PhoneticsPhonetics

Class # 2Class # 2

Chapter 6Chapter 6

Homework (Ex. 1 – page 268)Homework (Ex. 1 – page 268)

Judge Judge [d ] or [[d ] or [ǰ]ǰ] Thomas Thomas [t][t] Though Though [[ðð ] ] Easy Easy [i][i] Pneumonia Pneumonia [n] [n] Thought Thought [[θθ] ] Contact Contact [k][k] Phone Phone [f][f] CivicCivic [s][s] Usual Usual [j] [j]

Homework – Ex. 2 (page 269)Homework – Ex. 2 (page 269)

FleeceFleece [s][s] NeighNeigh [e][e] LongLong [[ŋŋ]] HealthHealth [[θθ] ] WatchWatch [t ] or [t ] or [č] [č] CowCow [aw][aw] RoughRough [f][f] CheeseCheese [z][z] BleachedBleached [t][t] RagsRags [z] or [s][z] or [s]

Speech ProductionSpeech Productionhttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.htmlhttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

Some technical jargon in speech production Some technical jargon in speech production (p.241):(p.241):

lipslips teethteeth tonguetongue alveolar ridge: bony ridge right behind the upper alveolar ridge: bony ridge right behind the upper

teeth;teeth; palate: the bony dome constituting the roof of palate: the bony dome constituting the roof of

the mouth;the mouth; velum: the soft tissue right behind the palate;velum: the soft tissue right behind the palate; uvula: the soft appendage hanging off the velum;uvula: the soft appendage hanging off the velum; glottis: the opening between the vocal cordsglottis: the opening between the vocal cords

Speech ProductionSpeech Production

Speech is produced by pushing air from the Speech is produced by pushing air from the lungs up through the vocal tract and lungs up through the vocal tract and manipulating several variables at the same time.manipulating several variables at the same time. Whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating;Whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating;

Whether the velum is raised or lowered;Whether the velum is raised or lowered;

Whether or not the air flow is stopped or impeded at Whether or not the air flow is stopped or impeded at

some point between the lips and the larynx.some point between the lips and the larynx.

Classification of Speech SoundsClassification of Speech Sounds

Vowels and consonants. Vowels and consonants. Speech sounds can be divided into vowels Speech sounds can be divided into vowels

and consonants depending on whether air is and consonants depending on whether air is obstructed in the process of producing the obstructed in the process of producing the sound.sound.• Obstruction involved Obstruction involved consonants consonants• Obstruction not involved Obstruction not involved vowels vowels• Obstruction partially involved (Semivowels) Obstruction partially involved (Semivowels)

usually considered consonants ([j], [w])usually considered consonants ([j], [w])

ConsonantsConsonants

3 aspects of consonant production: 3 aspects of consonant production:

a) Place of articulation (a) Place of articulation (where in the mouth where in the mouth the airflow restriction occurs)the airflow restriction occurs)

b) Manner of articulation (how the airflow is b) Manner of articulation (how the airflow is modified (completely or partially blocked) modified (completely or partially blocked) by the vocal tract)by the vocal tract)

c) Voicing (whether or not the vocal cords c) Voicing (whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating) are vibrating)

Place of articulationPlace of articulation [p], [b], [m], [w][p], [b], [m], [w] Bilabials (both lips together)Bilabials (both lips together)

[f], [v][f], [v] Labiodentals (Labiodentals (Produce them by touching the Produce them by touching the

bottom lip to the upper teeth) bottom lip to the upper teeth)

[[θθ] [] [ðð]] Interdentals (Produce them by inserting the tip of Interdentals (Produce them by inserting the tip of

the tongue b/w the upper and lower teeth) the tongue b/w the upper and lower teeth)

Place of articulationPlace of articulation

[t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] [r][t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] [r] Alveolars (Alveolars (Produce them by raising the Produce them by raising the

front part of the tongue to the alveolar front part of the tongue to the alveolar ridgeridge

[[šš] [ž] [č] [ ] [ž] [č] [ ǰǰ ] [j]] [j] Palatals (Palatals (Produce them by raising the Produce them by raising the

front part of the tongue to a point on front part of the tongue to a point on the hard palate) the hard palate)

Place of articulationPlace of articulation

[k] [g] [[k] [g] [ŋŋ ] ] Velars (Velars (Produce them by raising the Produce them by raising the

back of the tongue to the velum (soft back of the tongue to the velum (soft palate)) palate))

[h][h] Glottal (Produce it by raising the Glottal (Produce it by raising the

tongue and lips in the position for the tongue and lips in the position for the production of the following vowel) production of the following vowel)

Exercise for “place of articulation”Exercise for “place of articulation”

For each of the following pairs of sounds, state For each of the following pairs of sounds, state whether they have the same or a different whether they have the same or a different PLACE OF ARTICULATION.PLACE OF ARTICULATION. a) [k] : [a) [k] : [ŋ]ŋ] g) [f] : [h]g) [f] : [h]b) [s] : [l]b) [s] : [l] h) [w] : [j]h) [w] : [j]c) [p] : [g]c) [p] : [g] i) [b] : [f]i) [b] : [f]d) [l] : [r]d) [l] : [r] j) j) [č] : [ [č] : [ ǰǰ ] ]

e) [m] : [n]e) [m] : [n] k) [s] : [v]k) [s] : [v]f) f) [ [ ǰǰ ] : [š]] : [š] l) [l) [θθ] : [t]] : [t]

Exercise for “place of articulation”Exercise for “place of articulation”

a) [s] : [l] a) [s] : [l] alveolar(same)alveolar(same)

b) [k] : [b) [k] : [ŋŋ]] velar (same) velar (same)

c) [p] : [g]c) [p] : [g] bilabial : velar (different)bilabial : velar (different)d) [l] : [r]d) [l] : [r] alveolar(same)alveolar(same)e) [m] : [n]e) [m] : [n] bilabial : alveolar (different)bilabial : alveolar (different)

f) f) [ [ ǰǰ ] : [š]] : [š] palatal (same) palatal (same)

g) [f] : [h]g) [f] : [h] labiodental : glottal (different)labiodental : glottal (different)h) [w] : [j]h) [w] : [j] bilabial : palatalbilabial : palatal (different) (different)i) [b] : [f] i) [b] : [f] bilabial : labiodental (different)bilabial : labiodental (different)

j) j) [č] : [ [č] : [ ǰǰ ] ] palatal(same)palatal(same)

k) [s] : [v]k) [s] : [v] alveolar : labiodental (different)alveolar : labiodental (different)l) [l) [θθ] : [t]] : [t] interdental : alveolar (different)interdental : alveolar (different)

Manner of articulationManner of articulationhttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#

[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g][p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] Stops (the airflow is completely blocked)Stops (the airflow is completely blocked)

[f] [v] [[f] [v] [θθ] [] [ðð] [s] [z] [] [s] [z] [šš] [ž] [h]] [ž] [h] Fricatives (The airflow is partially blocked and Fricatives (The airflow is partially blocked and

causes friction) causes friction)

[m], [n], [[m], [n], [ŋŋ]] Nasal (sound coming out of the nose) Nasal (sound coming out of the nose)

Manner of articulationManner of articulation

[č] [ [č] [ ǰǰ ] ] Affricates (The airflow is completely blocked and Affricates (The airflow is completely blocked and

causes friction) causes friction) The sound is a sequence of a stop plus a The sound is a sequence of a stop plus a

fricative: fricative:

[t] + [š] = [č][t] + [š] = [č][d] + [ž] = [ [d] + [ž] = [ ǰǰ ] ]

[l] [r] [l] [r] Liquids (The airflow is partially blocked and Liquids (The airflow is partially blocked and

causes no friction) causes no friction)

Manner of articulationManner of articulation

[w] [j][w] [j] Glides (These sounds are followed or Glides (These sounds are followed or

preceded by a vowel)preceded by a vowel) They are transitional sounds (sometimes They are transitional sounds (sometimes

called semivowels) called semivowels)

VoicingVoicinghttp://www.uni-marburg.de/linguistik/dgweb/demos/demo2.htmhttp://www.uni-marburg.de/linguistik/dgweb/demos/demo2.htm

Voiced consonants: involving vibrationVoiced consonants: involving vibration 15: [b] [d] [g] [v] [15: [b] [d] [g] [v] [ðð ] [z] [ž] [ ] [z] [ž] [ǰǰ] [m] [n] [] [m] [n] [ŋŋ]] [l] [l]

[r] [w] [j[r] [w] [j]]

Voiceless consonants: Voiceless consonants: involving no involving no vibrationvibration

9: [p, t, k, f, 9: [p, t, k, f, θθ, s, š, h, č], s, š, h, č]

bilabialbilabial labio-labio-dentaldental

inter-inter-dentaldental

alveolaralveolar palatalpalatal velarvelar glottalglottal

StopStop VoicelessVoiceless

VoicedVoicedpp

bb

tt

dd

kk

gg

NasalNasal VoicelessVoiceless

VoicedVoiced mm nn ŋŋ

FricativeFricative VoicelessVoiceless

VoicedVoicedff

vv

θ θ

ðð sszz

šš

žž

hh

AffricateAffricate VoicelessVoiceless

VoicedVoicedčč

ǰǰ

GlideGlide VoicelessVoiceless

VoicedVoiced ww jj

LiquidLiquid VoicelessVoiceless

VoicedVoiced l, rl, r

Phonetic symbols for American English Consonants(p. 251)

Consonant descriptionConsonant description

We can state explicitly the 'address' of a We can state explicitly the 'address' of a consonant on the chart (p.251): consonant on the chart (p.251): voicing + place + manner (three-part)voicing + place + manner (three-part)

• E.g., [f]: voiceless labiodental fricativeE.g., [f]: voiceless labiodental fricative

[v]: voiced labiodental fricative[v]: voiced labiodental fricative

[š]: voiceless palatal fricative[š]: voiceless palatal fricative

Consonant descriptionConsonant description

Ex. 1: Provide the appropriate three-part articulatory Ex. 1: Provide the appropriate three-part articulatory descriptions for the consonant sounds represented by descriptions for the consonant sounds represented by the following symbols:the following symbols:

1. [ p ]1. [ p ]2. [ n ]2. [ n ]3. [ 3. [ ǰǰ ]]4. [ g ]4. [ g ]5. [ b ]5. [ b ]6. [ k ]6. [ k ]

Answers for referencesAnswers for referencesEx. 1: Provide the appropriate three-part articulatory Ex. 1: Provide the appropriate three-part articulatory

descriptions for the consonant sounds represented by descriptions for the consonant sounds represented by the following symbols:the following symbols:

1. [p] 1. [p] voiceless bilabial stopvoiceless bilabial stop

2. [n]2. [n]voiced alveolar nasalvoiced alveolar nasal

3. [3. [ǰǰ]]voiced palatal affricatevoiced palatal affricate

4. [g]4. [g]voiced velar stopvoiced velar stop

5. [b]5. [b]voiced bilabial stopvoiced bilabial stop

6. [k]6. [k]voiceless velar stopvoiceless velar stop

Consonant descriptionConsonant description

Ex. 2: Provide the phonetic symbol representing each of Ex. 2: Provide the phonetic symbol representing each of the following sounds (don’t forget to use square the following sounds (don’t forget to use square brackets):brackets):

1.1. Voiced labiodental fricative:Voiced labiodental fricative:2.2. Voiceless palatal affricate:Voiceless palatal affricate:3.3. Voiced velar nasal:Voiced velar nasal:4.4. Voiceless glottal fricative:Voiceless glottal fricative:5.5. Voiced interdental fricative: Voiced interdental fricative: 6.6. Voiced palatal fricative:Voiced palatal fricative:7.7. Voiced alveolar nasal: Voiced alveolar nasal:

Answers for references:Answers for references:

Ex. 2: Provide the phonetic symbol representing each of Ex. 2: Provide the phonetic symbol representing each of the following sounds (don’t forget to use square the following sounds (don’t forget to use square brackets):brackets):

1.1. Voiced labiodental fricative: [v]Voiced labiodental fricative: [v]2.2. Voiceless palatal affricate: [č]Voiceless palatal affricate: [č]3.3. Voiced velar nasal: [Voiced velar nasal: [ŋŋ ] ]4.4. Voiceless glottal fricative: [h]Voiceless glottal fricative: [h]5.5. Voiced interdental fricative: [Voiced interdental fricative: [ðð]]6.6. Voiced palatal fricative: [ž]Voiced palatal fricative: [ž]7.7. Voiced alveolar nasal: [n]Voiced alveolar nasal: [n]