moreira, L. G. Dias, J. A. Pereira, and L. Estevinho, “Antioxidant properties, total phenols and pollen analysis of propolis samples from Portugal,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 3482–3485, 2008. J. M. Grange and R. W. Davey, “Antibacterial properties of propolis (bee glue),” Journal of the Royal Society ofMedicine, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 159–160, 1990. T. P. T. Cushnie and A. J. Lamb, “Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids,” International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 343–356, 2005. V. Bankova, “Chemical diversity of propolis and the problem of standardization,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 100, no. 1-2, pp. 114–117, 2005. S. Castaldo and F. Capasso, “Propolis, an old remedy used in modern medicine,” Fitoterapia, vol. 73, supplement 1, pp. S1–S6, 2002. G. A. Burdock, “Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis),” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 347–363, 1998. J. M. Sforcin, “Propolis and the immune system: a review,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2007. A. Salatino, C. C. Fernandes-Silva, A. A. Righi, and M. L. F. Salatino, “Propolis research and the chemistry of plant products,” Natural Product Reports, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 925–936, 2011. J. M. Sforcin and V. Bankova, “Propolis: is there a potential for the development of new drugs?” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 253–260, 2011.

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Propolis collection

Scrapping boxes, frames of the hive ⁻ Not pure product ⁻ Small quantities ⁻ Not easy to collect

Plastic top bars (traps) in the hives

Easier to collect Cleaner product

Clay, H. 2002. Propolis collection: a value added potential. Printed in hivelights Vol 14. Retrieved from; http://www.honeycouncil.ca/propolis.html. Crane, E. 1990. Beekeeping: Science, Practice and World Recourses, Heinemann, London, U.K. Iannuzzi, J. 1993. Propolis collectors. American Bee Journal, (133):104-107. Krell, R. 1996. Value-added products from beekeeping. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, No. 124, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Propolis collection with traps

Only a few scientific published works have been accomplished Krell, 1996 Abu Fares et al. 2008

Krell, R. 1996. Value-added products from beekeeping. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, No. 124, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Abu Fares, R.J., I.K. Nazer, R.M. Darwish and M. Abu Zarqa. 2008. Honey Bee Hive Modification for Propolis Collection. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4 (2): 138-147

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

BEST PRACTISES ON PROPOLIS COLLECTION

Comparative study for propolis collection traps

Only one scientific published work: Abu Fares et al. 2008

Abu Fares, R.J., I.K. Nazer, R.M. Darwish and M. Abu Zarqa. 2008. Honey Bee Hive Modification for Propolis Collection. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4 (2): 138-147

BEST PRACTISES ON PROPOLIS COLLECTION

Objectives of our study To determine the possible effect of Different types of propolis collection traps and modified bee

hives Trap distance from the top of the frames Hive cover opening

on the quantity of collected propolis

Materials and Methods Experimental apiary in I.A.S. (Kifissia, Greece) 30 hives Hives were grouped

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Traps used Commercial plastic sheets with slots

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Traps used Plastic screen 4 mm

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Traps used Plastic screen 2 mm

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Traps used ‘Brazilian’ trap

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Traps used ‘Jordanian’ hive modification

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Hive cover Closed 2cm opening

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Distance from the top of the frames Almost in touch 2 cm apostate

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Traps were removed from all the hives…

…when the first of them became full

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Statistical Analysis Analysis of Variance or Student’s t-test Log Transformation Completely Randomized Design Tukey HSD test Multiple comparisons Significance level a = 0.05 JMP 10.0 Statistics

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Results

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

05

101520253035

CommercialPlastic

Plastic mesh2mm

Plastic mesh4mm

Brazilian Jordanianmodification

Propolis (gr) / hive a

a

b b b

ANOVA (F=17.55, df=4, 22, P<0,0001), Tukey HSD test, Means containing the same letter are not significantly different

Propolis per hive (mean ± S.E.) collected from hives with 5 different types of propolis traps in an experimental apiary in Greece

08-07-2013

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

0

5

10

15

20

25

Open Cover Closed cover

Propolis (gr) / hive

a

b

t-test (t=2.437, df=25, P<0,0115). Means containing the same letter are not significantly different

Propolis per hive (mean ± S.E.) collected from hives with propolis traps and closed or open cover in an experimental apiary in Greece

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

02468

101214

Frame 2cm No frame

Propolis (gr) / hive a

b

t-test (t=2.099, df=27, P<0,023). Means containing the same letter are not significantly different

Propolis per hive (mean ± S.E.) collected from hives with propolis traps with or without frame in an experimental apiary in Greece

Discussion Traps on the top bars collected significantly more propolis Previous research: Lateral modification (Jordanian) collected

more propolis (Fares et al. 2008)

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Discussion Plastic screen traps with 2mm openings collected significantly more propolis than screens with bigger openings Previous research:- Previous experience: Confirms that

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Discussion Distance between traps and the top of the bars significantly reduces the collected propolis Previous research - experience: Suggested place for the traps is

very close to the top bars (Krell 1996)

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Discussion Opening of the cover of the hive significantly reduces the collected propolis Previous research - experience: Suggested to open the cover of

the hives in order to success better ventilation (Krell 1996)

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

On – going research Keep testing various trap types and modification Analysis of the collection of propolis within the year Testing of chemical factors on propolis collection

stimulation Quality comparison of the collected propolis

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Main Objective … to propose Best Practices on Propolis Collection.

Preliminary comparison of traps collecting propolis by honey bees

Thank you