MuCool Status and Plans

Neutrinos from Stored MuonsnSTORMn physics with a storage ring

OutlineHistorical contextPhysics motivationThe facilityPhysics potentialProject considerationsMoving forward and Conclusions2Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Historical ContextIntroductionFor over 30 years physicists have been talking about doing n experiments with ns from m decay

Flavor content fully knownNear Absolute Flux Determination is possible in a storage ringBeam current, polarization, beam divergence monitor, mp spectrometerOverall, there is tremendous control of systematic uncertainties with a well designed systemInitially the motivation was high-energy n interaction physics.

BUT, so far no experiment has ever been done!

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Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 201330 Years in the MakingFirst proposed in detail by David Neuffer in 1980 at the Telemark Wisconsin workshop on neutrino mass5Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

The technology existed then&It certainly exists now

Note: First Reference:50 GeV beam Koshkarev Here in 1974P-860 (1990)A Search for Neutrino Oscillations Using the Fermilab Debuncher

Slide from1991 PACPresentationAlan Bross CERN January 24th, 20136

Muons in the Debuncher?Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 20137The Birth of the Neutrino Factory - 1998

TopCite 500+ Renowned PaperAlan Bross CERN January 24th, 20138n physics with a storage ring 9

12 channels accessibleif En is above the t threshold Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013For the past decade+, the focus has been on n oscillation physics9Neutrino Factory StudiesStudy 1 (US-Fermilab) [2000]Study 2 (US-BNL) [2001]NuFact-J study [2001]CERN NF study [2002]Study 2a (APS Multidivisional Neutrino Study) [2004]ISS (first international study; ISS group) [2006]One finishing upInternational Design Study for a NFRDR ready by September 2013But will supply input to Snowmass 1310Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

International Design Study for a Neutrino Factory (IDS-NF)The baseline NF in the 2011 IDS-NF Interim Design Report (IDR) is the high-energy (Em=25 GeV) machine, two-baseline facility: Proton Driver4 MW, 2 ns bunchTarget, Capture, Drift () & Phase RotationHg Jet200 MHz trainCooling30 pmm ( ^ )150 pmm ( L )Acceleration103 MeV 25 GeVDecay rings7500 km L4000 km LFocused on reaching the highest possible sensitivity for very small q13

11Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

Figure of Merit: 0.15 m/pot@ end of cooling channelThe NF Goal was To Know what we Dont Know

12Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013We do NowIs the NF Concept Still Relevant?NF in context of q13 9oCurrent status of IDS-NF designSimpler Facility New IDS-NF baselineSingle baseline (2300-2600 km)Lower Em = 10 GeV (eliminate final acceleration stage)Still gives best dcp coverage & precision But is still quite expensive13Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

YESnuSTORMIt is a near-term facilityBecause, technically, we can do it nowAddresses the large dm2 n oscillation regimeProvides beam for precision n interaction physicsProvides a m decay ring R&D (instrumentation) & technology demonstration platformAccelerator technology test bedpotential for intense low E muon beamProvides a n Detector Test Facility

Is there an affordable m-based n beam First Step?14Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 201315Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 201310-100kWSo, here is where we are with the NFThisis the simplestimplementationof the NFAnd DOES NOTRequire the Development ofANYNew TechnologyThis is what we want to do near-term:Neutrinos from STORed Muons, nSTORM3.8 GeV/cstored m

Physics motivation &Theoretical Considerations

Beyond the nSM

Short-baseline n oscillation studiesSterile neutrinos arise naturally in many extensions of the Standard Model.GUT modelsSeesaw mechanism for n massDark sectorUsually heavy, but light not ruled out.Experimental hintsLSNDMiniBooNEGAReactor anomaly17Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Kopp, Machado, Maltoni & Schwetz (work in progress) & arXiv:1103.4570".

3+1

3 + 2 Models18Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

Models with 2 sterile neutrinos provide better fits to the dataarXiv:1204.5379v1

3+21+3+1arXiv:1103.4570Kopp, Maltoni & Schwetz3 + 3 ModelA 3+3 model has recently been shown to better fit all available data19Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013J.M. Conrad, C.M. Ignarra, G. Karagiorgi, M.H. Shaevitz, J. Spitz (arXiv:1207.4765v1)

From Kopp, Maltoni & SchwetzIn conclusion, we have shown that a global fit to short baseline oscillation searches assuming two sterile neutrinos improves significantly when new predictions for the reactor neutrino flux are taken into account, although some tension remains in the fit. We are thus facing an intriguing accumulation of hints for the existence of sterile neutrinos at the eV scale, and a confirmation of these hints in the future would certainly be considered a major discovery.20Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013n Interaction Physicsn Cross-section measurementsThe next generation of LB experiments face some significant challengesCP asymmetry decreases with increasing sin2213Well. I should say that the CP asymmetry IS smallFlux and cross-sections must be known to much better than 5%Gaining a better understanding of x-sections may be crucial to these future experimentsThe energy range of interest is roughly 1-3 GeVm storage rings provide the only way to get large sample of ne and nm interactions (both neutrino and anti-neutrino) in a single experiment and:With m decay ring instrumentation we anticipate getting the flux uncertainty below 1% and With a well designed suite of near detectors, x-sections can be measured to the few % level or less.Great deal of ND work for LBNE, LBNO & IDS-NFReach an overall systematic uncertainly that is very difficult (impossible?) in conventional n beams22Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013n Cross-section measurementsCross-section measurementsm storage ring presents only way to measure nm & ne & ( ) x-sections in same experimentSupports future long-baseline experiments

23Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

Important to note that with 13 large, the asymmetry youre trying to measure is small, so:Need to know underlying/bar flux & more preciselyBkg content & uncertainties start to become more importantA detector for n interaction physicsOne Example

24Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013HiResMnEvolution of the NOMAD experimentOne of the concepts considered for ND for LBNEStudied as ND for NFCapabilitiesHigh resolution spectrometerLow densityPID & trackingNuclear targetsSanjib Mishran Interaction PhysicsA partial samplingne and ne-bar x-section measurementsp0 production in n interactionsCoherent and quasi-exclusive single p0 production Charged p & K productionCoherent and quasi-exclusive single p+ production Multi-nucleon final statesn-e scatteringn-Nucleon neutral current scatteringMeasurement of NC to CC ratioCharged and neutral current processesMeasurement of ne induced resonance productionNuclear effectsSemi-exclusive & exclusive processesMeasurement of Ks0, L & L-bar productionNew physics & exotic processesTest of nm - ne universalityHeavy neV-scale pseudo-scalar penetrating particles

25Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Over 60 topics (thesis)accessible at nuSTORMThe Facility

Baseline(s)100 kW Target StationAssume 60 GeV protonFermilab PIP eraAu targetOptimization on-goingHorn collection after targetLi lens has also been exploredCollection/transport channelTwo options Stochastic injection of pKicker with p m decay channelAt present NOT considering simultaneous collection of both signs Decay ringLarge aperture FODORacetrack FFAGInstrumentationBCTs, mag-Spec in arc, polarimeter27Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 20133.8 GeV/cstored mm-base n beam:Oscillation channels28

8 out of 12 channels potentially accessibleAlan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

28p Production, Capture & Transport29Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013In momentum range4.5 < 5.0 < 5.5Obtain 0.11 p/potwith 60 GeV p & NuMI-style hornHeavy metal targetTarget/capture optimization ongoing

Sergei StriganovAo LiuFermilab80% Collection + Transport EfficiencyL 20m p Transport & p beam absorber

30Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Injection Concepts are on an injection orbitseparated by chicanes are in ring circulating orbitlower p ~3.8 GeV/c~30cm separation between31Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Concept works for FODO latticeNow detailed by Ao LiuWork in progress for RFFAG

David Neuffers originalconcept from 1980ms at end of first straight

32Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Ao LiuFermilabFFAG Racetrack33Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Low dispersion in straightY. Mori & JB LagrangeKyotoA. SatoOsaka

RFFAG Dynamic Aperture

34Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013FODO vs. RFFAG

35Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013En spectra (m+ stored)

36Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

Integrated over the 150 m straight at a position 50m from the end of the straight with 3m diameter detectorNOTE: The transport line and ring could be re-tuned for 2 GeV/c m and move these spectra lower by a factor of two with some drop in m production efficiency The Physics ReachAppearance (Golden) Channelfor sterile(s) searchAssumptionsNm = (POT) X (p/POT) X ecollection X einj X (m/p) X Adynamic X W1021 POT in 5 years of running @ 60 GeV in Fermilab PIP era0.1 p/POT (FODO)ecollection = 0.8 (collection off horn + decay in transfer line)einj = 0.8m/p = 0.08 (gct X m capture in p m decay) [p decay in straight]Might do better with a p m decay channelAdynamic = 0.75 (FODO)W = Straight/circumference ratio (0.43) (FODO)This yields 1.7 X 1018 useful m decays

38Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013En spectra (m+ stored)

39Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

nenm-bar

Event rates/100Tat ND hall 50m from straight with m+ stored

Experimental Layout

40Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Must reject thewrong sign m withgreat efficiencyAppearanceChannel:ne nmGolden Channel Why nm neAppearance Ch.not possible150~ 1500 mBaseline DetectorSuper B Iron Neutrino Detector: SuperBINDMagnetized Iron1.3 kT Following MINOS ND ME design1-2 cm Fe plate5-6 m diameterUtilize superconducting transmission line for excitationDeveloped 10 years ago for VLHCExtruded scintillator +SiPM41Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

20 cm holeFor 3 turnsof STL

Simulation nm appearanceFull GEANT4 SimulationExtrapolation from ISS and IDS-NF studies for the MIND detectorUses GENIE to generate the neutrino interactions.Involves a flexible geometry that allows the dimensions of the detector to be altered easily (for optimization purposes, for example).Does not yet have the detailed B field, but parameterized fit is very good Event selection/cutsCuts-based analysisMultivariate in development42Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

Ryan BayesGlasgowEvent reconstruction efficiency

43Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Left: 1 cm plates, Right: 2 cm platesBackgrounds44Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Left: 1 cm plates Right: 2 cm plates

Raw Event Rates& Sensitivities45Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 20133+1Assumption

Appearance channels

Chris TunnellOxfordne nm appearanceCPT invariant channel to MiniBooNE46Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

2 cm plateExperimentS:BLSND2:1MiniBooNE1:1 1:2LAr-LAr1:4K+ DAR4:1LSND Reloaded5:1oscSNS3:1S:B for Appearance ChannelPast and Future(?)47Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Note: There are a number of experiments with megaCi to petaCi sources next to large detectors that have an exquisite signature of steriles (# evts/unit length displays oscillatory behavior in large detector) and have large effective S:BSNO+Cr, Ce-Land, LENS, Borexino, Daya BayIsoDARA number of very-short baseline reactor experiments

Systematics for Golden Channelin nuSTORMMagnetic field uncertaintiesIf we do as well as MINOS (3%), no impactNeed high field, however. STL must workCross sectionsNeeds some more workND for disappearance ch (100T of SuperBIND) should minimize contribution to the uncertaintiesCosmic raysNot issueDetector modeling (EM & Hadronic showering)Experience from MINOS indicates we are OK, but this needs more work for SuperBINDAtmospheric neutrinosNegligibleBeam and rock muonsActive veto no problem48Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013ne nm appearanceCPT invariant channel to LSND/MiniBooNE49Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 20133+1AssumptionChris TunnellOxfordUncertainties:2% systematic40% background

Required m charge mis-ID rate needed for given sensitivity

50Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Chris TunnellOxfordMultivariate AnalysisCC-NC discrimination51Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Ryan BayesSteve BramsiepeGlasgow2 cm platesUpdated reconstruction Tested 3 multi-variate methodsKNNBDTMLPGoal to reduce threshold & increase eff.

Background rates

52Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013MVA vs Cuts-based analysis

53Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013PreliminaryDisappearance Experiments

Raw Event Rates55Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 20133+1Assumption

Appearance channels

TremendousStatistical SignificanceDisappearance channelsBut:Need self-consistent two-detector simulation including (bin-to-bin) uncorrelated shape error ~ 10%A challenge: there may be oscillations already in near detectorsGeometry important for Dm2 ~ 101 103 eV2 Suitability (& optimization) of SuperBIND for ne channels still needs to be studied56Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Walter WinterWrzburgProject ConsiderationsSiting Concept58Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

Site Detail

59Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013MI-40 Beam Absorber60Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

Far Detector Hall andDetector(s)61Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

Looking to the Energy Frontier

62Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Only 40% of ps decay in straightNeed p absorberLow Energy m beam

63Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

After 3.27m Fe, we have 1010 m/pulse in 200 < P(MeV/c) < 500At end of straight wehave a lot of ps, but also a lot of ms with4.5 < P(GeV/c) < 5.5Input beam for some future 6D m cooling experiment(s)

64Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013

Siting at CERNThe facility could be implemented in the SPS North Area following in the steps of ICARUS/NESSiE100 GeV fast extracted protons from SPS is assumedRoughly 100 kW on targetFor the same integrated power on target, the same sensitivities can be reachedTarget station, transport line and decay ring designs could be the same, or very similar.Biggest difference would be in civil construction due to the differences in the site constraints at the two labs 65Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Protons from the SPS

66Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013North Area

67Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013International Collaboration68Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Although it is obvious that the Host Laboratory has to carry the burden of the civil construction, most of the effort on the project could be shared between collaborating institutionsTargetHornMagnets and magnet systems (ps, controls, etc)Capture-Transport ChannelDecay ringDetectors

Moving ForwardThe CollaborationP. Kyberd,1 D.R. Smith,1 L. Coney,2 S. Pascoli,3 C. Ankenbrandt,4 D. Adey4, S.J. Brice,4 A.D. Bross,4 H. Cease,4 J. Kopp,4 N. Mokhov,4 J. Morfin,4 D. Neufer,4 M. Popovic,4 P. Rubinov,4 S. Striganov,4 A. Blondel,5 A. Bravar,5 F. Dufour5, Y. Karadhzov5, A. Korzenev5,E. Noah,5 M. Ravonel5, M. Rayner5, R. Asfandiyarov5, A. Haesler5, C. Martin5, E. Scantamburlo5, F. Cadoux5, R. Bayes,6 F.J.P. Soler,6 D. Colling7, A. Dobbs,7 J. Dobson7, P. Dornan7, K. Long,7 J. Pasternak,7 E. Santos,7 J.K. Sedgbeer7, M.O. Wascko,7 Y. Uchida7, S.K. Agarwalla,8 S.A. Bogacz,9 Y. Mori,10 J.B. Lagrange,10 A. de Gouva,11 Y. Kuno,12 A. Sato,12 V. Blackmore,13 J. Cobb,13 C. D. Tunnell,13 A. Webber13, J.M. Link,14 P. Huber,14 and W. Winter15, K.T. McDonald16, R. Edgecock17, W. Murray17, S. Ricciardi17, C. Rogers17, C. Booth18, M. Dracos19, N. Vassilopoulos19, J.J. Back20, S.B. Boyd20, P.F. Harrison20 1Brunel University, 2University of California, Riverside,3Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham University4Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 5University of Geneva6University of Glasgow, 7Imperial College London, 8Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular, CSIC and Universidad de Valencia, 9Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 10Kyoto University,11Northwestern University, 12Osaka University, 13Oxford University, Subdepartment of Particle Physics, 14Center for Neutrino Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University15Institut fr theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universitt Wrzburg16Princeton University, 17STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 18University of Sheffield,19IPHC, Universite de Strasbourg, 20University of Warwick70Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013LOI submitted to Fermilab PAC, June 2012 (P=1028)nuSTORM: input to the update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, July 2012Ongoing & future workFacilityTargeting, capture/transport & InjectionNeed to complete detailed design and simulation Decay Ring optimizationContinued study of both RFFAG & FODO decay ringsDecay Ring InstrumentationDefine and simulate performance of BCT, polarimeter, Magnetic-spectrometer, etc.Produce full G4Beamline simulation of all of the above to define n flux (Fermilab PhD student - thesis)And verify the precision to which it can be determined.

71Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Ongoing & future work IIDetector simulationFor oscillation studies, continue MC study of backgrounds & systematicsStart study of disappearance channelsLook in detail at all sources of backgrounds: CR, atmospheric n, etc.Will lead to detector (FAR) optimizationIn particular the event classification in the reconstruction needs optimization.Move to Multivariate techniques. [Begun]For cross-section (& general n interaction physics) measurements need detector baseline designLearn much from work for LBNE & IDS-NF (both detector & physics)Increased emphasis on ne interactions, however72Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013Important steps to move forwardTwo workshops are plannedCERN: March 26-27 (contact: Elena Wildner)Virginia Tech: April 12-13 (contact: Jon LinkAim: Consolidate technical optionsDefine work-packagesIdentify possible collaborative topicsDiscussion on the collaborative EOI to CERN SPC (to be ready by April 13)Ken Long, Elena WildnerProduction of Full Proposal to Fermilab (June 2013 PAC & Snowmass)2 Years out TDR in EU, CD process in US

73Alan Bross CERN January 24th, 2013nuSTORM: ConclusionsThe Physics case:Initial simulation work indicates we can confirm/exclude at 10s (CPT invariant channel) the LSND/MiniBooNE resultnm and (ne ) disappearance experiments delivering at the