New Mass-Energy Equivalence - Millennium Relativity Concept of Mass-Energy...Keywords: E=mc2, E=mbc,...

European Journal of Scientific Research

ISSN 1450-216X Vol26 No2 (2009) pp161-175

copy EuroJournals Publishing Inc 2009

httpwwweurojournalscomejsrhtm

New Concept of Mass-Energy Equivalence

Bahjat R J Muhyedeen

Department of Chemistry College of Science

University of Baghdad Jadriyah Baghdad Iraq

Contact e-mail nucleardatagmailcom

Abstract

The correct meaning of E=mvv and E=mcc have been discussed The discussion has shown that

the second v and c are conversion factors and not v2 and c

2 in these two equations respectively These

velocities (v and c) are used to convert the momentum units to energy units The first v and c in both

equations should be multiplied with the mass to form the momentum term The essential issue is the

momentum and not the mass where it is an absolute quantity and it will not give any indication while

the momentum gives a clear vision about the moving mass The speculative Lorentz factor has also

discussed to be incorrect when used in special relativity to increase the mass of the materials through

changing their velocities

The concept of conversion between mass and energy is discussed in chemical and nuclear

reactions to show it is incorrect and the annihilation reactions of electron-positron are pseudo

processes

A new non-relativistic mass-energy equivalence is used E=mbc as an alternative where b is a

derived universal constant and equal to 0603797 x 108 ms which gives Em= 18101351214 x 10

16

Jkg or 1u= 187607 MeVbc The ratio of mbcmc2 is equal to (187607) (93149) = 02014 which

gave 417 MeVbc for the Total Kinetic Energy (TKE) of fission fragments of experimental value 294-

378 MeVbc rather than 200 MeVc2 given by E=mc

2 The magnetic constant of charged field μb was

calculated from Maxwell formula and found to be equal to 3265 x 10-6

NA2 and it was larger than

magnetic constant of electromagnetic field μo by 2465

Keywords E=mc2 E=mbc Mass-Energy Equivalence new mass-energy equivalence

photon-frequenton states of matter speed of light-charged particle velocity

constant b magnetic constant μb relativistic mass relativity types of energy

1 Introduction Our present understanding of energy comes from different time periods different experimental results

of science and different theories and models The substantial concepts of mass and energy and their

relationship in the universe were continually changed throughout history by Greek Roman Arab

Indian and Chinese Philosophers The inertia of motion was described in the 3rd century BC by the

Chinese philosopher Mo Tzu and in the 11th AC century by the Muslim scientist Ibn al-Haytham

Alhazen who stated Newtons first and second law of motion in 965-1039 Risala firsquol-makan (Treatise

on Place) (ie 650 years before Newton laws) (Salam 1984) and Avicenna also stated Newtons first

and second law of motion in 980-1037 in his book Ibn Sīnās Kitab al mayl (Theory of Inclination)

(Espinoza 2005)

New Concept of Mass-Energy Equivalence 162

But the most acceptable mathematical definition for mass and energy was written by Gottfried

Leibniz over the period 1676-1689 to express his theory vis viva of conservation of energy sum

(from Latin for living force) (Mackiersquos 1845) and the theory of the conservation of momentum

sum by Isaac Newton (British) in 1687 and Reneacute Decartes (French) in 1645 (Gullberg 1997)

These two theories were considered as controversial at that time but later they were understood as

complementary

The mass concept is usually related to the energy The mass is a fundamental concept in

chemistry and it is a central concept of classical mechanics and related subjects The concept of energy

and its transformations is extremely useful in explaining and predicting most natural phenomena

Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy

which has been available since the Big Bang later being released (ie transformed to more active types

of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available

In the duration from the 19th

century to the 20th

century the mass-energy concept became more

realistic for both issues when many scientists shared in crystallization of the concepts to understand

deeply the secret of the universe In 1804 John Dalton stated his five main points of his Atomic Theory

The discovery of the electron by J J Thomson (1897) the discovery of the proton by Ernest

Rutherford (1919) and the discovery of neutron by James Chadwick (1932) in the first two decades of

the twentieth century has set the real foundations of the atomic and nuclear structure The subsequent

theoretical and experimental researches on the energy atom nuclei isotopes waves and particles led

to the branch of fundamental sciences that deals with atomic and subatomic systems which we today

call quantum mechanics It is the basic mathematical framework of many fields of physics and

chemistry including condensed matter physics solid-state physics atomic physics molecular physics

computational chemistry quantum chemistry particle physics nuclear physics quantum

chromodynamics and quantum gravity The foundations of quantum mechanics were established during

the first half of the 20th

century by Max Planck Curie Albert Einstein Ernest Rutherford Niels Bohr

Louis de Broglie Max Born Werner Heisenberg Erwin Schroumldinger John von Neumann Paul Dirac

Wolfgang Pauli and others (Planck M 1901-1908 Einstein 1905 Rutherford 1904-1933 Bohr 1913

De Broglie 1924 Bernstein 2005 Heisenberg 1925-1927 Schroumldinger 1926 Macrae 1999 Dirac

1928 Pauli Wolfgang and Jung 1955)

The theories and discoveries of thousands of nuclear physicists and chemists since the 1910s

have resulted in a notable understanding into the fundamental structure of matter These findings

explained to us several facts about how the matter is composed of elementary and composite particles

and how the forces control these particles The Standard Model has integrated all these efforts and

concepts to crystalize them for use in the data explanations of most of the experimental results

(Bromley 2000 Kane 1987) The experts of CERN said ldquoEven though the Standard Model is

currently the best description there is of the subatomic world it does not explain the complete picture

The theory incorporates only three out of the four fundamental forces omitting gravityrdquo

Other speculative theories tried to remedy these deficiencies such as Preon Theory which is

coined by Jogesh Pati and Abdus Salam in 1974- (Pati and Salam 1974 Dugne et al 2002) This

theory believes that there are one or more orders of particles more fundamental than those found in the

Standard Model called preons which are derived from pre-quarks and look like ldquoparticle zoo modelrdquo

that came before it The interest in preons has vanished also since the simplest models were

experimentally ruled out in the 1980s More theories have been suggested such as Supersymmetry

theory string theory and grand unification theory Supersymmetry theory states that for every type of

boson there exists a corresponding type of fermion such as sleptons squarks neutralinos and charginos

(Martin 1999 Lykken 1996 Drees 1996 Bilal 2001 Arygres 2001) The Grand Unification Theory

is a theory that searches for precise explanations to all physical phenomena in the universe starting with

the combining of the three fundamental forces the electromagnetic force the strong force and the weak

force at high energies It failed to combine the forth force due the lack of understanding of gravity

(Ross 1984 Parker 1993 Hawking 1988)

163 Bahjat R J Muhyedeen

A more recent model is the string theory which suggests that all particles that make up matter

and energy are comprised of strings measuring at the Planck length (Arygres 2001 Cooper et al

1995 Junker 1996) These strings exist in an 11-dimensional universe to prevent tears in the fabric

of space using the uncertainty principle whereas our own existence is merely a 4-brane inside which

exist the 3 space dimensions and the 1 time dimension that we observe It predicts the existence of a

massless spin-2 particle behaving like the graviton (Schwartz 1998 Troost 2005 Witten 2005)

In my previous article I proposed a novel nuclear model to depict the nuclear structure and to

explain the nuclear reactions The model proposes new elementary particles called conservons and sub-

quarks called magnetons The magnetons are basic building blocks of the fermions while the

conservons control the conservation of mass number linear momentum total energy charge and spins

during the nuclear reactions law of conservations The electron protons and neutrons are composed of

the integer multiple of sub-quarks elementary particles magnetons The protons have certain stable

mass and the neutron have several stables masses depending on the isotope Z and N The neutron will

have unstable masses in the radioactive nuclides

I also have discussed the idea of conversion of mass to energy and vice versa and I showed it is

incorrect as it is neither in the chemical nor in nuclear reactions The annihilation reactions of electron-

positron are disintegration processes rather than annihilation processes because the annihilation will

break the laws of conservations (Muhyedeen 2008)

In addition to that I proposed the fifth and sixth states of matter The fifth state represents the

Nuclear Transparency in which the nuclear components are loosely bound and free to endure a nuclear

reaction due to the weakness of the electromagnetic belt surrounding the nucleus Beyond this region

toward the sun core the fermions will be crashed and disintegrated into to their elementary particles

magnetons which accumulated in hazy form which I called nuclear magma The nuclear magma

starts getting cold and dark because no heat can be absorbed or emitted due to the amorphous

structure The nuclear magma is denser than the nuclei and of high magnetic property and they bind

each other through very strong charged nuclear forces This nuclear magma will be born in the core of

the sun and it moves down and up toward the surface as ldquocold and darkrdquo mass so called a sunspot

therefore their appearance will be fluctuated to the observer These sunspots (nuclear magma) are

collected together through a million of years to form a black hole state and this nuclear magma state of

matter may be called the sixth state of matter

Moreover I discussed the nature of light and I explained it is composed of wave discrete

packets of frequentons to differentiate them from discrete packets of photons of particle nature I

concluded that light is not of dual character (Muhyedeen 2008) Of course Bohr refused the photons

existence and had a long debate with Einstein known as BohrndashEinstein debates

Furthermore I explained both the photoelectric effect and Comptonrsquos effect (Compton 1923)

based on the new wave concept of light represented by frequentons I also proved that the Heisenberg

uncertainty Principle (Heisenberg 1927) became invalid and there is complete certainty in the

measurement I confirmed that the fermions generate its charged electromagnetic field due to its

magnetons This structure grants the particles the duality I as well confirmed that the radiating body

will not lose any mass Finally I derived a simple semi-empirical formula for non-relativistic mass-

energy equivalence E=mbc where b is new derived universal constant in term of speed units and

equals to 0603797 x 108 ms This b constant is equal to 02014 of speed of light In my opinion that

this b constant represents the optimum speed to be reached by the moving charged particles

In this paper I would like to correct some ideas regarding the mass-energy relationship such as

kinetic and potential energy In addition to explain the correct meaning of E=mc2 which was deeply

treated by Einstein I also will submit a novel wave-particle relation to explain the charged

electromagnetic field of the fermion


2 The mass-energy relationship in E=mv2 equation

The coupled behavior of mass and energy is a very old idea since Thales of Miletus (Greek

philosopher 624 BCndashca 546 BC) then Galileo (Italian) in 1638 (Singer 1941) then in 1676

mathematically formulated by Gottfried W Leibniz (German) (E=mv2) to express his theory Vis Viva

of conservation of energy (from Latin for living force) (Mackiersquos 1845) Of course later another

theory dubbed as Caloric theory was discussed that motion can be converted to heat and how it was

achieved Some scientists study these two competing theories such as Antoine Lavoisier in 1783 and

Rumford in 1798 and others to prove that the mechanical motion could be converted into heat In 1807

Thomas Young changed the name from Vis Viva to Energy At that time there was also another theory

in the mechanics which was called the theory of the conservation of momentum suggested by Reneacute

Decartes (French) in 1645 (Gullberg 1997) and formulated as (p=mv) by Isaac Newton (English) in

1687

The scientists at that time were focused on the stars and planets and they thought that the

energy emitted from stars is finally converted to the mass and vice versa to keep the eternity of the

universe and they also thought that when body emits radiation it will loss some of its weight For

example in 1717 Isaac Newton (England) speculated that gross bodies and light are convertible into

one another (Newton 1704 Cohen et al 1999) These confused ideas grew up gradually and they were

well crystallized as concepts of classical mechanics from 1800-1920 It became very common in

physics that massndashenergy equivalence refers to the concept that any mass has an associated energy and

vice versa From the relativity point of view that mass and energy are two forms of the same thing and

neither one appears without the other and even a single photon moving in empty space has a relativistic

mass which is its energy divided by c2

3 The mass-energy relationship in E=mc2 equation

The E=mc2 equation usually overestimates the produced energy due to its non-logical comprehension

that made c2 as a conversion factor and this disclosure appeared since the atomic bombs explosion

tests in early 1940 For example the nuclear scientists said that in nuclear fission roughly 01 of the

mass of fissioned atoms is converted to heat energy and radiation In turn the mass of fissioned atoms

is only part of the mass of the fissionable material eg in a nuclear fission weapon the efficiency is

40 at most meaning that 40 of fissionable atoms actually fission In nuclear fusion roughly 03 of

the mass of fused atoms is converted to active energy I will explain in the forthcoming paper that these

percentages of the mass will not actually convert to an energy because this concept it completely

wrong

The E=mc2 equation is also still not confirmed in the chemical reaction and the reason cited for

this is that current equipment are not sufficiently sensitive (Beiser 1987) It may be not being regarded

as precisely true in such cases from the scientific point of view It also did not work well with the

investigation of the Big Bang theory because the creation of mass or energy in the formation of

lsquoprimeval atomrsquo is not consistent with E=mc2 The same thing can be said about the efficiency of the

nuclear weapons as well as nuclear reactors which are far less than the theoretical value predicted by

E=mc2 Robert Serber (a member of the first American team to enter Hiroshima and Nagasaki in

September 1945 to assess loses) has indicated that the efficiency of ldquoLittle Boyrdquo weapon [U-235

49kg] that was used against Hiroshima was about 2 only (Serber R 1943) Similarly Recent work

led by Antimo Palano (Palano 2003) and his collaborators at Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre

SLAC using BABAR detector confirmed discovery of a new particle labeled as

sJD (2317)+ having

mass 2317 mega-electron volts (or 232 GeVc2) But this mass is far less than current estimates based

upon E=mc2

Generally I can say that the inherited incorrect ideas about understanding the energy and mass

bred out two main imprecise concepts in modern physics that firstly that mass and energy are


convertible secondly the radiation has mass In my perception these ideas are utterly incorrect and the

mass and the energy are inconvertible

I may classify the energy in the universe into two types of energy These are primitive and

incited energy

a- The primitive energy since the Big Bang the energy was stored mainly in two big

reservoirs 1- binding energies of the electrons in the quantized atomic orbitals of the atoms and 2-

binding energies of the fermions in the quantized nuclear shells of the nuclei of the atoms We daily

use these stored energies in various chemical and nuclear transformations and there is no mass

converted to energy or vice versa In nuclear fission processes one can say that these processes lead to

some spallation for very light particles carrying energies caused huge heat These processes may be

calculated by the new equation E=mbc

b- The incited energy this type of energy appears when any force is applied on anybody or

particle For example an earthquake rolls a rock down from a mountain a researcher accelerates a

particle or an atom and so on These processes may be calculated by E=mv2

4 The correct meaning of E=12mv2

I think that the real meaning of the kinetic energy equation is based on the deep understanding of the

relationship between the energy (as scalar or numerical quantity) and the moving mass In point of fact

no clear vision for this relationship has been published in the literature for 330 years since Leibniz

mathematical equation 2

iivm was published in 1676-1689

The scientists do understand the equation as they read and write it which means they believe

the kinetic energy just comes from multiplication of mass of the moving particle (or body) by its

velocity square v2 At the same time they do not think that the particle needs to move with a velocity

equal to a value of its square They looked at it as kinematic energy (which describes the motion of

objects without consideration of the circumstances leading to the motion) rather than kinetic energy

because they focused on the whole term and not on the momentum term which is the central issue in

this equation

Actually this is an unclear concept In addition to that the scientists look at the concept of

energy (E=mv2) calculated from the mass of particle nature in a similar way to that energy (E=hν)

calculated from electromagnetic spectrum of wave nature This obscure and misleading

misunderstanding resulted in the creation of the same deceptive ideas that have historically led the

scientists to the serious errors about E=mc2

In my opinion the kinetic energy calculated from the moving mass is just a mathematical

equivalent function which indicates the equivalent amount of energy that corresponds to any reaction

because of the momentum p of moving particle m with its environment Therefore it is a function of

momentum and not a function of movement as said in the literature It is incited energy and not

primitive energy Of course the heat formed due to friction of moving body with material is another

issue and can be related to outer electrons physical interaction and it does not concern E=mv2 formula

concept The mathematical function of the kinetic energy may be written as a simple multiplication of

p times the velocity

E=pv (should be understood so)

E=mvv (should be read so)

E=mv2 (should be written so)

the second velocity here should be considered as conversion factor from momentum units to energy

units where v is conversion factor but not v2 This is a general rule for the calculation all types of

energy from any moving mass

Normally the anticipated energy from a wave or particle cannot be calculated directly unless

there is a conversion factor For example the energy calculated from the electromagnetic wave is used


in Planck conversion constants E=hν and E=kT More examples are clear in electric magnetic

potential thermal nuclear and chemical energy

The calibration factor 12 which added to the kinetic energy to be 12mv2 by Gaspard-Gustav

Coriolis (who coined the work for the product of force and distance W=FD) (Persson 1998) and Jean-

Victor Poncelet in 1819-1839 (Didion 1870) is not necessary and not essential because it is based on

engineering works data and not based on physical concept It may depreciate the actual value of the

momentum acquired by the external force The Coriolis-Poncelet calibration factor idea might come

from the incorrect understating of the kinetic energy equation as just coming from multiplication of

mass of the moving particle by its velocity square v2 and the momentum is just the first derivative of

the energy Therefore I suggest to remove this calibration factor and to write kinetic energy equation

as E=mv2

Of course in the same way we can discuss the potential energy E=12Kx2 The second x is a

conversion factor We can write it without the calibration factor to be E=Kx2 (William Rankine in

1853 who was the first man coined potential energy)

5 The correct meaning of E=mc2

Since the appearance of the empirical formula E=mc2 in the works of S Tolver Preston in 1875 (E Δ

mc2) (Preston 1875) it was once more misinterpreted in the same manner of that of kinetic energy

The scientists look at this equation in a vague manner that the energy simply comes from multiplication

of mass by c2 as conversion factor This delusive understanding lead to the great disaster to science as

the 20th

century has brought out strange thoughts such as the mass and energy are convertible and the

energy has a mass These concepts were clearly shown in the works of Jules Henri Poincaregrave in 1900

(mv= (Ec2)c (Poincarersquo 1900) ) Olinto De Pretto who speculated E=mc

2 in 1903-1904 (Pretto 1904

Bartocci 1999) Fritz Hasenőhrl in 1904 (m= 4E3c2) (Ohrl and Sitzungen 1904 Ohrl 1905) Einstein

in 1905 (Δm=Lc2 or E=mc

2 from speculative origin and the c

2 as a conversion factor) (Einstein

1905) and Max Planck in 1907 [(m-M)= Ec2 in which the mass increased by absorbing heat]

(Planck 1907 1908) and Einstein also in 1909 [(m-M)=Lc2] (Einstein 1909) In spite of the great

work submitted by those scientists not one of them ever focused on the real meaning of the energy

which is the main gate to all sciences Those scientists had inherited the misconception regarding the

understanding of the kinetic equation They exceeded the science fiction to the extent that Preston said

that one grain could lift a 100000 tons object up to a height of 19 miles This wrong thought came due

to consideration of c2 as a conversion factor and the mass refers to any kind of mass I am very sorry

to find out the great scientist of last century thinks in this way The wrong understanding misleads the

researchers for one century over the entire world that it costs them time and money They let the

scientists dream to create energy from the mass just by using the c2 as a conversion factor Up to this

date there is no clear picture about the nucleus and its components and still they interpret the nuclear

reaction as virtual processes due to the absence of the fact

Among those scientists is Einstein who wrote a new philosophy which crystallized in the theory

of special relativity to include his new concept about the speed of light as a universal constant which

can be used to convert the mass to energy in the simple equation E=mc2 The incorrect interpretation of

E=mc2 through accepting c

2 can be used as the conversion factor lead him to do several accumulated

errors Einstein laid down the special relativity to warrant how c2 can convert the mass to the energy

but he was unlucky in his new theory because it was based on arbitrary speculative mathematical factor

of LorentzndashFitzgerald γ which is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz It is defined as

γ=1radic where

β is the velocity in terms of the speed of light u is the velocity as observed in the reference frame

where time t is measured τ is the proper time and c is the speed of light


Originally in the two papers of 1888 and 1889 Oliver Heaviside (English) [after reading Maxwell 20-

equations and converted to 4-equations only (Maxwell 1861-65)] calculated the deformations of

electric and magnetic fields surrounding a moving charge as well as the effects of it entering a denser

medium using Heaviside correction factor radic which he derived by himself (Heaviside 1885-

1893) This included a prediction of what is now known as Cherenkov radiation

The Heaviside idea of deformations of electric and magnetic fields surrounding a moving

charge inspired George Francis Fitzgerald (Irish) in 1888 and later Hendrik Lorentz (Dutch) in 1891

(Lorentz 1904) independently to suggest what now is known as the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction in

bodies rather than in waves and they changed the Heaviside correction factor form to the speculative γ

The LorentzndashFitzGerald contraction hypothesis was used to explain the negative result of the

MichelsonndashMorley experiment in which they attempted to detect Earths motion relative to the

luminiferous aether (Michelson and Morley 1887) For Earth moving in its orbit at about 30 kms

(185 miles) the contraction would amount to about one part in 200000000 which would be about 6

cm (25 inches) on the diameter of Earth This small change accounts for Michelson and Morleys

negative result by making the source of light and the mirror draw closer together when the system is

moving lengthwise Henri Poincare was not completely satisfied with contraction hypothesis Of

course Lorentz later believed that relativity had introduced some doubt about whether the length was

apparent or real

Whatever the case may be I probably accept (actually I donrsquot) as nuclear and quantum

chemist Fitzgerald and Lorentz used this speculative γ-factor to bodies contraction rather than waves

field contraction (as Heaviside originally used) to explain the body length contraction which might be

acceptable because length contraction and extension or expansion is one of the properties of the

material whatever is But I cannot accept is to use γ-factor to increase mass (to addor create more

grams) due to changes in its velocity

Anyhow the Lorentz factor was one of the fundamental postulates of Einsteins special theory

of relativity is that all inertial observers will measure the same speed of light in vacuum regardless of

their relative motion with respect to each other or the source The use of such arbitrary mathematical

Lorentz factor resulted in additional misguiding concepts such as time dilation (T=Toγ) length

contraction (L=Loγ) and relativistic mass relative to rest mass (m=moγ) (ie mass increment due to its

speed) I think the arbitrary mathematical factor should not be used to control the essential concepts

like time length and mass I will let the length contraction and time dilation aside to the prudent

scientists to reassess and I will discuss what the so called rest and relativistic mass as a chemist

Of these three delusive concepts is the mass increment (relativistic mass) This concept for me

as a chemist is a big disaster in science since there is no way for any moving mass to increase by

increasing its speed The increment in mass means to the nuclear chemist that some new mass (even of

femto-grams or atto-moles) should be created from nihility or nonexistence For example the rest mass

(mo) of 1 gram will be increased by 14 grams if it moves with 06c that means the relativistic mass

(m) will be 125 grams (since γ has the following values when v approaches c in the following ratio

02crarr1021 04crarr109 06crarr125 08crarr1667 and 098crarr5025) This increment concept in mass

is nonsense A simple question is directed to the special relativity that how is the mass of the moving

particle increased Is that through creation of atoms or increase in the mass of elemental particles such

as electrons or protons or neutrons And when the moving mass decrease its velocity Will its mass

decrease What type of science is this

All these labyrinths came from the misunderstanding of the equation E=mc2 since Einstein said

c2 is a universal conversion factor

Anyhow the correct visualization and understanding to this equation should be realized in the

same way of that we explained for the kinetic energy where c is conversion factor but not c2 as

Einstein alleged as shown below

E=pc (should be understood so)

E=mcc (should be read so) (although there is no mass can move with speed of light)


E=mc2 (should be written so)

This means that the energy equation should be interpreted as p times c and not m times c2 In this case

the conversion factor is c but not c2 Nevertheless this equation becomes useless because no mass can

move with speed of light

After this new understanding we can stop the international imaginary example that one gram of

mass is equivalent to the following amounts of energy

899 terajoules

249 million kilowatt-hours (asymp25 GWmiddoth)

215 billion kilocalories (asymp21 Tcal)

215 kilotons of TNT-equivalent energy (asymp21 kt)

852 billion BTUs

If now we apply our new understanding to this equation then we need to write E=pc first Then

we need to know the velocity of this mass (of one gram) to calculate the momentum Then we can

convert the value to the energy unit using the speed of light

The mass-energy equation can be written in different ways depending on the velocity of the

moving particle and the second velocity as the conversion factor In my previous article I derived a new

mass-energy equivalence which can be reviewed in the following section

6 Non-relativistic quantum mass-energy equivalence E=mbc In this regard I had derived a new conversion factor b in E=mbc rather than c

2 in E=mc

2 based on

experimental principles semi-empirical formula wave quantized character and the universal constants

which reflect the frequentons character which were called energy resonators by Max Planck I started

from black body treatment of Max Planck (Planck 1901) which related the emission radiation from the

black body with the temperature radiation I used the two universal experimental constants of Max

Planck (hP= 662606957x10-34 Js) (kP= 3806488x 10

-23 J

oK) in addition to the Wien constant to

derive the new conversion factor b Please note that Planck constant 3806488x 10

-23 J

oK is wrongly

known as Boltzmann constant kB (Boltzmann 1877) In the literature this kP is called Boltzmann

constant kB which is given by RNA ie the gas constant divided by the Avogadro constant where

value is already given by R= kBNA It is a trivial substitution loop ie k= kBNANA The success of Max

Planck treatment which results in finding the two constants h and k was based on three assumptions

that the energy is composed of oscillators the temperature is set to one Kelvin and the wavelength at

its max value These assumptions in addition to some theorem and some experimental values led him

to an historical success of black body radiation

During the derivation of the new formula E=mbc I explained that when the radiation energy is

in equilibrium with the temperature this means that the emitted energy from the electron is equal to the

absorbed energy I realized that the electromagnetic field (EMF) of the electron absorbs and emits the

electromagnetic energy through interference of both fields The excited EMF of the electron is confined

by its mass m due to its internal basic component which called magnetons me=summmagneton Thus I

attributed the wavelength λmax of the thermal spectrum to the energy absorbed by the EMF of the

excited electrons Finally I related the wavelength λmax of the excited EMF with the mass m of the

electrons through De Broglie expression (De Broglie 1924) ie p=hλmax to reach the final expression

for the energy as follow

( ) ( ) (1)

The detailed derivation of eq no 1 is explained in my previous article (Muhyedeen 2008) Equation

no1 gives the final non-relativistic quantum mass-energy equivalence as follow

E=mbc (2)


b is new universal constant and equals to 0603797 x 108 ms which may represent the optimum speed

for electrons or any light charged particle Now I can write the mass-energy equivalent as follow

( )

( ) (

) (

) (3)

The mass-energy equivalence will gets its final value if we substitute for the velocity of light

299792458 x108 ms as follow

( )

( ) (

) (4)

For one atomic unit amu the mass-energy equivalent is calculated as follow

1u = (1660538921 x 10-27

kg) x (1810137886817 x 1016

Jkg) (5)

1u = 30058 x10-11

J (6)

The equivalent energy to one amu in MeV is calculated as follow

1 u (in MeV) = 30058x10-11

J x MeV160218x10-13

J (7)

Or

1 u = (187607) MeV (8)

This novel non-relativistic mass-energy equivalence will help in measuring the masses of the various

particles in low and high energies and to replace the problematic relativistic mass-energy equivalent

which result in various difficulties in the field of nuclear physics and chemistry The derived universal

particle speed constant b describing the speed of the electron is more realistic than Dirac value where

he found the electron speed is equal to the speed of light1

7 Application of E=∆mbc in Nuclear Reactions and Decays

Nuclear Reactions Calculation

The ratio of mbcmc2 is equal to (187607 MeV 93149 MeV) = 02014 This energy equivalent

187607 MeVbc will be used in the calculation of all nuclear processes and reactions rather than

93149 MeVc2 of the speculative equation of Einstein E=mc

2 which overestimates the Q-value The

new equation E=mbc gives 417 MeVbc of the Total Kinetic Energy (TKE) of fission fragments of the

mass=355 x 10-28

Kg (E=355 x 10-28

Kg x 0603797 x 108 ms x 299792 x 10

8 ms) 160218 x 10

-13

JMeV=417 MeVbc) Bakhoum found that the maximum velocity v of the oscillating fragments is v =

045 times 108 ms which is very near to the b value (b=0604 x 10

8 ms) Bakhoum has attempted to

calculate the TKE using the wave mechanical equation H=mv2 at this velocity and got 45 MeVv

2

(Bakhoum 2002) Other experimental works showed that Total Kinetic Energy (TKE) of fission

fragments (of the mass=355x10-28

Kg) using thermal neutron (25 KeV) that results from of U-235 and

Pu-239 is 20-60MeV less than Q-value of reaction predicted by Einsteinrsquos equation E=mc2 (200MeV

for U-235) (Hambsch1989 Thiereus 1981) The new non-relativistic quantum mass-energy

equivalence E=mbc gives reasonable Q-values for the nuclear fission reactions For example the Q-

value for

is 34901 MeVbc (compared to 17329 MeVc2) and the Q-

value for

is 38523 MeVbc (compared to 191274 MeVc

2) The

Q-value for the nuclear fusion


2) and the



2)

1Dirac attempted to derive a relativistic wave equation He obtained a Hamiltonian of the form ( [ ])

where c is the velocity of light mo is the rest mass of the particle [α] is a 4times4 matrix and ξ and p are 1times4 vectors p being

the momentum vector Dirac calculated the x component of the velocity of the particle x˙ from the Poisson bracket

[ ]

Since α11 = plusmn1 he concluded that must be always equal to plusmnc


The Q-value for the nuclear reaction 10

B(dn)11

C

is 13020 MeVbc (compared to

6465 MeVc2)

Beta rays Calculation

The energy of beta decay may be calculated from E=∆mbc directly where ∆m came from the mass

defect The difference in atomic masses ∆m of the mother and daughter will determine the energy of

the emitted beta rays For example the mass defect ∆m for the beta decay emitted from Neptunium ie

is equal to 00007756 u The Q-value is 07225 MeVc2 (based on 9315

MeVc2 relativistic) or 01455 MeVbc (based on non-relativistic 187607MeVbc) The Q-value for

beta decay for


2) The velocity

of beta particle emitted from the nuclear process cannot be calculated from E=mbc directly because of

the neutrinos

Alpha rays Calculation

The energy of alpha particle emitted from 238

U can be calculated from the mass defect E=∆mbc

M = 0004583314 u The Q-value is 08599 MeVbc (compared to 42698

MeVc2) Another example is that the Q-value for alpha decay for

is 129

MeVbc (compared to 6405 MeVc2)

The velocity of alpha emitted from 238

U (m=66446567 x 10-27

kg) of 427 MeVc2 can be calculated

from E=mvb The calculated velocity is 170514 x 106 ms while E=12mv

2 gives 1435 x 10

7 ms

which is relatively high

8 Some derived equations for wave-particle duality In my previous article I concluded that there are three difference concepts for the energy given by the

E=mbc Firstly E=mbc is used to describe the mathematical energy corresponding to the momentum

p=mb of the particle rather than the kinetic energy formula E=12mv2 Secondly E=mbc is used to

describe the energy generated by the fermion Thirdly E=mbc is used to describe the energy of any

nuclear reaction or decay process such beta decay may be calculated directly from E=∆mbc where ∆m

came from the mass defect

I also stated that the universal particle speed constant b represents the maximum velocity can be

reached by all particles (like leptons) when they are emitted from nuclear reactions or processes and no

particle can exceed this value unless it is accelerated Therefore this constant can be used to calculate

the momentum of the elemental charged particles such as electron muon tau lepton and hadrons as

shown below

The momentum of the fermion

The momentum p of the fermion can be given by the following equation

p=mb (1)

This momentum can describe any moving fermions In current physics we usually use speed of light to

describe the fermions and other nuclear particles (p=mc) but now we can use this universal particle

speed constant b in all formula that are used for the fermions

The wavelength of the fermion

In my previous article (Muhyedeen 2008) I described the wavelength that is corresponding to the

momentum of the fermion where we interpreted this wavelength which given by λ=hmb is to

represents the excited radius of the fermion mass due to the flexibility of the sub-structure (magnetons)

of the fermion and not due to the duality concept For example the active radius of the electron is

given by the following equation

(2)


For example the wavelength λ (or excited radius) of the electron is 12044 x 10-11

m the muon

particle is 5835 x 10-14

m proton particle is 6552 x 10-15

m neutron particle is 6561 x 10-15

m tau


m and alpha particle is 1652 x 10-15

m This type of wavelength λ can be

measured when the fermion impact the target

The frequency of the charged field of the fermion

The frequency of the electromagnetic field of the fermion generated by its mass can be calculated from

equation no 3

(3)

The frequencies of the electromagnetic field of some particle are calculated from this equation For

example the ν for the electron is equal to 24909 x 1018

Hz for muon is 5147 x 1021

Hz for proton is

4571 x 1022

Hz for neutron is 4577 x 1022

Hz for tau is 8656 x 1022

Hz and for alpha is 1816 x1023

Hz The electromagnetic field of the fermion will dissipate only when it impacts its anti-fermion and

result in the disintegration process The wavelength of the electromagnetic field of these fermions can

be calculated from the following equation as follow

b=λυ (4)

For example the corresponding λ for υ of the electron (24909 x 1018

Hz) is equal to 2424 x 10-

12 m or 2424 pm This wavelength (2424 pm) describes the strength of the charged field of the

electron Of course this wavelength 24240 x 10-12

m is measured by Compton and he attributed it

incorrectly to the photon The b constant may represent the optimum velocity of the elementary

particles and can be used to relate the wavelength and the frequency of the field of the fermions as

below

As I stated previously that this equation no3 can be used in particle physics for any fermion

moving with velocities less than speed of light In particle physics we usually use c=λυ to describe both

waves and particles but now we can use b=λυ for the particle and c=λυ for waves The wavelength λ

and the frequency υ for waves describe the electromagnetic field property while the wavelength λ and

the frequency υ for particles describe the particle charged field property This charged electromagnetic

field cannot move with speed of light c but it moves with particle speed b Equation no3 can be used

for any particle moving with velocities less than velocity of light The energy of the field at the

circumference of the fermion or the particle can be calculated as follow

E=hbλ (5)

For example the energy at the circumference of the electron (at 2424 pm) is 207 eV and the

energy at the circumference of alpha (at 111 pm) is 151171 MeV These figures well explain the

difference in the ionization strength of the electron and alpha particle when they penetrate the matter

The energy equation E=hbλ can be used in particles physics for heavy particles based on its speed The

speed should be near the b-value

More relation can be derived such as E=mb2 which can be applied for heavy hadrons but less

than alpha and E=mv2 which can be applied for heavy hadrons E=mvb which can be applied for

heavy hadrons but equal or more than alpha E=mbc which can be applied for light particles such as

electron muon and neutrino and others produced from nuclear fission reactions and E=mvc which can

be applied for any accelerated particles with velocity v that exceed 05 of speed of light This formula

can be used in any accelerator Also this equation can be used for fast neutral particle like neutrons

We can use the universal particle speed constant b in all of equations that describe the behavior of the

electrons as seen below

Bethe formula

We can use this universal particle speed constant b to calculate the linear stopping power for the

electrons with high velocity which described by Bethe as follow


[ (

) ( ) ]

If we set the electron velocity v=b we can simplify the equation to the following form

[ (

) ( )]

Where N is the number of the atom of the absorber in cm3 (=NLρA) Z is the atomic number of the

absorber and I is the average of the ionization potential of the absorber (asymp115x Z eV) This formula is

valid for non-accelerated electrons muons and any similar particles

We can use universal particle speed constant b also in the reduced formula for the electron with low

energy We believe that the electron speed mostly move with this b value whether during the excitation

process in the atomic orbital or when it is emitted from radioisotope as beta ray The reduced formula

can be written as follow

[ (

)]

The approximate formula for critical energy of the electron Ec (Bethe and Heitler) is given by

Ec=1600mec2Z We can replace c speed with b speed as the electron cannot move with speed of light

to get the new formula Ec=1600meb2Z The following Table-2 shows the difference in the calculated

values

Table-2 The critical energies for some material

Material Ec MeVc2 Ec MeVb

2

Cu 248 1005

Pb 951 0385

air (STP) 102 4132

plastic 100 4050

water 9 0365

b -constant components

In my previous article (Muhyedeen 2008) I showed that the two components of the electromagnetic

field (εo and μb) of the fermion can be related to universal particle speed constant b in a similar manner

to that of light or the electromagnetic ray (the magnetic constant μo 1256637061 x 10-7

NA2 and

electric constant εo 8854187817 x 10-12

Fm) through Maxwell formula c=1radic(μo εo) as follow

radic or

( ) ( ) then the new value of μb of the field of

charged particle is equal to 3265 x 10-6

NA2

So the ratio of the magnetic constant μb=30979 x 10-5

NA2 of the charged particle is larger

than that of light μo=1256637061 x 10-6

NA2 by 2465 and this gives a special magnetic property to

field of the charged particles For example the strong bonds in the chemical interactions are due to the

strong interference of electromagnetic ray with the electromagnetic field of the electron It also

explains the deflection of gamma beta and alpha rays through passing the magnetic field Of course

this concept is novel in the field of electrodynamics quantum science

8 Summary and concluding remarks The concept of conversion between mass and energy is discussed in chemical and nuclear reactions to

show it is incorrect and the annihilation reactions of electron-positron are pseudo processes The source

of the energy in the universe has been classified into two types of energy These are primitive and

incited energy The correct meaning of E=mvv and E=mcc have been discussed The discussion has


shown that the second v and c are conversion factors and not v2 and c

2 in these two equations

respectively These velocities are used to convert the momentum units to energy units The first v and c

should be multiplied with the mass to form the momentum term The essential issue is the momentum

and not the mass where it is an absolute quantity and it will not give any physical indication while the

momentum gives a clear vision about the moving mass The speculative Lorentz factor has also

discussed as incorrect to be used in special relativity to increase the mass of the materials through

changing their velocities The relative mass time dilation length contraction were shown as a delusive

hypothesis

Finally a new semi-empirical formula has been used for non-relativistic mass-energy

equivalence E=mbc where b is universal constant in term of speed units and equals to 0603797 x 108

ms This constant is equal to 02085 of speed of light Finally we can use this constant to relate the

wavelength and the frequency of the elementary particles in such that b=λυ The magnetic constant of

charged field μb was calculated from the Maxwell formula and found to be equal to 3265 x 10-6

NA2

and it was larger than magnetic constant of light μo by 256

Other non-relativistic quantum equation are derived for high speed charged particles such as

p=mb λ=hmb E=hbλ E=mb2 E=mvb and E=mbb

I suggest to use 1 amu=187607MeVbc from E=mbc rather than 1 amu=93149 MeVc2 from

E=mc2 because this equation overestimates the value I also suggest deleting Lorentz factor from all

mass calculation in nuclear sciences because it gives non logical values due to change of the mass

owing to its velocity

Acknowledgement

The author is highly indebted to Professor Dr G A W Derwish BSc PhD CChem FRSC for his

valuable and fruitful discussions suggestion and comments

References [1] Arygres P 2001 ldquoAn Introduction to Global Supersymmetryrdquo

[2] Bakhoum E G 2002 Physics Essays 15 1 (Preprint archive physics0206061)

[3] Bartocci U Albert Einstein e Olinto De Pretto 1999 ldquola vera storia della formula pi`u famosa

del mondordquo (Ed Andromeda Bologna)

[4] Beiser A 1987 Concepts of Modern Physics (McGraw Hill International Edition New

York 4th Edition) pp 25 27-30420-422 6(1987)

[5] Bernstein J 2005 Max Born and the Quantum Theory Am J Phys 73 (11) 999-1008 (2005)

Department of Physics Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken New Jersey 07030

Received 14 April 2005 accepted 29 July 2005

[6] Bilal A 2001 ldquoIntroduction to Supersymmetryrdquo

[7] Boltzmann L 1877 Proceedings of imperial Academy of Science Vienna (II) 76 pp 428

[8] Bohr N 1913 ldquoOn the Constitution of Atoms and Moleculesrdquo Philosophical Magazine Series

6 26 pp 1-25

[9] Bromley D A 2000 ldquoGauge Theory of Weak Interactionsrdquo Springer ISBN 3-540-67672-4

[10] Cohen B and Whitman A 1999 Newton Isaac The Principia Mathematical Principles of

Natural Philosophy Trans I Berkeley University of California Press

[11] Compton Arthur H 1923 ldquo A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-Rays by Light

Elementsrdquo Physical Review

[12] Cooper F A Khare and U Sukhatme 1995 Supersymmetry in Quantum Mechanicsrdquo Phys

Rep 251 pp 267-85

[13] Didion M 1870 Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages du geacuteneacuteral J V Poncelet LAcadeacutemie

nationale de Metz [1] 1870 (50e anneacutee 1868-1869 2e seacuterie) pp 101-159


[14] Dirac P A M (1928-02-01) The Quantum Theory of the Electron Proceedings of the Royal

Society of London Series A Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 117

(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023

[15] Drees M 1996 ldquoAn Introduction to Supersymmetryrdquo

[16] De Broglie L 1924 ldquoRecherches sur la theacuteorie des quantardquo (Researches on the quantum

theory) Thesis Paris

[17] Dugne J-J Fredriksson S and Hansson J Preon Trinity 2002 ldquoA Schematic Model of

Leptons Quarks and Heavy Vector Bosonsrdquo Europhys Lett 57 pp 188

[18] Einstein A 1905 Annalen der Physik 18 pp 639

[19] Espinoza F 2005 An analysis of the historical development of ideas about motion and its

implications for teaching Physics Education 40 (2) p 141

[20] Gullberg J 1997 Mathematics From The Birth Of Numbers W W Norton ISBN 0-393-

04002

[21] Hambsch FJ et al 1989 Nucl Phys A 491 pp 56

[22] Hawking S 1988 ldquoA Brief History of Timerdquo

[23] Heaviside Oliver 1885 Electromagnetic induction and its propagation The Electrician

1885 1886 and 1887

[24] Heaviside Oliver 1887 Electrical Papers 1887

[25] Heaviside Oliver 1888 The Electro-magnetic Effects of a Moving charge Electrician 1888

[26] Heaviside Oliver 1893 On the Forces Stresses and Fluxes of Energy in the Electromagnetic

Field Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society London 1893

[27] Heisenberg W 1927 Uumlber den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und

Mechanik Zeitschrift fuumlr Physik 43 pp 172-198

[28] Heisenberg W 1925 Uumlber quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer

Beziehungen Zeitschrift fuumlr Physik 33 879-893 1925 (received 29 July 1925) [English

translation in B L van der Waerden editor Sources of Quantum Mechanics (Dover

Publications 1968) ISBN 0-486-61881-1 (English title Quantum-Theoretical Re-interpretation

of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations)]

[29] Junker G 1996 ldquoSupersymmetric Methods in Quantum and Statistical Physicsrdquo Springer-

Verlag

[30] Kane G L 1987 ldquoModern Elementary Particle Physicsrdquo Perseus Books ISBN 0-201-11749-

5

[31] Lykken J D 1996 ldquoIntroduction to Supersymmetryrdquo

[32] Lawson J D 1957 Proceedings of the Physical Society B Vol 70 pp 6

[33] Mackies John M 1845 The Life of Godfrey William von Leibnitz Full text biography of

Leibniz from Google Books

[34] Lorentz Hendrik Antoon 1904 Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any

velocity smaller than that of light Proc Acad Science Amsterdam 6 809ndash831

[35] Lorentz Hendrik Antoon (1899) Simplified Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in

Moving Systems Proc Acad Science Amsterdam 1 427ndash442

[36] Lorentz Hendrik Antoon (1895) Versuch einer theorie der electrischen und optischen

erscheinungen bewegten koerpern Leiden

[37] Macrae N 1999 John von Neumann The Scientific Genius Who Pioneered the Modern

Computer Game Theory Nuclear Deterrence and Much More Reprinted by the American

Mathematical Society

[38] Martin S 1999 ldquoA Supersymmetry Primerrdquo

[39] Maxwell J M 1861 ldquoOn Physical Lines of Forcerdquo

[40] Maxwell J M 1865 ldquoA Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Fieldrdquo

[41] Muhyedeen B R J 2008 European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol22

No4 (2008) 584-601


[42] Michelson A A and Morley E W 1887 On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the

Luminiferous Ether American Journal of Science 34 (203) 333ndash345

httpwwwaiporghistoryexhibitsgapPDFmichelsonpdf

[43] Newton Sir Isaac 1704 ldquoOpticksrdquo pp CVX (reprinted by Dover Publications Inc New

York (1952)

[44] Ohrl H and Wien F Sitzungen 1904 F Ann der Phys IIA 113 pp 1039 Ohrl H 1905 F

Ann der Phys 16 pp 589

[45] Parker B 1993 ldquoOvercoming some of the problemsrdquo pp 259-279

[46] Pati J C and A Salam 1974 ldquoLepton number as the fourth color Phys Rev D10 pp 275-

289

[47] Persson A 1998 How do we understand the Coriolis Force Bull Amer Meteor Soc 79

1373-1385

[48] Planck M 1901 rdquoOn the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrumrdquo Annalen der

Physik 4 pp 553

[49] Planck M 1908 Ann Phys 26 pp 1

[50] Planck M 1907 Sitz der preuss AkadWiss Physik Math Klasse 13 (June)

[51] Palano A et al 2003 Observation of New Narrow Ds states Phys Rev Lett 90 (2003)

242001

[52] Palano A 2003 SLAC Seminar Stanford USA April 28 2003

[53] Poincaracutee JH 1900 Arch neerland sci 2 5 pp 232

[54] Poincaracutee JH 1900 In Boscha pp 252

[55] Preston S T 1875 ldquoPhysics of the Etherrdquo E amp F N Spon London see also

httpitisvoltaalessandriaitepistemeep6ep6-bjerk1htm

[56] Pretto O De 1904 ldquoIpotesi dellrsquoetere nella vita dellrsquouniversordquo Reale Istituto Veneto di

Scienze Lettere ed Arti Feb 1904 tomo LXIII parte II pp 439-500

[57] Pauli Wolfgang Jung CG 1955 The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche Random

House

[58] Pauli Wolfgang 1981 Theory of Relativity New York Dover ISBN 048664152X

[59] Ross G 1984 ldquoGrand Unified Theoriesrdquo Westview Press ISBN 978-0-8053-6968-7

[60] Rutherford E 1904 ldquo Radio-activity 2nd ed (1905) ISBN 978-1-60355-058-1

[61] Rutherford E 1906 ldquoRadioactive Transformationsrdquo ISBN 978-160355-054-3

[62] Rutherford E 1904 ldquoRadiations from Radioactive Substancesrdquo

[63] Rutherford E 1926 ldquoThe Electrical Structure of Matterrdquo

[64] Rutherford E 1933 ldquoThe Artificial Transmutation of the Elementsrdquo

[65] Salam A 1984) Islam and Science In C H Lai (1987) Ideals and Realities Selected

Essays of Abdus Salam 2nd ed World Scientific Singapore p 179-213

[66] Schroumldinger E 1926 An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules

Phys Rev 28 6 pp 1049ndash1070 doi101103 Phys Rev 28 pp 1049

[67] Schroumldinger E 1926 Annalen der Physik (Leipzig) Main paper

[68] Schwarz P 1998 ldquoThe Official String Theory Web Siterdquo Retrieved on December 16 2005

March 2008

[69] Serber R 1943 The Los Alamos Primer (US Govt first published as LA1 April 1943)

declassified 1965 annotated book 1992 Also R Serber (editor) The Los Alamos Primer pp

38 (Univ of California Press 1992)

[70] Thiereus H et al 1981 Phys Rev C 23 pp 2104

[71] Troost J 2002 ldquoBeyond String Theoryrdquo Vrije Universiteit Brussel Theoretical Physics

(TENA) Retrieved on December 16 2005 ndash An ongoing project by a string physicist working

for the French CNRS

[72] Witten E 1998 ldquoDuality Spacetime and Quantum Mechanicsrdquo Kavli Institute for Theoretical

Physics Retrieved on December 16 2005

Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
More Articles Millennium Relativity home page


But the most acceptable mathematical definition for mass and energy was written by Gottfried

Leibniz over the period 1676-1689 to express his theory vis viva of conservation of energy sum

(from Latin for living force) (Mackiersquos 1845) and the theory of the conservation of momentum

sum by Isaac Newton (British) in 1687 and Reneacute Decartes (French) in 1645 (Gullberg 1997)

These two theories were considered as controversial at that time but later they were understood as

complementary

The mass concept is usually related to the energy The mass is a fundamental concept in

chemistry and it is a central concept of classical mechanics and related subjects The concept of energy

and its transformations is extremely useful in explaining and predicting most natural phenomena

Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy

which has been available since the Big Bang later being released (ie transformed to more active types

of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available

In the duration from the 19th

century to the 20th

century the mass-energy concept became more

realistic for both issues when many scientists shared in crystallization of the concepts to understand

deeply the secret of the universe In 1804 John Dalton stated his five main points of his Atomic Theory

The discovery of the electron by J J Thomson (1897) the discovery of the proton by Ernest

Rutherford (1919) and the discovery of neutron by James Chadwick (1932) in the first two decades of

the twentieth century has set the real foundations of the atomic and nuclear structure The subsequent

theoretical and experimental researches on the energy atom nuclei isotopes waves and particles led

to the branch of fundamental sciences that deals with atomic and subatomic systems which we today

call quantum mechanics It is the basic mathematical framework of many fields of physics and

chemistry including condensed matter physics solid-state physics atomic physics molecular physics

computational chemistry quantum chemistry particle physics nuclear physics quantum

chromodynamics and quantum gravity The foundations of quantum mechanics were established during

the first half of the 20th

century by Max Planck Curie Albert Einstein Ernest Rutherford Niels Bohr

Louis de Broglie Max Born Werner Heisenberg Erwin Schroumldinger John von Neumann Paul Dirac

Wolfgang Pauli and others (Planck M 1901-1908 Einstein 1905 Rutherford 1904-1933 Bohr 1913

De Broglie 1924 Bernstein 2005 Heisenberg 1925-1927 Schroumldinger 1926 Macrae 1999 Dirac

1928 Pauli Wolfgang and Jung 1955)

The theories and discoveries of thousands of nuclear physicists and chemists since the 1910s

have resulted in a notable understanding into the fundamental structure of matter These findings

explained to us several facts about how the matter is composed of elementary and composite particles

and how the forces control these particles The Standard Model has integrated all these efforts and

concepts to crystalize them for use in the data explanations of most of the experimental results

(Bromley 2000 Kane 1987) The experts of CERN said ldquoEven though the Standard Model is

currently the best description there is of the subatomic world it does not explain the complete picture

The theory incorporates only three out of the four fundamental forces omitting gravityrdquo

Other speculative theories tried to remedy these deficiencies such as Preon Theory which is

coined by Jogesh Pati and Abdus Salam in 1974- (Pati and Salam 1974 Dugne et al 2002) This

theory believes that there are one or more orders of particles more fundamental than those found in the

Standard Model called preons which are derived from pre-quarks and look like ldquoparticle zoo modelrdquo

that came before it The interest in preons has vanished also since the simplest models were

experimentally ruled out in the 1980s More theories have been suggested such as Supersymmetry

theory string theory and grand unification theory Supersymmetry theory states that for every type of

boson there exists a corresponding type of fermion such as sleptons squarks neutralinos and charginos

(Martin 1999 Lykken 1996 Drees 1996 Bilal 2001 Arygres 2001) The Grand Unification Theory

is a theory that searches for precise explanations to all physical phenomena in the universe starting with

the combining of the three fundamental forces the electromagnetic force the strong force and the weak

force at high energies It failed to combine the forth force due the lack of understanding of gravity

(Ross 1984 Parker 1993 Hawking 1988)





























































1687




















wrong












sJD (2317)+ having


upon E=mc2







incited energy























this equation

































as E=mv2









the 20th




2 in 1903-1904 (Pretto 1904

























γ=1radic where





















apparent or real








































899 terajoules




852 billion BTUs








2 in E=mc

2 based on





Planck (hP= 662606957x10-34 Js) (kP= 3806488x 10

-23 J



-23 J

oK is wrongly

















( ) ( ) (1)



E=mbc (2)




( )

( ) (

) (

) (3)



( )

( ) (

) (4)


1u = (1660538921 x 10-27

kg) x (1810137886817 x 1016

Jkg) (5)

1u = 30058 x10-11

J (6)


1 u (in MeV) = 30058x10-11

J x MeV160218x10-13

J (7)

Or

1 u = (187607) MeV (8)













mass=355 x 10-28

Kg (E=355 x 10-28

Kg x 0603797 x 108 ms x 299792 x 10

8 ms) 160218 x 10

-13





2







value for


value for


2) The



2) and the



2)




[ ]




B(dn)11

C


6465 MeVc2)







beta decay for


2) The velocity


the neutrinos






is 129



U (m=66446567 x 10-27



2 gives 1435 x 10

7 ms












shown below



p=mb (1)










(2)



m the muon




m tau







equation no 3

(3)




Hz for proton is

4571 x 1022







b=λυ (4)








below









E=hbλ (5)














Bethe formula




[ (

) ( ) ]


[ (

) ( )]








[ (

)]




values



2

Cu 248 1005

Pb 951 0385

air (STP) 102 4132

plastic 100 4050

water 9 0365





NA2 and



radic or



NA2






















hypothesis






NA2








Acknowledgement















6 26 pp 1-25







Rep 251 pp 267-85






(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023










04002




1885 1886 and 1887













Verlag


5


















No4 (2008) 584-601






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text





























































1687




















wrong












sJD (2317)+ having


upon E=mc2







incited energy























this equation

































as E=mv2









the 20th




2 in 1903-1904 (Pretto 1904

























γ=1radic where





















apparent or real








































899 terajoules




852 billion BTUs








2 in E=mc

2 based on





Planck (hP= 662606957x10-34 Js) (kP= 3806488x 10

-23 J



-23 J

oK is wrongly

















( ) ( ) (1)



E=mbc (2)




( )

( ) (

) (

) (3)



( )

( ) (

) (4)


1u = (1660538921 x 10-27

kg) x (1810137886817 x 1016

Jkg) (5)

1u = 30058 x10-11

J (6)


1 u (in MeV) = 30058x10-11

J x MeV160218x10-13

J (7)

Or

1 u = (187607) MeV (8)













mass=355 x 10-28

Kg (E=355 x 10-28

Kg x 0603797 x 108 ms x 299792 x 10

8 ms) 160218 x 10

-13





2







value for


value for


2) The



2) and the



2)




[ ]




B(dn)11

C


6465 MeVc2)







beta decay for


2) The velocity


the neutrinos






is 129



U (m=66446567 x 10-27



2 gives 1435 x 10

7 ms












shown below



p=mb (1)










(2)



m the muon




m tau







equation no 3

(3)




Hz for proton is

4571 x 1022







b=λυ (4)








below









E=hbλ (5)














Bethe formula




[ (

) ( ) ]


[ (

) ( )]








[ (

)]




values



2

Cu 248 1005

Pb 951 0385

air (STP) 102 4132

plastic 100 4050

water 9 0365





NA2 and



radic or



NA2






















hypothesis






NA2








Acknowledgement















6 26 pp 1-25







Rep 251 pp 267-85






(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023










04002




1885 1886 and 1887













Verlag


5


















No4 (2008) 584-601






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text





incited energy























this equation

































as E=mv2









the 20th




2 in 1903-1904 (Pretto 1904

























γ=1radic where





















apparent or real








































899 terajoules




852 billion BTUs








2 in E=mc

2 based on





Planck (hP= 662606957x10-34 Js) (kP= 3806488x 10

-23 J



-23 J

oK is wrongly

















( ) ( ) (1)



E=mbc (2)




( )

( ) (

) (

) (3)



( )

( ) (

) (4)


1u = (1660538921 x 10-27

kg) x (1810137886817 x 1016

Jkg) (5)

1u = 30058 x10-11

J (6)


1 u (in MeV) = 30058x10-11

J x MeV160218x10-13

J (7)

Or

1 u = (187607) MeV (8)













mass=355 x 10-28

Kg (E=355 x 10-28

Kg x 0603797 x 108 ms x 299792 x 10

8 ms) 160218 x 10

-13





2







value for


value for


2) The



2) and the



2)




[ ]




B(dn)11

C


6465 MeVc2)







beta decay for


2) The velocity


the neutrinos






is 129



U (m=66446567 x 10-27



2 gives 1435 x 10

7 ms












shown below



p=mb (1)










(2)



m the muon




m tau







equation no 3

(3)




Hz for proton is

4571 x 1022







b=λυ (4)








below









E=hbλ (5)














Bethe formula




[ (

) ( ) ]


[ (

) ( )]








[ (

)]




values



2

Cu 248 1005

Pb 951 0385

air (STP) 102 4132

plastic 100 4050

water 9 0365





NA2 and



radic or



NA2






















hypothesis






NA2








Acknowledgement















6 26 pp 1-25







Rep 251 pp 267-85






(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023










04002




1885 1886 and 1887













Verlag


5


















No4 (2008) 584-601






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text












as E=mv2









the 20th




2 in 1903-1904 (Pretto 1904

























γ=1radic where





















apparent or real








































899 terajoules




852 billion BTUs








2 in E=mc

2 based on





Planck (hP= 662606957x10-34 Js) (kP= 3806488x 10

-23 J



-23 J

oK is wrongly

















( ) ( ) (1)



E=mbc (2)




( )

( ) (

) (

) (3)



( )

( ) (

) (4)


1u = (1660538921 x 10-27

kg) x (1810137886817 x 1016

Jkg) (5)

1u = 30058 x10-11

J (6)


1 u (in MeV) = 30058x10-11

J x MeV160218x10-13

J (7)

Or

1 u = (187607) MeV (8)













mass=355 x 10-28

Kg (E=355 x 10-28

Kg x 0603797 x 108 ms x 299792 x 10

8 ms) 160218 x 10

-13





2







value for


value for


2) The



2) and the



2)




[ ]




B(dn)11

C


6465 MeVc2)







beta decay for


2) The velocity


the neutrinos






is 129



U (m=66446567 x 10-27



2 gives 1435 x 10

7 ms












shown below



p=mb (1)










(2)



m the muon




m tau







equation no 3

(3)




Hz for proton is

4571 x 1022







b=λυ (4)








below









E=hbλ (5)














Bethe formula




[ (

) ( ) ]


[ (

) ( )]








[ (

)]




values



2

Cu 248 1005

Pb 951 0385

air (STP) 102 4132

plastic 100 4050

water 9 0365





NA2 and



radic or



NA2






















hypothesis






NA2








Acknowledgement















6 26 pp 1-25







Rep 251 pp 267-85






(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023










04002




1885 1886 and 1887













Verlag


5


















No4 (2008) 584-601






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text



















apparent or real








































899 terajoules




852 billion BTUs








2 in E=mc

2 based on





Planck (hP= 662606957x10-34 Js) (kP= 3806488x 10

-23 J



-23 J

oK is wrongly

















( ) ( ) (1)



E=mbc (2)




( )

( ) (

) (

) (3)



( )

( ) (

) (4)


1u = (1660538921 x 10-27

kg) x (1810137886817 x 1016

Jkg) (5)

1u = 30058 x10-11

J (6)


1 u (in MeV) = 30058x10-11

J x MeV160218x10-13

J (7)

Or

1 u = (187607) MeV (8)













mass=355 x 10-28

Kg (E=355 x 10-28

Kg x 0603797 x 108 ms x 299792 x 10

8 ms) 160218 x 10

-13





2







value for


value for


2) The



2) and the



2)




[ ]




B(dn)11

C


6465 MeVc2)







beta decay for


2) The velocity


the neutrinos






is 129



U (m=66446567 x 10-27



2 gives 1435 x 10

7 ms












shown below



p=mb (1)










(2)



m the muon




m tau







equation no 3

(3)




Hz for proton is

4571 x 1022







b=λυ (4)








below









E=hbλ (5)














Bethe formula




[ (

) ( ) ]


[ (

) ( )]








[ (

)]




values



2

Cu 248 1005

Pb 951 0385

air (STP) 102 4132

plastic 100 4050

water 9 0365





NA2 and



radic or



NA2






















hypothesis






NA2








Acknowledgement















6 26 pp 1-25







Rep 251 pp 267-85






(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023










04002




1885 1886 and 1887













Verlag


5


















No4 (2008) 584-601






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text








899 terajoules




852 billion BTUs








2 in E=mc

2 based on





Planck (hP= 662606957x10-34 Js) (kP= 3806488x 10

-23 J



-23 J

oK is wrongly

















( ) ( ) (1)



E=mbc (2)




( )

( ) (

) (

) (3)



( )

( ) (

) (4)


1u = (1660538921 x 10-27

kg) x (1810137886817 x 1016

Jkg) (5)

1u = 30058 x10-11

J (6)


1 u (in MeV) = 30058x10-11

J x MeV160218x10-13

J (7)

Or

1 u = (187607) MeV (8)













mass=355 x 10-28

Kg (E=355 x 10-28

Kg x 0603797 x 108 ms x 299792 x 10

8 ms) 160218 x 10

-13





2







value for


value for


2) The



2) and the



2)




[ ]




B(dn)11

C


6465 MeVc2)







beta decay for


2) The velocity


the neutrinos






is 129



U (m=66446567 x 10-27



2 gives 1435 x 10

7 ms












shown below



p=mb (1)










(2)



m the muon




m tau







equation no 3

(3)




Hz for proton is

4571 x 1022







b=λυ (4)








below









E=hbλ (5)














Bethe formula




[ (

) ( ) ]


[ (

) ( )]








[ (

)]




values



2

Cu 248 1005

Pb 951 0385

air (STP) 102 4132

plastic 100 4050

water 9 0365





NA2 and



radic or



NA2






















hypothesis






NA2








Acknowledgement















6 26 pp 1-25







Rep 251 pp 267-85






(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023










04002




1885 1886 and 1887













Verlag


5


















No4 (2008) 584-601






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text




( )

( ) (

) (

) (3)



( )

( ) (

) (4)


1u = (1660538921 x 10-27

kg) x (1810137886817 x 1016

Jkg) (5)

1u = 30058 x10-11

J (6)


1 u (in MeV) = 30058x10-11

J x MeV160218x10-13

J (7)

Or

1 u = (187607) MeV (8)













mass=355 x 10-28

Kg (E=355 x 10-28

Kg x 0603797 x 108 ms x 299792 x 10

8 ms) 160218 x 10

-13





2







value for


value for


2) The



2) and the



2)




[ ]




B(dn)11

C


6465 MeVc2)







beta decay for


2) The velocity


the neutrinos






is 129



U (m=66446567 x 10-27



2 gives 1435 x 10

7 ms












shown below



p=mb (1)










(2)



m the muon




m tau







equation no 3

(3)




Hz for proton is

4571 x 1022







b=λυ (4)








below









E=hbλ (5)














Bethe formula




[ (

) ( ) ]


[ (

) ( )]








[ (

)]




values



2

Cu 248 1005

Pb 951 0385

air (STP) 102 4132

plastic 100 4050

water 9 0365





NA2 and



radic or



NA2






















hypothesis






NA2








Acknowledgement















6 26 pp 1-25







Rep 251 pp 267-85






(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023










04002




1885 1886 and 1887













Verlag


5


















No4 (2008) 584-601






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text



B(dn)11

C


6465 MeVc2)







beta decay for


2) The velocity


the neutrinos






is 129



U (m=66446567 x 10-27



2 gives 1435 x 10

7 ms












shown below



p=mb (1)










(2)



m the muon




m tau







equation no 3

(3)




Hz for proton is

4571 x 1022







b=λυ (4)








below









E=hbλ (5)














Bethe formula




[ (

) ( ) ]


[ (

) ( )]








[ (

)]




values



2

Cu 248 1005

Pb 951 0385

air (STP) 102 4132

plastic 100 4050

water 9 0365





NA2 and



radic or



NA2






















hypothesis






NA2








Acknowledgement















6 26 pp 1-25







Rep 251 pp 267-85






(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023










04002




1885 1886 and 1887













Verlag


5


















No4 (2008) 584-601






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text



m the muon




m tau







equation no 3

(3)




Hz for proton is

4571 x 1022







b=λυ (4)








below









E=hbλ (5)














Bethe formula




[ (

) ( ) ]


[ (

) ( )]








[ (

)]




values



2

Cu 248 1005

Pb 951 0385

air (STP) 102 4132

plastic 100 4050

water 9 0365





NA2 and



radic or



NA2






















hypothesis






NA2








Acknowledgement















6 26 pp 1-25







Rep 251 pp 267-85






(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023










04002




1885 1886 and 1887













Verlag


5


















No4 (2008) 584-601






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text


[ (

) ( ) ]


[ (

) ( )]








[ (

)]




values



2

Cu 248 1005

Pb 951 0385

air (STP) 102 4132

plastic 100 4050

water 9 0365





NA2 and



radic or



NA2






















hypothesis






NA2








Acknowledgement















6 26 pp 1-25







Rep 251 pp 267-85






(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023










04002




1885 1886 and 1887













Verlag


5


















No4 (2008) 584-601






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text










hypothesis






NA2








Acknowledgement















6 26 pp 1-25







Rep 251 pp 267-85






(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023










04002




1885 1886 and 1887













Verlag


5


















No4 (2008) 584-601






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text




(778) 610ndash624 doi101098rspa19280023










04002




1885 1886 and 1887













Verlag


5


















No4 (2008) 584-601






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text






York (1952)





289


1373-1385


Physik 4 pp 553




242001









House














March 2008







for the French CNRS



Rybczyk
Typewritten Text
Rybczyk
Typewritten Text

New Mass-Energy Equivalence - Millennium Relativity Concept of Mass-Energy...Keywords: E=mc2, E=mbc,...

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Transcript of New Mass-Energy Equivalence - Millennium Relativity Concept of Mass-Energy...Keywords: E=mc2, E=mbc,...