Phytoremediation - ΕΚΕΤΑ - Εθνικό Κέντρο Έρευνας ... processes...

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PHYTOREMEDIATION – A Novel Technology to Decontaminate Polluted Sites Nicolas Kalogerakis Nicolas Kalogerakis Department of Environmental Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering Technical University of Crete Technical University of Crete Coworkers: Coworkers: J. Kadukova, E Manousaki, M. Kokkali, J. Kadukova, E Manousaki, M. Kokkali, M. Nikolopoulou M. Nikolopoulou Phytoremediation Phytoremediation technologies Phytoremediation technologies: I. Rhizosphere Enhanced Bioremediation (or Phytostimulation) II. Phytodegradation (or Phytotransformation) III. Phytostabilization IV. Phytoextraction (or Phytoaccumulation) V. Rhizofiltration VI. Phytovolatilization VII. Phytoexcretion (?) Phytoremediation Phytoremediation is defined as the use of green plants and their is defined as the use of green plants and their associated microorganisms, soil amendments, and agronomic associated microorganisms, soil amendments, and agronomic techniques to remove, degrade or detoxify harmful environmental techniques to remove, degrade or detoxify harmful environmental pollutants. pollutants.

Transcript of Phytoremediation - ΕΚΕΤΑ - Εθνικό Κέντρο Έρευνας ... processes...

Page 1: Phytoremediation - ΕΚΕΤΑ - Εθνικό Κέντρο Έρευνας ... processes Phytovolatilization : transfer of pollutants from the soil to the Phytoextraction: transfer of

PHYTOREMEDIATION – A Novel Technology to Decontaminate Polluted Sites

Nicolas KalogerakisNicolas Kalogerakis

Department of Environmental EngineeringDepartment of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of CreteTechnical University of Crete

Coworkers:Coworkers:J. Kadukova, E Manousaki,  M. Kokkali,                 J. Kadukova, E Manousaki,  M. Kokkali,                 M. NikolopoulouM. Nikolopoulou

Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation technologiesPhytoremediation technologies::

I. Rhizosphere Enhanced Bioremediation (or Phytostimulation)

II. Phytodegradation (or Phytotransformation)

III. Phytostabilization

IV. Phytoextraction (or Phytoaccumulation)

V. Rhizofiltration

VI. Phytovolatilization

VII. Phytoexcretion (?)

PhytoremediationPhytoremediation is defined as the use of green plants and their is defined as the use of green plants and their associated microorganisms, soil amendments, and agronomic associated microorganisms, soil amendments, and agronomic techniques to remove, degrade or detoxify harmful environmental techniques to remove, degrade or detoxify harmful environmental pollutants.pollutants.

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Phytoremediation processesPhytovolatilization : transfer of pollutants from the soil to the atmosphere.Phytoextraction: transfer of

pollutants from the soil and accumulation in the above ground parts of the plant.

Phytodegradation: enzymatic degradation of the pollutants in the plant tissue.

Enhanced Bioremediation (or Phytostimulation ): Enhancement of the microbial community and increase of biodegradation in the rhizosphere.

Rhizofiltration: transfer of pollutants from the soil and accumulation in the roots of the plant.

Phytostabilization: Stabilization of heavy metals in the soil/root surface and reduction of heavy metal mobility.

Phytoremediation Research at TU‐Crete

Specific aims:Specific aims:

Heavy metals: Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and their mixtures.

Identification of Pb and Cd hyperaccumulators among Identification of Pb and Cd hyperaccumulators among Mediterranean plants Mediterranean plants 

Focusing on saltFocusing on salt‐‐tolerant plantstolerant plants

General Project:General Project:Phytoremediation of contaminated sites with heavy metals using Phytoremediation of contaminated sites with heavy metals using Mediterranean plants.Mediterranean plants.

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Why halophytes??• Halophytes can be cultivated with saline irrigation water 

which is a desirable feature since often high‐quality irrigation water is not available even for application to crops in arid andsemi‐arid regions. 

• Salt‐water irrigation is becoming an increasingly important practice because the quality of irrigation waters is decreasing as water supplies for agriculture become restricted due to urban needs and climate change. 

• Salinity has been shown to be a key factor for 

– the increased bioavailability of metals in the soils due to reduced soil metal sorption

– the translocation of metals from roots to the aerial parts of the plant ‐ an important feature for phytoextraction applications

Plant #1Plant #1:: Tamarix smyrnensisTamarix smyrnensis

Plant #2Plant #2:: Nerium oleanderNerium oleander

Plant #3Plant #3:: Atriplex halimusAtriplex halimus

Salt‐tolerant plants examined:

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Tamarix Tamarix –– ExperimentsExperiments

Pot experiments with plants grown in metal polluted soils in 

order to evaluate the effect of metals and soil salinity on the growth of plant

MeasurementsMeasurements::

PlantPlant Biomass Biomass  Height Height  Water contentWater content Chlorophyll Chlorophyll  Proteins Proteins  Peroxidase activity Peroxidase activity  Metal content (in Metal content (in 

roots and shoots)roots and shoots)

SoilSoil Total metalsTotal metals Plant available Plant available 

metalsmetals pHpH ECEC Organic matterOrganic matter Total CaCOTotal CaCO33

Experimental ConditionsPot ExperimentsPot Experiments

T. smyrnensis growing in contaminated soil with 800 ppm Pb and 16 ppm Cd 

10 ‐15 cm cuttings of T. smyrnensis

Propagation period : 21 days

Adaptation period : 8 months

Experimental period : 10 weeks

Temperature : 19 – 47°C

Humidity : 18 – 70%

Photoperiod : 14 ‐15 h

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PbPb accumulation in the plantaccumulation in the plant

Pb

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Roots

Tamarix smyrnensisTamarix smyrnensis

Salinity [%] L/R

0 0.35

0.5 0.82

3 1.4

CdCd concentration in individual parts of concentration in individual parts of T. smyrnensisT. smyrnensis at different soil at different soil salinitiessalinities

Cd Accumulation

00,5

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Treatment

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0

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Tamarix smyrnensisTamarix smyrnensis

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Treatment

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Biomass (dry weight)Biomass (dry weight)Treatment with mixture ofTreatment with mixture of Pb &Pb &

Cd at different salinitiesCd at different salinities

ChlorophyllChlorophyll in the leavesin the leavesTreatment with Cd at different Treatment with Cd at different 

salinitiessalinities

A B

Tamarix: Salt crystals on leaves

Droplets secreted by salt glands were crystallized on the leavesdue to high Temperatures.

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Cadmium excretion from leaf tissue of Cadmium excretion from leaf tissue of T. smyrnensisT. smyrnensis (pot (pot experiment). Comparison of control plants and plant treated experiment). Comparison of control plants and plant treated with 16 ppm Cd of dry weight of soil at two soil salinities with 16 ppm Cd of dry weight of soil at two soil salinities 

(0% and 0.5%)(0% and 0.5%)

Cd Excretion by the LeavesCd Excretion by the Leaves

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Treatment

Am

ount of C

d e

xuded o

n the le

af

surface

g/g

of dry

leave

s) .

Metals excreted on the leaf surface Metals excreted on the leaf surface of of TT.. smyrnensissmyrnensis (pot (pot experiment)experiment). . Comparison of control plants and plant treated withComparison of control plants and plant treated with

800 ppm Pb and 800 ppm Pb and 16 ppm Cd of dry weight of soil at two soil 16 ppm Cd of dry weight of soil at two soil salinities (0% and 0.5%)salinities (0% and 0.5%)

Pb & Cd Excretion by the LeavesPb & Cd Excretion by the Leaves

0

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Treatment

Met

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e le

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/g o

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ry le

aves

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Pb

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Heavy Metal Tolerance

Plant Plant mechanismsmechanisms ofof heavyheavy metal metal tolerance:tolerance:i.i. AvoidanceAvoidanceii.ii. ExclusionExclusioniii.iii. ImmobilizationImmobilizationiv.iv. ExcretionExcretionv.v. Mechanisms involving enzymatic changesMechanisms involving enzymatic changes

The  resistance  of  halophytes  to  salt  stress  is  usually The  resistance  of  halophytes  to  salt  stress  is  usually correlated with  a more  efficient  antioxidant  system  (Zhu et correlated with  a more  efficient  antioxidant  system  (Zhu et al., 2004). al., 2004). 

Thus, halophytes may be more  capable  to  cope with heavy Thus, halophytes may be more  capable  to  cope with heavy metals  stress  than  common plants  since heavy metal  stress metals  stress  than  common plants  since heavy metal  stress induces oxidative stress to cellular structures.induces oxidative stress to cellular structures.

Excretion mechanism

Salt secretion through salt glands is considered as an Salt secretion through salt glands is considered as an adaptive strategy to regulate plant tissue ion concentration adaptive strategy to regulate plant tissue ion concentration

An important mechanism which contributes to the An important mechanism which contributes to the resistance of all plants to increased salinity levels.resistance of all plants to increased salinity levels.

HalophytesHalophytes are adapted to saline environments: are adapted to saline environments:

salt avoidancesalt avoidance

salt tolerancesalt tolerance

salt evasionsalt evasion

The main function of salt glands is the secretion of excess The main function of salt glands is the secretion of excess stressstress--inducing ions that invade the plant inducing ions that invade the plant

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Tamarix smyrnensisTamarix smyrnensis

Species of the Species of the genus genus TamarixTamarix are well known as are well known as saltsalt‐‐toleranttolerant plants plants with the ability to with the ability to excrete excess salt as salt droplets through salt excrete excess salt as salt droplets through salt glands on their leaf surfaceglands on their leaf surface. . 

There is evidence that the salt glands of There is evidence that the salt glands of Tamarix sp. Tamarix sp. secrete with secrete with minimal selectivityminimal selectivity a variety of a variety of different ionsdifferent ions and that the and that the composition of the secreted salts is related to the composition composition of the secreted salts is related to the composition in in the rhizosphere.the rhizosphere.

Tamarix smyrnensisTamarix smyrnensis

Transverse Transverse section of the section of the 

leafleaf of of T. smyrnensisT. smyrnensiswith with salt glandsalt gland

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Salt crystals on leaf tissue of Salt crystals on leaf tissue of T. smyrnensisT. smyrnensis at at 

different soil salinitiesdifferent soil salinities

0% salinity0% salinity 0.5% salinity0.5% salinity

Hydroponic experimentHydroponic experiment Experimental Conditions

Hydroponic growth with exposure to

100 ppm Pb and 5 ppm Cd

Age of plantsAge of plants: : 1010 monthsmonths

Experimental periodExperimental period: 2 : 2 weeksweeks

TemperatureTemperature: : 19 19 –– 2424°°CC

HumidityHumidity: : 57 57 –– 66%66%

PhotoperiodPhotoperiod: : 12 h12 h

Nutrient solutionNutrient solution ((mg/lmg/l))::143.0 Ca(NO3)2 2.86 H3BO3

35.75 KNO3 1.86 MnCl2.4H2O

17.75 KCl 0.22 ZnSO4.7H2O

35.75 KH2PO4 0.079 CuSO4.5H2O

35.75 MgSO4 0.6 FeSO4.7H2O

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• Excretion rates of the metals were measured by cleaning residues off leaf surfaces:

The area bellow the plant was covered by weighted tissue paper. In the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th and 14th day the leaves were washed with 0.1% v/v HNO3 and the resulting solution was absorbed by the paper. 

• Metal content analysis in the paper wipes was performed by ICP according to modified method of Soon

• Metal content analysis in the plant tissue was performed by ICP spectroscopy according to modified method of Soon 

• Determination of  Pb and Cd content in the nutrient medium was performed by ICP spectroscopy

Measurements HydroponicHydroponic experiment experiment 

Pb excretion from leaf tissue ofPb excretion from leaf tissue of TT.. smyrnensis smyrnensis exposedexposed to to 100 ppm100 ppmPbPb and 5 ppm Cd (hydroponic experiment)and 5 ppm Cd (hydroponic experiment)

Pb Excretion Rates

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e (μ

g g

-1 d

-1)

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PhytoextractionPhytoextraction of contaminated soils with of contaminated soils with heavy metals heavy metals 

Problems of PhytoextractionProblems of Phytoextraction

Contaminated crop disposalContaminated crop disposal

Remediation time requiredRemediation time required

Phytoexcretion process Phytoexcretion process should be kept in mindshould be kept in mind

IIf not properly addressedf not properly addressed, it, it reduces the reduces the effectiveness of other phytoremediation effectiveness of other phytoremediation processes processes 

Phytoextraction + Phytoexcretion Phytoextraction + Phytoexcretion 

Cd

Cd CdCd

CdCd

Cd

Cd

Cd Cd

CdCd

Cd

Cd

CdCd Cd

Surface accumulation

Opportunity to intervene (?)

CdCdCd Cd

Capture and remove on appropriate media

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Phytoremediation processes:

Phytovolatilization

PhytoextractionPhytodegradation

Enhanced Bioremediation (or Phytostimulation )

Rhizofiltration

Phytostabilization

Phytoexcretion: Excretion of heavy metals from the leaves

Phytoexcretion:Phytoexcretion:A Novel Approach of Phytoremediation (?)A Novel Approach of Phytoremediation (?)

““PhytoPhyto‐‐ExcretionExcretion””: : 

The plant can be viewed as a The plant can be viewed as a ““biological pumpbiological pump”” for heavy for heavy metalsmetals

Intervening and capturing the droplets on suitable media Intervening and capturing the droplets on suitable media before they are recycled onto the top soilbefore they are recycled onto the top soil

AdvantagesAdvantages::

The frequency of tree pruning and uprooting is loweredThe frequency of tree pruning and uprooting is lowered

•• lower costs lower costs 

•• faster remediation times faster remediation times 

•• possibility of recovery of metalspossibility of recovery of metals

Coupled to phytoextraction Coupled to phytoextraction 

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Planning of Experimental part Planning of Experimental part 

Pot experimentsPot experiments(10 weeks)(10 weeks)

Hydroponic experimentsHydroponic experiments(2(2‐‐4 weeks)4 weeks)

Pb increasing concentrationsPb increasing concentrations

Cd increasing concentrationsCd increasing concentrations

PlantPlant:: Nerium oleanderNerium oleander

Cd (0, 0.5, 3% NaCl)Cd (0, 0.5, 3% NaCl)

Pb (0, 0.5, 3% NaCl)Pb (0, 0.5, 3% NaCl)

Pb &Pb & Cd (0, 0.5, 3% NaCl)Cd (0, 0.5, 3% NaCl)

Pb increasing concentrations Pb increasing concentrations 

(0, 0.5, 3% NaCl)(0, 0.5, 3% NaCl)

Pb concentration (mg kgPb concentration (mg kg‐‐11 dry weight) in individual dry weight) in individual plants partsplants parts

Nerium oleanderNerium oleander

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nce

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ue (

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ShootsRoots

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Nerium oleanderNerium oleander

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Chlorophyll contents Chlorophyll contents of of Nerium oleanderNerium oleander

Biomass (dry weight) of Biomass (dry weight) of Nerium oleanderNerium oleander

Nerium oleanderNerium oleander

Effect of Pb on peroxidase activity of Effect of Pb on peroxidase activity of Nerium oleanderNerium oleander

00,20,40,60,8

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eci

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ctiv

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Is the plant under stress??

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Interactions between Aphids (Aphis nerii) and Oleander Growing on Pb and Cd Contaminated Soil

B

A

Portion of plants N. oleander infested by aphids during weeks 5 to 7 and 8 to 10 are almost identical for all treatments.

(Plants infestation recording: no presence of aphids, plant infested by number of aphids from 1 – 10 and plant infested by >10 aphids)

Weeks 5 to 7 Weeks 8 to 10

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Portion of plants N. oleander not infested by aphids (P(X=0)) for various treatments with lead and cadmium as a function of salinity. 

Portions marked with the same letter are significantly different with each other (corresponding to different saline concentrations) at least at 5% level of significance.

Overview of experimental results

Tamarix smyrnensis:Suitable for phytoextraction in environments with increased Suitable for phytoextraction in environments with increased salinity.salinity.

Nerium oleander:A very good choice for phytostabilization.

Atriplex halimus:A new Pb‐hyperaccumulator (?)

Kadukova, J., and N. Kalogerakis, “Lead accumulation from non‐saline and saline environment by Tamarix smyrnensis Bunge”, European Journal of Soil Biology, 43, 216‐223 (2007).

Manousaki, E., J. Kadukova, N. Papadantonakis and N. Kalogerakis, “Phytoextraction and Phytoexcretion of Cd by the Leaves of Tamarix Smyrnensis Growing on Contaminated Non Saline and Saline Soils”, Environmental Research, 106, 326‐332 (2008).

Kadukova, J., E. Manousaki and N. Kalogerakis, “Pb and Cd Accumulation and Excretion by Salt Cedar (Tamarix smyrnensis Bunge)”, International Journal of Phytoremediation, 10, 31–46 (2008).

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Phytoremediation of organics (OMW)

water

OMW

TOP VIEW VERTICAL VIEW

2m

3 m

>0.30 m

0.50 m

gravelPerforated pipe

Subsurface disposal area of OMW

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Protecting the river (riparian zone)

Aim: To stop the pollutant plume and degrade contaminants that have been extracted by the plants

Monitoring through multilevel wells

>90% efficiency

APPLICATION: Poplars to control the flow of nitrates from the agricultural land next to Evrotas river.

LIFE Environment

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Remediation of saline soils

• Salinization is one of the most serious problems confronting sustainable agriculture in irrigated production lands in semi‐arid and arid regions. UN‐EP estimates that ~20% of agricultural land and 50% of cropland in the world is salt stressed (Ravindran et al., 2007)

• Soils need proper amendments as a source of calcium (Ca2+) to replace sodium (Na+) from the cation exchange sites. The displaced Na+ is leached from the root zone through excess irrigation (Qadir  et al., 2003).  [Chemical remediation –Potential aquifer problems?]

• Can phytoremediation help?

Phytoremediation of saline soils by halophytes

• Phytoremediation desalination approach #1

– Cultivation of certain salt tolerant plant species with the ability to increase the dissolution of soil calcite (CaCO3) in the rhizosphere to provide Ca2+ that can be exchanged with Na+ at cation exchange sites. Displaced Na+ can be leached out of the soil with irrigation water. (Qadir and Oster, 2002; Qadir  et al., 2003; Qadir  et al., 2004; Gerhardt et al., 2006)   [Aquifer problems?]

• Phytoremediation desalination approach #2

– Halophytes could be grown on salt‐affected soils to remove significant amounts of salt and Na+ through their aerial parts. Salt is removed from the soil to the extent that soil can be returned to agricultural productivity (Chaudhri et al., 1964; Gritsenko and Gritsenko, 1999; Owens, 2001; Keiffer and Ungar, 2002; Gerhardt et al., 2006; Ravindran et al., 2007).

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CONCLUDING REMARKSCONCLUDING REMARKS

There  is  a  group  of  plants  (halophytes)  that  have  the  capabilityThere  is  a  group  of  plants  (halophytes)  that  have  the  capability to to excrete heavy metals from their leaves as a detoxification mechaexcrete heavy metals from their leaves as a detoxification mechanism.nism.

In this case, the plant becomes a In this case, the plant becomes a ““biological pumpbiological pump”” for heavy metals. for heavy metals. ““PhytoPhyto‐‐excretionexcretion”” is  an  alternative  phytoremediation  process  that is  an  alternative  phytoremediation  process  that should be further explored.should be further explored.

The  use  of  halophytes  for  phytoremediation  applications  should  bThe  use  of  halophytes  for  phytoremediation  applications  should  be e further explored:further explored:

Rhizodegradation  of  organic  contaminants  [they  can  deal  better Rhizodegradation  of  organic  contaminants  [they  can  deal  better with stress]with stress]

Rhizosphere enhanced bioremediation of mixed pollutants (metals Rhizosphere enhanced bioremediation of mixed pollutants (metals + organics) [by removing the metals the microbes work better]+ organics) [by removing the metals the microbes work better]

Soil desalination [a low cost long term remediation approach]Soil desalination [a low cost long term remediation approach]

The project was coThe project was co‐‐funded by funded by 1)1) The European Social Fund & National Resources                   The European Social Fund & National Resources                   

((EPEAEK EPEAEK  ‐‐ IRAKLITOS)IRAKLITOS)2)2) Marie Curie Development Host Fellowship programmeMarie Curie Development Host Fellowship programme