Patterns of Interior Spatial Articulations Transformations

Japanese Society for the Science of Design

NII-Electronic Library Service

Japanese 　Sooiety 　for 　the 　Soienoe 　of 　Design

研究論文論文 ORIGINAL 　ARTICLESReceived　May 　6，1998； Accepted　January　6，1999 161．1572．01　728．　（−22）

Patterns　of　 Interior　Spatial　 Articulations　 and 　 Transformations− 1・t・・i・・ Spati・I　C 。 mp 。・iti・・。f　V ・・na ・ul ・・ Dw ・Ili・gs　Caused　by　Hi・t・・i・ai　Ch ・・g・ i・ th・ PhilipPines

伝統的住居の内部空間パターンの変容過程一

フィリピンにおける伝統的住居の空間構成の歴史的変容過程に関する研究

●　Flores　Thelma 　 Lazo

　　Grαdu αte　School　 of 　Chibα

　　σ珈 θ厂s酸y

　　フロー

レス　テルマ　ラソ

　　千葉大学大学院

●　Key　 words ：

● 　Miyazaki　 Kiyoshi

　　Chiba　Universitpa

宮崎　清

千葉大学

Interior　Space，　 Vernacular　Dwelling，　 PhilipPines

Summary

　丁he　task　of 　this　paper　is　to　present　a　spatiaIdesign　analysis 　of　existing 　vernacular 　dwellirlgs　inIfugao　 highland　 and 冂oilo　 Iowland　of　 the　Philip−pines，　and 　pinpoint　the　attributes 　of 　the　designcontihuity 　or 　transjtion　to　specific 　modifierswithin 　the 　historical　periods．　Data　was 　takenfrom　a 　combined 　design　survey 　and 　literaturereview ．　 Reviewed　in　the 　 study 　were 　elements 　ofhouse　encloSures ，　spatial 　 compositions ，　spatiaIfunctiQns　and 　spatial 　 Iinkages，　Significant　findings　include；（t）the　classificationof 　prevalent 　and 　non −prevalent　patterns　of 　enclo −sures ，（2）the　 common 　pattern　of　 linear　 interiorcompositions 　found　 at　 both　 sites，（3＞the 　identifica−tion　 of　 similarities 　 and 　 significant 　 differences　 inspatial 　functions，　〔4＞　patterns　of 　spatial 　Iinkagesillustrate　the　relation 　to　type 　of　family，　 economiccapacity ，　 public　 utilities ，　 etc ．（5）the　transforma −tion　quality　of　dwellings　in　the　highland　andlowland　 could 　 be　categorized 　 into　 four　 modes 　 ofdesign　 known 　 as ；（a＞typologic ，（b）pragmatic，（o＞analogic 　and 　〔d＞canonic ．

要旨

　文化的な価値と規範を共有するコミュニティにおける伝統的

住居の特質には，当該の地域における人びとのいわば生活言語

が反映している。本研究は，このような視点に立ち，フィリピ

ンの伝統的住居の内部空間構成が地域の歴史と対応してどのよ

うに変化してきたかを，現地調査に基づきながら考察したもの

である。調査地域は，山岳部のイフガオ，平坦部のイロイロで

ある。この異なる二つの地域を対象に，住居の構えと囲い，空

間の配置，空間の機能，空間における動線などに蒲目して，観

察。解析・考察を行なった。

　その結果，次の 5点が明らかになった。（1）住居の構えと囲い

には，山岳部型と平坦部型がみられる。居住空間の配置では，山岳部，平坦部ともにリニヤー型が多い。〔3｝空間の機能と使い

方の点では，山岳部と平坦部とには固有の特質がある。 C4）家族

構成社会的地域などに対応し．居住空間における動線が異なっ

ている。また，山岳部と平坦部における伝統的住居の内部空

間構成の変遷モードとしては，典型的，実用的，類似的，正規

的の四つの規範が抽出される。

LO 　 1NTRODUCTION

　 One 　of 　the　biggest　fallacies　in　contemporary 　discourseevolves 　on 　design　being　a 　luxu1y　ofmodem 　li魚 Humanity 　has

mislied　the　point　that　design　exists　in　our 　everyday 　lives，　even

ong 　mral 　societies 　in　various 　dimensions　ofsignificance ，1重ke

in　vernacular 　dwellings　f（）r　instance．　In　Japan，　architectural　anddesign　researches 　 are 　distinctively　impressive　on 　studies

focused　either 　on 　traditional 　or　post−rnodern 　topics，　on

integrated　urbanization 　and 　inner　city　or　community

development．　It　can 　be　rationalized 　then山at　21st　cenmIy 　des量gneducation 　in　first　world 　countries 　are 　considered 　as　essential

mOdels 　by　developing　counUies 　like　the　Philippines，　Indonesia，

Malaysia　and 　so 　fonh．　Likewise，　the　middle 　of　the　20th　century

gave　rise 　to　a　renewed 　interest　in　the　study 　of 　vernacular

dweUings．　It　is　from　the　effbrts 　of 　architects ，　historians　and

anthropologists 　who 　have　documented　such 　vernacu ｝ar

structures 　located　in　urban 　and 　rural 　settings 　that　we 　gainknowledge　of 　our 　vanishing 廿aditional　herltage，　Moreover

，

such 　deep　understanding 　on 　the　evolution 　of 　dwellings　has

presented　lessons　which 　include　ecological 　features　and

sustainable 　bui弖t　environments ．　Further，　concerned 　groups　andinstitutions　involved　in　man −env 孟ronmental 　studies　are　once

again 　looking　for　 solutions 　 and 　new 　ph垂losophies　 fromvernacular 　design　or　traditional　rudiments 　of　architectu【e．遭

　This　research 　which 　is　elucidated 　through　synthesis 　of 　a

combined 　field　survey ，　review 　ofhistorical　and 　literary　data，　andtechnical 　interpretation　of　vernacular 　dwellings　attempts 　to

answer 血 ee 　quesdons　n ely ；（1）In山e　present　architecturallandscape　of 　IfUgao　and 　Iloilo，　what 　is　the　prevailing　pattem　of

vernacular 　dwelling　and 　interior　spatial　articulations？（2）If　suchapattem 　exists ，　how 　does 三t　compare 　to　the　original　archetype ？

and （3）Where　do　we 　genera賎y　attdbute 廿le　prevaient　variance ？

1。1Sites　of　Study

　 Sites　of 　study 　are　primarily　confined 　to　lfugao　and 　Iloilo

provinces（refer　to　Figure　l）．　Vernacular　dwellings　from　thesetwo 　provinces

，　town　centers 　anCl　periphera1　communities 　shall

デザイン学研究　 BULLETIN 　 OF 　 JSSD 　 Vol．45　 No ．6　 199965

N 工工一Eleotronio 　Library 　



JapaneseSociety for the Science of Design

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Figure 1 Philippine Map and Sites of Study

serve as samp]es of highland and lowland shelters. Highland

towns visited in the survey include Lagawe, Hingyon,

Hungduan and Banaue et' Ifugao, and the lowland towns of

Janiuay, Guimbal, Miag-ao, San Joaquin, Oton and Jaro of

Iloilo. The towns of Bontoc and Sagada in Mountain Proyince

and Baguio City of Benguet proyince were also visited to serve

as supplemental study sites for data comparison. Ifugao and

Iloilo were selected for the case study due to the historical

significance of the sites in Philippine history.

12 Vernacular Dwel)ing and Interior Space

Vernacular dwellings referred to in this research are the

''forms of traditiona] buildings which are self-built by members

of a community who share cultural values and norms" ancl the

"building equivalent to vernacular speech, making it thc

architectural language of the people.'"2 Further, these dwellings

also refer to the exemplaTy archetypes expressing the inherent

knowledge and local skills in the utilization of regional

materials, sense of place, kinship patterns and ideologies of

preyious generataons still upheld by the people to this date, On

the other hand, interior space refers to the inhabited space ofa

typical household which is both defined by the house enclosure

and the given boundaries and pluralities of man's domestic

acUvltles,

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2.0 METHODOLOGY The diachronic and synchronic approaches as indicated in

Figure 2 were adapted in this study. The relationship between

spatial change and historical periods has been expounded in

order to validate the existence or evolution of autonomous styles

in different settings, The diachronic approach herein refers te

the chronolegical order of development and relates the yarious

effects of phenomena in the dwellings' spatial organization and

physical fbrms. The synchronic approach, on the other hand,

evolved on the comparison of dwellings from the highland and

/:

/

1

lewland.

Further, the analytical approach of this research have drawn

strength from an eclectic use of a threefold methodology

namely, Elements of Spatial Definition, Theory of Pattern

Language and Historical Inclusivity, Data were both visual and

textual, thereby makrng it necessary to use a level of analysis

where both spatial patterns of the present and past can be

compared. The theoretical methods adopted are explained as

fo11ows: ( 1 ) Elements of Spatial Defimtion: An approach which

classifies architectural space from the review of relationships

between fixed elements, movable obiects, boundaries and from

planes which do not possess the character of an object but could

signify limitations in space.i (2) Theory of Pattern Language: A

method ofinquiry wherein a group of related words are used as

templates of ideation in creating certain patterns in space or

in

generating the specific spatial configurations.` For this study,

the group of related words were adapted as architectural factors

for describing the functions of space, It also served as measumng

scales for interpreting and comparing the dwellings in the

context of the people's activities and space allocation. (3)

Theory of Historical Inclusivity: Known as the study of

architectural history that combines the analysis and synthesis of

the precedents, while seeking to gain the totality of tangible and

intangible elementsi that were evident during the ideation

process of inhabited spaces.

2.1 The Specific Tasks: Flow of Analysis

The dovetailing of the theories to the specific tasks are

summarizedherein.

Task 1 : [[he Tesearch commenced with the survey of vernacular

dwellings conducted by the first author, where several clusters

ofdwellings from a total of ten communities ofboth sites were

inspected, videotaped and analyzed along with the interview of

occupants and dwellers. Models chosen at random included: (1)

existing pre-World War II dwellings, (2) vernacular dwellings

66BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol 45 No 6 1999 i'if.r tr\-ve

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DIAcHRoNIc

Prata-histotic(1521)

SYNCHRONIC

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Histotieal Events.ITechnologicallnnovatiortandEme enceofGoods

Acculturhtion

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fypoleglc.Changet Pragmatic Change-AnalogicChengeeCannonicChange

Figure2 MethodologicalFramework

altered and remodeled to suit new patterns of living, (3) olddwellings that were not demolished but were used as extensions

of present habitats, (4) newly-built abodes with similar forms tothat of previous generations, and (5) recently built structures

refiecting the present architectura1 style of the towns.Task 2: [[?ie adaptation of a particular vocabulary of design asthe general order for comparison in defining and recording thetypology of dwellings and spatial patterns.

Task 3: The codification of space organization through an

analysis of spatial functions and domestic activities.

Task 4: [Ihe plotting of basic spatial functions into linkages.

Task 5: The review of historical literature, anthropological data

and architectural documents in search of the vernacular

dwellings' spatial pattems from the periods under study, and

their comparison with results of tasks 2, 3 and 4.

Task 6: The diachronic and synchronic synthesis of the results

extracted from tasks 2 to 5 to show the basic historical

continuity of spatial patterns and define how the original

vemacular arvhetypes in each region have been transformed bythe series of phenomena.

3.0 RESULTANDANALYSIS

3.1 Present Forms of Vernacular Dwellings

Certainly, inhabited space is where man's domestic life occurs,

either defined by the house enclosure or physical elements,

spatial articulations, and by the events or activities that take

place in it. In short, there are dwellings with conceptual

thresholds, tangible boundaries separated by architectural

components and partitions, temporal or experiential spaces

marked by transition of usage as well as spaces demarcated by

specific functions, From a synthesis of two surveys conducted in

May 1996 and September 1997, types of dwellings andinhabited spaces in the highlands and lowlands were codified.

3.1.1 House Enclosure Elements

Space is hollow, limited internally and composed by physicalenclosure elements which include the following: plinth,framework, roof, floor or horizontal articulations, wall or

vertical articulations, openings, and architectural details likeceiling, interior partitions, facia boards and mouldings. A plinthis either a stone pedestal or a concrete foundation where a

column rests. Results of the survey are summarized in Figure 3,,

In Ifugao, plinths are noticeably exposed, while upon

verification, plinths in Iloilo are mostly buried. Exposed plinthsare related to easier transfer of dwellings. Present structuralframes of vernacular dwellings in both highland and lowlandbasically consist ofcolumns or posts, girders, floorjoists, plates,wal1 studs, and roof rafters. Materials vary from several species

of timber, bamboo and reinforced concrete, the utilization of

which being heavily dependent on the economic capacity of theinhabitants. Figure 3 shows the contrast between the two

provinces in the use of timber and bamboo. One similarity is in

the emerging use of concrete in vemacular clwellings.

Dominant types of roof in the highland are noted as the

pyramidal and gable-type, while the gable-type is more

common in the lowland, Other existing types are hipped roofs,

halfihipped roofs, and shed-type roofs, Oftentimes, interesting

pyramidal and gable roofs are adorned with dormer windows.Most common roofing materials in both provinces arecorrugated iron sheets, traditional woven nipa (a type of tropical

palm) and thateh,

In this study, the horizontal aspect of spatial relationships refer

to the level variations of liying spaces, [[1ierein, the manipulated

spatial character ef the enclosure were unified by: the grounditself, an artificial ground or platform, an elevated floor, a split-

Ievel flooring, or a two-storey level. Results generated from thisinquiry reveal that vernacular dwellings in the highland either

built their living spaces on an anificial ground (i.e. cemented

floor, timber floorboards) or elevated from the earth. While inthe lowland, dwellings were mostly built the split-level wayusing bamboo.

On the other hand, the internal space of the dwelling wasanalyzed within the parameter of venical articulations where

elements like columns or walls render an explicit space knownas: single spatial volume, spatially juxtaposed or adjacently

articulated spaces, spatially interpenetrated or interlocking

spaces, and single spatial volume with outside auxiliary spaces.

[lhese elements of spatial articulation characterize the degree to

which the space remains autonomously contained, related with

or linked to other spaces. [ftie survey showed that most of the

highland dwellings follow the pattern called single volume with

auxiliary volumes while lowland dwellings are done in spatial

7Vt)\Mve BULLETINOF JSSD Vol.45 No,6 t99967

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Openings(Window)

'X"'----x...SIme' IFUGAOmomo

FAcroRs"""'------L.xHihlandLowland

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Exposed 58% 70fo

Unexpesed 57% 93%

X..l\':-'nj.l,i,i,ili,Si,l;:li.'.11･1Iliii:ilill,f･ISIIi:l:I,lil:ll'i･irtrt/tt/ttt:t7ttt!t11'lil!III･:i:q:s;1/･/ttt///ttr/tt:ttt::,.,,,/,,..,.,..%tt,t.tt/tttttConcrete 110fo11%

Timber leoof.61%

Bamboo 2"fo 89%

ge.nyi'ss/,'ee..:il:･:l,t･;.i,'lvl:';i":EEII;]/･l'./1'iElll'[:,'i:'i::i-::t:/ttt!ttt/ttlttttt:t:tE!/'.'./,.1,/:'.:.:S:/i.I,;l･[.i',lii:tttttFlatroof ocf. ocl.

Gableroof 34% 87%

Shedroof 150fo 2%

Hippedroof 11Yo OCA,

Half-hippedroof 13e/.401,

Pyramidal

ltL!'tau."k".'il//'//iil;I:I::ill'･i'-il:r[z:li･i'Slillif,,'v''li･llill':l3ocy./L,/,,,'/;t',:..'./,/:'L'"','::::::::2ef.;//t,/'i.r.',1,/,,.ti'Greunditself 20fe 63%

Artificialtreatedground 19oro3orf.

Elevatedfromearth 87Dfo200fe

Split-levelFloor oof. 6101o

Two-storeyType

6i/{/pt1.is.if.llE:i.:l:i{-:ll:zl:i:1･11-/･i-i･:l::::;ri,{/t,/,:,Ieis/:80fey･/,/::g:E:::;:.::/ttttt.t..7ef.t//t:ttt//tlttttt:tttttSingleSpatialVolume 57% 60fo

Spatiallyjuxtaposed 43% 93of.

Spatiallymterpenetrated eof. 6Ve

Singiespatialwithauxuliaryvolumes

lj:1.:'..',b}'"s'1,'iiE,',fe,'th'£i?ag',rk1'l'Igl}''dw"'si';'://;:.tttttbt.ttt",t....,,,...,,..870fottttttttt.ttt/tt,s:e:E:e:t:s:.1,t.',:eof.t::::1.::;::i;:::ttlt.t.tt.t.t.tSingleDoor 81% 330fo

Morethan1door 19% 67of.

Nowindows 9% evf.

SingleWindow 32% 9%

2-3Windows 43% 35Vo

4andaboveWindows 15% 56%

OpeningsbetweenWallandRoof 8`fo 76Cfo

OpeningsbetweenWallandFloor o% 19of.

Half-openwalls

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65%s:./...''..'e''tttttt.ttt

DecorativePainting 90fo 41%

RoofFittmgs(i.efaciaboard,chimney17el.220fo

ExteriorMoldmgs 21of.240fo

CasewerkandPaneling 42ef.370!o

SpecialCeilings 80fe 170!o

InteriorMoldings 6ele 9Cle

Turnings,CarvingsandDetails ool. 7eA,

WindowHardware 380fo24of.

DoorHardware 57"fo480!o

Stairtreads 32ef.22tfo

Floorcoverings e% 2of.

Fixtures(i.etoilet,sink) 9% 39el.

Figure 3Survey Results of House Enclosures

juxtaposition, Variations in the juxtaposition of spaces result

from the compesition of partitions which dictate the layout of

circulation.

Further, an investigation was made on the openings of space

serving the basic functions of human, light and air permeability,

Rendition of openings in the highland are limited to front deors

and windows. In the lowland, other articulations such as

openings between roof and walls, shutters between walls and

floors, half-open exterior walls like lattices or open-woven

walling materials, and auxiliary rear doors. AII these distinguish

the types of enclosures as: (1) closed or concentrated, and (2)open or centrifugal, Aniculations of doors and windows show

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Partitions

that an opening in any

enclosure express the

quantity of light and air,

the quality of private and

public space being

delineated, the degree of

internai density, and even

the issue of crimes in

existence, It was

observed that Ifugao

dwellings were more

concentrated than Iloilo

dwellings and this aspect

of openings could be

atnibuted not only to the

regions' distinct climatic

conditions but also to the

scale of phototropicendurance of the

inhabitants and the

prevailing social

organlzatlon among

family members and

betweenneighbors.

Lastly, decorative

painting, roof fittings,

rain gutters, moldings and

ornamentationscomprlse

the architectural details,Statistical data of 1994

reveal that Filipinos

generally spend on the

average 14.1% of their annual expenditures on housing fixtures

and maintenance," thus not much of these architectural details

could be observed on vernacular dwellings at the sites of study,

They are more prorninent in dwellings built with the assistance

of legitimate housing contractors.

3.1.2 Interior Spatial Compositions

The spatial composition of the interiors were carefully

examined based on layout arrangements identified as linear,

centralized, radial, grid, or cluster. These basic system of

distributing rooms or simply grouping series of spaces ensure

the affordance of accessibility to the inhabitants and the

character of circulation, The survey showed that Ifugao

68BULLETIN OF JSSD vol,45 No,6 1999 irv'.fy\blsc




Legend:

e Origin 1 Development

dwellings have two dominant types of

articulation known as linear and an L-

plan due to the position of the hearth atthe corner of the shelter. The L-plan

pattern is dominant in unremodellecl

vernacular structures which were built

prior to World War II, Likewise, thelinear plan was the most common formof articulation in Iloilo dwellings,

fo11owed by the cluster plan. Indicated

in Figure 4 are plans of presentvernacular structures which vary from

an L-plan of one-room dwellings,linear-plan of two-room dwellings and

cluster-plan of multiple-room

dwellings.

3.13 interior Spatial Functions

Spatial appropriation demarcates the

defined spaces for each domestic

activity. Most yernacular dwellings inIfugao and Iloilo vary from single

spatial yolumes or partitioned into

several rooms, generally having more

persons than the number of rooms. If

compared to western standards,7

present spatial morphologies do not

conform to acceptable human density

per room which is two persons for a 16

square meter room space, Articulation

of spaces do compositionally vary, Table 1where single or multiple room-

dwellings perform functions that accommodate all human

activities attuned with living or residing. Tl}e image of how the

configurations of dwellings fu1fi11 domestic functions were

constmed from the 60 pattern language as shown in Table 1. [lhe

patterns were synthesized from visited habitats and observations

of household activities that daily transpire within the culture.

Terms were adapted on the basis of which elements suit the

concept of vernacular dwelling, Such proved useful in

describing and comparing the character of interior space

distribution and usage. As spatial articulations are significantly

different in each dwelling; the plotted terms give an explicit

picture of the preyailing "concept

of habitus,''" It can be notedfrom the column of percentage that present highland and

PRESENT

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7Bult-InSeats e o'/,e20To

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109SeatinenthefioerParentsRealm

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IZChildren'sRealm to 11'/o39"1.

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16CommufialSleepLng e ' sn･asgv,17Built-]nBeds e VE(,17'le

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lsn/.17-t/,

lgSleepmtters e 34,va70%ze21Ctosets/Dresser'

DesinatedSpaceforFireofStove e

e 13V.4./..30et.401u

Z2Hearths e 75Vo2Yn

23Commofiareasatthehesrth ee 74.,/,44VoZ4KltcheElExtens[en ' Oe,,,,ti.soa,zsFaodPrepar3tienspace e 81VrVl'rn

26HandamciDIshwas,hingSpace e ta e ?8.I,S7V.

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Survey Results of Spatial Functions and their Historical Attributions

lowland dwellings have contrasting prevalent and less prevalentpatterns, Eyery spatial pattern render the physical character of

how space is allocated and aiso connote primary messagesystems'j of the regions" cultural scheme. It can also be discerned

that PreHispanic pattems are differently upheld in dwellings at

both sites. For example, the use or non-use of furniture, sleeping

on beds or mats, communal eating on the floor or use ofdining

tables distinguish the lifestyles in the highland and lowland.3.1.4 Spatial Linkages

Shown in Figure 4 are some photographs and spatial genotype

representations of PreHispanic archetypes, models of American

and Spanish dwellings in Philippine architectural history, and

present inhabited spaces in the highland and lowland, A spatial

7if-:.\MS BULLETIN OF JSSD VoL45 No.6 199969



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70BULLETINOF JSSD Vo1 45 No6 lg997tfl)\esft




genotype refers to the linkage of major space functions within

the dwelling, In the comparison of the plotted spatial diagrams,

one can construe images of cultural patterns where spatial

configurations basically interlock with lifestyles. The diagramscould illustrate the basic scheme of crowding of an average

family size of six members in single family-room dwellings.Likewise, the accepted practice of living by extended familysystems that prevail in Philippine regional societies could beseen in multiple-room dwellings, Further elucidated from the

review of spatial linkages between the Spanish or American

models and multiple-room type of vernacular dwellings are the

fo11owing influences: (1) emerging use of two entrances, (2)adoption of porch as transitional space, (3) allocation of the

living room as a prominent area in the dwelling, (4) commonorganizational link of living and dining area, (5) articulation ofservice areas at the rear of the dwelling, i.e. kitchen, indoor toiletor bathroom. It has been observed in the survey that everyday

activities or events express the physical geometry of the

dwelling. Basically, the function of communal space in a single

volume shelter is rnultiple, and becomes distinct as rooms are

added to the structure or as partitions are installed. The

multiplicity of functions occuning in Qne space at different time

intervals is a classic example of the concept called "scheduling

of space". Historically, the use of comrnunal space in highlandand lowland dwellings are PreHispanic patterns.

3.2 Attributions of Continuity and Change

Directing the attributions to the plurality of architectural styles

is a formalist approach which this paper tries to deviate from. It

is postulated by architectural critics of the late 20th century that

an inclusive or holistic study giyes a better review of dwellings.

A holistic approach is the consideration of integrated elements

which make a whole. Based on this inclusive viewpoint, we

categorically attribute the observed design transformations to

other modifiers ofdiachronic change namely; (1) Philippinehistorical events and policies dictating levels of socioeconomic

transition from proto-historic period to the present survey, (2)manner ef acculturation which include early trade contacts of

the Filipinos with neighboring countries, Spanish and Americancolonization and inter-regional migrations, and (3)technological innovation and emergence of domestic goodsgiving birth to new consumption and behavioral patterns. This

could be discerned in Figure 5. Transformation do speak of

larger issues, but is not design history an inquiry on the

multiplicity of factors causing transitions?

3.2.1 Modes of Spatial Design Transformation

Synthesizing the results from the types of house enclosures,

spatial compositions, functions and linkages, it is evident that

certain features and patterns did not simply evolve

diachronically with the historical styles known in Philippinearchitectural history. Thus, design transformation can becategorized into modal sets known as: (1) Typologic: Spatial

patterns resemble the PreHispanic archetype when obseryed

tradition, shared culture and source of livelihood remain intact

(2) Pragmatic: Spatial patterns resemble the PreHispanicarchetype but reflect basic change in size, materials or methods

as socioeconomic conditions improve. (3) Analogic: Spatial

patterns change people consciously imitate and translate the

Spanish, American and centemporary architectural styles, and

absorb the living patterns of other cultures in their abodes which

render an image not intrinsic to their area. (4) Canonic: Spatialpatterns change when forms and elements of dwellings indicatethe indiginized fusion of the PreHispanic archetype and all other

styles, thereby emerges as a new type of dwelling in the area

(refer to Figure 5). Therein, the quality of modal design

transfoimation of vernacular dwellings in Ifugao and Iloilo are

represented by an invariant known as typologic and variants

known as pragmatic, analogic and canonic,

4.0 DISCUSSION

Within the hierarchy of environmenta1 design fields arranged

in an inverted pyramid form which include from the top town

planning, urban design, architecture, interior design and lastly

product design, transformation is an outgrowth of different

dimensions of diachronic change. It is in this context that we

associate the elements of change and continuity in thecharacteristics of the dwelling and habitual spaces to certain

modifiers explained fLnther in this paper.4.1 Space and Historical Periods

Set against a generai historical background of the Philippines,the present index of inhabited spaces could be reinterpreted inseveral ways.

(1) House Enclosures - From primordial time, dwellings were

referred to as barometers of the prevailing social strata. In the

same note, certain events in Philippine history like the style of

town planning imposed by the Spaniards during the Spanish

periodlO which facilitated the colonial appropriation of landsettlements popularly known as friar estates.ii Funherrnore, the

7ifrfv\diee BULLETINOF JSSD Vol,45 No,6 lg9971

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Highland Lowland

Figure5 ModesofTransformation

land distribution and tenancy system developed during the

American period which are primarily geared towards global

trade; as well as land policies of the post-war decadgs':" wherein

proper land titling or blatant land grabbing either made

dwellings permanent or not in structure, i,e. use of stone plinths

and stable frames. Policies also nurtured the growth of

settlements lacking in infrastructures and widened the gapbetween the wealthy minority and poor majority. In this light,

the lingering social hierarchy redefines the PreHispanic

vernacular archetype as the dwelling of the common people,

mostly settled in underdeveloped communities.

(2) Spatial Compositions - Historical transitions were also

layered with some economic advantages and oPened

employment opportunities beyond the traditional jobs offarming and fishing. Apparently, the transition of single-room

dwellings with L-plans to multiple-room dwellings with linear

or cluster plans reduced the number of persons per room to

adequate human density standards, and enhanced the concept of

privacy within the family. Contemporaiy times also gave rise to

households with double incomes and rendered improvements in

space allocations which are reflected in sleeping room

segmentations between parents and children. As the typical

neighborhood also develops, there is less use of common

facilities such as in toilets and artesian wells.

(3) Spatial Fllnctions - During the mid- 18th century, majority

of dwellings in Iloilo province had a space for the frarne loom

due to a lucrative weaving industry,"3On one hand, the

construction of the national road from Manila to Ifugao in

1978i`encouraged micro trading between regions and inter-

provincial migrations which affected pTesent dwellings the less

72BULLETINOFJSSD Vol.45 No.6 1999 f.tiIV\Mse

significant fusion of PreHispanic and contemporary styles, As a

result, articulated spatial patterns have changed which spelled

both pragmatic and analogic modes of transfbrmation, A

pragmatic mode is observed in wider communal areas, pyramidroofs of corrugated iron, or the basic addition of windows and

counters. Furthermore, new norms of thinking were promoted

by the Catholic church and American schools through religious

and educational advices,"S implicitly touching issues on the

morality of communal sleeping, of bathing by the river, and

acceptable norms of hygiene like the use of pit-toilets. Thus,

washstands, indoor toilets and bathrooms have changed the size

of dwellings, [lhe analogic change could be attributed to layouts

of American chalets and Post-WQrld War II apartment units.

4.2 Space and Acculturation

Movement of people between counnies and regions filtered

in new customs and practices into the communities and such

were assimilated by the inhabitants into their local cultural

patterns resulting into another set of continuity and change.

(1) House Enclosures - It could be discerned that vernacular

orientations of layout in the dwelling and beliefs in building

constmction are still foliowed today. An example of which is the

elevation of living space always considers the number of steps

for good luck. The typical elevated dwelling in the highland

which employed new materials of precut lumber is not a new

type of horizontal articulation, but an old archetype brought

fbrward from the PreHispanic period; thereby essaying both

pragmatic and typologic transformations. While in Iloilo, the

commonly called balay or dwelling have been eclectically

mixed with influences attributed to the typical Arnerican chalet

and Spanish Antillan house popularly known as the bahay na

bato or house of stone (refer to Figure 4). Major infiuences in

present multiple room dwellings could be seen in the existence

of porch or foyers, of allocation of receiving areas, conidors and

sleeping quarters. This is a clear indication of the analogic mode

of transformation, On the contrary, the fusion of architectural

styles is not a simple matter of eclecticism, but also an

adaptation of the foreign styles to the regional peculiarities ef

the sites, Thus, a number of structures with pluralistic styles

have been observed which can be categorized as the canonic

modeoftransformation,

(2) Spatial Compositions - Dwellings in the highland and

lowland express more differences in house enclosures and

functions than the spatial compositions when compared with

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their diachronic architectural precedents. Though most spatial

articulations are linear, the implicated differences are in how the

giyen interior space serve a single or extended householdcomposition. Therein, it follows that dwellings in both regionswith mere room divisions primarily house an extended farnily,oftentimes with two or more related households.

(3) Spatial Functions - The extent of assimilation that

transpired in Iloilo elicit observable patterns of habitations

which required a refunctioning of spaces or additional areas; an

occurrence of a lesser degree in Ifugao. Notably different amongthe two cultures lies in the multiplicity of domesticappropriation in the inhabited spaces, The existence of separate

living spaces, dapog or traditional farmhouse kitchen as

auxiliary kitehens, elevated kitchen counters, conidors, separate

sleeping quarters for the children and household altars in Iloilo

prove the occurrence of more changes. While, lingering spatial

functions of the rice granary, hearth, and common spaces forvarious functions in Ifugao are indications of a lessertransformation of everyday culture,

4.3 Spaoe Defined by Tedhnalogical Irinovation

Highland and Iowland dwellings also showed significant

distinctions in spatial organization as attributed to technological

innovation, The emergence of new materials, structural

methods, architectural components and domestic goodssubsequently created new modes of thinking and afliected dailyactivities. Architectural components include doors, windowsand toilet fixtures, while domestic goods include appliances,furniture and furnishings, It has been proven in a separate

studyiC that as materials, skills, and domestic goods develop,domestic interiors relatively undergo changes and contribute to

the aesthetic sense and values of the people.

(1) House Enclosures - Ihe field survey in both areas generatedsarnples of vernacular dwellings built with contemporary

materials. Corrugated iron sheets have replaced the thatch to doaway with the occasional repair or replacement, but fo11owed

the same pyramidal or gable forrn of construction. Concrete

hollow blocks, as partial walling material believed to resist theworst of tropical depressions are mixed with the traditional

woyen barnboo panels. Use of semi-processed lumber like

plywood and wooden mouldings for walls complement the

woven mats, both painted or lacquered for terrnite protection.

Windows are in several renditions like sliding, awning,

casement or shutter types utilizing various materials such as

plain galvanized iron sheet, glass and wooden jalousies. The

existence of elecnic faii not only replaced natural ventilation but

also changed the yernacular rudiment of window placements,Interior floorings are still made of bamboo or wood planks withthe addition of cement as a construction material, Apart fromcost factors, these plethora of materials rnade available in thecommunity lend the fusion of four design modes in presentdwellings. An econometric analysis conducted by Solon!"explains that "improvement in housing characteristics enhance

the health status of children", In the same manner, some

inhabitants of Ifugao and Iloilo adopt new fOrms of building

giving consideration to their health.

(2) Spatial Compositions - Sewage and solid waste disposal

system was a late development in Manila where a plumber doesnot even exist in a 1898- 1902 list ofjobs and wages,iS and most

likely inexistent in the previnces of Ifugao and Iloilo. 1996statistics show that 69.19% of households in Ifugao and 17.94%in Iloilo are without sanitary toilets. Water service coverage inIloilo is noted at 84% while Ifugao is placed at 6l .9%,i9 Tlie bigdifference of22,l% explains why some vernacular dwellingshaye no bathrooms, washstands with running water, especially

in peripheral communities, The recent addition of sanitary

plurnbing and potable water system in the existing spatial

morphology follows then the linear trend of placing serviceareas at the rear of the dwelling or the construction of an

auxiliary addition outside the main shelter frame, Refer back toFigure 4. People commonly express that the toilet or bathroomwithin the house interior is an expensive amenity in rural life,Thus, owners ofdwellings with toilets within the interior are

looked up to in the community.2U(3) Spatial Functions - The availability of furniture and

furnishings, appliances and architectural domestic goods have

affected the seating on the floor lifestyle of the common people,altered the spatial compositions of dwellings, the architectural

mensuration of built-in counters, and structural feasibility for'dead

loads'.2i Architecture have two types of structural load,live load for movement of inhabitants and natural elements likewind and rain, and dead load for weight of fUrnishings and

fixtures, Further affected are the communication patterns and

social interchange within the family. The placement of the

teleyision set in the living room notonly enlarged the space area,

but enhances family bonding and neighborhood relations. AIIthese censtrue a pragmatic transforrnation, i.e, physical changein spaces to accommodate the new fixtures, while analogic in

rif.r?\Mve BULLETtNOFJSSD VoL45 No.6. 19g973

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JapaneseSocietyfor the Science of Design

being similar to the American style of room aiTangement.

5.0 CONCLUSION

This paper synthesizes the survey undertaken in Ifugao

highland and Iloilo lowland and the conducted literature reyiew,

Significant findings are outlined as fo11ows: First, present spatial

enclosures of vernacular dwellings in both provinces come in

forrns which are distinguished as: forms related to PreHispanic

archetypes, forms bearing improyements ef the PreHispanic

archetype, forms expressing elements of foreign and

contemporary architecture, and indiginized foTms which

developed from the eclectic fusion of local and foreign

architectural elements. Second, spatial compositions of

highland and lowland dwellings construe minor changes as

expressed in basic linear plans. However, single spatial volumes

which are dominant in Ifugao still reveal an L-pattern, while a

cluster pattern is an emerging pattern in Iloilo dwellings. Third,

spatial functions are apparently different between the two

provinces as embodied in the sixty features of the patternlanguage which reyeal contrasting images in the use of space.

Fourth, spatial linkages illustrate some form of improvements

wherein morphologies result from factors concerning type of

family, i,e. single or extended, economic capacity of the

inhabitants, and adequacy of basic utilities, Lastly, all these

patterns found in present vernacular dwellings of Ifugao and

Iloilo constitute the continuity of old, emergence of new and

innovative renditions which are related to modifiers:

architectural styles, historical transition of the provinces, level

of foreign and inter-regional acculturation, and technological

innovation, Thus, within long time frames, spatial design can be

iconoclastically classified in four modes of transformation such

as: typologic, pragmatic, analogic and canonic.

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