11/19/2019

1

Phonetics of English

Fricatives

Source: Lakić, 2019

Fricatives

/f, v, θ , ð , s, z, ʃ , ʒ , h/

Sometimes /w, j, r/

Frikativi

produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together

continual release of air through a narrow passage possible

produced in the vocal tract

Fricatives

1. Tip artikulacije (type of articulation)

/f, v, θ , ð , s, z, ʃ , ʒ , h, w, j, r/ su suglasnici(consonants)

2. Način artikulacije (manner of articulation)

/f, v, θ , ð , s, z, ʃ , ʒ , h, w, j, r/ su frikativi(fricatives)

/w, j, r/ su frikativi kada se nalaze iza jakog

bezvučnog suglasnika. U ostalim slučajevima su

kontinuanti.

Fricatives3. Mjesto artikulacije (place of articulation)

a. Usneni (bilabial) - /w/

twist /twist/, sweet /swi:t/

b. usneno-zubni (labio-dental) - /f, v/

fan /fæn/ safer /'seifə/

van /væn/ saver /'seivə/

c. zubni (dental) - /θ, ð/

thumb /θʌm/ breath /breθ/

father /'fa:ðə/ breathe /bri:ð/

Fricatives

d. alveolarni (alveolar) - /s, z/

sip /sip/ zip /zip/

facing /'feisiŋ/ phasing /'feiziŋ/

e. post-alveolarni (post-alveolar) - /s, z/ + /r/

horserace /'hɔ:sreis/ newsreel /'nju:zri:l/

f. palatoalveolarni (palato-alveolar) - /ʃ, ʒ/

ship /ʃip/ Russia /'rʌʃə/

measure /'meʒə/ garage /'gæra:ʒ/

11/19/2019

2

Fricatives

g. palatalni (palatal) – neki alofoni foneme /j/, kada je ona izgovorena kao suglasnik (kad se ispred nje nađe jaki bezvučni suglasnik)

queue /kju:/ few /fju:/

h. glotalni (glottal) - /h/

him /him/ behave /bi'heiv/

/h/ se javlja u početnom i medijalnom

položaju, a na kraju riječi se ne javlja nikada u

engleskom jeziku.

Fricatives

4. Jačina artikulacije (force of articulation)

A. Frikativi /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/ su jaki suglasnici

(strong/fortis)

B. Frikativi /v, ð, z, ʒ/ su slabi suglasnici (weak/lenis)

Fortis fricatives are said to be articulated with greater

force than the lenis ones and their friction noise is

louder.

Fricatives

5. Stepen zvučnosti (degree of voicing)

zvučni, djelimično zvučni i bezvučni

1. Jaki frikativi su uvijek bezvučni

/f, θ, s, ʃ, h/

Fricatives

2. /v, ð, z, ʒ/:A. fully voiced (when found between two voiced sounds):

/v/ covered /'kʌvəd/ saved /seivd/

/ð/ mother /'mʌðə/ buzzed /bazd/

/z/ easy /'i:zi/ rouged /ru:ʒd/

/ʒ/ measure /'meʒə/

B. partially voiced (when word-initial):

voice /vɔis/ those /ðəuz/ zoo /zu:/

C. devoiced (when word-final):

give /giv/ with /wið/

does /dʌz/ garage /'gæra:ʒ/

Study questions

1. Define the articulation of fricatives and provide a list of fricative sounds.

2. Which fricatives are labial and labio-dental?

3. Which fricatives are dental and alveolar?

4. In which positions are /s, z/ postalveolar? Give examples.

5. Which fricatives are palatal and glottal?

6. Which fricatives are strong and which are weak?

7. Which fricatives are always voiceless?

8. Explaing voicing for /v, ð, z, ʒ/? Give examples.

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation

/f/

- Najčešće se piše kao:

f feel /fi:l/

ff officer /’ɔfisə/

ph photo /’fəutəu/

gh laugh /la:f/

- U predlogu of, grafema f izgovara se kao /v/:

of /ɔv/

11/19/2019

3

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation

/v/

- Najčešće se piše kao:

v river /’rivə/

- Nekada se digraph ph izgovara kao /v/:

Stepehen /’sti:vən/

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation

/θ/

- Najčešće se piše kao:

th three /θri:/ through /θru:/

/ð/

- Najčešće se piše kao:

th there /ðeə/ brother /’brʌðə/

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation

/s/

- Najčešće se piše kao:

s seem /si:m/

ss class /kla:s/

c pace /peis/

sc science /’saiəns/

- Grafema s izgovara se /s/ kod imenica, a /z/ kad

je u pitanju glagol:

use /ju:s/ - imenica

use /ju:z/ - glagol

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation

/ʃ/

- Najčešće se piše kao:

sh shine /ʃain/

s shore /ʃɔ:/

ss Russia /‘rʌʃə/

c ocean /‘əuʃən/

- U riječima koje se završavaju na -tion, -lsion, -nsion i –

ssion takođe se javlja /ʃ/:

nation /‘neiʃən/

compulsion /kəm’pʌlʃən/

tension /’tenʃən/

session /’seʃən/

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation

U jednom broju riječi, digraf ch izgovara se kao /ʃ/:

chivalry /‘ʃivəlri/

Chicago /ʃi’ka:gəu/

Michigan /‘miʃigən/

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation

/z/

- Najčešće se piše kao:

z zeal /zi:l/

s rose /rəuz/

zz buzz /bʌz/

ss scissors /’sizəz/

- Na kraju riječi, obično se izgovara kao /z/:

wise /waiz/

11/19/2019

4

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation

/ʒ/

- Najčešće se piše kao:

s collision /kə‘liʒən/

explosion /ik’spləuʒən/

- U riječima francuskog porijekla, grupa ge na

kraju riječi izgovara se kao /ʒ/:

garage /'gæra:ʒ/, beige /beɪʒ/, rouge /ruːʒ/

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation

/h/

- Najčešće se piše kao:

h hero /’hiərəu/

wh who /hu:/

- /h/ se često ne čuje u izgovoru, posebno kada je

u inicijalnom položaju u riječima:

heir /eə/ honest /’ɔnist/

honour /’ɔnə/ hour /auə/

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation

SILENT H:

ache, anchor, archeology architect, archives, chaos character, characteristic, charisma chemical, choir, echo mechanical, melancholy, monarch orchestra, orchid, psychic scheme, technical, technique, technology

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation /w/

- Najčešće se piše kao:

w was /wɔz/

wh why /wai/

- /w/ se sreće i u sljedećim primjerima:

one /wʌn/ once /wʌns/ choir /`kwaiə/

- Unutar grupe gu, u se izgovara kao /w/:

anguish /’æŋgwiʃ/ language /’læŋgwiʤ/

- Unutar grupe qu, u se izgovara kao /w/:

quality /’kwɔliti/ quarter /’kwɔ:tə/

queen /kwi:n/ quick /kwik/ square /skweə/

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation

Silent w before r:

awry /əˈraɪ/, playwright, sword /sɔːd/ wrack, wrap, wrathwreath /riːθ/, wreck, wreckage wren, wrestle, wrinkle wrist, write, wrong wrote

Orthographic rules and

pronunciation

/j/

- Najčešće se piše kao:

y yes /jes/

I view /vju:/

e few /fju:/

u mute /mju:t/

/r/

- Najčešće se piše kao:

r red /red/

rr carrot /‘kærət/

wr write /rait/

rh rhyme /raim/

11/19/2019

5

Source: Hancock

11/19/2019

6

11/19/2019

7

Words commonly mispronounced

height

/haɪt/

subtle

/ˈsʌtl/

draught

/drɑːft/

albeit

/ˌɔːlˈbiːɪt/

Recipe

/ˈrɛsəpi/

Lettuce

/ˈlɛtɪs/

Womb

/wuːm/

Colonel

/ˈkɜːnəl/

Comfortable

/ˈkʌmfətəbl/

Lieutenant

/lefˈtenənt/

Hyperbole

/haɪˈpɜːbəli/

Gauge

/geɪdʒ/

11/19/2019

8

Words commonly mispronounced

Greenwich

/ˌgrɛnɪtʃ/

Paradigm

/ˈpærədaɪm/

elite

/ɪˈliːt/

Debris

/ˈdɛbriː/

Infamous

/ˈɪnfəməs/

Façade

/fəˈsɑːd/

awry

/əˈraɪ/

Preface

/ˈprefəs/

Answer

/ˈɑːnsə/

Aisle

/aɪl/

Debt

/det/

Salmon

/ˈsæmən/