1. The Writing System; Cognates 1.6-2.1 J. Brian Tucker, Ph.D. Michigan Theological Seminary

2. 1.6 Writing non-Greek Words

Names and words not in Greek use close equivalents .

iota is used for /y/ sound (sometimes eta). - Joseph

upsilon is used for /w/ sound.- Levi

sigma is used for several /s/ sounds. - Isaiah

3. 1.7 Punctuation & Diacritical Marks 4. 1.7.1. Accents

Three accents in Greek :

acute [ ]

circumflex [ ]

grave [ ]

Keep in mind the following:

• used to stress syllable

• written over vowels

• for diphthongs, written over the second vowel

• • same applies to breathing marks, s.v.

5. 1.7.2. Breathing Marks

Memorize:Breathing marks occur over vowels and the letter , when they begin a word .

Breathing marks look like the opening [ , i.e. rough /h/ sound] and closing [ , i.e. smooth, no sound] quote marks.

6. 1.7.2. Breathing Marks

If a vowel begins a word and its syllable receives the accent, the breathing mark and the accent mark will be joined.

Examples:[smooth + acute]

[smooth + circumflex]

[smooth + grave]

[rough + acute]

[rough + circumflex]

[rough + grave]

7. 1.7.2. Breathing Marks

The vowel and the consonant ,when they begin a word, always get a rough breathing mark.

8. 1.7.3. Diaeresis

Two vowels that would otherwise form a diphthong can be pronounced separately, this is indicated by 2 dots over the second vowel.

Examples:

another sequence,uses it as well.

9. 1.7.4. Punctuation

Comma and period function like in English.

A raised period [ ] functions as a semicolon.

A semicolon [ ; ] functions as a question mark.

Early mss lacked word divisions, punctuation, accents, and breathing marks. These are inserted based on editorial decisions.

10. 1.7.5. Reading Practice

11. 1.7.5. Reading Practice

12. 1.8. Pronunciation Practice 13. 1.8.1. Books of the New Testament

Turn to page 9 in your textbook or turn to page iii in your UBS text and practice pronouncing the Books of the New Testament.

14. 1.8.2. Luke 3.31-38

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 .

15. 1.8.3. Matthew 1.1-8

.2 , , ,3 , , ,4 , , ,5 , , ,6 . ,7 , , ,8 , , , .

16. 1.8.3. Matthew 1.1-8 Syllables (Hewett 2009: Appendix) 17. 1.9. Learning Essentials

Do you know the sounds of the letters and diphthongs?

Can you recite the alphabet without mistakes?

Have you paid close attention to the way you write the letters?

Can you identify all the punctuation and diacritical marks in John 1.21-23?

18. Lesson 2 Cognates

Used in (linguistics) (of a word) having the same linguistic derivation as another (e.g. English father, GermanVater , Latinpater ) ( OED ).

New Testament also contains Hebrew and Aramaic loan words, which sometimes remain un-translated, e.g.Amen.

Recognizing these will help in vocabulary acquisition.

Ignore the endings when making comparisons and not that upsilon often becomes a y in cognate English spelling (Kunjummen 2009: 13).

19. Lesson 2 Cognates hypotension hypertension epi-dermis the-ist, a-the-ist ex-clude ego-tism auto-pilot anthropology English Cognate Greek Word 20. Lesson 2 Cognates sound, voice earth city many, much head woman around gospel, evangelism English Cognate Greek Word 21. Lesson 2 Cognates relating to sound or the sense of hearing speech, language the quality of being pleasing to the ear - English Cognate Greek Word 22. Conclusions

Move on to exercise 2

Make sure you read all of page 15 it is quite important to this course.