NANOTECHNOLOGY : Revolutionary Developments in Future

CERN- Academic Training Programme

Prof. Marcel Van de Voorde

University of Technology Delft

Geneva, 24 April 2014

Unit Value in meter 1 m (meter) ………………………………..1 m

1 cm (centimeter) 0.01 m…………… 10−2 m

1 mm (millimeter) 0.001 m …………..10−3 m

1 μm (micrometer or micron) 0.000 001 10−6 m

1 nm (nanometer) 0.000 000 001 ….10−9 m

1 pm (picometer) 0.000 000 000 001. 10−12 m

1 fm (femtometer) 0.000 000 000 000 001 10−15 m

Units and sub-units.

Dividing a cube into nanocubes increases a lot the total surface of the system.

The surface of a cube with a side of 1

cm has an area of 6 cm2.

If this cube is cut into nanocubes with

a side of 1 nm, there will be 1021

nanocubes with an area of 6 x 10-14

cm2 each. This will represent a global

area of 6,000 m2. This corresponds to

the surface area of 60 houses of

100 m2. This demonstrates the power

of surfaces at the nanoscale.

Particles (in red) are coated onto the surface of a material (blue). Smaller

(nano) particles provide a much better coverage than large particles

Properties of nanoscale building blocks which will have tremendous

consequences for nanostructured materials

At the nanoscale, fluids behave more like honey than water.

. Evolution of the physics as we go from macroscopic systems to microscopic systems

Different generations of products coming from nanotechnology

Nanomechanics

Confinement effects

Interfaces

Contact mechanics

Nanophysics

Non-linear behaviour

Computer modelling

Nano-analytical techniques

Bio-nano-engineering

Nanomechanical biodevices

Submicron attachment

Cell adhesion

Biological nanocomposites

Devices

Sensors / actuators

Nanomotors

Nanorobots

NANOMEC : WORKPACKAGES

Structural nanomaterials: metals, ceramics, polymers, composites

Classes of structural

nanomaterials

Metals Composites

Ceramics Coatings

Nanofoils High strength nanometal

SiO2 nanoparticle reinforced

C fibres

Polymer-clay

nanocomposites

Alumia nanocoating

on corundum Nanoceramics from organic

precursors

Ceramic particle

containing scratch

-resistant paint

Self-cleaning glass

using nanocrystalline materials

Area Technology Benefit

Metals

• Nano alloys

• Nano ceramics

• Multifunctional

components

• Strength / Toughness

• Corrosion Resistance

• Temperature Resistance

Surfaces

• Nano-Layers

• Coatings containing

Nanoparticles

• Corrosion Resistance

• Shielding (elec./opt.)

• Defect Signalisation

• Functional Coat (wear, dirt, bacteria..)

Composites • Polymer modification

• Nano fillers and fibres

• Robustness, self-healing

• Mechanical properties

• Conductivity

Advantageous of NanoMaterials

1D, 2D and 3D objects with one, two or three dimensions in the nanometer range

Schematic representation of a C60 molecule. It is formed of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons.

Pentagons have no common edge.

Schematic picture of a closed single-wall carbon

nanotube

Some actual and potential applications of carbon nanotubes

Nanoparticles

0,1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm

Nanoparticles

1st Generation

Nanoparticles

3rd generation:

Complex hybrid

nanoparticles

Chemical

functionalization

Shell

Composite core

consisting of multiple

phases

Nanoparticles

2nd Generation

Thin films

X/NR GID (GI)SAXS/SANS

XMCDS/EXAFS

CDI

X/N Tomo

DFT

MD

FE

diffuse scattering X/ND

Modelling

Analysis

SR&N

Morphology, Shape

Surface roughness

Defects

point defects, dislocations

Interfaces, phases

Microstrain

Chemical composition

concentration gradients

Particle agglomeration

Functional coatings

Biological

functionalization

Thin Films

3rd generation:

Multifunctional films

Thin FIlms

2nd Generation

Thin FIlms

1st Generation

Magnetic Ordering

Local Structure

Synthesis

Top-down techniques for nanostructuring

NanoSynthese: Bottom – up approach

Difference between a top--‐down and a bottom--‐up approach.

Important techniques for nanopolymers – biomaterials studies in the future

Online monitoring of processes Local structures and structual changes Nanoinformations under operation conditions

NANOMATERIALS ENGINEERING

Challenges for synchrotron radiation and neutron facilities

Structure-function relations on the nanoscale Complex multifunctional nanomaterials Synthesis online control

DESIGN OF NEW NANOMATERIALS

Structural nanomaterials

Metals Ceramics Coatings Composites

Functional nanomaterials

Electronic, photonic, spintronic materials Superconductors Carbon materials Dielectrics Hydrides

Soft materials Bio-nanomaterials biomimetics

Polymers Functional properties Structural properties Block copolymers Nanocomposites

Inorganics / Hybrids Inorganic nanomaterials New hybrid structures

Nanocoatings

Chemical and thermal protection Failure-proof coatings Self-repairing coatings

Nanomechanical engineering

Mechanical integrity Nanocreep Nanofatigue Nanomechanics in corrosive environments

Nanocorrosion

Corrosion / Protection Stress corrosion

Nanotribology

Friction and wear at the nanoscale Lubrication Surface functionalization

Nanojoining

Functional materials Structural materials Nanocomposites

Self -repair

Overall description of nanotribology

Energy SavingHigh efficient photovoltaic cells

High Energy Storage

Solid-State Lighting

Energy harvesting

Information:Increased information storage density

Enhanced data transfer rate & security

Flexible electronics

Nanotechnology

Consumer access to

smarter devices

& systems

Safety, Security:Enhanced day & night vision

Sensors for food control& car safety

Health: Toxicology of nanoparticles

Impact on the nutrient cycle

Uncontrolled spread of GM crops

Gene mutation

Environment:Water purification

Elimination of pollutants

Reduction of CO2 emission

Health:Smart pill & drug delivery

Cancer diagnosis & Tumor localization

Remote control of body parameters

Various implants: Eye, Ear, Brain…

Flexible sensors for food control,

Bioactive packaging

Environment:Impact of nano-particles,

nanomaterials and by-products;

accumulation, transportation in water,

soil, atmosphere

Interaction with plants

Climate change

Transportation:Electric

vehicles

Nano-

composit

es

Improve

d safety

Connect

ed

vehicles

Safety, Security:Invasion of privacy

Spread of spying sensors

Nano-robotics

20152015 20202010

Diagnosis

& therapy

2020

Subjects in the "More than Moore" domain,

where nanotechnology can be involved

Some new memory development where

nanotechnology plays a significant role.

20152015 20202010

MEMSDiagnosis

2020

Nanophotonics encompasses several nanoscale confinements encompasses

Applications in nanophotonics

It is possible to play on several parameters to make photonic crystals with required properties

Possible applications of single electron transistors

Design & engineeringof (environmentally friendly)

materials

Theory&

simulation

New phenomenaAdvanced

Characterization

mastering Quantum phenomena

bio-inspired approaches

Safe production

Combinatorial Methods for design

Nanostructured materials engineer.

Scientific kernel

Energy research community

Synchrotron•scattering

•imaging

•dynamics

Neutron•structure

•dynamics

High

Performance

Computing

Technical/economical evaluation

pilot lines for nanomaterials and for energy systems production

Technological Research

Nano

-energ

y Ce

nter

Partnership with energy industry

Domain Theory &

simulation

Tailoring, synthesis

and processing

Materials

Solar energy Tailored electronic structure, excited states

simulation

Thin film (organic and mineral)

Biofuels C5 sugar hydrolysis2nd generation (demonstrator)

Algaefuels

Nuclear energy Multiscale modellingPropagation of

nanodefects

Nanomaterials contribution to

materials under extreme

condition (radiation,

temperature…)

Energy efficiency Modelling phenomena, Simulating complex

systems

Nanostructured materials for

Thermoelectricy, Lightning, High

Tc superconductors

Storage Modelling ageing Nanomaterials for batteries electrodes and supercapacities,

CO2 capture and

sequestration

Modelling transport

phenomena

Nanomaterials

Carbonatation of CO2

Large scale Demonstrators

Hydrogen Modelling transport phenomena and ageing

Modelling bio-systems

used for bio-production

Nanostructures and

nanomaterials for fuel cell

membranes and Storage

Bioproduction

Domains of research

for Europe in the field of

nanomaterials for Energy

Roadmap for thin film photovoltaics: Scientific

visions and socio-economic benefits.

Human – cells – molecules

m nm10 nm100 nmµm10 µm100 µmmmcmdm

Medicine Cell Biology BiochemistryLife Sciences:

humanwater

protein

cellhistoid

tissue

implants

biosensors

nanostructures

scaffolds

Nanotechnology Applications in Food and Agriculture

Kuzma J. Journal of Nanoparticle Research (2007) 9:165–182 Down on the Farm, 2004; Project on

Emerging Nanotechnologies: Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Production, 2006;

Nanoforum: Nanotechnology in Food and Agriculture, 2006. Compiled by Nanowerk

NanoMaterials Perspectives

Technology readiness

•Nano-particle reinforced Mg-alloys (PM)

•Carbon Nanotubes for lightning strike protection

•Carbon Nanotubes for improved mechan., electr. and therm.properties (resin, adhesives)

•Nano-porous/cellular metallic materials with graded properties

•Nanofillers for PIEZO-paints, -foils and -fibers

•Conductive coatings (anti-static paints - GFRP)

•Mikroparticle-reinforced MMC

•Nano-clay CFRP for barrier/FST improvement

•Metal-Ceramic nanostructured bulk composites (MMC)

•Nano-particle Al-alloys (6XXX): Casting/Ball-milling/Cryo-milling

•RTM: deposition of nano-particles on textiles/in resin

• Improved strength resins, adhesives and coatings

2010 2015 2020

Smart - intelligent coatings

Property Function

Smart Materials

Property Function

Information

System

Intelligent Materials

Nanoparticles and nanotubes

Nanosubstances

Brain

Lung

Skin

Gut

Nose

Bone

Marrow Spleen Heart Liver Endothelium

Placental/

Foetus

Mouth

Blood

ACommunication

Public

Multidimensional in

Nanotechnology (NT)

Pre-assessment

R&D labs, Industry

•Problem framing

•Screening

•Determination of scientific conventions

Risk appraisal

Risk assessment:

•Hazard identification & estimation

•Exposure & vulnerability assessment

•Risk estimation

Concern assessment:

•Risk perceptions

International R&D labs

Knowledge development

Critical for nanotechnology

Applied to specific NT areas

International R&D labs

Risk reduction

Applied to specific NT areas

Risk reduction or elimination:

•Remaining hazard identification

•New risk perception

Tolerability & Acceptability judgment

Public authorities & Int. R&D labs

Risk Evaluation

•Tolerability & Acceptability

Risk Characterization

•Judgment of Seriousness

of Risk

Specific to manufactured and by-product devices

Risk management

Implementation:

•Monitoring & control

•Feedback from previous practices

Decision Making

Public authorities

Assessment sphere:

Generation of Knowledge

International R&D labs

Management Sphere:

Decision & Actions

New Education Syllabus for future Materials Scientist

EUROPEANNANOSCIENCE

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Fig. 2 New Education Syllabus for future Materials Scientists

FundamentalsofNanoScience

Special AspectsofNanoScience

Conclusions

CERN as The High Engineering and Physics Centre -------------------------------------------- Nanotechnology will enter in all sectors of engineering and physics 1.Nanotechnology is of utmost importance for accelerator engineering and experimental equipment 2. Nanotechnology may help solving the radiation damage problems: magnet coils, electronics, detectors..,

computer possibilities….. 3. Reliable and Flexible construction: e.a. vacuum chamber, …oils and greases, 4. Targeted designs – materials, components, different from shelf's availabilities…e.a. metallic materials 5. Tunnel construction. Experimental halls…………shielding's 6. Infrastructures and controls……………… most advanced electronics 7. Training of CERN staff is vital…..also the users should be prepared to work with nanomaterials and

components 8. Creation of a European nanoCentre of Excellence 9. A prosperous CERN in 2025….. without nano’s is unthinkable