On concrete carbonation

136
Απο την Ενανθράκωση στις Επικαλύψεις ή απο το ΕΛΟΤ ΕΝ 206-1/XC στο ΕΛΟΤ ΕΝ 1504-2 Βασικές Αρχές και Εξισώσεις που πρέπει να γνωρίζουμε Δρ. Χρ. Αλεξ. Ροδόπουλος MSc in Materials Science, Nottingham University, PhD in Stress Corrosion Fatigue, Sheffield University

description

Concrete carbonation causes and workarounds (in Greek)

Transcript of On concrete carbonation

  • 206-1/XC 1504-2

    . . .

    MSc in Materials Science, Nottingham University,

    PhD in Stress Corrosion Fatigue, Sheffield University

  • .

    Dipl-Ing, Patras University

    MSc in Materials Science, Nottingham University

    PhD in Stress Corrosion Fatigue, Sheffield University

    Author of 124 peer-review papers, Author of 4 books in fracture mechanics and fatigue.

    Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Structural Integrity

    CENg in UK, Eur-Ing,

    Member of ASME, IMEchE, ACI, NACE, ESIS, FEASI, ICRI

  • 1.1

    206-1/XC 1504-2

    1

    5: , ,

    1.

    206-1,

    do it yourself (DIY)

    .

    ,

    , ,

    ,

    45 .

    (CO2). To CO2,

    (/hydrates) .

    (C-S-H), (CH) (AFm)/ (AFt).

    1.

    (C-S-H)

    (CH)

  • 1.2

    (AFt)

    1 .

    CO2 (gas)

    .

    pH . pH,

    (HCO3-),

    CO2 (gas) + H2O = HCO3- + H

    +

    CO2(gas) ()

    , (carbonation load),

    2.

    +

    =

    2 .

    CO2 ,

    , , 206-1

    . ,

    .

    ,

    HCO3-. pH > 12,0

    (CO32-

    ),

    HCO3 - = CO3

    2- + H

    +

    Ca

    ,

    Ca 2+

    + CO32-

    = CaCO3

  • 1.3

    () Ca2+

    (CH)

    . Ca2+

    CH,

    Ca2+

    CSH .

    Ca2+

    pH. C-S-H

    Ca2+

    -.

    Ca2+

    C-S-H, Ca/Si (

    Ca/Si=1,65) ( Ca/Si

  • 1.4

    4 pH .

    Ca2+

    CaCO3

    Ca2+

    .

    206-1

    , 5.

    5 206-1.

    206-1

    , 6.

    Ca2+

    ( "" )

    ( ) () , 6.

  • 1.5

    )

    )

    6 ) 206-1 ) .

    ,

    .

    (

    ), 7.

    7 .

  • 1.6

    206-1 ,

    . 0

    . 5 Ca2+

    (

    ) / pH >11.5 .

    =15 . 15

    . =17 pH>9

    . , ( ), 8.

    9 206-1.

    2 , ,

    5 XS

    .. CEM-II, III, IV -LL,

    XC. CH C-S-H

    Ca2+

    "" . . ,

    10,

    (300 kg/m3), /=0.45,

    30mm . =50 .

  • 1.7

    10 CEM I, II S. Demis and V.

    Papadakis (2011) A Comparative Assessment of the Effect of Cement Type on Concrete Durability,

    13th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement.

    30 mm.

    , "" . ,

    CEM I, CEM-II/A-Q(6%), CEM II/A-S(6%) CEM II/A-(6%)

    15mm, CEM-II/-L (21%) 25mm.

    (Supplementary Cementitious Material-

    SCM) 197-1, 11.

    11 197-1.

    ,

    30mm

  • 1.8

    ,

    ( 1990-2),

    206-1 Cdev=1 mm SUPER, .

    , , ""

    206-1.

    (First Order Reliability Method),

    = /

    .

    .

    ""

    .

    30 mm 5 mm.

    = 30/5 = 6

    ( ). 30 mm

    10 mm (=3) .

    30 mm 15 mm (=2)

    . 30 mm

    25 mm (=1,2) "--- ".

    12.

    (mm)

    -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

    Probability D

    ensity

    0.00

    0.01

    0.02

    0.03

    0.04

    0.05

    0.06

    0.07

    0.08

    0.09

    =6.0

    =3.0

    =2.0

    =1.2

    12 "" .

    .

  • 1.9

    12,

    10. 1.

    )

    ) ( ).

    1 "",

    .

    CEM

    -I

    CEM-

    II/A-D

    6%

    CEM-

    II/A-

    V 6%

    CEM-

    II/B-V

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-P

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-P

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-Q

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-Q

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-M

    6%

    CEM-

    II/-M

    21%

    (mm) 50

    15.25 16.38 16.00 21.42 16.76 22.43 15.63 21.05 16.26 20.67

    (%)

    =6,0 0.16 0.32 0.26 4.31 0.40 6.50 0.20 3.67 0.30 3.10

    =3,0 7.01 8.66 8.08 19.54 9.28 22.45 7.54 18.54 8.47 20.67

    =2,0 16.27 18.19 17.53 28.37 18.87 30.69 16.90 27.54 17.98 26.70

    =1,2 27.76 29.29 28.77 36.57 29.82 38.10 28.27 36.02 29.13 35.45

    10%,

    , 1 1.

    1 "",

    10%.

    CEM

    -I

    CEM-

    II/A-D

    6%

    CEM

    -II/A-

    V 6%

    CEM-

    II/B-V

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-P

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-P

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-Q

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-Q

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-M

    6%

    CEM-

    II/-M

    21%

    (mm) 50

    15.25 16.38 16.00 21.42 16.76 22.43 15.63 21.05 16.26 20.67

    (%)

    =6,0 0.16 0.32 0.26 4.31 0.40 6.50 0.20 3.67 0.30 3.10

    =3,0 7.01 8.66 8.08 9.28 7.54 8.47

    =2,0

    =1,2

    ,

    ) CEM-II/B-V 21%, CEM-II/B-P 21%, CEM-II/B-Q 21%, CEM-II/-M 21%

    ,

    ) ( 206-1)

    .

    " 30 mm "

    .

    :

    " ( 1990-2),

    206-1 Cdev=10mm SUPER ".

  • 1.10

    4 , :

    1 =6 : 40 mm 6,66 mm

    2 =3 : 40 mm 13,33 mm

    3 =2 : 40 mm 20 mm

    4 =1.2 : 40 mm 33,33 mm

    2, 10%

    2.

    2 "",

    +Cdev=10mm.

    CEM-

    I

    CEM-

    II/A-D

    6%

    CEM-

    II/A-V

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-V

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-P

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-P

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-Q

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-Q

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-M

    6%

    CEM-

    II/-M

    21%

    (mm) 50

    15.25 16.38 16.00 21.42 16.76 22.43 15.63 21.05 16.26 20.67

    (%)

    =6,0 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.26 0.02 0.42 0.01 0.22 0.02 0.19

    =3,0 3.17 3.82 3.59 8.17 4.06 9.37 3.38 7.76 3.75 7.35

    =2,0 15.25 16.38 11.51 17.64 12.26 18.98 11.15 17.17 11.76 16.69

    =1,2 22.89 23.93 23.57 28.86 24.28 29.90 23.23 28.48 23.81 28.10

    2 "",

    +Cdev=10mm

    10%. " ".

    CEM-

    I

    CEM-

    II/A-D

    6%

    CEM-

    II/A-V

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-V

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-P

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-P

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-Q

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-Q

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-M

    6%

    CEM-

    II/-M

    21%

    (mm) 50

    15.25 16.38 16.00 21.42 16.76 22.43 15.63 21.05 16.26 20.67

    (%)

    =6,0 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.26 0.02 0.42 0.01 0.22 0.02 0.19

    =3,0 3.17 3.82 3.59 8.17 4.06 9.37 3.38 7.76 3.75 7.35

    =2,0

    =1,2

    1 2 ""

    ,

    ""

    .

    "" "".

    / 10% .

    1990 () 1,5

    0,0668 (6.66%). , 1

  • 1.11

    CEM-

    I

    CEM-

    II/A-D

    6%

    CEM-

    II/A-V

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-V

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-P

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-P

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-Q

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-Q

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-M

    6%

    CEM-

    II/-M

    21%

    (mm) 50

    15.25 16.38 16.00 21.42 16.76 22.43 15.63 21.05 16.26 20.67

    (%)

    =6,0 0.16 0.32 0.26 4.31 0.40 0.20 3.67 0.30 3.10

    =3,0

    =2,0

    =1,2

    2

    CEM

    -I

    CEM-

    II/A-D

    6%

    CEM-

    II/A-V

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-V

    21%

    CEM

    -II/A-

    P 6%

    CEM-

    II/B-P

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-Q

    6%

    CEM-

    II/B-Q

    21%

    CEM-

    II/A-M

    6%

    CEM-

    II/-M

    21%

    (mm) 50

    15.25 16.38 16.00 21.42 16.76 22.43 15.63 21.05 16.26 20.67

    (%)

    =6,0 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.26 0.02 0.42 0.01 0.22 0.02 0.19

    =3,0 3.17 3.82 3.59 4.06 3.38 3.75

    =2,0

    =1,2

    , " ",

    "" (=6)

    +Cdev=10 mm. ,

    13,

    .

    13 206-1.

  • 1.12

    Cdev=10 mm;

    ,

    ) ,

    ) ,

    ) pH 9,0 ( Ca2+

    )

    pH 10,5 ( ),

    )

    ,

    ) ( 14)

    . 10 mm

    "" .

    , 15.

    ) . 197-1,

    16.

    14 Cdev=10 mm.

    15 , , , ...

  • 1.13

    16 .

    3. 1

    ) 206-1 ( )

    Ca2+

    ( ).

    )

    pH > 11.5.

    ) 4 5,

    .

    + 10 mm.

    ) ""

    /. ,

    forgiving.

    ) , 2

    . ()

    2 .

  • 1.14

    4. 1

    Pr- EN 1992-1-1. 2003. Euro code 2: Design of concrete structures. Part 1.1: General rules and rules

    for buildings

    Papadakis V G. Estimation of Concrete Service Life The Theoretical Background, Patras Science

    Park, Patras, 2005

    Papadakis, V.G. (2000), Effect of supplementary cementing materials on concrete resistance against

    carbonation and chloride ingress, Cement Concrete Res., 30(2), 291-299.

    Papadakis, V.G., Fardis, M.N. and Vayenas, C.G. (1991), Fundamental modeling and experimental

    investigation of concrete carbonation, ACI Mater. J., 88(4), 363-373.

    Richardson, M.G., Fundamentals of Durable Reinforced Concrete, Spon Press, London (2002).

    H. F.W. Taylor, Cement Chemistry, Tomas Telford Services, London, UK, 2nd edition, 1998.

    S. Kosmatka & W. Panarese (1988): Design and Control of Concrete Mixes, Portland Cement

    Association.

    M. Mamlouk & J. Zaniewski (1999): Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Addison Wesley

    Longman, Inc.

    ACI Committee 222, Protection of Metals in Concrete against Corrosion, ACI 222R-01, American

    Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2001.

    CEN EN 197-1, 2000. European Standard for Cement - Part 1: Composition, Specifications and

    ConformityCriteria for Common Cements, Brussels.

    Swamy, R.N., Holistic design: Key to sustainability in concrete construction, Structures & Buildings,

    146, No.4, pp. 371-379.

    Mehta, P.K., Concrete Durability 50 Years of Progress?, American Concrete Institute, Special

    Publication SP-126, pp. 1-31.

    Saetta, A.V., Schrefler, B.A., and Vitaliani, R.V., The carbonation of concrete and the mechanisms of

    moisture, heat and carbon dioxide flow through porous materials, Cement and Concrete Research

    Vol.23, pp.761-772, 1993.

  • 2.1

    206-1/XC 1504-2

    1

    5:

    1. , CH, C-S-H

    CH, C-S-H

    ,:

    (1)

    XC meters

    [CO2] CO2 (mol/m3).

    [CH] CH (kg/m3).

    [CSH] C-S-H (kg/m3).

    De,CO2 (m2/s)

    t seconds (

    ).

    H 1 :

    (2)

    tc C (

    ).

    2,

    C ([CH]+3[C-S-H])

    . ( )

    .

  • 2.2

    ,

    CH, C-S-H.

    .

    top secret

    , 1. 197-1.

    ()

    ()

  • 2.3

    ()

    1 () CEM-I, () () CEM-II, CEM III. min,

    max 197-1.

    (kiln),

    ( Bogue): ,

    , .

    , C3S, C2S, C3A C4AF.

    (Fe2O3)

    (Al2O3) (CaO)

    .

    . (CaO)

    (SiO2) (

    ). ::

    - C3S

    C3S

    . ,

    clinker , 50% ..

    25% C3S.

    (C3S C2S)

  • 2.4

    - C2S

    clinker, 10-60%

    C2S C3S

    C2S .

    20% C2S

    - C3A

    clinker 3-10%

    (early strength)

    40-210% C3

    - C4AF

    5-10%

    37-70 %

    Bogue,

    ) %Al2O3 / %Fe2O3 /F >=0,64

    %C3S = 4.0710 %CaO -7.6024 %SiO2 -1.4297 %Fe2O3 - 6.7187 %Al2O3-2,852% SO3

    %C2S = 2,867 SiO2 - 0,7544 C3S

    %C3A = 2,6504 Al2O3 - 1,6920 Fe2O3

    %C4AF = 3,0432Fe2O3

    ) Al2O3 / Fe2O3 /F

  • 2.5

    2 CEM II/A-P 42.5 R.

    Bogue

    197-1 Bogue, 2.

    C3S (%) C2S(%) C3A(%) C4AF(%)

    CEM -I 50-65 10-30 6-14 7-10

    CEM-II 45-65 7-30 2-8 10-12

    CEM -III 55-65 5-25 5-12 5-12

    CEM - IV 35-45 28-35 3-4 11-18

    CEM-V 40-65 15-30 1-5 10-17

    CH, C-S-H,

    ( Ca2+

    ).

    :

    2C3S+6H C3S2H3 (C-S-H) + 3CH

    2C2S+4H C3S2H3 (C-S-H) + CH

  • 2.6

    CEM-I

    3.

    Portland (CEM-I) C-S-H 50-60% CH

    20-25% .

    3 CEM-I.

    kg/m3 .

    . Virtual

    Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory (VCCTL) NIST.

    CEM II

    .

    CEM II/A-D ( )

    CH = 0.29C - 1.62SF

    CSH= 0.57C + 2.49SF

    C= SF= . ,

    300 kg/m3 CEM II/A-D-6% 282 kg/m

    3 18 kg/m

    3

    :

    CH= 0.29C - 1.62SF = 0.29 (282) - 1.62 (18) = 110,9 kg/m3

    CSH=0.57C + 2.49SF = 0.57 (282) +2.49 (18) = 205,5 lgr/m3

    :

    0.33[CH] + 0.214[C-S-H] = 0.33(110.9) + 0.214(205.5) = 80,57 kg/m3

    CEM II/A-P/B-P/A-Q/B-Q ():

    CH = 0.30C - 1.30FL

    CSH = 0.57C + 1.25FL

  • 2.7

    C= FL= .

    , 300 kg/m3 CEM II/B-P 21% 237 kg/m

    3

    63 kg/m3 ,

    CH = 0.30C - 1.30FL = 0.30(237) -1.30(63) = -10.80 kg/m3

    CSH = 0.57C + 1.25FL = 0.57(237)+1.25(63) = 213.84 kg/m3

    :

    0.33[CH] + 0.214[C-S-H] = 0.33(-10.8) + 0.214(213.54 )= 42.13 kg/m3

    CEM II/A-V/B-V/A-W/B-W ( ):

    CH = 0,29C - 0.50 FH

    CSH = 0,57C + 0.79 FH

    FH = .

    , 10 , 4.

    4 Ca

    2+.

    55

    kg/m3 o.k. ( "").

    CH, C-S-H,

    .

    , ..

    / > 0,45. 2 water demand CEM

    II/A-P 42.5 R 27,84%.

    : 55 kg/m3

    206-1

    ;

    .. C2 300 kg/m3

    270 kg/m3

    CEM II/A-D-6%

    55 kg/m3.

  • 2.8

    . 206-1 " "

    . XC

    , , XC (descriptive).

    .

    CEM II/B-M (P-W-L) 42,5 N

    CEM II/A-P 42,5 N

    CEM II/B-P 32,5 N

    CEM II/B-M (P-L) 32,5 N

    CEM II/A-L 42,5 N

    CEM I 42,5 R

    CEM I 52,5 N

    :

    ! "" CH, C-S-H

    . " ;"

    , ,

    .

    2. XC

    XC

    .

    :

    XC1 - ,

    XC2 - ,

    XC3 - ,

    XC4 - , XC2

    ,

    XC1 - : 45% RH < 65%.

    XC1 - : RH 98%

    XC2 - : 90% RH < 98%

    XC3- :- 65% RH < 85%

    XC3- : 65% RH < 85%

    XC4 - : 75% RH < 90%

  • 2.9

    / ,, , ,

    .

    1

    : :

    (3)

    3 ,

    :

    (4)

    RH . 5

    .

    206-1 XC

    (%)

    40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105

    0.00

    0.05

    0.10

    0.15

    0.20

    0.25

    0.30

    XC1-A XC3 XC2

    XC4

    XC1-B

    5 XC .

    2 .

    Ca 2+

    .

    ;

  • 2.10

    CO2 (gas)

    . CO2 (gas)

    .

    . CO2 (gas)

    "" CO2 (gas) . ,

    CO2(gas) ()

    .

    club (face control). club

    6 club . By the way, club

    Boulevard 1, 33613 Bielefeld .

    club , (H2O) ( )

    ( ) (CO2) ,

    7. face control , 7.

    ""

    "" "" 7. club

    " 2 " CO2 (gas) + H2O.

    "" "" ...... (HCO3-) .

    Ca2+

    7.

  • 2.11

    7 () ( club) , (

    /).

    .

    Ca 2+

    . () .

    7 . . , .

    . ......

    7 ..... .

  • 2.12

    7 .

    7 .

    club

    , 8. . club

    ,

    . XC1 -

    - 45%RH

  • 2.13

    () ( )

    8 .

    Ladies Night Out, 9.

    . , ,

    XC1 - - RH 98%, 9.

    () (

    )

    () ()

    9 Ladies Night Out

    Ladies Night Out +30 . .

    XC1- - RH 98% , . -

    90% RH < 98%.

    206-1.

    ( )

    ( ) , "

    ". 10 (

    club 52% RH

    .

  • 2.14

    10 CO2.

    4 XC. To

    ,

    ,

    /. 206-1

    , 11.

    .

    ,

    .

    .

  • 2.15

    3. Club Elephant

    club , . club

    (

    ). 3:

    :

    ec

    (air m3/m

    3),

    eair (entrapped air m3/m

    3),

    (kg/m3)

    dA (kg/m3).

    3 :

    Club Elephant.

    .

    . (dC)

    ,

    club

    . ,

    : .

    CEM II/A-D ( ):

    (5)

    300 kg/m3 CEM II/A-D-6% W=150 kg/m

    3 ( =0.5)

    (150 kg/m3 - 0,267(282 kg/m

    3) - 0,0278 (18 kg/m

    3))/1000 = 0,074 kg/m

    3

    .. 300 kg/m3 CEM II/A-D-6% W=170 kg/m

    3 (

    =0,56) 0.094 kg/m3.

  • 2.16

    CEM II/A-P/B-P/A-Q/B-Q () :

    (6)

    300 kg/m3 CEM II/B-P 21% W=150 kg/m

    3 ( =0.5)

    0.075 kg/m3.

    CEM II/A-V/B-V/A-W/B-W ( ):

    (7)

    , dA

    .

    /.

    .

    , .

    , 12.

    12 5 .

    , (AFM).

    13.

  • 2.17

    ()

    ()

    ()

    ()

    () 13 .Courtesy of Prof. Dr. M. Setzer, UGE - IBPM

    5 (porosity network),

    14.

  • 2.18

    14 .

    .

    . , ,

    ... ,

    .

    . ,

    , , ...

    4. (CO2)

    ().

    15, CO2 1750.

    Period of Data

    1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

    CO2 (ppm)

    270

    280

    290

    300

    310

    320

    330

    340

    350

    360

    370

    380

    390

    400

    European Enviromental Agency

    15 CO2. Scripps CO2 Program at the Mauna Loa

    Observatory in Hawaii.

    15

    CO2 , 16. ,

    CO2

    1970 . 1959 CO2

    0,5 ppm/.

  • 2.19

    Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations

    Period of Data

    1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

    CO

    2 (ppm)

    270

    280

    290

    300

    310

    320

    330

    340

    350

    360

    370

    380

    390

    400

    European Enviromental Agency

    1st Industrial Revolution

    1760-18402nd Industrial Revolution

    1870-1914

    1st Time CO

    2 rate

    exceed 0.5ppm/year

    16 CO2 2

    .

    CO2 ( 206-1 375 ppm)

    . 1

    CO2 .

    1 CO2 .

    City Country Population Height of Measu-rement from Sea

    level (m)

    Population Density

    (Inhabitants/Km

    2)

    Min CO2 (ppm)

    Max CO2 (ppm)

    Mean CO2 (ppm)

    Period

    Long Island USA 7,568,304 3-125 2,086 290 315 - 1966

    Sendai Japan 1,028,214 0.5-30 6,879 339 354 349 1981

    Krakow Poland 760,700 0-20 743 346 376 373 1994

    Nottingham UK 310,837 0-40 4,073 344 345 - 1985

    Biel Switzerland 53,051 - 2,500 - - 350 1994

    Athens Greece 666,046 0-25 17,043 423 487 468 2013

    Attica Greece 3,090,508 0-25 7,501 405 458 412 2013

    Karachi Pakistan 23,500,000 - 6,662 357 370 - 1990

    Nagoya Japan 2,171,557 0-35 6,923 - - 377 1993

    London UK 6,679,332 5-15 5,223 384 427 359 1994

    Vancouver Canada 2,093,125 5-22.5 18,205 351 445 375 1993

    Phoenix USA 1,445,632 0-2 1,080 402 481 - 2000

    Cincinnati USA 325,000 3.7-4.6 2,245 323 411 - 1963

    New Orleans USA 593,471 - 1,167 320 377 - 1963

    St. Louis USA 575,238 - 5,158 332 346 - 1964

    Basel Switzerland 173,808 0-29 7,300 388 452 - 2002

    Melbourne Australia 4,442,919 0-40 430 376 400 - 2007

    Mexico City Mexico 19,415,324 0-37 6,000 424 472 - 2005

    Tokyo Japan 13,185,502 0-29 6,000 364 484 - 2002

    Edinburgh UK 778,000 - 1,828 384 452 - 2000

    Rome Italy 2,915,244 - 2,256 447 477 - 2004

  • 2.20

    17 CO2

    (PD-population density).

    PD > 1.000 /km2

    . ,

    PD < 1.000 /km2 , ..

    (2007) (2002) PD < 1.000 /km2.

    // ,

    .

    17 375 ppm (0,0375%

    0,375 kg/m3) 206-1,

    >1.000 /km2 1990.

    , .

    2

    >1000 /km2 2011.

    Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations

    Period of Data

    1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

    CO

    2 (ppm)

    300

    320

    340

    360

    380

    400

    420

    440

    460

    480

    500

    Mean Clobal

    Vancouver PD=18,205

    Phoenix PD=1,080

    London PD=5,223

    Krakow PD= 743

    New Orleans PD=1,167

    Rome PD=2,256

    Melbourne PD=430

    375 ppm

    17 CO2 1.

  • 2.21

    2 PD> /km2. ..

    PD

    17.042 664.046

    6.661 61.308

    14.740 59.345

    - 14.309 33.628

    8.339 71.026

    6.142 78.153

    3.374 26.458

    16.855 325.182

    14.260 91.279

    - 7.617 101.753

    - 6.567 84.741

    4.176 99.245

    5.323 52.127

    ,

    PD = 6.71 /km2 ( 1)

    .

    206-1.

    500 ppm

    1600 ppm, 18.

    XC1 -

    - 45% RH < 65% XC3-

    - 65% RH < 85%.

    18 .

    1780ppm.

  • 2.22

    5. 2

    )

    :

    =

    ( ) x ( Club Elephant)

    ) XC1, 2, 3, 4 ""

    "" ""

    .

    ) XC1, XC3

    .

    ) ,

    , Greenpeace

    . 2/3

    . ....

    )

    . "

    NASA", " ".

    ) . :

    .

    ) .

    . .

    . Porsche 800 ,

    , , .....

    .

    ) 2 .

  • 2.23

    6. 2

    . (2010) , .

    R. H. Bogue, Calculation of the compounds in Portland cement, Industrial and Engineering

    Chemistry, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 192197, 1929.

    V.G. Papadakis, S. Tsimas, Supplementary cementing materials in concrete Part I: efficiency and

    design, Cement and Concrete Research 32 (2002) 15251532.

    Wierig, H.-J. (1984), Longtime studies on the carbonation of concrete under normal outdoor

    exposure, Proceedings of RILEM Seminar on Durability, Hanover.

    Hallberg, D. (2005), Quantification of exposure classes in The European Standard EN 206-1,

    Proceedings of 10th DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and

    Components, 17-20 April 2005, Lyon.

    H.J.H. Brouwers, The work of Powers and Brownyard revisited: Part 1, Cement and Concrete

    Research 34 (2004) 16971716

    A.V. Saetta, R.V. Vitaliani, Experimental investigation and numerical modeling of carbonation process

    in reinforced concrete structures: Part I: Theoretical formulation, Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (4) (2004) 571

    579.

    A.A. Rahman, F.P. Glasser, Comparative studies of the carbonation of hydrated cements, Adv. Cem.

    Res. 2 (6) (1989) 4954.

    M. Santamouris, K. Argiroudis, M. Georgiou, K. Pavlou, M. Assimakopoulos, and K. Sfakianaki,

    Indoor Air Quality in fifty residences in Athens.

    Papadakis, V.G. (2000), Effect of supplementary cementing materials on concrete resistance against

    carbonation and chloride ingress, Cement Concrete Res., 30(2), 291-299.

    Papadakis, V.G., Fardis, M.N. and Vayenas, C.G. (1991), Fundamental modeling and experimental

    investigation of concrete carbonation, ACI Mater. J., 88(4), 363-373.

    Richardson, M.G., Fundamentals of Durable Reinforced Concrete, Spon Press, London (2002).

    H. F.W. Taylor, Cement Chemistry, Tomas Telford Services, London, UK, 2nd edition, 1998.

    S. Kosmatka & W. Panarese (1988): Design and Control of Concrete Mixes, Portland Cement

    Association.

    M. Mamlouk & J. Zaniewski (1999): Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Addison Wesley

    Longman, Inc.

    ACI Committee 222, Protection of Metals in Concrete against Corrosion, ACI 222R-01, American

    Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2001.

    CEN EN 197-1, 2000. European Standard for Cement - Part 1: Composition, Specifications and

    Conformity Criteria for Common Cements, Brussels.

    Swamy, R.N., Holistic design: Key to sustainability in concrete construction, Structures & Buildings,

    146, No.4, pp. 371-379.

    Mehta, P.K., Concrete Durability 50 Years of Progress?, American Concrete Institute, Special

    Publication SP-126, pp. 1-31.

    Saetta, A.V., Schrefler, B.A., and Vitaliani, R.V., The carbonation of concrete and the mechanisms of

    moisture, heat and carbon dioxide flow through porous materials, Cement and Concrete Research

    Vol.23, pp.761-772, 1993.

  • 2.24

    Steve Kosmatka & William Panarese (1988): Design and Control of Concrete Mixes, Portland Cement

    Association.

    Michael Mamlouk & John Zaniewski (1999): Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Addison

    Wesley Longman, Inc.

    ACI Committee 222, Protection of Metals in Concrete against Corrosion, ACI 222R-01, American

    Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2001.

    Canadell, J. G., Qur, C. L., Raupach, M. R., Field, C. B., Buitenhuis, E. T., Ciais, P., Marland, G.

    (2007). Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO growth from economic activity, carbon

    intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the

    United States of America, 104(47), 18866-18870.

    Woodwell, G.M., Houghton, R.A., Tempel, N.R., 1973. Atmospheric CO2 at Brookhaven, Long Island,

    New York: patterns of variation up to 125 m. Journal of Geophysical Research 78, 932940.

    Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S., 1983. High quality measurements of the concentrations of

    atmospheric carbon dioxide over Japan. Journal of Geophysical Research 88, 13391344.

    Kuc, T., 1991. Concentration and carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 in southern Poland.

    Tellus 43B, 373378.

    Berry, D., Colls, J.J., 1990a. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide on an urban/rural

    transectI. Continuous measurements at the transect ends. Atmospheric Environment 24A, 2681

    2688.

    Sigrist, M.W., 1994. Laser photoacoustic spectrometry for trace gas monitoring. Analyst 119, 525531.

  • 3.1

    206-1/XC 1504-2

    3

    5: ....

    1. CO2 206-1 - XC1 + XC3

    XC1 -

    - 45% RH

  • 3.2

    CO2

    1000 ppm. 1150 ppm ( ).

    1,

    , 2.

    ( 50 =1.5).

    XC1/Dry-CO2=1150ppm

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    55

    60

    RH=55%

    RH=45%

    RH=65%

    EN 206-1

    EN 1990

    2 . 50 .

    1500 ppm, 3, .

    XC1/Dry-CO2=1500ppm

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    55

    60

    65

    70

    RH=55%

    RH=45%

    RH=65%

    EN 206-1

    EN 1990

    3 . " ".

    " "

    .

  • 3.3

    , 2500 ppm ,

    4, .

    XC1/Dry-CO2=2500ppm

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    55

    60

    65

    70

    75

    80

    85

    RH=55%

    RH=45%

    RH=65%

    EN 206-1

    EN 1990

    4 . ........ .

    " ".

    " " " ".

    : ; /.

    ()

    206-1 CO2

    375 ppm. , 375ppm

    (RH=65%) 5.

    XC1/Dry-CO2=375ppm

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    RH=65%

    EN 206-1

    EN 1990

    5 . 375ppm .

  • 3.4

    ()

    ,

    . , :

    " XC1 ( 45% RH < 65%,

    55%), [1,4,9],

    . tcr

    4, , tpr,

    . Parrot [15],

    100 m,

    0.3 m/yr [4,15], tpr >100 .

    4

    100 , ."

    4

    206-1.

    375 ppm

    ( ).

    .

    . Parrot ""

    ( 100 ).

    Parrot (0 , 1

    , 2 3 ), 6.

    6 , .

    Parrot, ""

    "

    =1.5, ".

  • 3.5

    "" Parrot 20 oC. ..

    25 oC 2

    1. 30 oC 2.

    Parrot!!!!, 7.

    7 Parrot

    ( g/m2 ).

    ,

    freddo cappuccino,

    "" . '

    engineering solution scientific solution.

    ,

    .

    ,

    XC3- - 65%

    RH < 85% 8

    C25/30 . 36.2

    MPa 0.41 MPa.

  • 3.6

    340

    0

    0

    340

    0.475

    191

    117

    191

    1.4%

    14

    678

    2305

    (kgr)

    CEM II 32,5 (kgr)

    (kgr/m)

    (lt)

    CEM II 42,5 (kgr)

    ' O(kgr)

    (lt)

    (kgr)

    ' (lt)

    (lt)

    w/(c+p)

    1"

    CEM II 42,5

    S4

    0.568

    090578

    0.03

    09/11/20012

    (m3):

    / :

    .. :

    :

    :

    :

    :

    /

    / %

    1 AMMO 2.586 1.62% 55.00% 964 964

    2 2.657 1.24% 6.50% 117 117

    3 2.663 1.44% 38.00% 686 686

    4

    5 1.000 193.23 kgr

    6 CEM I A-P 42,5 3.100 340.00 kgr

    7 CEM IV 32,5 2.900 0.00 kgr

    8 1 1.00% ... 3.4 kgr

    9 2 0.30% ... 1.0 kgr

    10 3

    11 4

    (kgr),

    m

    8 / C25/30.

    ( ) 206-1.

    CO2 XC1,

    9 10. (

    ). 3 .

    .

    XC3/Wet-CO2=1150ppm

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    55

    60

    65

    RH=85%

    RH=75%

    RH=65%

    EN 206-1

    EN 1990

    9 .

  • 3.7

    XC3/Wet-CO2=2500ppm

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    55

    60

    65

    70

    75

    80

    85

    90

    95

    RH=85%

    RH=75%

    RH=65%

    EN 206-1

    EN 1990

    10 again.

    CO2

    . ,

    2 1237 ppm

    CO2 (45mm 50 ). 65% RH < 85%

    Parrot (100 ).

    XC3- -

    65%RH

  • 3.8

    1.1. ...;

    , " , //,

    ",

    .

    XC1 -

    - 45% RH

  • 3.9

  • 3.10

    - XC3 -

    - 65% RH < 85%.

    ,

    CO2 , , .

    , ,

    CO2, .

    14 /

    . .

    ()

    ()

    () ()

    14 () , ()

    , () /

    () - ()

    ) 9 . .

    .

  • 3.11

    - XC3 - - 65%

    RH < 85% 206-1. H -

    XC1 - - RH 98%

    206-1 2 : () CO2

    120 ppm ( 50-70

    ppm ) ()

    CO2 , 15.

    XC1-70 ppm

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0.0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    RH 98%

    15 , . XC1 - - RH 98%

    2. CO2 206-1 - XC2 + XC4

    H XC2

    , .

    ,

    .

    " XC2 ( - ,

    90%RH

  • 3.12

    16 CO2 20 200cm. S.A. Billings, D.D. Richter and J. Yarie,

    Soil carbon dioxide fluxes and profile concentrations in two boreal forests Can. J. For. Res. 28:

    17731783 (1998).

    17 CO2 10 cm Auckland, New Zealand. E.Smid and A. Mazot Soil Gas CO2

    Concentrations & CO2 Fluxes in the Auckland Volcanic Field, DEVORA Project, January 2012.

  • 3.13

    18 CO2 ) 20cm ) 80cm, , .

    RISCS. -.

    1000 ppm=0.1%.

    , ,

    , , , , , .

    19 ,

    ( ).

    ,

    , , - ( ).

    XC4.

  • 3.14

    19 .

  • 3.15

    XC2

    .

    , ,

    30% 70% RH, 20.

    20 .

    XC4. 21

    XC2 C25/30

    CO2 2000 ppm.

    CO2=2000ppm

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    55

    60

    RH=95%

    RH=90%

    EN 206-1

    EN 1990

    21 90%RH

  • 3.16

    XC4 -

    75%RH

  • 3.17

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    RH=75%

    RH=85%

    RH=90%

    XC4, CO2=375 ppm

    EN 206-1

    EN 1990

    23 XC4 375 ppm.

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    55

    RH=75%

    RH=85%

    RH=90%

    XC4, CO2=500 ppm

    EN 206-1

    EN 1990

    24 XC4 500 ppm.

    .

    to CEM II/B-M 32.5N CEM II/-P 42.5N

    410 kg/m3 380 kg/m

    3 ( C30/37, N/T 0.5), 25.

  • 3.18

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    55

    CEM II/B-M 32.5N

    CEM II/-P 42.5N

    XC4, RH=75%, CO2=500 ppm

    EN 206-1

    EN 1990

    25 XC4 500 ppm 2 . forgiving;

    3. ....

    " ;"

    .

    25 , ()

    25.

    25 .... .

    2 ; . ;

    ) "" CO2 = 500 ppm 200 .

    "" 300 ppm . 500 ppm.

  • 3.19

    ) "" 74-76%. "" 60-62%.

    ) 37-40 C. "" +42 C, ...

    Parrot.

    ()

    XC3. C25/30 , 26.

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    55

    60

    ,

    ,

    XC3

    EN 206-1

    EN 1990

    26 35 mm .

    . "

    , () () ".

    "" q ( 27).

    XC3.

    27 ........ XC2. XA (

    ).

  • 3.20

    To XC3 .

    .

    (

    ),

    (by the way 15-20 ) ,

    206-1 . 206-1 ,

    ; Second Order

    Operational Load.

    XC3 C2 -

    - 90% RH

  • 3.21

    , Benzaldehyde, Benzothiazole, Cyclobutene, Cyclohexanone,

    Formamide .

    , rocket fuel, NASA

    .

    Second Order Operational Load High Order Operational

    Load "" (Gantemia Load).

    . XC4.

    , 206-1,

    ( time of wetness)

    28. XC2 = XC4.

    . , .

    . 3000 ppm CO2

    ,, , ,

    .. 1000 ppm.

    645-723 mm 486-565 mm .

    60% 40%.

    . ;

    ) XC1 - - 45% RH < 65%.

    ) XC1 - - RH 98%

    ) XC2 - - 90% RH < 9 8%

    ) XC3- - 65% RH < 85%

    ) XC3- - 65% RH < 85%

    ) XC4 - - 75% RH < 90%

    .

    . CO2

    .

    " "

    Ca 2+

    .

  • 3.22

    4. 3

    1. 2 ,

    CO2 . , much ado

    about nothing 1600.

    2. CO2.

    3. .

    .

    3. . 500 ppm.

    .

    4. ,

    29. .

    . . ,

    10

    .

    .... .

    30

    , /, .

    5. , , ,

    !

  • 3.23

    5. 3

    Broomfield, J. P. (2003) Corrosion of Steel in Concrete. Understanding, Investigation and Repair,

    Spon Press, London, UK.

    Gulikers, J. and Raupach, M. (2006) Preface. Modelling of reinforcement corrosion in concrete,

    Materials and Corrosion, Vol. 57, No. 8, pp 603-604.

    Parrott, L.J. (1987) A review of carbonation in reinforced concrete Cement and Concrete Association.

    Raupach, M. (1996a) Investigations on the influence of oxygen on corrosion of steel in concrete Part

    1, Materials and Structures, Vol. 29, pp 174-184.

    Peng J and Stewart M (2008). Carbonation-induced Corrosion Damage and Structural Safety for

    Concrete Structures under Enhanced Greenhouse Conditions. Research Report, the University of

    Newcastle.

    V Zivica (2002) Significance and influence of the ambient temperature as a rate factor of steel

    reinforcement corrosion, Bull. Mater. Sci.,Vol.25, No.5, pp.375379.

    R. Jassal, A. Black, M. Novak, K. Morgenstern, Z. Nesic and D. Gaumont-Guay (2005) Relationship

    between soil CO2 concentrations and forest-floor CO2 effluxes, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

    130, 176192

    Hinkle, M.E., 1994. Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil

    gases. Applied Geochemistry. 9: 5363.

    Gunn, J. and Trudgill, T.S., 1982. Carbon dioxide production and concentrations in the soil

    atmosphere; a case study from New Zealand volcanic ash soils. Catena Giessen 9: 1-2.

    Bowden, R.D., Newkirk, K.M., Rullo, G.M., 1998. Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes by a forest soil

    under laboratory-controlled moisture and temperature conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30, 15911597

    Fernandez, I.J., Son, Y.W., Kraske, C.R., Rustad, L.E., David, M.B., 1993. Soil carbon-dioxide

    characteristics under different forest types and after harvest. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57, 11151121

  • 3.24

  • 4.1

    206-1/XC 1504-2

    4

    5: 206-1 vs EN 1990

    1.

    3

    ,

    . 200 mm ,

    ( 1). 3 CO2

    . , Ca2+

    .

    1 .

  • 4.2

    C25/30, 3

    . 2.

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Carbonation Depth (mm)

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    CO2=375ppm, RH=75%

    CO2=1000ppm, RH=60%

    CO2=2000ppm, RH=60%

    2 .

    2

    :

    2000 ppm 1500 3500 ppm;

    60% 45 75%;

    60% 30 90%;

    .

    .

    CO2 400 ppm 60 ppm ( 3)

    50% 15% ( 3).

    CO2 (ppm)

    200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

    0.000

    0.001

    0.002

    0.003

    0.004

    0.005

    0.006

    0.007

    CO2

    RH

    RH (%)

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    0.000

    0.005

    0.010

    0.015

    0.020

    0.025

    0.030

  • 4.3

    3 , CO2 .

    . CO2

    400ppm. 50-75%

    , 75-95%

    , 4.

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

    Carbonation Depth (mm)

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    4 . engineering, is better to be 50% right than 50% wrong.

    CO2 1000 ppm

    150 ppm ( 5) 50% 10%,

    ( 5). 2 (/

    ). 6.

    CO2 (ppm)

    300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

    Probability Density

    0.0000

    0.0005

    0.0010

    0.0015

    0.0020

    0.0025

    CO2

    5 . , TV

    .

    . 5 , ...

    , ...

  • 4.4

    RH (%)

    10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

    Probability D

    ensity

    0.00

    0.01

    0.02

    0.03

    0.04

    0.05

    RH

    5 ... 50%. !

    !

    !

    !

    !

    . ?

    .

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    80

    6 . ' ' .

  • 4.5

    4 6

    .

    206-1.

    . . /

    200 m2. /

    ,

    1. ( , ' );

    2. ;

    3. ;

    4. ;

    5. ;

    6. CO2 ;

    / /

    . ,

    ", , ....

    ".

    50 . .

    / 200 m2. /

    .

    . " ?" / "

    50 ". " 50

    ?" / " 50 ".

    " 50 ?" / " ,

    , ,

    ". " , 100

    ". / " ,

    100 ...".

    :

    CO2 ;

    , EPA (Environmental Protection Agency -Tools

    For Schools Program) CO2 7000 1452

    2250 ppm. 50 m2 40 (1,5 m

    2

    ., , , ) .

    3000 ppm. ,

    CO2 10000 ppm.

    ,

    - ""

    , .

    , 206-1

    " "

    , , , ...,

    50 .

  • 4.6

    206-1,

    "".

    Wikipedia: " , ( )

    . , ,

    , .

    , , ...

    . ,

    ,

    ."

    H , .

    .

    , .

    . " ...

    10"

    :

    . " ,

    , 0.6-1.3 x 10-5

    / C ,

    , 0.8 1.3 x 10-5

    / C Emil

    Mrsch, Der Eisenbetonbau 1909".

    :

    . "..... !" . T

    ,

    ."......... ;".

    . , " 30

    , !!!".

    ,

    " ... ;"

    , :

    . " pH , six, sechs, ( !!),

    ;"

    . " "

    . " ;"

    .

  • 4.7

    . " ,

    . . (pH > 12)

    (pH < 9).

    . , ".

    ,

    facebook ""

    , ,

    . " ( 7).

    ; " , .!"

    206-1. ( ),

    50 . 6 10 .

    .

    "" ..

    . (

    CO2). ."

    7 .

    2. 206-1 1990.

    206-1,

    , 1990:2002.

    - 0.

    2.4

    (1)

    ,

    / .

  • 4.8

    (2) ,

    :

    -

    -

    -

    - ,

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    : 1992 1999

    .

    (3)

    .

    (4) , ,

    , .

    1. " ", " "

    ,

    CO2.

    2. " "

    , , ( )

    .

    ,

    (. 8).

    8 () () rain runoff

    angle . ()

    . -

    Ca2+

    .

    . 206-1.

  • 4.9

    3. " "

    , 9.

    9 lego.

    4. " "

    5 .

    5. " , "

    Ca2+

    .

    6. "

    "

    CO2. C1-XC4 .

    7. " "

    .

    loops

    .

    "

    ", .

    8. " "

    . .

    ,...,

    .

    ,

    .

    control

    permeability liners ( 10).

  • 4.10

    10 Control permeability liners. , .

    !,

    1995,

    60%

    ( 11).

    11 3 mm 10 mm

    / = 0,55 !!!. .

    " "

    1990,

  • 4.11

    2.5

    (1)

    ,

    . :

    -

    -

    - , , .

    4.1.7

    (1)

    .

    2 21)

    1 50

    4,7 3,8

    1,5 3,82)

    (-) 2,9 1,5

    1)

    2) , .

    (2) ,

    (

    ). .

    2 = 1.5

    =50 .

    Pf 0,0668.

    .

    . , , ,

    . ,

    .

    ,

    .

    = 1,5 ,

    = 2,5 = 3,8

    . , = 3,8

    100 mm .

  • 4.12

    ,

    - -,

    , .

    :

    () / ,

    ()

    () /.

    ( 5

    ) ,

    .

    . ..

    .

    /

    .

    .

    Damage Tolerance.

    .

    .

    .

    .

    ( )

    , , 30%.

    (residual

    bond strength) 70% (nominal bond strength).

    .

    .

    " " . ,

    .

    , ..

    6.

    ( 12),

    =50 . 30 mm (

    ). 30%

    60%.

  • 4.13

    Years

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Carbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    80

    A O

    12 , !!!

    RH = 50% CO2 = 1000 ppm ( )

    46,4 66 .

    50 30% .

    RH = 80%

    CO2 = 1600 ppm ( ) 12,8 19,6 .

    50 - 19,6 = 30,4

    60,8%

    (0-30%). , 50 - 34,9

    = 15,1 30 - 60%, ...

    ,

    .

    : ) , )

    ( ) )

    (

    ).

    25 mm .

    25 mm 18 mm 27 mm; 25 mm ;

    .

    . 5 15 mm ,

    .

    , .. > 10mm

    100%, 5 10mm ;

  • 4.14

    : () () budget .

    9. , , . budget

    ( 5-10%).

    .

    10 m, 5 m 0,4 m, 19,6 m3.

    30 mm 1,62 m3 ( 40 mm

    10 mm ). 60 .

    1,62 x 60 = 97,20 .

    10

    mm. 20 1,8

    . 97,2 + 36,0 = 133,2 .

    5 mm, 40 2,5

    ( , , ASTM D 256, ) 97,2 + 100 = 197,2 .

    , 97,2 , m3

    mm 6,5 / mm 3,65 / m2

    30 mm. , 2000 m2

    7300 .

    ,/,/ 7300

    . ; //. :

    19,6 . 100 !,

    //.

    H , .

    ( 12), .

    " 30 mm 30 mm ;"

    12 .

    .

    ,

    !!

  • 4.15

    .

    , ,

    , ,

    , , ,

    . 125487- 32,6 mm 3,22 ,

    120 kg/ 180, . 125487

    . 125488, , ,

    , ,

    ,

    facebook like

    ,

    , .... , ,

    7300 .

    . , , "

    ;"

    , " , ,

    ". ,

    " overlap;

    , ; ... ... ; 30 mm . 20 mm

    10 mm 3,65 /m2 30 mm 3,65 /m2 2 0mm". , control permeability liner / =0,55 ( 206-1)

    , 206-1 400 /=0,5;

    30 mm :

    97,2 + 100 + 50 (1 /m2 liner)= 247,2 54 m

    2 . 2.000 m

    2 ;

    = 9.155 .

    9.155 19,6 !!!

    , 3,25%, :

    K 14,986 19,6 !!!

    , 250 m3 19,6 100

    ! 100 , ;

    .

    SIA SN 505 262/1,

    Annexe E (2005)

    ( 13).

    (Torrent air permeability). .

    ( 14.)

  • 4.16

    " ".

    1 14.986 , 2 -,

    10.500 , 3 , 3.000 , 4

    2.000 5

    .

    13 .

    14

    . !!.

    :

    ) Ca2+

    ,

    ) / ,

    , ,

  • 4.17

    ) 500, 1500 5000 ppm CO2,

    ) 50% 75% 98% ,

    )

    )

    .

    ; 206-1

    ,

    . politically correct . politically incorrect

    206-1 /

    :

    2015

    / ,

    . ( 20/4), (

    ), ( 15/4) ( ) ,

    , , ,

    , .

    "" .

    = 1,5.

    3. 1990

    = 1,5 1

    . ISO 2394

    target reliability index, (target)

    D=50 .. D=50 50 .

    Parrot

    3 . ,

    ,

    " , ... , "

    , ,

    .

    = 1,5

    , XC3.

    350 ppm 30

    ppm CO2 60% 5%.

    (

    , , )

    26 mm 4 mm, 45mm (35 mm

    206-1 + 10mm) .

  • 4.18

    10 C25/30 3

    8.5mm 0.48 mm. 2

    ( ) by the book (

    ) ,

    ( 15).

    .

    T=10 years

    Depth (mm)

    5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

    Probability D

    ensity

    0.0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1.0

    Cover in mm

    Carbonation in mm

    15 =10 .

    =10 , D=10 :

    cov carb,T=10

    =10 .

    , 2 :

    cov carb,T=10

    =10 .

    =10 :

    16 =30 .

  • 4.19

    T=30 years

    Depth (mm)

    10 15 20 25 30 35 40

    Probability D

    ensity

    0.0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    Cover in mm

    Carbonation in mm

    16 =30 .

    =30 :

    =40 :

    =50 :

    , 1990, = 1,23 = 1,5!

    :

    )

    ) < 50 1990 206-1

    =100 .

    206-1 =50 - o.k..

    ,

    3, ,

    . 26 mm 4

    mm 21 mm 4 mm 32

    < 1,5. ( ppm).

  • 4.20

    4

    , , 206-1

    , "" //.

    3 :,

    ) 14.986

    ,

    ) 14.986 19,6

    ) 2, 50 mm

    forgiving .

    , .

    , :

    C30/37 9.10.07 95,00 /m3

    9.06 6,00 /m

    2

    , EN

    934-2

    ( 206-1)

    9.23.02 0,71 /kg

    EN 14889-2

    ( 50 mm) 9.23.05 5,50 /kg

    (curing)

    ( ""

    2)

    9.25 1,24 /m2

    10,00 /m2

    3,5 x 1,2 x 5,0= 21,0 m3,

    2 x (3,5 + 1,2) x 5,0 = 47,0 m2

    9.10.07 : 21,0 m3 x 95,00 /m3 = 1.995,00

    o 9.23.02 (, 6,8 kg/m3): 21,0 x 6,8 x 0,71 = 101,39

    9.23.05 (, 1,5 kg/m3): 21,0 x 1,5 x 5,50 = 173,25

    9.06 () 47,0 m2 x 6,00 /m2 = 282,00

    9.25 (curing): 47,0 m2 x 1,24 /m2 = 58,28

    : 47,0 m2 x 10,00 /m2 = 470,00

    21,0 : 3.079,72

    , .

    T ,

    . , ...

  • 4.21

    ... .

    .

    .

    15,000 .

    T 206-1 2-5%

    , , ""

    .

    . C30/37 C30/37 ,

    "" C20/25 !

    4. 4

    206-1, !

    ,

    206-1 ,

    .

    "

    , , ( ). ,

    ""

    . ,

    , , CO2 footprint, .

    , liners.

    - 60 ,

    , .

    .

    CO2 RH.

    3 , ,

    :

    ) .

    .

    206-1.

    , , "

    ".

    ) ,

    . 206-1 50% !!!

    ) " " .

    ,

    .

  • 4.22

    17.

    4 4 XC,

    . Android 715-X CO2 RH

    . 10 mm

    . forgiving

    forgiving.

    .

    1062-6 ( CO2).

    206-1, 1990

    1504-2.

    e-mail.

    CEM II/-P 42.5N- 340Kg/m3, N/T=0.5

    25mm

    15mm

    5mm

    75mm

    55mm

    45mm

    35mm

    65mm55mm45mm

    35mm

    25mm

    15mm

    55mm35mm

    5mm

    25mm

    15mm

    20mm10mm

    50mm

    40mm

    30mm

    70mm

    60mm

    50mm

    40mm

    30mm

    20mm

    10mm

    40mm

    20mm1

    0mm

    CO2 (ppm)

    100 1000

    RH (%)

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    55

    60

    65

    70

    75

    80

    85

    90

    95

    100

    Cover, T=50 Years

    17 smartphones!!. ,

    .

  • 4.23

    4

    Tepl B., Krlov H., Stewart M.: Ambient Carbon Dioxide, Carbonation and Deterioration of RC

    Structures. International Journal of Materials & Structural Reliability, Vol. 1 (2002), p. 3136

    Sarja, A. 2002, Integrated Life Cycle Design of Structures, 1st ed. London, Spon Press.

    Mitchell, D., Frohnsdorff, G.: Service-Life Modelling and Design of Concrete Structures for

    Durability, Concrete International, December 2004.

    ISO 2394:2015, General principles on reliability for structures

    Potter, RJ, Background to design for durability in AS3600, Pacific Concrete Conference, 8-11

    November 1988, p559-567.

    Merretz, WE, Design for durability curing of concrete the relationship between AS 3600 and the

    BCA, National Precast Concrete Association of Australia, 2002.

    Kropp, J. & H.K. Hilsdorf (ed). 1995: Performance criteria for concrete durability.- RILEM report 12,

    E & FN Spon.

    SIA 262/1: Concrete Structures Supplementary Specifications (in German).- SIA Zrich,

    Polder, R. et al. 2000: Test methods for on site measurements of resistivity of concrete. RILEM TC

    154-EMC, Materials & Structures, 33, 603-611.

    NAHE (2004), Durable concrete structures Part 2: Practical guidelines for durability design and

    concrete quality assurance, 1st Ed., Norwegian Association for Harbor Engineers, TEKNA, Oslo. (In

    Norwegian)

    Sengul, O. and Gjrv, O.E. (2008), Electrical resistivity measurements for quality control during

    concrete construction, ACI Mater. J.,105( 6), 541-547.

    Alonso C., Andrade C., Rodrguez J. y Dez J.M. : Factors controlling cracking of concrete affected by

    reinforcement corrosion. Materials and Structures, Vol. 31 pp 435-441 (1998)

    Rodrguez, J., Ortega, L.M., Casal, J.: Load bearing capacity of concrete columns with corroded

    reinforcement 4th Simposium on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Structures, Cambridge,

    UK, Edited by C.L Page, P.F Bamfort and J.W. Fig., SCI, The Royal Society Chemistry, (1996)

    Pantazopoulou S J, Papoulia K D. Modeling cover cracking due to reinforcement corrosion in RC

    structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2001, 127(4): 342351.

    Lundgren K. (2002). Modelling the effect of corrosion on bond in r.c. Magazine of Concrete

    Research, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 165-173.

    DuraCrete. Probabilistic Performance based Durability Design of Concrete Structures, Brite EuRam

    III, BE95-1347.

  • 4.24

  • 5-1.1

    206-1/XC 1504-2

    5A 5: " "

    1.

    1 .

    ;

    50 ...

    ;

    ... .

    . ;

    ... ; , ;

    ;

    , 10 .

    , .

    ;

  • 5-1.2

    50 ...

    ;

    .

    .

    ;

    40 mm, .

    ;

    !!

    ;

    . .

    40 mm;

    !.

    ;

    C25/30 206-1.

    ;

    .

    C25/30;

    . C25/30.

    , ;

    .

    .

    ,

    ;

    ,

    50 .

    50 =1,5 ;

    .

    ;

  • 5-1.3

    =3.

    =3;

    .

    ;

    , .

    ;

    , .

    ;

    .

    .

    1 , ,

    .

    2 . 50

    .

    , ,

    50 .

    .

    2 , ,

    .

    ;

    . .

    ,

    ;

    ,

    . .

    ;

    1504-2

    .

  • 5-1.4

    ;

    .

    ;

    .

    .

    1504-2

    206-1 ;

    , 1504-2

    206-1.

    206-1;

    . 1504-2

    .

    ,

    .

    2 . 2 3

    , .

    .

    2 .

    ;

    2 !.

    , ;

    2 E SUPER X Coupe.

  • 5-1.5

    , ABS, ESP crash test ;

    2 . 12 , 2 ABS, ESP

    crash test.

    ;

    2 !

    SUPER X Coupe ;

    2 .

    MEDIUM M Coupe 1

    1 ABS ?

    2 , , ,

    .

    SUPER X Coupe;

    2 62.000

    , 62.000 ;

    2 !.

    .

    2 305.000.

    ;

    2 .

    MEDIUM M Coupe, 22.000 , 100.000

    .

    3 () SUPER X Coupe () MEDIUM M Coupe

    2 .

    SUPER X Coupe.

    2 3 .

  • 5-1.6

    2 .

    . ;

    2 206-1 1504-2

    MEDIUM M Coupe SUPER X Coupe.

    12 ...

    2 . !.

    , , 21 , . , "" "":

    1990 : " . 1,5"

    206-1 : " . 1990 ."

    1504 : " , "

    :

    1990 : " , . email [email protected] "

    206-1 : " . email [email protected] "

    1504 : " . email [email protected] ".

    2. engineering! ...

    - .

    ,

    10.

    " "

    +70 mm,

    , C500/750, liners, , ....

  • 5-1.7

    ;

    ; ...!

    : : " Champions League!!"

    :

    .

    .

    70 , , ...

    ; Where is the "catch?

    !

    ;

    ,

    , 50

    .

    ;

    .

    .

    .

    , , .

    .

    . .

    , .

    .

    .

    ,

    70 .

    2001, 86. .

    , 2005.

    . : "

    "..

    , , ..

    , 8

    .

    , ,

    ... 70 800.000 !

    . 2

    . 6 .

  • 5-1.8

    . ( , ,

    200 ) 8-9 .

    2 . ;

    5 15.

    /. , , , ,

    , .

    .

    , 1,2 mm.

    !!!... 1,2mm.

    . : " , , !!!"

    ,

    , , . .

    Parrot, ;

    : " . ,

    . "

    . ,

    Parrot, 1990, 206-1 .

    .

    70 .

    , .

    , 1504-2 !!!

    : " , Prof ... Einstein.

    . ".

    ;

    . (

    ppm CO2)

    . 1,2 mm

    . 1500 ppm

    , 65%.,

    200 (/=0.7).

    ppm 1000

    35%. 4.

    1504-2

    ,

    ...,

    , ... 35% Parrot

    . , 5,

    1504-2 !

  • 5-1.9

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    (m

    m)

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    120

    4 !!!.

    5

    : " , 1990,

    206-1, ...."

    , ,

    ( 6).

    ()

    ()

    ()

    6 : ... 500 1000

    ... () , ()

    () () () .

  • 5-1.10

    , , , , ,

    ;

    !!!

    , ,

    30 .

    .

    .

    ;

    ( 7)

    7 .

    . .

    ( ).

    , ,

    .

    1504-2 .

    .

    , !

    ( 8).

    .

  • 5-1.11

    8 .

    ( 9). .

    !!!

    ,

    XA 206-1.

    9 !

    1504-2 .

    .

    .

    . 10 1504-2 .

  • 5-1.12

    ()

    ()

    10 1504-2.

    11 !!

  • 5-1.13

    , 3 , 11.

    . 800 ppm CO2 RH=70%. . 500 ppm CO2 40% .

    300 ppm CO2 30% , 200 ppm CO2 20% . 100 ppm CO2 10% . C25/30 4 50 0.3 mm!!!

    206-1+ 1990 35mm, ( >>> 1,5) .

    ?

    Einstein? "

    206-1, 1990

    1504-2;

    () e-mail

    ( ) ()

    .

    ;

    , .

    :

    ) 1990,

    ,

    .

    C30/37,

    C30/37.

    ) 206-1 , , XC

    forgiving

    , , forgiving , ..

    197-1,

    . forgiving

    . 2-5%

    100%.

    ) 1504-2 () ()

    , .

    Super Cruiser Missiles.

    ;

    !

    ...

  • 5-1.14

    3. , 2015, 206-1

    .

    ( ): " ; ; ; ; ;" ( )

    : " ."

    3 :

    : " ; "

    : " " ( , , , , )

    : " , ."

    3 3 . ( )

    ( ) 3 :

    : " ;" ( 1990)

    : "."

    3 :

    : " ; "

    : "" ( )

    : " ;"

    : " ."

    ...

    3 : " ;" ( . .)

    : ""

    : " ;"

    : " , , , ."

    ( 1990, 206-1 1504-2)

    , , . " " , .

  • 5-1.15

    . , .

    () "" , (cut corners ).

    "" "", 8 . , , 206-1 -2015 ...

    2015:

    2.2.5.2 , 20 mm

    15 mm,

    .

    ,

    XC2, XC3 XC4, XC1, XC2 XC3 .

    C1 min 270 kg/m3.

    ,

    .

    4 , , ppm, , 2015 2 !! : " 1990 ,

    , ;"

    : " !! 1990 "

    2015 . , "Effect of composition, environmental factors and cement-lime mortar coating on concrete carbonation, Materials and Structures, 1992, 25, 293-

    304 . : In what follows we will concentrate on this latter case, i.e. on the application of a lime-cement mortar

    coating and on its effect on the rate of carbonation. We will consider only lime produced by hydration

    of high-calcium quicklime, as that originating from the burning of limestone. Finally, in the following

    we will call dry hydrated lime, i.e. Ca(OH)2 without excess water, simply 'lime', and we will denote by I

    its weight in the mixture in a water-saturated, surface-dry form.

    , - CEM I, lime, , CH, C-S-H, :

  • 5-1.16

    Provided that its water/cement ratio is relatively low and its lime content high, a lime-cement mortar

    coating of the usual thickness (around 20 mm) is found to be an extremely effective means of

    postponing or even preventing carbonation-induced corrosion initiation: it postpones the onset of

    concrete carbonation by the time required for carbonation to fully penetrate the coating, and it retards

    its further penetration into the concrete because atmospheric CO2 has to travel further to reach the

    carbonation front.

    2 ;

    , , :

    :

    206, , :

    , ( ), , XC1-XC4, .. . ,

    ,

    ,

    CO2. XC3 ( W/C: 0.50, C 300 kg/m

    3)

    XC4. CEM II CEM V

    30 mm. ,

    , , .

    /=0,50 0,55!

    "" , !!! 1990 ..,

    ,

    20 mm

    15mm, .

    ( ):

    , XC2, XC3 XC4, XC1, XC2 XC3 .

    .

  • 5-1.17

    2015 :

    XC1 - (45% RH < 65%) XC1 - (RH 98%) XC2 - (90% RH < 98%) XC3- (65% RH < 85%) XC3- (65% RH < 85%) XC4 - (75% RH < 90%)

    XC3 XC2 XC3 -

    XC2 - (90% RH < 98%) !!

    1500 ppm 150 ppm;

    Nature.

    , please, , .

    2015 "" "" , 20 15 mm, 1504-2. 1504-2 () , 2010!

    4. 51

    , .

    , .

    1 5

    "" 5 5

  • 5-1.18

  • 5.2.1

    206-1/XC 1504-2

    5B: 1504. ...

    1504-2 1990. ;

    5B 1504

    206-1

    .

    ,

    1504: " "

    . 5A ( 1).

    ()

    ()

    1 1504-2, () ()

    .

    2 : () ppm () .

  • 5.2.2

    .

    , , XC4 - , ;

    30 cm C30/37, "" , .

    (water content) , Building Materials Physics, ( !!) .

    "" "" ( 2). (. 2), . (. 2).

    ()

    ()

  • 5.2.3

    ()

    2 C4 : () , , ()

    , - () , .

    10 1/5 206-1.

    . . , , .

    1,0 mm 1504-2 Sd H2O = 1,0 m ( ). ( 3). . , 70% 50% 15% ( ) . .

    3 1504-2 Sd H2O=1 m

    .

  • 5.2.4

    I ( ) SdH2O = 1000 m. 1,0 mm ( 3). Sd H2O , !! I "".

    3 1504-2 SdH2O = 1000 m

    .

    " kg/m3 ;"

    . 40% .

    .. 5% 45%. 150 55% 82,5 . (gas).

    , , , , /, , .

    , . , .

    C25/30 C30/37. ; ( 4).

  • 5.2.5

    Age at Measurement (Years)

    5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

    Corrected C

    arbonation D

    epth (mm)

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    HU- Athens, Greece

    HU- Thessaloniki,Greece

    4 XC4 .

    SdH2O = 1,0 m SdH2O = 2,4 m ( ), 5.

    . 5 2 . 2 ""

    .

    ( !!) 2 5 95 " " 65 " ". .

  • 5.2.6

    150 , .. 67,5 82,5 . 82,5 95 . 65 . 30 . 30 ;

    120 kg/m3.

    300 kg/m3 (/T = 0,5 150 kg ), /T =120/300 = 0,4. / = 0,4 / = 0,5 S4. / = 0,4 S4, . 1504-2 . "". .

    , "" . 1504-2; . . . . .

    " " ;

    . , , , , 400 ppm , (20-22 ), 40-60% , (1500 ppm). C30/37 , . ( 6).

    6 "" . .

    ( ) . 20 mm "" ( 6).

  • 5.2.7

    6 : " .

    . ... ".

    : " C30/37 ".

    30 . 30, 30. , ( 6).

    6 : " 5000 2

    ". : "

    ".

    . 30 mm / "" , , (. 6).

  • 5.2.8

    6 : " , 10 4,5 .

    ".

    " , ;". 1,0 mm SdH2O = 1,0 m SdH2O = 2,4 m ( 7).

    7 : " , 10

    14,5 . ."

    2. ( , ); Club Elephant (CO2) , pH , , , 10 .

  • 5.2.9

    : " RH;"

    !

    , % . Sorption Isotherm ( 8). .

    RH (%)

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    Moisture Content (%

    )

    0.0

    0.5

    1.0

    1.5

    2.0

    2.5

    3.0

    3.5

    4.0

    4.5

    5.0

    C25/30

    8 Sorption Isotherm .

    .. 50% "" 50% . , , , .

    206-1 :

    XC1 - - 45% RH < 65%

    ... , ... .

    XC3- - 65% RH < 85%

    RH ; ( !!) RH , .

    . , , 206-1 .

  • 5.2.10

    ;. , :

    , .

    ,

    , .

    ...

    , .

    SdH2O < 5m .

    SdH2O .

    5 ; Of course !! . ppm .

    ;

    . .

    , ;

    ,

    ;

    " ;"

    .

    .

    1504-2

    " ,

    ".

    XC1 .

    XC1 = C20/25

    25 mm XC3=C25/30 35 mm;

    ...

    . XC1 Las Vegas

    Nick the Greek. Las Vegas

    , ....

    5 ;

    , , ppm.

    ;

    , NO, NEIN, , 1,5.

    ,

    , ...

  • 5.2.11

    !! ,

    !!

    . . 20 C20/25, ( 9). . 23-33 91-99%. . ..... 20701-1/2010, ASHRAE 62 , .

    ( 9).

    9 , , , .

    saouseskou . ,

    . ...

    9 ........ .

    91-99% 9. 50 ; ... 9. ; ( 9).

  • 5.2.12

    9 . ...

    XD ,

    (

    ,

    ). ,

    ... . stray

    current, " ", " ".

    9 , C0/0. ""

    ... .

  • 5.2.13

    9 " ".

    ( ). (. 9).

    9 .

    206-1 !!! 206-1 .

    C30/37, ( 10).

  • 5.2.14

    10 C30/37 .

    ...

    ( ).

    :

    ;

    1504, ...

    . 50

    ;

    ... , ( 1990

    ) .

    .

    ;

    !

    .

    .

    o.k.

    . ;

    .

  • 5.2.15

    .

    ,

    " , "

    !!! ;

    . The Fix Were In For: The State of Our

    Bridges. .

    Fairmount New Jersey

    . 10, 20 .

    ;

    . .

    ;

    . 3

    .

    ;

    . 30-40%

    .

    .

    ,

    ppm ;

    ; . 100 300 800 ppm.

    . 1 3, .

    1990 International Federation for Structural Concrete Fdration internationale du bton ( ) ( ):

    (1)

    :

    mm year-1/2

    mm.

    10 , 10 mm, :

    (2)

    1 :

    (3)

    D mm2 / year.

  • 5.2.16

    :

    !! 1 3 ppm . .

    - () Hong Kong () Model Specification

    for Protective Coatings for Concrete 1994 ( Hong Kong vs 20-, ),

    :

    Sc mm

    mm

    m mm Tm .

    coatings , ( 1 ). " " . D ( 11).

    =

    =

    11 .

    . :

    D 3.2 mm2/year, = 8 mm = 10 . 25 mm (m). Tm = 50 ;

    ;

    (1), . 12. . .

  • 5.2.17

    `

    12 !

    25 mm 15 mm;

    ( ) ( 13).

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60

    (mm

    )

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    =3.16 mm/sqrt(year)

    13 23 .

    ;

    .

  • 5.2.18

    Sd,CO2 1504-2;

    .

    ( !!), .

    CO2 , , , CO2 .

    ;

    :

    ( CO2) , = 400 CO2.

    :

    Sd,H2O;

    . . , CO2 CO2, Marlboro Lights Marlboro Lights, .

    ( ). SO 10456:2007, 14.

    . , 15.

  • 5.2.19

    14 ISO.

  • 5.2.20

    15 , .

    , . .

    SdCO2 R ( interview

    ). .

    perms . perm permeance

    .

    XC4. To ELOT EN 206-1 320 kg/m3, / = 0,5 C30/37. 35 mm + 10 mm 1990. .

  • 5.2.21

    ( ) (2 , 2 ). , .

    CO2 450 ppm 20 ppm. 50 15,7 mm max 24,85 mm. , .. , :

    :

    :

    - o.k. 100 !

    35 mm, , , , 28 mm (7 mm ... !!). . 140 7 mm; , !

    :

    :

  • 5.2.22

    ( ) SdCO2 71,6 mm x 400 = 28,6 m.

    100 , 206-1, 2015. 206-1 >50 !! ; 50 , 1,5 ( 16).

    16 ..., 2015 T 50

    2-7

    ; ;

    1504-2. , , ... CO2.

    1504-2 SdCO2 50 m. 2 mm 4 mm. , . , ( ) .... , , .

    ( 17). 250-300 m2 . 600-800 . .

  • 5.2.23

    17 . "",

    ,

    . Hopper Gun. ,

    , 2 straps

    . ,

    , freddo, .

    2-3 , 15 , . . " ", " " 19 . ( 18). Made in China.

    18 1875.

    .

    . " " " ".

    "" , 17, , Durability Expert , . , , 2015, 206-1 .

    1504-2 SdCO2 50 m :

  • 5.2.24

    = 400 . :

    :

    e , filter .

    ( ) D = 6,17 mm2/year .

    "" 0,1 mm ( ), , , e=100 , :

    : 100 , , 5 mm. please . >> 1,5 10 mm .

    1504-2, SdCO2 = 50 m 100 206-1.

    , 206-1, , 55, , .

    D = 40 mm2/year = 8,94 mm year-1/2 18.

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100105

    (mm

    )

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    55

    60

    65

    70

    75

    80

    85

    90

    95

    , ,

    18 ... 200 , /T = 0,75

    C12/15. 100 9 .

  • 5.2.25

    ;

    35 mm .

    ;

    ) C20/25 C30/37.

    ) . 1.5 100 50 206-1 ( ).

    ) ( ).

    ) ppm, , , , .

    ,

    ; ! ( 19).

    19 CE (

    35 mm !!!).

    --ppm. ppm 100 4,93 mm ; .... 60 ppm.

    SdCO2=50 m . ( ) SdCO2 = 90m SdCO2 = 210m. , , , .

    ( , ) , 2015;

    2.2.5.2 ,

    20

    mm 15 mm,

    .

  • 5.2.26

    ,

    XC2,XC3 XC4, XC1, XC2 XC3 .

    C1 min 270

    kg/m3. ,

    .

    2.2.5.3

    2.2.5.2, (, ,

    , , , ..)

    2-7.

    @@@ , :

    ' ' ,

    :

    , .

    1504-2 . . Selection of Protective Coatings according to ELOT EN 1504-2 Against Concrete Carbonation, http://e-archimedes.gr/component/k2/item/5888- 5 .

    5

    2015:

    "

    , , . email .

    Silver Alert."

  • 5.2.27

    , 1504-2 1990 206-1 .

    CO2, , "" , , . .

    206-1 . 1990 . .

    , , , , , . 1990 "" 1990, .

    "" " 40 ;". , " /", - - 206-1 "" 100% >50 .

    , , . .

    , , , !

    1990 8-3, 0. "" . . " " .

    "" . , FIB, , . Model Code 2010 ( ) , . , Model Code 2010, . , . , , . driving force . /.

  • 5.2.28

    5, , Building Physics, Materials Science, Corrosion Science . , , 21 . , , . 3,5% "" . 60% 70% .

    "" , . . , 3-4 , . . drop down menu , , , , ...

    , , , . , . .

    206-1, 1504 . .

    . , , .

    . 1990 1,5, , .

    1504 , , , . , , . . , 15 15 10 . . 2 . , ....

    , . . "" . . , . .

  • 5.2.29

    . .