ΓΕΝΙΚΟ ΛΥΚΕΙΟ ΣΤΥΛΙΔΑΣPROJECT Β’ ΛΥΚΕΙΟΥΣΧ. ΕΤΟΣ 2012/13ΥΠΕΥΘΥΝΗ ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΡΙΑ: ΓΡΙΒΑ ΚΩΝ/ΝΑ

•LONDON: A FASCINATING, DIVERSE CAPITAL.

•THE HISTORY, THE LANDMARKS, THE MUSEUMS, THE ARTS.

•THE GREEK ELEMENT IN LONDON.

•THE MULTICULTURAL CHARACTER OF THE CITY.

HISTORY

History

The Romans built a city called Londinium on the River Thames in AD 43. The name Londinium (and then 'London') came from the Celtic language of the Ancient Britons. In the year 61 AD, Queen Boudica (a British Celtic queen) and her army destroyed the city. Boudica killed herself when Romans trapped her and the Romans then rebuilt London. London became an important trading city. After the Romans left Britain, few people lived in the city for a long time because the Anglo-Saxons liked living in the countryside. In the 9th century, more people started living there again. It became the largest city in England, but it did not become the capital city of England until the 12th century.

After the railways were built, London grew very big. Greater London has 33 London Boroughs and a mayor. The old City of London is only a square mile in size but has its own Lord Mayor.

Another famous old part of Greater London is Westminster, which was always a different city from the City of London. In Westminster is Westminster Abbey (a cathedral), The Palace of Westminster (the Houses of Parliament, with Big Ben), and 10 Downing Street (where the Prime Minister lives).

Events

43 AD - Londinium is founded by the Romans 61 AD - Londinium is sacked by Queen Boudica and the Iceni 100 AD - Londinium becomes the capital of Roman Britain 200 AD - The population is about 60,00 8th century - London is captured by Vikings 885 - King Alfred the Great recaptures the city and makes peace with the

Viking leader Guthrum. 1045-50 - Westminster Abbey is rebuilt by Edward the Confessor who is

buried there in January 1066. 1066 - William the Conqueror is crowned in Westminster Abbey. 1100 - The population is about 16,000. 1300 - The population of London has risen to 100,000. 1381 - The Peasants' Revolt - the first poll tax riots 1605 - The Gunpowder Plot is stopped 1665 - The Great Plague of London 1666 - The Great Fire of London 1780 - The Gordon riots 1851 - The Great Exhibition held at the Crystal Palace 1908 - The Olympic Games take place in London. 1940-41 - London was bombed by Germany during World War II. This is

known as The Blitz. 1948 - The Olympic Games take place in London for the second time. 1966 - The Football World Cup final took place in London. It was won by

England. 1990 - The Second Poll Tax Riots 2000 - London opened the Millennium Dome to celebrate the new millennium. 2005 - 07/07 Bombings - 52 people die and over 700 people are injured.

LANDMARKS

BUCKINGHAM PALACE

Buckingham Palace is the official London residence and principal workplace of the British monarch. It is in the centre of London, in the City of Westminster. The palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focus for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.

It was built by John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normandy, in 1703 as a town house (a residence in London). It was bought by the British royal family in 1761, and became the official London home of the family in 1837. It is owned by the State.

Buckingham Palace has 775 rooms, and is one of few working palaces in the world. Leading up to it is a ceremonial road, The Mall.

LONDON EYE

The London Eye is a giant Ferris wheel situated on the banks of the River Thames in London, England. The entire structure is 135 metres (443 ft) tall and the wheel has a diameter of 120 metres (394 ft).

It is the tallest Ferris wheel in Europe, and the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom, visited by over 3.5 million people annually

MUSEUMS

BRITISH MUSEUM

The British Museum in London is one of the world's largest and most important museums of human history and culture. It has more than seven million objects from all continents. They illustrate and document the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. As with all other national museums and art galleries in Britain, the Museum charges no admission fee.

The British Museum set up in 1753 and opened in 1759. It was the first museum in the world to be open to everyone. The museum gradually grew over the next two hundred years. It has nearly six million visitors a year and is the second most popular art museum in the world.

Some of the museum's most popular and important exhibits include the Rosetta Stone and the Elgin Marbles.

NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

Natural History Museum

As well as the permanent (and permanently fascinating!) dinosaur exhibition, the Natural History Museum boasts a collection of the biggest, tallest and rarest animals in the world. See a life-sized Blue Whale, a 40-million-year-old spider, and the beautiful Central Hall. Entry is free but special exhibitions require tickets.

Hundreds of exciting, interactive exhibits in one of London’s most beautiful landmark buildings. Highlights include the popular Dinosaurs gallery, Mammals with its unforgettable model blue whale and the spectacular Central Hall, home to the Museum’s iconic Diplodocus skeleton. Don’t miss the state-of-the-art Cocoon where, on a self-guided tour, you can see hundreds of fascinating specimens and look into laboratories where you can see scientists at work.

The Museum offers a wide-ranging programme of temporary exhibitions and events including chances to join experts, in the Darwin Centre’s high-tech Attenborough Studio, in topical discussions about science and nature

GALLERIES

NATIONAL GALLERY

National Gallery

The crowning glory of Trafalgar Square, London's National Gallery is a vast space, filled with Western European paintings from the 13th to the 19th centuries. In this iconic art gallery you can find works by masters such as Van Gogh, da Vinci, Botticelli, Constable, Renoir, Titian and Stubbs. Entry is free.

TATE MODERN

Tate Modern

In December 1992 the Tate Trustees announced their intention to create a separate gallery for international modern and contemporary art in London.

The former Bankside Power Station was selected as the new gallery site in 1994. The following year, Swiss architects Herzog & De Meuron were appointed to convert the building into a gallery. That their proposal retained much of the original character of the building was a key factor in this decision.

The iconic power station, built in two phases between 1947 and 1963, was designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. It consisted of a stunning turbine hall, 35 metres high and 152 metres long, with the boiler house alongside it and a single central chimney. However, apart from a remaining operational London Electricity sub-station the site had been redundant since 1981.

In 1996 the design plans were unveiled and, following a £12 million grant from the English Partnerships regeneration agency, the site was purchased and work began. The huge machinery was removed and the building was stripped back to its original steel structure and brickwork. The turbine hall became a dramatic entrance and display area and the boiler house became the galleries.

Since it opened in May 2000, more than 40 million people have visited Tate Modern. It is one of the UK’s top three tourist attractions and generates an estimated £100 million in economic benefits to London annually.

In 2009 Tate embarked on a major project to develop Tate Modern. Working again with Herzog & de Meuron, the transformed Tate Modern will make use of the power station’s spectacular redundant oil tanks, increase gallery space and provide much improved visitor facilities.

Tate Modern lit up at night, 2000

ARTS

THEATRE

William Shakespeare (1564–1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet. His works, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, two epitaphs, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Comedy History Tragedy Poetry

All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love's Labours Lost Measure for Measure The Merry Wives of Windsor The Merchant of Venice A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of Tyre Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Troilus and Cressida Twelfth Night Two Gentlemen of Verona Winter's Tale

Henry IV, part 1 Henry IV, part 2 Henry V Henry VI, part 1 Henry VI, part 2 Henry VI, part 3 Henry VIII King John Richard II Richard III

Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus

The Sonnets A Lover's Complaint The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Funeral Elegy by W.S.

London West End

The history of the London West End has been inextricably linked to the theatre for hundreds of years. From the opening of the first West End venue in Drury Lane in 1663, locals and visitors to the burgeoning capital flocked in their droves to the West End to be entertained and enthralled by the various shows on offer. The London theatre tradition has continued to go from strength to strength over the years, and today the West End is the largest theatre district in the world, with many major international stars treading the boards night after night. No other city can boast the same variety and quality of theatrical performances as London’s West End, and its enduring popularity as a global cultural centre stands as a ringing endorsement of all it has to offer.

MUSIC

SOME LEGENTARY BRIT BANDS

AND THE NEWER GENERATION…

SPORTS

THE GREEK ELEMENT IN LONDON

SKYPE INTERVIEW WITH THE

GREEK EMBASSY IN LONDON

TOPICS DISCUSSED:

•HOW MANY GREEKS LIVE IN LONDON•HOW THEY INFLUENCE THE LIFE OF THE CITY•GREEK SCHOOLS/CHURCHES•THE GREEK CRISIS AND ITS IMPACT•DEMOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS

30 Ιανουαρίου

#Ο Καβάφης στο μετρό #Τα πόστερ της ποίησης Το πρότζεκτ Poems on the Underground τροφοδοτεί τους επιβάτες του λονδρέζικου μετρό με πόστερ ποίησης. Πρόσφατα προστέθηκαν και οι «Επιθυμίες» του Κ.Π. Καβάφη: Σαν σώματα ωραία νεκρών που δεν εγέρασαν/ και τάκλεισαν, με δάκρυα, σε μαυσωλείο λαμπρό,/ με ρόδα στο κεφάλι και στα πόδια γιασεμιά -έτσ’ η επιθυμίες μοιάζουν που επέρασαν/ χωρίς να εκπληρωθούν· χωρίς ν’ αξιωθεί καμιά/ της ηδονής μια νύχτα, ή ένα πρωί της φεγγερό. | Βρείτε σχετικές εκδόσεις Read More for Less Papasotiriou Books & More http://tinyurl.com/ao3oxug

‘UP GREEK TOURISM’ CAMPAIN

Up Greek Tourism campaign arrives in London

The Up Greek Tourism initiative has reached London, where starting on Thursday, a billboard campaign will go on display on Piccadilly Circus for a period of two weeks.

The campaign follows similar efforts in New York and Washington in the United States. The initiative was

established in 2009 by a group of Greek Americans residing in New York as a reaction to the ongoing Greek debt crisis and the tarnishing of the country’s image in international media.

In London, the project was developed following the efforts of volunteers who raised 12,000 pounds sterling through crowdfunding and social media campaigns.

“We understand that these are financially difficult times and we greatly appreciate people’s contributions, but most of all we feel touched by their love for Greece,” said Katerina Spetsiou, project manager for the London campaign. “Thanks to everyone’s generosity we can contribute to our country’s economy by helping boost tourism at a time when it’s most needed.”

ekathimerini.com , Wednesday Jan 30, 2013 (12:08)

‘I AM GREEK AND I WANT TO GO HOME’WORLDWIDE CAMPAIN FOR THE RETURN OF THE PARTHENON SCULPTURES

MULTICULTURALISM

FROM THE BRITISH EMPIRE TO TODAYThe British Empire was a global power that contained territories owned by the United Kingdom. The empire was the largest empire in history, and at its peak controlled 23% of the world's surface. More than 458 million people were brought under the control of the British Empire. It was known as the largest colonial empire in history. (Some people think the Mongol Empire was larger). Today, most of its members are in the Commonwealth of Nations. The most famous part of the British Empire was the East India Trading Company, which started out as a small business before becoming a very large trading company which many people depended on. Britain was the most powerful country in the world at this time.

In 1588, the forces of Elizabeth I defeated the Spanish Armada, the most powerful navy in the world, and began its way to an ultimate global empire. In the 17th century, it started making colonies in North America and India, leading to its conflicts and total victory over its rivals after Spain's defeat: The Netherlands and France. After the Anglo-Dutch War and Seven Years' War, Britain occupied almost all the Dutch and French territories in the New World and Asia. Although the American colonies gained independence in 1776, it didn't seem to influence the empire. By 1919, after Britain's victory in World War I, it came to its most prosperous period. People in the 19th century said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire". But after World War II, Britain's global empire collapsed.

The British Empire was seen as a "role model" for other nations, most notably Germany. Germany had a bad habit of starting wars in Europe, in part because they wanted an Empire like the one that Britain had established. The people of the UK and Germany are like cousins, and Germany wanted to be successful like Britain.

The British Empire began to decline after World War II, when Britain decided to give back colonies, known as decolonization. Britain decided to give back nations because her work was done. The British had taken all the available resources from each country, the spread of Christianity was complete and the English language was all over the world. Also, many of the persons the Empire had ruled over wanted to be in charge of their own country rather than being led by the British from London.

One of the last parts of the British Empire that was alive was Hong Kong, which was given back to China in 1997. Britain retained its title as a 'Superpower' in 1982 with the Falkland's War, a War against Argentina over the possession of the Falkland Islands.

There are currently 14 remaining overseas territories under UK sovereignty

THE HISTORY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE

GANDHIGandhi was one of the most important people involved in the movement for the independence of India. He was a non-violent activist, who led the independence movement through a non-violent protest.

When Gandhi was 18 years old, he went to England to study law. After he became a lawyer, he went to the British colony of South Africa where he experienced laws that said people with dark skin had fewer rights than people with light skin. He decided then to become a political activist, so he could help change these unfair laws. He created a powerful, non-violent movement. When he returned to India, he helped cause India's independence from British rule, inspiring other colonial peoples to work for their own independence, break up the British Empire, and replace it with the Commonwealth. He died asssinated by a Hindu fanatic

DECOLONISATION

IMMIGRATION

MULTICULTURALISM

Multiculturalism is a word that describes a society where many different cultures live together.

In a multicultural society, there is not an official (decided by the people in charge) culture that every person must be a part of. Instead, all cultures are respected as much as each other.

In general, a multicultural society is formed when people from many different countries all migrate to one place. But such society can exist only by tolerance and by the combat against xenophobia.

London is a linguistically rich and diverse community. Londoners report speaking 48 different languages and identify ancestral origins from 144 distinct ethno‐cultural backgrounds.

The top five fastest growing major language groups within the city are: (1) Hindi [59%], (2) Spanish [49%], (3)Croatian [33%], (4) Russian [24%] and, (5) Arabic and Chinese [Tied ‐22%]. Polish is now the main language spoken in England after English, according to 2011 census data

HENOPHOBIA HOSTILITY

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

CULTURAL ISOLATION

V I O L E N C E

7 July 2005 London bombings

Emergency services at Russell Square tube station on

7 July 2005

Location Aboard London Underground trains and a bus in central London

Date 7 July 2005 08:50 – 09:47 BST (UTC+01:00)

Target General public

Attack type Mass murder; suicide attack; terrorism

Deaths 52 + 4 bombers

Injured Approximately 700

Perpetrators

Hasib Hussain Mohammad Sidique Khan Germaine Lindsay Shehzad Tanweer

CHARACTERISTICS OF A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY

TOLERANCE RESPECT INTERACTION OF CULTURES COOPERATION EQUALITY EDUCATION FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

The Cultural Diversity of London

London is one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the world. The mix of cultural traditions and beliefs that add to the atmosphere of London is electrifying. Cultural Experiences The Proms is a quintessentially English tradition,consisting of eight weeks of classical concerts held in concert halls across the United Kingdom throughout the summer months. The last night of the Proms, at the Royal Albert Hall in London, is an overture to classical music and British artists and composers. London would not have its flair without the Royal traditions like the changing of guards at Buckingham palace or the grand celebrations of the Queens official and unofficial birthday, with parades by the Queens guards. The London carnival celebrates the Caribbean heritage and their contribution to London and UK culture since the 1960's. On Saint Patrick’s Day London lights up, and the Irish community in London goes all out to bring the Spirit of Saint Patrick’s Day to London. Not to forget Guy Fawkes Night and the Indian Festival of Light called Diwali that are the highlight in November. Ramadan and the mosques calling to daily prayer are familiar sounds. Diversity of Food from the World A great way to experience London's cultural diversity is to explore the vast variety of foods and delicatessen that are available in thousands of restaurants in London. There is nothing you cannot find in London! - An array of restaurants ranging from Chinese in China Town (Leicester Square), Indian in Brick Lane, Lebanese in Edgware Road, Turkish in Mare Street and Nigerian on Old Kent Road. Heritage The cultural mix and heritage of London demonstrates that a diverse mixture of people can live together in a respectful manner in order to prosper. This is great achievement that allows every individual to protect their identity and right to freely exercise culture and religion. London would not be London without its diverse mixtures of cultures under the umbrella of a strong British heritage. London could not be London, without Buckingham Palace, demonstrations in front of Houses of Parliament, Carnival, Mosques in Swiss Cottage, the Irish Pubs, parties and festivals in Hyde Park, Art exhibitions in the East End showcasing creative talent in Brick Lane and Shoreditch, the Chelsea Flower show and Museums that hold the greatest art works from around the world. London culture is fluid with a continuous amalgamation of people from different countries to create a vibrant city that is open to change but upholds cultural traditions.

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I AM GREEK AND I WANT TO GO HOME - Official Slideshow Trailer

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ian Jenkins – The Parthenon Sculptures

Revel Golden – London, Portrait of a City

Christopher Winn – I never knew that about London

Top 10 London

www.britishmuseum.org

www.nationalgallery.org.uk

www.nhm.oc.uk

www.wikipedia.com

www.tate.org.uk

www.shakespearsglobe.com

www.bbc.co.uk

www.ekathimerini.com

www.guardian.co.uk

www.eugreeka.com

T H E E N D