MUMBAI UNIVERSITY SEMINAR on potential anti-diabetic herbal drugs

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POTENTIAL ANTI– DIABETIC HERBAL DRUGS Presented By; Mr. Yogesh K. Chaudhari M Pharm. (1 st Year) Guided By; Dr. Vandana Jain Department of Pharmacognosy Oriental College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai

Transcript of MUMBAI UNIVERSITY SEMINAR on potential anti-diabetic herbal drugs

Page 1: MUMBAI UNIVERSITY SEMINAR on potential anti-diabetic herbal drugs

POTENTIAL ANTI–DIABETIC HERBAL

DRUGSPresented By;

Mr. Yogesh K. ChaudhariM Pharm. (1st Year)

Guided By;Dr. Vandana Jain

Department of PharmacognosyOriental College of Pharmacy,

Navi Mumbai

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INTRODUCTION• Diabetes is a metabolic disorder; it is mainly causedby dysfunction of the β cells of the pancreas. This in turn leads to decreased production of the hormone insulin and/or increased resistance to the action of insulin in the peripheral tissues.• Diabetes can be categorized into two types: type 1 and type 2.

TYPE1 (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) :-It is immune mediated or idiopathic diabetes mellitus, characterized by destruction of beta cells of pancreas by T- cell mediated immune attack and life span of pancreatic cell is decreased by one third along with ketoacidosis in body tissues and fluid.

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Type-II or ( Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) (NIDDM)Lack of insulin secretion in response to blood glucoselevels demonstrates NIDDM. Reduced insulin sensitivity is predominant abnormality, leading to hyperglycemia which can be reversed by drugs improving insulin sensitivity or reducing glucose production by liver.

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2.Symptoms of Diabetes-2.Symptoms of Diabetes-

Symptoms of DiabetesThe early symtoms of untreated Diabetes are related to elevated blood suger level and loss of glucose in the urine .

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Strategy for Treatment of Diabetes

1.Diabetes mellitus is chronic disease which can not be cured except of specific situation ,management concentrates to keeping blood sugar levels. As close to normal as possible without causing hypiglycemia.

2.Can usually be accomplished with diet ,exercise and use of appropriate medication . (insulin in the case of type 1 diabetes, oral medication as well as possibly insulin in type 2 Diabetes )

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Insulin Treatment for Diabetes

1. People with type 1 diabetes cannot make insulin because the beta cells in their pancreas are damaged or destroyed. Therefore, these people will need insulin injections to allow their body to process glucose and avoid complications from hyperglycemia.

2. People with type 2 diabetes do not respond well or are resistant to insulin. They may need insulin shots to help them better process sugar and to prevent long-term complications from this disease. Persons with type 2 diabetes may first be treated with oral medications, along with diet and exercise. Since type 2 diabetes is a progressive condition, the longer someone has it, the more likely they will require insulin to maintain blood sugar levels.

Various types of insulin are used to treat diabetes and include:

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Rapid-acting insulin: It starts working approximately 15 minutes after injection and peaks at approximately 1 hour but continues to work for two to four hours. This is usually taken before a meal and in addition to a long-acting insulin.

Short-acting insulin: It starts working approximately 30 minutes after injection and peaks at approximately 2 to 3 hours but will continue to work for three to six hours. It is usually given before a meal and in addition to a long-acting insulin.

Intermediate-acting insulin: It starts working approximately 2 to 4 hours after injection and peaks approximately 4 to 12 hours later and continues to work for 12-18 hours. It is usually taken twice a day and in addition to a rapid- or short-acting insulin. 

Long-acting insulin: It starts working after several hours after injection and works for approximately 24 hours. If necessary, it is often used in combination with rapid- or short-acting insulin.

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Disadvantages of Insulin.

1. Can cause weight gain 2. Can be expensive 3. insulin therapy are like local pain, inconvenience of multiple injections, insulin edema, lipohypertropy, insulin allergy, resistance and above all of this are weight gain . 

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DRUG CLASS INDIVIDUAL DRUG Sulfonylureas

1st Genration1.tolbutamide2.chloropropamide2nd Genration 1. Glipizide2. glyburide

Meglitinides 1. Nateglinide2. Repaglinide

Biguanides 1. MetforminThiazolidinediones (TZDs)

1. Pioglitazone2. Rosiglitazone

Alphaglucosidaseinhibitors

1. Acarbose2. miglitol

Dipeptidyl Peptidase(DPP) IV inhibitors

1. Sitagliptin

Allopathic antidiabetic medicines available in marketed formulation.

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SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTI DIABETIC MEDICINES

More common –

•Abdominal or stomach discomfort•cough or hoarseness•decreased appetite•diarrhea•fast or shallow breathing•fever or chills•general feeling of discomfort•lower back or side pain•muscle pain or cramping•painful or difficult urination•sleepiness

•Less common •Anxiety•chest discomfort•cold sweats•coma•confusion•cool, pale skin•depression•difficult or labored breathing•dizziness•fast, irregular, pounding, pulse•feeling of warmth•headache•increased hunger•increased sweating•nausea•nervousness

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Herbal Drugs for Diabetis Mellitus.

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Herbal Drugs use in Anti-Diabetes. 

1. Gymne sylvestre R.Br (Gurmar booti) Family: Apocynaceae Genus: Gymnema Species: G. sylvestre

Chemical constituents- Dried leaves contanig: Resin, pararabin, triterpene glycoside (gymnemic acid 6%), peptide gurmarin), alkaloids (gymnamine), lupenol, quercitol, coloring matter and anthraquinones. Bark contanig: Calcium and starch. Alcoholic extract: Saponin.

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 MOA-There are some possible mechanisms by which the leaves and especially Gymnemic acids from G. sylvestre to shows the hypoglycemic effects are -1.It increases secretion of insulin2.It promotes regeneration of islet cells.3. It increases utilization of glucose: It is shown to increase the activities of enzymes responsible for utilization of glucose by insulin dependent pathways, an increase in phosphorylase activity, decrease in gluconeogenic enzymes and sorbitol dehydrogenase and4. It causes inhibition of glucose absorption from intestine, the exact action being unknown. It could be involve one or more mechanismsuse of Gymnema-Gymnema has most important role in Ayurvedic medicine fo r centuries. Its use has been confined primarily to the management of diabetes mellitus and similar hypo/hyperglycemic condition

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2. Momordica charantia (Karela)

 Family: Cucurbitaceae Genus: Momordica Species: CharantiaParts are used- Fruits,seeds

•Chemical onstituents-The main constituents of bitter melon which are responsible for the antidiabetic effects are triterpene (Momordicin   Charantin), steroid, alkaloid, inorganic, lipid, and phenolic compounds

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Pharmacological effect-

Oral administration of fresh fruit juice (dose, 6 c.c. /kg. body wt.) lowered the blood sugar level in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. A p-Insulin, polypeptide from the fruits and seeds rapidly decreased and normalized the blood sugar level in rats.

Studies have reported that the compounds are more effective than the oral hypoglycemic agent tolbutamide 

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Uses:

Apart from anti-diabetic property, Bitter melon is also traditionally known for its other medicinal properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammation, antivirus, and cholesterol lowering effects

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3.Allium Sativum (Lahsun) Synonyms: Garlic (eng), Lasan

Family: Amaryllidaceae Subfamily: Allioideae Genus: Allium Species: sativumParts used: Ripe Bulbs

Chemical constituents-

1.It contains a wealth of sulphur compounds most important for the taste is Allicin , which is produced enzymatically from allin.2. It also contain 65% water, 28% carbohydrate, 2.3% organosulphur compound, 2% proteins, !.2% free amino acid(mainly

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Pharmacological studies

In diabetic patients, it was reported that garlic oil can correct hyperglycemia. In addition, a precursor of various allyl sulfide constituents of garlic oil, S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide (allin), was shown to have a hypoglycemic effect similar to that of glibenclamide.

Garlic has been found to be effective in lowering serum glucose levels in STZ-induced as well as alloxan-induced diabetic rats and mice.  Most of the studies showed that garlic can reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic mice, rats and rabbits It is not clear how garlic actually works inalleviating hyperglycaemia. The hypoglycaemic action of garlic could possibly be due to an increase in pancreatic secretion of insulin from β-cells, release of bound insulin or enhancement of insulin sensitivity.

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4.Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Tulsi)

Family: Labiatae Chemical constituents: Volatile Oil (eugenol and carvecrol)

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Mechanism of action

O. sanctum exerts its anti diabetic action probably by increasing the glucose uptake in to the cells.

Uses: Tulsi is reported to possess beneficial

effect in cough, in gastro intestinal disorders and in inflammatory disorders.

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5. Trigonellafoenum graecum Family: Fabaceae Genus: Trigonella Species: foenum-graecumParts used: seeds,leaves Chemical constituents: Pyridine type alkaloid (trigonelline), steroidal saponin diosgenin and an non essential amino acid (-4-hydroxy isoleucine) 

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MOAClinical trials on people with type 2 diabetes show that fenugreek has the valuable property of reducing the rate at which sugar is absorbed from the stomach during the process of digestion; it also appears to be capable of stimulating the pancreatic cells to increase insulin production. Both these actions are believed to be a result of the action by an amino acid present in fenugreek called 4-hydroxyisoleucine.

Uses-

Along with protection against hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes, numerous other reported beneficial effects of fenugreek are as an antioxidant , anti carcinogenic, anti- microbial, anti-ulcer , anti-obesity , and hypocholesterolemic.

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6.Tinospora cordifolia

Family: Menispermaceae Genus: Tinospora Species: cordifolia

Parts used: Root

Chemical constituents: It contains different classes of chemical constituents such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones (Tinosporone, tinosporic acid) glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides.-

 (Marathi: Guduchi)

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MOA- Decreased blood glucose by level and increased glucose tolerance is correlated with regeneration of beta cells of islets of langerhans USES:

Other reported medicinal properties are hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, immunomodulatory and anti-neoplastic activity.

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7.Jambul (Syzygium Cumini)

Family: Myrtaceae. Family: Myrtaceae Genus: Syzygium Species: cumini

Chemical constituents-Jambul seeds contain a glycoside, named Jamboline which helps in the maintenance of glucose levels as in the normal limits.

The Jambul fruits also contains natural acids which helps in healthy secretion of digestive enzymes. Thus, supports the liver system and the digestive system.

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Pharmacological study: It has significantly decreased the levels of blood glucose and increased glucose tolerance. The hypoglycemic efficacy was found to be comparable with that of glibenclamide, a standard hypoglycemic drug.

USES:It cures many health problems like cardiac, diabetes, ulcer, diarrohea and liver .

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8.Andrographis paniculata Nees.l (Kalmegh) Family: Acanthaceae Genus: Andrographis Species: A. PaniculataParts used: Whole plant Chemical constituents: Diterpene lactones (andrographolide, Kalmegh and neoandrographolide).  MOA- Pharmacological study: Ahmad and Asmawi (1992) reported hypoglycemic activity of Andrographis paniculata. A significant decrease in blood glucose levels was observed on glucose tolerance test as compared to the untreated group by inhibiting glucose absorption in the intestine. 

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9.Zingiber officinale Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Zingiber Species: Z. Officinale

Common name: ginger Parts used: Fresh ginger

Chemical constituents containing ginger -: Gingerols,shogaolMOA- By improving insulin sensitivity it reduces fasting blood glucose andimproves serum insulin level.

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10. Camellia sinensisFamily: Theaceae Genus: Camellia Species: C. Sinensis

Parts used: leaves

Chemical constituents containing leaves : caffeine and catechins. MOA- Inhibits development of insulin resistance, hypoglymia and other metabolic effects .also decreases glucose absorption from intestine.

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HERBAL ANTI-DIABETEC FORMULATION AVAILABLE IN MARKED

PRODUCT NAME-1. Diabex Tea And Capsules For Diabetes

Indications:Diabetes Mellitus Hyperglycemia Muscular Weakness Weakness due to diabetes GlucosuriaBENEFITShelps to normalize blood sugar level controls sugar level controls and regulate weight controls sugar craving reduces the taste of sugar when it is on the mouth curb sweet tooth for Cholesterol natural way to help control blood sugar   

Diabex tea Diabex capsuleHaldi ext (Curcuma Longa)

Methi ext (Trigonella foenumgracum)

Karela ext. (Momordica charantia)

Triphla ext (Terminalia cxhebula)

Neempatra ext (Azadirachta indica)

Vijay saar ext. (Pterocarpus marsupium)

Guar gum powder

Meshashringi ext (Gymnema sylvestre)

Shilaqjit ext (Asphaltum)

Vijaysaar ext. (Pterocarpus marsupium)

Neem ext. (Azadirachta indica)

Harar ext (Terminalia chebula)

Haldi ext (Curcuma longa)

Amla (Emblica officinalis)

Batjata ext. ( Ficus bengalensis)

Jamun seeds ext (Syzygium cumini)

Methi ext (Trigonella foenumgraecum)

Key ingredients:

Key ingredients:

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Botanical name Family Activity reported

Beta vulgaris L. Beta vulgaris L. Increases glucose tolerance inOGTT

Butea manosperma Cesalpinaceae Antihyperglycemic

Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Anti-hyperglycemic

Bombax ceiba L. Malvaceae HypoglycemicGlycyrrhiza uralensis Papilionaceae Decreases the blood glucose

levels23Morus indica. L. Moracea Hypoglycemic

Nigella saliva Ranunculaceae Hypoglycemic

Morus inignis L. Moraceae Hypoglycemic

Murraya koenigii L. Rutaceae Hypoglycemic, increasesglycogenesis

Ocimum gratissinuim Lamiaceae Hypoglycemic

Psacalium decompositum Asteraceae Hypoglycemic

Phyllanthus sellowianus. Euphorbiaceae Hypoglycemic

Urtica dioica Urticaceae Hypoglycemic

SOME OTHER PLANTS WITH ANTI-DIABETE POTENTIAL

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Advantages of Herbal Medicine: There are numerous advantages of herbal medicine. Anyone considering using herbal medicine to treat health conditions should speak with a qualified health professional. There are a number advantages associated with using herbal medicines as opposed to pharmaceutical products. Examples include the following:•Reduced risk of side effects: Most herbal medicines are well tolerated by the patient, with fewer unintended consequences than pharmaceutical drugs. Herbs typically have fewer side effects than traditional medicine, and may be safer to use over time.Effectives with chronic conditions: Herbal medicines tend to be more effective for long-standing health complaints that don't respond well to traditional medicine. One example is the herbs and alternative remedies used to treat arthritis. Vioxx, a well-known prescription drug used to treat arthritis, was recalled due to increased risk of cardiovascular complications. Alternative treatments for arthritis, on the other hand, have few side effects. Such treatments include dietary changes like adding simple herbs, eliminating vegetables from the nightshade family and reducing white sugar consumption..

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Lower cost: Another advantage to herbal medicine is cost. Herbs cost much less than prescription medications. Research, testing, and marketing add considerably to the cost of prescription medicines. Herbs tend to be inexpensive compared to drugs.

Widespread availability: Yet another advantage of herbal medicines are their availability. Herbs are available without a prescription. You can grow some simple herbs, such as peppermint and chamomile, at home. In some remote parts of the world, herbs may be the only treatment available to the majority of people

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CONCLUSION Literature survey of current topic suggests that a lot ofwork has been undertaken to establish the anti-diabeticpotentials of several drugs, ranging from homeopathyand Ayurvedic to formulated.

The herbs mentioned have proven to be promising in the treatment of diabetes and its complications in the near future.

Therefore, there is a need of more well documented clinical trials and more laboratory work to isolate the active principles, their pharmacological actions and toxicity.

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2.www.diabetes-herbs.com/

1. Anti-diabetec Herbal Drugs- A Review, Pharmacophore 2012, Vol. 3 (1), 18-29

3.Diabetes mellitus from world health organization (WHO). Available from http://www.who.int/topics/diabetes_mellitus/en/

REFERENCES-

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Thank you…..