/ -

.

.. : 210077 .. : 210083 .. : 210154

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1 ( ) ( ). , . (speaker meaning). .. , , . . , (intended meaning) . . . . , , . . , - , . , . . . , .

, (Syntax , Semantics and Pragmatics) . (Syntax) , . . (Semantics) . , (states of affairs in the world) () , .2

(Pragmatics) . , . , (assumptions) , ( , ). . . [1] . , , . [1] : , ; : , ; , , .

(Regularity), . . , . , , . , ( ;) . , , . , . ( ), (social outsider) . , . : , . . , [2]. [2] . 3

. . , ( ). , [2] [3]. [3] . . . , . . ( ). , , . . , , , .

, . . , . , . . . , . , , . . [4]. [4] . . ( __ ) , . , 4

. , , , [4]. , , . ( - animate) ( non-animate). , , . , . p, q r. p, , q. : & ( ). , [4] [5]. [5] p&q p q , p & q . p q ( ), , p & q . . , , p & q , q & p . q & p, , [6]. [6] . , , [4]. , . p q , , &, . . [7]. [7] / . [7] . . , . . 2, : , . 5

( ;). (Deixis).

6

2 (Deixis) () . . , (Deictic Expression). , ;, () . (Indexicals). (Personal Deixis) (, ), (Spatial Deixis) (, ) (Temporal Deixis) (, ). , . , [1] , . [1] . ( ). . . , (Proximal Terms), , , . , (Distal Terms), , , . , (Deictic Center), . , , . , , sore, , are, , kore, .

(Person Deixis) () (). . , , . 7

, Read you a story ( me), . , (), () (, ). ( , ). (Honorifics). (Social Deixis). . / (T/V division), tu () vous ( ). (du/ Sie) (t/ Usted). . , , tu , , vous. , , ( ) ( ), ; tu Usted. (Usted) () (), ( ). , (- ), , . , , , ( ). , , , , [2]. [2] ; , , ( , ) , [3 ], , , [3]. [3] . . . .8

, () , (), [4]. [4] . , . (exclusive we) ( , ) (inclusive we) ( ). ( , Fijian keimami keda ). [4] [4]. , . . ( ) ( ). , .

(Spatial deixis) , . , , . ( ) , ( ) ( ) . . , , ( !) ( !). (, ), (= ). (= ). , . ( ) , . , , .. (= ). 9

(Deictic Projection) . ( ), [5] . [5] . , [5] , . [5] . , , , . , , [6]. [6] . : , . ; ( ), . (Psychological Distance). , , . , ( , ). , ( , ) ( I don t like that). , that () , . .

(Temporal deixis) ( ). , [7 ] [7] . [7] . 22 1963; . . 8.30; , . , (, [7 ] ) (, [7] ). , , , , , , , . 10

. ( ) [8], , . [8] . bar [9], () . [9] . . ( ) ( ). ( , , ) ( , , ). , , . ( ) . , , [10 ] [10]. [10] . . (I live here now.) . . (I lived there then.) O (present tense) (past tense) . , [11 ], . , ( ) , (), [11 ]. [11] . ( ). . () ( ). , [12]. [12] . ... . ... [12] . . ( ). ( Had I sooner) 11

, , .

(Deixis and grammar) , . , (), () ( ) , [13 ]. [13] . ; . . , [13], , . [13 ] [13]. . , , , . , , . . . , .

12

3 , . , , . . . (Reference) , , , , . (Referring Expressions) ( , , , ), ( , , , ) ( , , , ) ( , , , , ). () . ( , , !) , , , ( ;) , ( , ) (, ;). , , (Inference). , . . ( , , , , ), . . , [1] [1] . [1] ( ) , ( ) . [1] , .

13

(Referential and attributive uses) (referents). , [2 ], , [2], , [2]. [2] . . . . . . [2], , . , . (Attributive Use), / . (Referential Use) , [2], . . , [3] . ( ), . [3] . , , , [3] . ( ), , . , , , [2]. - .

(Names and Referents) (intention- to- identify) (recognition- ofintention). . 14

. . , . . , , . . . , [4 ] [4]. [4] . ; . , . , , ( ) , , [5] [5] [5] . ; . , . , , ( - ). [4] [5] . [4] ( ) . . [6]. [6] . . . . . . , , [7], [7], [7] . [7] . . . . . . (Pragmatic Connection) 15

. ( , ) . , . . [8] , , [8] , . [8] . . . .

- (Co-text) , , . , - (co-text), . [8 ] , - ( - ). - . , . (Range of Reference). . , , , - [9 ] [9] (, [9 ] [9] ). [9] . . . . , - . (Context) . , [9]. , [10 ], [10] [10]. [10] . . . . . .16

[10] . ( , , ). . , . , .

(Anaphoric Reference) . , . , , [11]. [11] , . . . , ( , , ). [11] ( , , ) (, ) , (Anaphoric Reference), (anaphora). , () (Anaphor) (Antecedent). . () , , . [12], , (), . [12] . . () , [13]. [13] . . . (Cataphora) .17

. , [14 ], , [14]. [14] . . . . . . , ( ; ) , [14], , (Zero Anaphora) (Ellipsis). . . , , . 1 , [15]. [15] . . . . Chardonnay. . . , () . [15 ] ( , ). , [15], (, Chardonnay ). , ( , ), , [15]. , ( ) () (, ). , . . . , , . , , ( , ). (presupposition).

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4 , , . , , . . , . , , . , , . , . . (presupposition) . , . (entailment) . , . , [1]. [1] . [1], . . , . [1] , , , , . , . . , , .

, . [2.] p [2.]

19

q, , >> , [2.]. [2] . . . . . >> q [2.] (= p), [3.], . , q, [3.], p, [3.]. [3] . . . . . >> q (constancy under negation). , (. ) . , ( , [4.]) , [4.]. [4] . . . . . . . >> q & p>> q , p (. [4.]), q (. [4.]) . q, [4.], p p, . (= p) (= p) (= q) (= p) (= q) (= p) (= q)

, , . (potential presuppositions), . [1] [3], . (existential presupposition) (.. >> ), . [5], . [5] , , , , [4] . [4], , q, q . 20

(fctie presupposition). , [6.] [6.], / [6.], [6.], [6.] . [6] . . . . . . . . . . (>> ) . , (lexical presupposition) ( ) . , . , . , ( ) . , . , , , , , , [7]. [7] . . . . . . (>> ) (>> ) (>> ) (>> ) (>> ) (>> ) (>> )

, ( ) , , . , (structural presuppositions). , . (. ) . , , [8.] [8.], (. ) .21

[8] . ; . ;

(>>) (>> )

[8] , . , . , . . [9]. [9] ; , ( !), , (.>> ). , , . , . , . (non-fctie presupposition) . ,, , [10], , . [10] . . . . . . (>> ) (>> ) (>> )

, ( ,...). , (counterfactual presupposition), , , . [11], , - . [11] , . (>> ) , , . , 4.1.

22

_____________________________________________________________________ . . . ; ,... >> >> >> >> >> >> _____________________________________________________________________

4.1.

. . , ( ) ( ). (projection problem). [12] q ( ) [12.], , , [12.]. , . [12] . . . . . p>> q ( , [12.] [12.] ) . . . . . r >> q ( , [12.] [12.], [12.] ) . . . r & p >> OXI q ( , r & p, q .)23

(=p) (=q)

(=r) (= q)

(r & p)

[12], , , . [13] . , [13]. [13] : . . : . . [13], , . , [14], q [14.] [14.]. [14] . . . . . p>> q . . . , . . p & r>> q [14.] . q (. ) [14.]. , . . [13], . , , , q q. ( ) ( ). . , (.. ), , [15.]. , [15.], . , [15.] ; [15] . . . !24

(=p) (=q) (=r) (=p & r)

[15.] (=) (=), . . , 4.1 , . . (. ), , , [16]. [16] . ; . . [16.], (. ) . . .

(ordered entailments) , (. ), , , ||--. [17] [18]. [17] . [18] . . . . . . . . (= p) (= q) (= r) (= s) (= t)

[17] [18] p||--q, . [17], (background entailments) ( [18.-.] ). , [17], . , , , , . , [19.], (foreground entailment), , . [19] . . . .

25

[19.], , . , . , , . , [20]. [20] . . . . [20], (. ). [20.] ( ) , . [20.] , (.. ). , .

26

5 , , . , , . , . , . , . , , [1]. [1] . , [1] , . [1] , , (tautologies). , . [1], . . , (implicture). [1], , , . , [1] , , . , (.. ) . , , .

. . .

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[2] : ; : . ( . .) : !! ! . : . , , . . , . , (. ) . ; . , , . , . , , . , , . . (, [2] .) , (cooperative principle) -, (maxims), 5.1. _____________________________________________________________________ : , , . 1. . 2. / . . 1. . 2. . .28

.

1. . 2. . 3. ( ) 4. . _____________________________________________________________________ 5.1 ( Grice 1975) . ( [2] ). , . , . , . .

, , . [3.-.] [3.] . [3] . , . . , . . , . . , . [3] . , (hedges), , [4.-.], . [4] . , . . , , . . , .29

( ) , , . , , ,, . , [5.-.], . [5] . , . . , ; . , ; , , , [6.-.], . [6] . , . . , . . , . , . , . , , . , ( ). . , , . , , (. ). (. ) .30

( Conversational implicature ) , , . [7] [7] : : . ! .

[7] . . ,

.

(conversational implicature ). , b (= ) c ( = ) [8]. +> . [8] : b&c; : b (+> c) . .

(Generalized conversational implicatures) [7] [8], . (=b) (=c), [9] [9]. [8]. [9] : ; [9] : (b +> c) , [7] [9], (generalized conversational implicature). , [10]. : +> . [10] M . . [10], , (, ,31

[7]

(b & c)

), . .

(Scalar implicatures) , , . , [11], . [11] , ( ), , [12]. [12] . [12], (+> ). [12]. (scalar implicatures) , , . [11] , , . (.. +> , +> ). , [13], . [13] , , . [13] , , (+> +> ) , . [14] +> [14] +> +> . [14] . . . . , [15], .32

[15] Hong Kong- ! . [15] ,, +> . +> .

(Particularized conversational imlicatures ) . , , . (particularized conversational imlicatures). , [16], , , . [16] : : ; .

, o , , . ( +> ). , . , (, ; . ) , [17]. [17] : :

, ( ) , . [18] . . [18] : : ; .

(.. ) . . , [19] [20], .33

[19] : : [20] : :

; ; ; ;

[19] . . , . , . [20] .

(Properties of conversational imrlicatures) , , . . . ( ) . [21] [21] 5 (+> 5) [22] (+> ) [22] , [22] , [22] [22] . 5 . . 5 10 . . 5 , 4 1 . . , . .

(Conventional implicatures) , (conventional implicatures) . , . 34

. . p q p & q p q. [23] (= p) (= q) [23] . . . p & q (+>p q) . , . , [24] (, , ) . [24] . . . . . [25] (=p) [25]. [25] (= p) [25] p (+>p ). ( 1). , [26] . , , [26] , . [26] (p & q +> p q) [26] (p & q +> p q) [26] , [26]. . . , , .

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6 . [1] . [1] . [1] . , [1]. , [2] , [2] [2]. [2] . . . ! (speech acts) , , , , . . / . . (speech events). . , [3]. . [3] . , [3], . , . .

(speech acts) , . (locutionary act) . 36

(.. ) . [4] , . [4] . . . (illocutionary act). . [4] , , . (illocutionary force) . , . (perlocutionary act). [4] (.. ). (perlocutionary effect). . . . , [5] [5], [5] [5]. [5-] [5] . [5] . (=) . ( ...) . ( ....) . ( ....) [5] (.. ). ; .

(IFIDs) (the Illocutionary Force Indicating Device or IFID) , [6] . (performative verb) (Vp). [6] (Vp) ...37

[5-] i . . [7] . [7] : : : : ; . ; - !

( ) . , . : , (Y-G) [8]. [8] . ! . ; . ; [ Y-G] [ Y-G] [ Y-G]

, ., , .

(Felicity conditions) . [9] ( ). [9] 6 . . (general conditions) , .. . (content conditions) . . - - . (preparatory conditions) . 38

: . : , . (sincerity condition) , . (essential condition) . - . . , , , () .

(The Perfomative Hyrothesis) (U) , [6] , . (the Perfomative Hyrothesis) [10] [10] ( ) Vp () U , () ( ) . (). [11] [12] [11] [12]. [11] ! [11] . [12] . [12] . [11] [12] ( ) (explicit performatives). [11] [12] - (implicit) ( primary performatives). . , 39

( [12]) ( ) . [12] . ( ), ( , ). [13], . [13] . . . , ; [13] ( ) [13] ( ) . . [11] - [11]. . ( ) . [14] [14] . [14] . . . . , , . , , .

(Speech act classification) : , , , . (declarations) . [15], , , , . [15] . : ! : , . . (representatives) . , , , 40

:

[16], , . [16] . . . Chomsky . . , . ( ). (expressives) . , , , , . [17] , . [17] . ! . ! . , , ! , ( ). (directives) . . , , , [18] . [18] . . . . ; . . ( ) (commissives) . . , , , [19] . [19] . . . . . . ( ). , , 6.1

(Direct and indirect speech acts) . 41

. [20] (, , ) (, , ). [20] . . () . ; () . ! () S= = S () S () S () S ( / ) S ( / ) 6.1 ( Searle 1979) (direct speech act). (indirect speech act). , , . [21], [21] . [21] . / , [21] . [21] . . . . . . [22] . [22] / [22] . [22] . [22] [22] . [22] . ! . ; . .42

-

. . [23] , (, ). [23] . [23] . ; . ; , (..., ...) ( ... ...) . . .

(Speech Events) ( [23]) . . . [24]. [24] . . (= ) (= ) . , . , [24]. , . , , . . ., . , , .43

;

;

(speech event). .. , , . , . [25]. [25] : : : : : : : : : : : : . ; . ; . ; . ; . ; . .

: Mac. ;

[25] . . ; -, . , - . . . , .

44

1 1 GEORGIA GREEN: Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding, Lawrence Erlbaum 1989, .3 . , . , , ( ), . / , , , , - , -, - , , , . , ( ) . , , . , . ; ; .... ; ( ), ;

2 Pragmatics: meaning and context. File 70 Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Linguistics. (6 ), Ohio State University Press 1991, .223 , . . , , . , , . , , , . 45

, , . , . , , . , , . (Context) , . . , ; ; / ; ; , ; , , 1;

2 3 CHARLES FILLMORE: Santa Cruz Lectures on Deixis, Indiana University Linguistics Club 1975, .40- 42 , . , . , (Gestural), (Symbolic) (Anaphoric). - , , (coreferential).46

. . . . ;. : . . , . , . , . , , , . , . ( 2), , ; , ; , , . , , , . . , , . , . , , , . , Fillmore ; , , , , , Fillmore.

47

4 QUENTIN SMITH: The multiple uses of indexicals Synthese 78, 1989, .182-183 . . , 10, . !. . , , : ! !, , 10, 3!. ( ) ; ; , ; ; 5 GEOFFREY NUNBERG: Indexicality and deixis Linguistics and Philosophy 16, 1993, .41 ... John Ashberry , , : (94) ( , ) John Ashberry , , . ;; , (, ) ; ; ; , ( ); ( ) 4; ,

48

3 6 KEITH DONNELLAN: Reference and definite descriptions in Philosophical Review 75, 1966, . 285-6 . . , . , , , . , , . , -- , , . , , . , , . . , , . , , ( ). . , , , . Donnellne, , . Donnellne ; Donnellne ( ), ; Fillmore ( 3) , ;49

7 M.A.K.HALLIDAY and RUQAIYA HASAN:Cohesion in English. Longman 1976,. 31 , . , , . , , . . . , . () ! () ! . . . . . , . (), , () , () . . . , , . , , . , . , . ; ; (c), ; (b) , (c) ; ; Donnellane 6 ;

50

4 8 ROBERT C.STALNAKER: Pragmatic presupposition in Milton Munitz and PeterUnger (eds):Semantics and Philosophy.New York University Press1974, . 199-200 , , . , , , , , . . ( ). , , , . , , . . , P, , . ; , , , ; ( 4, 25-30.) ; 9 GERALD GAZDAR:Prgmtics.Implicature, Presupposition,and Logical Form.Acdemic Press 1979,.106 (65) . (66) .51

(66) , (66), (65) . , . , , , . (65), (66); ; ; , , ;

5 10 PAUL GRICE :Logic and conversation in P.Cole and J.L.Morgan (eds.): Syntax and Sematics 3 Speech acts. Academic Press 1975, . 48 . , , , . , , , , ( , , ) , , : 1. . , , , . , , , , , . 2. .

52

3. ( ) , , . . , , . ; ; GRICE . , ; 11 J.L.MORGAN: Two types of convention in indirect speech acts in P.Cole(ed.) :Syntax and Semantics 9 Pragmatics. Academic Press 1978, . 277-8 , ; , , . : ; . - , , : (37) ; (38) ; (39) ; . - , : (40) ; (41) ; . , .53

, , . (42) . . . (, , , ); ( ) ; . ( 5, . 45-6); ; ;

6 12 JOHN SEARLE: Speech Acts. Cambridge University Press 1969,. 58-9 . . , , , . , . , , . (, ) (, ). , . . ; ;54

, , . , , . ; . . ; , , . , , , . , . . , . , ; ; . , . ; , ; 10 ( , 6 , . 50-1);

13 GEOFFREY LEECH: Principles of Pragmatics. Longman 1983,. 177-8 , , . . , , , , , , , . , , , . Searle .

55

; , , . (Searle J. 1979.:Expression and Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, . 2) . ; , . Searle , : , , . () , , ( ) () . . a ; , Leech, 12; Leech ; Searle Leech;

56