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On Decomposing Borel Functions2017 Chinese Mathematical Logic Conference
Beijing Normal University
Longyun Ding
School of Mathematical SciencesNankai University
20 May 2017
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Outline
1 ω-decomposable functions
2 Jayne-Rogers’ theorem
3 Generalizations
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Polish spaces
Definition
Polish space: a separable, completely metrizable topological space.
Example
1 Rn,Cn and I = [0, 1];
2 countable discrete spaces;
3 separable Banach spaces: c0, `p, C[0, 1], Lp[0, 1], · · · ;
4 products of countablely many Polish spaces:
(a) Hilbert cube Iω,(b) Cantor space {0, 1}ω,(c) Baire space ωω.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Polish spaces
Definition
Polish space: a separable, completely metrizable topological space.
Example
1 Rn,Cn and I = [0, 1];
2 countable discrete spaces;
3 separable Banach spaces: c0, `p, C[0, 1], Lp[0, 1], · · · ;
4 products of countablely many Polish spaces:
(a) Hilbert cube Iω,(b) Cantor space {0, 1}ω,(c) Baire space ωω.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Borel hierarchy
Definition
B(X): Borel sets of X is the σ-algebra generated by the open setsof X.
Σ01 = open, Π0
1 = closed;
Σ02 = Fσ, Π0
2 = Gδ;
for 1 ≤ α < ω1,
Σ0α = {
⋃n∈ω
An : An ∈ Π0αn, αn < α};
Π0α = the complements of Σ0
α sets;
∆0α = Σ0
α ∩Π0α.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Borel functions
Let f : X → Y .
Definition
Borel function: f−1(U) is Borel set in X for any U open in Y .
Definition
Σ0α-measurable function: f−1(U) is Σ0
α set in X for any U openin Y .
Continuous = Σ01-measurable.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Borel functions
Let f : X → Y .
Definition
Borel function: f−1(U) is Borel set in X for any U open in Y .
Definition
Σ0α-measurable function: f−1(U) is Σ0
α set in X for any U openin Y .
Continuous = Σ01-measurable.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Two examples
Example (Dirichlet function)
D(x) =
{1, x ∈ Q,0, x /∈ Q.
D(x) is Σ03-measurable but not continuous.
Both D � Q and D � (R \Q) are continuous.
Example (Riemann function)
R(x) =
{1/q, x = p/q with p, q coprime,0, x /∈ Q.
R is Σ02-measurable but not continuous.
R � (R \Q) is continuous;R � {p/q} is continuous for each p/q ∈ Q.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Two examples
Example (Dirichlet function)
D(x) =
{1, x ∈ Q,0, x /∈ Q.
D(x) is Σ03-measurable but not continuous.
Both D � Q and D � (R \Q) are continuous.
Example (Riemann function)
R(x) =
{1/q, x = p/q with p, q coprime,0, x /∈ Q.
R is Σ02-measurable but not continuous.
R � (R \Q) is continuous;R � {p/q} is continuous for each p/q ∈ Q.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Two examples
Example (Dirichlet function)
D(x) =
{1, x ∈ Q,0, x /∈ Q.
D(x) is Σ03-measurable but not continuous.
Both D � Q and D � (R \Q) are continuous.
Example (Riemann function)
R(x) =
{1/q, x = p/q with p, q coprime,0, x /∈ Q.
R is Σ02-measurable but not continuous.
R � (R \Q) is continuous;R � {p/q} is continuous for each p/q ∈ Q.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Two examples
Example (Dirichlet function)
D(x) =
{1, x ∈ Q,0, x /∈ Q.
D(x) is Σ03-measurable but not continuous.
Both D � Q and D � (R \Q) are continuous.
Example (Riemann function)
R(x) =
{1/q, x = p/q with p, q coprime,0, x /∈ Q.
R is Σ02-measurable but not continuous.
R � (R \Q) is continuous;R � {p/q} is continuous for each p/q ∈ Q.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
ω-decomposable functions
Definition
A function f : X → Y is ω-decomposable if there exists partitionX =
⋃nXn such that each f � Xn is continuous.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
ω-decomposable functions
Definition
A function f : X → Y is ω-decomposable if there exists partitionX =
⋃nXn such that each f � Xn is continuous.
Lusin, 1883–1950
Question: (Lusin) Is every Borel function ω-decomposable?
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
ω-decomposable functions
Definition
A function f : X → Y is ω-decomposable if there exists partitionX =
⋃nXn such that each f � Xn is continuous.
Lusin, 1883–1950
Question: (Lusin) Is every Borel function ω-decomposable?
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Counterexamples
Keldys (1934), Kuratouski (1934), ...
Example (Pawlikowski function)
P : (ω ∪ {ω})ω → ωω with
P (x)(n) =
{x(n) + 1, x(n) < ω,0, x(n) = ω.
P is Σ02-measurable but not ω-decomposable.
Question: What kind of Borel functions is ω-decomposable?
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Counterexamples
Keldys (1934), Kuratouski (1934), ...
Example (Pawlikowski function)
P : (ω ∪ {ω})ω → ωω with
P (x)(n) =
{x(n) + 1, x(n) < ω,0, x(n) = ω.
P is Σ02-measurable but not ω-decomposable.
Question: What kind of Borel functions is ω-decomposable?
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Counterexamples
Keldys (1934), Kuratouski (1934), ...
Example (Pawlikowski function)
P : (ω ∪ {ω})ω → ωω with
P (x)(n) =
{x(n) + 1, x(n) < ω,0, x(n) = ω.
P is Σ02-measurable but not ω-decomposable.
Question: What kind of Borel functions is ω-decomposable?
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Σ11 sets
Definition
Let X be a Polish space. A subset A ⊆ X is analytic (or Σ11) if
there is a Polish space Y and a closed subset C ⊆ X ×Y such that
x ∈ A ⇐⇒ ∃y ∈ Y ((x, y) ∈ C).
Theorem (Suslin)
Let A ⊆ X. Then A is Borel iff both A and X \A are Σ11.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Solecki’s dichotomy
Analytic space = Σ11 subspace of a Polish space.
Theorem (Solecki, 1998)
Let X,Y be separable metrizable spaces with X analytic. Letf : X → Y is Σ0
2-measurable. Then
f is NOT ω-decomposable ⇐⇒ P v f.
P v f : There exists Z ⊆ X such that the behavior of f � Zis same to P , i.e., there are homeomorphisms φ : Z → (ω ∪ {ω})ωand ψ : ωω → f(Z) with
f � Z = ψ ◦ P ◦ φ.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Solecki’s dichotomy
Analytic space = Σ11 subspace of a Polish space.
Theorem (Solecki, 1998)
Let X,Y be separable metrizable spaces with X analytic. Letf : X → Y is Σ0
2-measurable. Then
f is NOT ω-decomposable ⇐⇒ P v f.
P v f : There exists Z ⊆ X such that the behavior of f � Zis same to P , i.e., there are homeomorphisms φ : Z → (ω ∪ {ω})ωand ψ : ωω → f(Z) with
f � Z = ψ ◦ P ◦ φ.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Solecki’s dichotomy
Analytic space = Σ11 subspace of a Polish space.
Theorem (Solecki, 1998)
Let X,Y be separable metrizable spaces with X analytic. Letf : X → Y is Σ0
2-measurable. Then
f is NOT ω-decomposable ⇐⇒ P v f.
P v f : There exists Z ⊆ X such that the behavior of f � Zis same to P , i.e., there are homeomorphisms φ : Z → (ω ∪ {ω})ωand ψ : ωω → f(Z) with
f � Z = ψ ◦ P ◦ φ.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Solecki’s dichotomy
Analytic space = Σ11 subspace of a Polish space.
Theorem (Solecki, 1998)
Let X,Y be separable metrizable spaces with X analytic. Letf : X → Y is Σ0
2-measurable. Then
f is NOT ω-decomposable ⇐⇒ P v f.
P v f : There exists Z ⊆ X such that the behavior of f � Zis same to P , i.e., there are homeomorphisms φ : Z → (ω ∪ {ω})ωand ψ : ωω → f(Z) with
f � Z = ψ ◦ P ◦ φ.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
More dichotomy
Theorem (Motto Ros, 2013)
For n < ω, Solecki’s dichotomy is true for all Σ0n-measurable
functions.
— How about Σ0α-measurable functions for α ≥ ω?
— We don’t know.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
More dichotomy
Theorem (Motto Ros, 2013)
For n < ω, Solecki’s dichotomy is true for all Σ0n-measurable
functions.
— How about Σ0α-measurable functions for α ≥ ω?
— We don’t know.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
More dichotomy
Theorem (Motto Ros, 2013)
For n < ω, Solecki’s dichotomy is true for all Σ0n-measurable
functions.
— How about Σ0α-measurable functions for α ≥ ω?
— We don’t know.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Outline
1 ω-decomposable functions
2 Jayne-Rogers’ theorem
3 Generalizations
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
dec(Σ0α) and dec(Σ0
α,∆0ξ)
Definition
dec(Σ0α): there exists a partition X =
⋃nXn such that each
f � Xn is Σ0α-measurable;
dec(Σ0α,∆
0ξ): there exists a partition X =
⋃nXn with Xn ∈∆0
ξ
such that each f � Xn is Σ0α-measurable.
ω-decomposable = dec(Σ01).
Fact
If f is Σ0β-measurable with α < β, then
f ∈ dec(Σ0α) ⇐⇒ f ∈ dec(Σ0
α,∆0β+1).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
dec(Σ0α) and dec(Σ0
α,∆0ξ)
Definition
dec(Σ0α): there exists a partition X =
⋃nXn such that each
f � Xn is Σ0α-measurable;
dec(Σ0α,∆
0ξ): there exists a partition X =
⋃nXn with Xn ∈∆0
ξ
such that each f � Xn is Σ0α-measurable.
ω-decomposable = dec(Σ01).
Fact
If f is Σ0β-measurable with α < β, then
f ∈ dec(Σ0α) ⇐⇒ f ∈ dec(Σ0
α,∆0β+1).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
dec(Σ0α) and dec(Σ0
α,∆0ξ)
Definition
dec(Σ0α): there exists a partition X =
⋃nXn such that each
f � Xn is Σ0α-measurable;
dec(Σ0α,∆
0ξ): there exists a partition X =
⋃nXn with Xn ∈∆0
ξ
such that each f � Xn is Σ0α-measurable.
ω-decomposable = dec(Σ01).
Fact
If f is Σ0β-measurable with α < β, then
f ∈ dec(Σ0α) ⇐⇒ f ∈ dec(Σ0
α,∆0β+1).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
dec(Σ0α) and dec(Σ0
α,∆0ξ)
Definition
dec(Σ0α): there exists a partition X =
⋃nXn such that each
f � Xn is Σ0α-measurable;
dec(Σ0α,∆
0ξ): there exists a partition X =
⋃nXn with Xn ∈∆0
ξ
such that each f � Xn is Σ0α-measurable.
ω-decomposable = dec(Σ01).
Fact
If f is Σ0β-measurable with α < β, then
f ∈ dec(Σ0α) ⇐⇒ f ∈ dec(Σ0
α,∆0β+1).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Some facts
Fact
The following are equivalent:
(i) f ∈ dec(Σ0γ ,∆
0δ).
(ii) There exists a sequence (An) of Σ0δ subsets with X =
⋃nAn
such that every f � An is Σ0γ-measurable.
(iii) There exists a sequence (An) of Σ0δ subsets with X =
⋃nAn
such that every f � An ∈ dec(Σ0γ ,∆
0δ).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Some facts
Fact
The following are equivalent:
(i) f ∈ dec(Σ0γ ,∆
0δ).
(ii) There exists a sequence (An) of Σ0δ subsets with X =
⋃nAn
such that every f � An is Σ0γ-measurable.
(iii) There exists a sequence (An) of Σ0δ subsets with X =
⋃nAn
such that every f � An ∈ dec(Σ0γ ,∆
0δ).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Some facts
Fact
The following are equivalent:
(i) f ∈ dec(Σ0γ ,∆
0δ).
(ii) There exists a sequence (An) of Σ0δ subsets with X =
⋃nAn
such that every f � An is Σ0γ-measurable.
(iii) There exists a sequence (An) of Σ0δ subsets with X =
⋃nAn
such that every f � An ∈ dec(Σ0γ ,∆
0δ).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Jayne-Rogers’s theorem
Definition
f−1Σ0α ⊆ Σ0
β: f−1(A) ∈ Σ0β for any A ∈ Σ0
α.
f−1Σ01 ⊆ Σ0
β = Σ0β-measurable.
Theorem (Jayne-Rogers, 1982)
Let X,Y be separable metrizable spaces with X analytic. Then
f ∈ dec(Σ01,∆
02) ⇐⇒ f−1Σ0
2 ⊆ Σ02.
New proofs: Solecki (1998), Motto Ros-Semmes (2010).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Jayne-Rogers’s theorem
Definition
f−1Σ0α ⊆ Σ0
β: f−1(A) ∈ Σ0β for any A ∈ Σ0
α.
f−1Σ01 ⊆ Σ0
β = Σ0β-measurable.
Theorem (Jayne-Rogers, 1982)
Let X,Y be separable metrizable spaces with X analytic. Then
f ∈ dec(Σ01,∆
02) ⇐⇒ f−1Σ0
2 ⊆ Σ02.
New proofs: Solecki (1998), Motto Ros-Semmes (2010).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Jayne-Rogers’s theorem
Definition
f−1Σ0α ⊆ Σ0
β: f−1(A) ∈ Σ0β for any A ∈ Σ0
α.
f−1Σ01 ⊆ Σ0
β = Σ0β-measurable.
Theorem (Jayne-Rogers, 1982)
Let X,Y be separable metrizable spaces with X analytic. Then
f ∈ dec(Σ01,∆
02) ⇐⇒ f−1Σ0
2 ⊆ Σ02.
New proofs: Solecki (1998), Motto Ros-Semmes (2010).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Outline
1 ω-decomposable functions
2 Jayne-Rogers’ theorem
3 Generalizations
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
The decomposition conjecture
Conjecture: Let X,Y be separable metrizable spaces with Xanalytic. Then for m ≤ n < ω,
f ∈ dec(Σ0n−m+1,∆
0n) ⇐⇒ f−1Σ0
m ⊆ Σ0n.
— How about α, β ≥ ω?
Example
P is Σ02-measurable, so P−1Σ0
n ⊆ Σ0n+1 for each n, and hence
P−1Σ0ω ⊆ Σ0
ω; but
P /∈ dec(Σ01,∆
0ω) ⊆ dec(Σ0
1).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
The decomposition conjecture
Conjecture: Let X,Y be separable metrizable spaces with Xanalytic. Then for m ≤ n < ω,
f ∈ dec(Σ0n−m+1,∆
0n) ⇐⇒ f−1Σ0
m ⊆ Σ0n.
— How about α, β ≥ ω?
Example
P is Σ02-measurable, so P−1Σ0
n ⊆ Σ0n+1 for each n, and hence
P−1Σ0ω ⊆ Σ0
ω; but
P /∈ dec(Σ01,∆
0ω) ⊆ dec(Σ0
1).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
The decomposition conjecture
Conjecture: Let X,Y be separable metrizable spaces with Xanalytic. Then for m ≤ n < ω,
f ∈ dec(Σ0n−m+1,∆
0n) ⇐⇒ f−1Σ0
m ⊆ Σ0n.
— How about α, β ≥ ω?
Example
P is Σ02-measurable, so P−1Σ0
n ⊆ Σ0n+1 for each n, and hence
P−1Σ0ω ⊆ Σ0
ω; but
P /∈ dec(Σ01,∆
0ω) ⊆ dec(Σ0
1).
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
m ≤ n = 3
Theorem (Semmes, 2009)
The conjecture is true for m ≤ n = 3 within f : ωω → ωω.
Theorem (D.-Zhao, 2017)
The conjecture is true for m ≤ n = 3.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
m ≤ n = 3
Theorem (Semmes, 2009)
The conjecture is true for m ≤ n = 3 within f : ωω → ωω.
Theorem (D.-Zhao, 2017)
The conjecture is true for m ≤ n = 3.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Σ0n−1 functions
By extending the Shore-Slaman Join Theorem onto thecontinuous-degree version, ...
Theorem (Gregoriades-Kihara-Ng, 2016)
Within Σ0n−1 functions, the conjecture is true for m ≤ n < ω.
Note: To proof the conjecture for m ≤ n < ω, we shouldconsider all Σ0
n functions.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions
ω-decomposable functionsJayne-Rogers’ theorem
Generalizations
Σ0n−1 functions
By extending the Shore-Slaman Join Theorem onto thecontinuous-degree version, ...
Theorem (Gregoriades-Kihara-Ng, 2016)
Within Σ0n−1 functions, the conjecture is true for m ≤ n < ω.
Note: To proof the conjecture for m ≤ n < ω, we shouldconsider all Σ0
n functions.
L. Ding On Decomposing Borel Functions