2

tZio-b-Xbpw ]mtZ-in-I-Xbpw ˛F≥. ]n. apl-Ω-Zns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fn¬

]_‘ kwKlw

\ΩpsS Ime-L- -Ønse kmaq-lnI˛cm-„ob LS-\-bpsS AXn-]-[m-\- m-K-amb

tZio-bX hy‡n-Xz-ßsfØs∂ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp i‡n-bm-Wv. C∂v

tZi-cmjvS (Nation State) cq]-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-X-amb, `qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb AXn¿Øn-

tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb, Htc e£y-Øn¬ DZvKYn-X-amb NnØ-hr-Øn-bp≈ P\-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb,

tZio-b-]XmI, tZio-b-Km\w XpS-ßnb ]Xo-I-h-XvI-c-W-ß-fp≈, Htc kmº-ØnI kwhn-

[m-\-Øn\v Iogn¬ hcp∂ tZi (Nation) hpw AXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ `mh-\bpw hnIm-c-ß-

fp-sams° Dƒs®-cp∂ tZio-bX (Nationalism)bpw BtKm-f-X-e-Øn-ep≈ XØpey kwhn-

[m-\-ß-tfmSv _‘s∏Sp-∂-Xp-X-s∂. C¥y F∂ tZi-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ k¶¬∏-\-

amb tZio-b-Xbpw (Nationalism) tIcfw F∂ ]tZ-i-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]mtZ-in-IX

(Regionalism) AYhm D]-tZ-io-b-Xbpw (Sub Nationalism) F≥. ]n. apl-Ω-Zns‚ t\mh-

ep-Isf Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p F∂pw Ah-bpsS Awi-߃ FX-amXw t\mh-en¬

Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw D≈ At\z-j-W-amWo ]_-‘-Øn¬. tZio-b-X-bp-tSXv

AXy¥w ]iv\- -cn-X-amb Hcm-i-b-a-fi-e-am-sW∂pw t\mh¬ F∂ C°m-esØ G‰hpw

][m-\-s∏´ kmln-Xy-cq-]-Øn¬ AXns‚ kzm[o\w AX-Xs∂ k¶o¿Æ-am-sW∂pw

Cu Kth-j-W-]-_‘w ÿm]n-°m≥ ian-°p-∂p.

C¥y-bpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ cmPy-ß-fn¬ Xß-fpsS A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\v tij-amWv

tZi-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ k¶¬∏w cq]-s∏- -sX-∂mWv tZio-b-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ bqtdmtIµnX

k¶¬∏-ß-fpsS ][m\ Du∂¬. Cu hmZsØ \ncm-I-cn-°p∂ Cu Kth-j-W]-_‘w

C¥y tZiw cm„w F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v FX-Xs∂ A]q¿Æ-am-bn-cp-∂mepw kz¥-amb

k¶ev]-߃ sh®v ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂p F∂v hy‡-am-°p∂p. A¿∞-imkvXw XpS-ßnb

cm„o-b-˛-km-º-ØnIimkvX-c-N-\-IfpsSbpw CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-Wm-Zn-I-fnse ]cm-a¿i-

ßfpsSbpw ]n≥_-e-Øn¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS IYm-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ Xs∂

cm„X¥-Øn\v ][m\]¶p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sh∂v ]©-X-¥-I-Y-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p≠v. H∂m-

a-≤ym-b-Øn¬ C¥ybv°v kz¥-ambn Hcp kwkvIm-chpw Ncn-Xhpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw

3

C¥ysb-°p-dn-°m\p]-tbm-Kn® Cdm-\n-b≥ ]Z-amb "lnµv' Chn-SpsØ P\-ß-fpsS tZiob

A\-\yX (National Identity)sb hy‡-am-°p∂p F∂pw hmZn-°p-∂p. C¥y-°m¿°v Xß-

sf-°p-dn®pw A\y-sc-°p-dn®pw th¿Xn-cn®v Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v ÿm]n-°m≥ Atim-

I-im-k-\-ßsfbpw. A¬_-dq-\n, C_n≥ _Øq-Ø, lypsb≥kmMv, mln-bm≥, saK-

kvX-\okv XpS-ßnb hntZ-i-k-©m-cn-I-fpsS hnh-c-W-ß-sfbpw ]_‘w B[m-c-am-°p-

∂p. tZio-bXmk¶ev]-Øn¬ Cu th¿Xn-cn-®-dnhv AXn-]-[m-\-am-Wv. C¥ybv°v

]IrXnZØ-amb AXn¿Ønbpw X\-Xmb kwkvIm-c-ßfpw BNm-c-a-cym-Z-Ifpw mj-Ifpw

aX-ßfpw ]mtZ-in-I-ambpw tZio-b-ambpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xpw CXn\v sXfn-hmbn

Nq≠n-°m- p∂p. C¥ybv°v AXn-t‚-Xmb tZio-b- -]m-tZ-inI mh-\-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v

]q¿∆-ImekmlnXyw sXfnhv Xcp-∂p.

bqtdm-]y≥ tZio-bXm k¶¬∏-߃ ]T-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂

hna¿im-fl-I-ambn AXns\ ]cn-tim-[n-®p-sIm-≠mWv AXv sNøp-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v

tZiw Hcp km¶¬∏nI kaq-l-am-sW∂v _\-UvIn‰v Bt‚-gvk¨s‚ hmZsØ C¿^m≥

l_o_pw aq∂mw temI cmPy-ß-sf∂ s^U-dnIv sPbnwks‚ k¶ev]sØ sFPmkv

Al-ΩZpw t\cn- -sX-ßs\ F∂v kqNn-∏n-°pI hgn Cu kao-]-\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw

hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kmam-PyXz Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS hmZßfpw Iogm-f-]-T\ (Subal-

tern Studies) Ønse hmZ-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ Akz-kvY-I-c-amb kmayw ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂

_n]≥ Nµ-bpsS A`n-]m-bhpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-t]mse kmam-PyXz ho£-

W-߃°v adp-]-Sn-bmbn ka-Im-eØv hnI-kn-®p-h∂ tImf\nb\-¥-c-]-T\ (Post-Colo-

nial Studies) Ønse A`n-]m-b-ß-tfbpw ChnsS AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂n-√. C¥ybv°v

Hcp ]mc-º-cy-ap-s≠∂pw GI-ap-J-amb AXv ssl-µh˛_m-“-WnIamsW-∂p-ap≈ hmZ-

K-Xn-I-tfbpw Cu ]_‘w Xnc-kv°-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Ncn-X-]-chpw cmjvSo-bhpw kmº-

Øn-I-im-kvX-]-c-hp-amb ho£-W-ß-fpsS klm-b-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp ]T-\-

amWv ChnsS \S-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v kmam\yw hni-Z-ambnØs∂ _n´ojv ]q¿∆C¥y

sImtfm-Wn-b¬ hncp-≤-tZ-io-b-]-ÿm\w, tZiob kzmX-¥y-eœn XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßsf

ÿe-]-cn-an-Xn-°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. tZi-sØ-°p-dn®v C¥ym-

°m¿°v Hcp k¶¬∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw sImtfm-Wn-b¬ hncp-≤-k-a-c-ß-fn-eqsS cq]-

s∏´ph∂-XmWv C¥y≥ tZio-bX F∂-Xp-sIm≠v ⁄mt\m-Zb (Enlightenment) Øn\p-

tijw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw temIsØ hnhn[ P\-X-Isf ASn-®-a¿Øn NqjWw sNøp-

∂Xv Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-am-sW∂v [cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX BtKm-f-ap-X-em-fnØcmPy-ß-

fpsS tZio-b-X-bn¬ \n∂v KpW-]-c-ambn C¥y≥ tZio-bX hyXy-kvX-am-sW∂v ÿm]n-

°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp Xmc-X-ay-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv bqtdm-]y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS ImL- -ß-fn-

eq-sS-bp≈ ]cn-Wmahpw AXnse ][m\ k¶¬∏-ßfpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. bqtdm-

]y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS \memw L -Øn¬ s_\-UvIn‰v Bt‚-gvk¨, FdnIv tlm_vkv

4

t_mw, B‚Wn Un. kvanXv F∂n-h¿ apt∂m´v shbv°p∂ tZio-b-X-bpsS \ntj-[m-

flI ]hW-X-Iƒ Gdn-b-Iqdpw ]m›mXy B[p-\nI tZi-cm-„-߃°v amXw _m[-I-

am-Wv F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv Cu ]T\w FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xv. F¶nepw tZiob kzmX-¥y-

k-a-c-Øn¬ C¥y≥ D]-cn-h¿§-Øn\v ta[m-hn-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c

tZiobk¶ev]ß-fn¬ Cu ta[m-hnXzw A`n-]mb cq]o-I-c-W-i-a-߃ \S-Øn-bp-cp-∂p-

sh∂pw AXp-sIm-≠mWv ap…ow, Iogm-f, kvXo hn`m-K-߃ tZiob apJy-[m-c-bn¬

\n∂pw A\y-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏- -sX∂pw Is≠-Øp-∂p-≠v. ChnsS tkm]m-[n-I-ambn bqtdm-

tI-µnXtZio-bXmk¶ev]-Ønse Nne kam-\m-i-b-߃ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

c≠m-a-≤ym-b-Øn¬ tZio-b-X-tb-°p-dn®pw t\mh-en-s\-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ F≥. ]n.

apl-Ω-Zns‚ k¶ev]-߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w BZy-Ime t\mh-enepw \thm-

∞m-\-t\m-h-enepw tZio-bX Fßs\ Hcp \n¿Æm-bIkm∂n-≤y-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂p

F∂-t\z-jn-°p-I-bm-Wv. kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Xe-ß-fn¬ C¥y-bpsS tZio-

bX Fßs\ cq]-s∏´p F∂-Xn-t‚bpw tZio-b-]-ÿm\ Ime-L- -Øn¬ Hcp P\-X-

sb∂ \ne-bn¬ C¥y-°m¿ Fßs\ kzbw \n¿h-Nn®p F∂-Xn-s‚bpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

C¥ym hn -P-\w a\- n-te¬∏n® apdn-hm-Wv F≥. ]n. apl-Ω-Zns\ Hcp tZio-b-hm-Zn-

bmb Nn¥-I-\m°n am‰n-b-sX∂v ÿm]n-°p-∂p. kzmX-¥y-e-œn-tbmsS ]mIn-ÿm≥ Hcp

ap…ow cmPy-ambn amdn-b-t∏mƒ Hcp aX-\n-c-t]-£-cm-Py-ambn \ne-sIm≠ C¥y-bpsS

]mTw F≥. ]n.sb PmXn- -a-X- -]m-tZ-inI hnIm-c-߃s°-Xnsc Hcp AJfi`mc-X-Øns‚

h‡m-hm°n am‰n-sb∂v Is≠-Øp-I-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ tZio-bXm k¶ev]-sØ-°p-

dn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-Øn-eqsS sNøp-∂-Xv. B a\- n-t\‰ c≠m-asØ apdn-hm-bn-cp∂p

_m_-dn-]≈n \io-I-c-Ww.

F≥. ]n. bpsS t\mh¬ k¶ev]-ß-fn¬ bqtdm-]y≥ Bi-b-hmZ kuµ-cy-im-

kvX-Øn-s‚bpw kmln-Xy-k-¶¬∏-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm[o-\-ap-s≠-¶nepw Ah-km-\-L- -ß-

fn¬ ]mtZ-inI t\mh-en-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ k¶¬∏-ß-fn-eqsS AXn¬ \n∂v At±lw

apt∂m´v t]mhp-I-bmWv F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv FØp-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ kvXo

k¶¬∏w kvXosb ]m¿iz-h-Xv°-cn-°p∂ ]nXp-cm-[n-]Xy (Patriarchal) k¶¬∏-ßsf

AXv ]m›m-Xy-am-bmepw ]uc-kvXy-am-bmepw sNdpØv \n¬°p-∂XmWv F∂pw ImWp-

∂p-≠v. Cu A≤ym-bØnse ASpØ Jfi-Øn¬ ae-bmf t\mhepw tZio-b-X-bp-am-

bp≈ ]c-kv]c \n¿Æ-b-\-]-c-am-bp≈ _‘w At\z-jn-°p-∂p. Hcp tZi- cm-„-Ønse

]P-I-sf∂ \ne-bn-tebv°pw Hcp ]uc-k-aql (Civil Society) Ønse AwK-ß-sf∂ \ne-

bn-te-bv°p-ap≈ ]cn-Wm-a-amWv ae-bm-fn-bpsS kzXz-t_m-[-Øn¬ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-≠m-

°n-b-sX∂pw CXns‚ ]Xn- -e\w BZy-Ime t\mh-enepw \thm-∞m\ t\mh-enepw

_lp-hn-Xm-\-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠∂pw ÿm]n-°p-∂p-≠v. BJym-\-imkvX

(Narratology) Øns‚bpw B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c (Post-Modern) ˛ A[n-\n-th-im-\-¥c (Post-

5

Colonial) t\mh¬ ]T-\-ß-fp-sSbpw klmbw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈ Hcp coXn-

im-kvX (Methodology) -Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS ]tabw (Theme), D≈-S°w (Con-

tent), CXn-hrØw (Plot), ÿe- -Ime k¶¬∏-߃ (Space-time concepts), IYm-]m-X-

kr„n (Characterisation) F∂nhbn-eqsS t\mh-en-Ãns‚ Dt±iy (Intention) hpw t\mh-

ens‚ ktµi (Message) hpw XΩn-ep≈ sshcp-≤ym-flI _‘-sØbpw t\mh-ens‚

]XybimkvX (Ideology) sØbpw A]-K-Yn®v tZio-bX Fßs\ t\mh-en¬ ]Xy-

£-am-Ip∂p F∂v sXfn-bn-°p-I-bmWv A\-¥-c-J-fi-ß-fn¬. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ B[p-\n-

I-X-bpsS hntam-N\ ZuXy-amWv LmX-I-h-[w, ]pt√en°p©p, kc-kzXo hnP-bw, kpIp-

am-cn F∂o t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂-sX∂pw ChnsS ÿm]n-°p-∂p. A‘-tZ-iob

hmZ-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-bmb Hc-`n-]m-bsØ˛tI-c-f-h¿Ω-bpsS KZy-amWv B[p-\nI

KZysØ kr„n-®-sX∂hmZsØ˛sN-dp-Øp-sIm≠v anj-\dn ae-bm-f-Øn-eqsS P\n®v aX-

\n-c-t]-£-X-bn-eqsS hf¿∂ tIc-f-Ønse P\-IobKZy-amWv ae-bmf t\mh-ense mjsb

kzm[o-\n-®-sX∂v ae-bmf t\mh-ens‚ ]q¿∆amXr-I-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-eqsS ÿm]n-°p-

∂p. LmX-I-h[w sImtfm-Wn-b¬ tZi-˛-cm„ bp‡n-bmWv ]I-S-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂pw

InkvXo-b-X-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ ]pe-b-cpsS hntam-N\w hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS uXn-Im-Sn-

a-ØsØ Dd-∏n-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-sX∂pw Is≠-Øp-∂p. F∂m¬ InkvXo-b-X-bneqsS

`uXnI ASn-aØ-Øn¬ \n∂v hntam-Nn-X-am-Ip∂ ASn-ÿm\ h¿§-sØ-bmWv kc-kz-Xo-

hn-PbØn¬ ImWp-I. kpIp-amcnbnepw CXv ImWmw. F∂m¬ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ hym]mc

Xm¬∏-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v C¥ym-°m¿ Hcp `mc-Xo-b-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hyXy-kvX-

am-I-W-sa∂ hmZhpw Ahn-sS-bp-≠v. F≥. ]n. apl-Ω-Zns‚ ho£-W-߃IqSn kzoI-cn-

®p-sIm≠v Ipµ-e-X, Cµp-te-Jbv°v apºv tZio-b-Xsb ]iv\-h-Xv°-cn-°p∂ Hcp cN-\-

bm-sW∂pw ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. \mSp-hm-gnØaqey-ß-fp-tSbpw apX-em-fn-Ø-aq-ey-ß-fp-

tSbpw kwI-a-L- sØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI hgn A∏p s\Sp-ßmSn Ipµ-eXsb Hcp ImeL-

-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI tcJ-Iq-Sn-bm°n am‰-p-∂p. Cu At\z-j-W-Øn¬ sImtfm-Wn-

b¬ B[p-\n-IX (Colonial Modernity), sImtfm-Wn-b¬ tZi-- cm„w (Colonial Nation-

State) F∂o k¶¬∏-ß-fmWv N¥p-ta-t\ms\ ]tNm-Zn-∏n-®-sX∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

sImtfm-Wn-b¬ tZi-cm-„-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ B¥-cnI sshcp-≤y-߃ Cµp-teJbn¬

sXfn-™p-Im-Wmw.

Cµp-teJm\-¥cw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ h∂ t\mh-ep-I-fnepw tZio-bX Hcp ][m-\-

L-S-I-am-sW∂v Is≠-Øp-Ibpw BZy-Im-e-t\m-h-en-se tZio-b-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bdv

]ta-b-߃ A°-an´v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. Xncp-hn-XmwIq¿ F∂ ]tZi

(Region) Øns‚ A\-\y-X-bn¬ Du∂p∂ khn-ti-j-amb Hcp tZio-b-XbpsS h‡m-hm-

bn-cp-∂p kn. hn. F∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ tZio-bXmk¶¬∏-Øn¬ Aln-µp-hnt\m

Ah¿Æt\m CS-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂pw am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω, [¿Ω-cm-Pm, cma-cm-Pm-_-l-

6

Zq¿ F∂o t\mh-ep-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂p. kn. hn. sb°mƒ ae-bm-f-t\m-

h-ens‚ ]n¬°m-esØ kr„n-®Xv sI. \mcm-b-W-°p-cp-°-fpsS ]md-∏p-dw, DZ-b- m-\p,

F∂o cm„o-b-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-am-sW∂v Is≠-Øp-∂p-≠v.

tIcf tZio-b-X-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-tØm-sSm∏w ae-bmf t\mh-ense \thm-∞m\

]h-W-X-Iƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ASpØ Jfi-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. sImtfm-

Wn-b¬ hncp≤ tZio-b-cm-„obw, CS-Xp-]£cmjvSobw Ch-bn-eqsS hnI-kn® Hcp s]mXp-

a-fiew (Public Sphere) cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏- -Xn\v kam-¥-c-ambn A∂p-hsc kmln-Xy-Øn¬

\n∂v am‰n-\n¿Ø-s∏- n-cp∂ hn`m-K-߃ ap∂n-tebv°v hcp-∂-XmWv \thm-∞m\ t\mh-

ens‚ ]tXy-IX F∂v Is≠-Øp-∂p. AXm-bXv tZiobcmjvSobNcn-X-Øn¬ ]m¥-h-

Xv°-cn-°-s∏´ P\X `mh-\m-flI kmln-Xy-Øn-eqsS kz¥w ÿm\w AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-XmWv \thm-∞m\ t\mh-en¬ \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. cN-bn-Xm-°-fnepw IYm-]m-X-ß-fnepw

]ta-b-Ønepw `mj-bn-ep-sa√mw ImWp∂ am‰-Øn-eqsS CXv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. kn.

]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥, kztZ-im- n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈ XpS-ßn-b-h-cn-eqsS hnI-kn®

t\mh¬ hna¿i\w tIk-cn-bn-se-Øn-t®¿∂v hym]-I-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ A]-K-Y-\hpw Ahn-

sS-bp-≠v. Fw. ]n. t]mfns‚ t\mh¬ hna¿i\w Cw•ojv t\mh-ens\ amXw ASn-ÿm-

\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ tIk-cn-bp-tSXv BtKm-f-]-cn-]-£y-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂pw tZiob,

hwiob, h¿§ob hmZ-߃°-∏p-dØv hniz-km-lnXy ]cn-t]-£y-tØm-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p

At±-l-Øns‚ kao-]-\-sa∂pw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. \thm∞m\ t\mh-en¬ XI-gn, tZhv,

_jo¿ F∂n-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w tZio-bXm hyh-lm-

c-Ønse B¥-cnI sshcp-≤y-߃ Ah-cpsS Iesb Fßs\ \n¿Æ-bn-®p-sh∂pw At\z-

jn-°p-∂p. tIhea\p-jys\ hmgvØp∂ en_-d¬ ]tXy-b-im-kvX-a-fi-eamWv XI-

gnsb ]tNm-Zn-∏n-®-sX∂pw AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ At±-l-Øns‚ t\mh-en¬ Iogm-f-L-S-I-

߃ AZr-iy-am-sW∂pw Ib¿, GWn-∏-Sn-Iƒ F∂o t\mh-ep-Isf B[m-c-am°n ÿm]n-

°p-∂p. F∂m¬ tXm´n-bpsS aI≥, c≠n-S-ßgn F∂o t\mh-ep-I-fn-eqsS AXp-hsc

t\mh-en¬ AZr-iy-cm-bn-cp∂ Hcp P\-Xsb At±lw BZy-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p F∂pw

ImWp-∂p. tIi-h-tZ-hns‚ `m¥m-e-bw, Ab¬°m¿ F∂o t\mh-ep-I-fn-eqsS aX-]-

chpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb h¿§o-bX tIc-f-Ønepw C¥y-bnepw hym]n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\

F∂ ]tabw At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂p. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Ønse ap…ow ]Xn-\n-

[m\ (Representation) ßfnse ap≥hn-[n-I-fmWv Xs∂ Hsc-gp-Øp-Im-c-\m-°n-b-sX∂v

_jo-dns‚ A`n-]m-b-ap-≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v t\mh-ense tZio-bXm hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ A∂p-

hsc AZr-iytcm Akv]r-iytcm Bbn-cp∂ Hcp P\-hn- m-KsØ cwK-sØ-Øn-°p-I-bm-

bn-cp∂p _jo¿ F∂v ÿm]n-°p-∂p. ÿesØ ][m\ Znhy≥, B\-hm-cnbpw s]m≥Ip-

cnipw, ap®o- p-I-fn-°m-cs‚ aIƒ F∂o t\mh-ep-I-fn-eqsS tZi-cm-„-Øns‚ A\ym-]-

tZ-i-amb ÿe-sØ-bmWv At±lw NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw ÿm]n-°p-∂p. Hcp en_d¬

7

lyqa-\nÃv Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ amX-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´ Ddq-_ns‚ kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c-

∑mcpw F∂ cN-\-bmWv ae-bmf t\mh-ense tZio-b-hy-h-lm-c-]-c-amb t\mh-ep-I-fn¬

][m\w F∂v ÿm]n-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ ]mtZ-inINcn-X-Øn-tebpw C¥y-bpsS

tZiobNcn-X-Øn-tebpw ][m\ kw -h-ß-fmb Jnem^Øv ]ÿm-\w, tZiobkzmX-

¥y-k-acw, temIalm-bp-≤-߃, CS-Xp-]£]ÿm-\-Øns‚ hym]\w XpS-ßn-b-h-

sb√mw N¿®sNø-p∂ Cu t\mh¬ tZio-bXmhyh-lm-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]p\x-

]-cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw ÿm\-\n¿Æbw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂Xv Cu ]_-‘-Øns‚

]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

aq∂ma≤ymbw apX¬ F≥. ]n. apl-Ω-Zns‚ t\mh-ep-Isf tZio-b-X-bpsS shfn-

®-Øn¬ A]-K-Yn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hyXykvX `mj-Ifpw kwkvIm-c-ßfpw ssIhiw

shbv°p∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂p-cp-Øn-cn-™p-h-cp∂ C¥y≥]mtZ-inI`mjm-km-ln-Xy-

ß-fn-se√mw kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw cq]-s∏´p h∂-XmWv ]mtZ-inIt\mh-ep-Iƒ. Ak-anb,

]©m-_n, _wKm-fn, KpP-dm-Øn, admØn, lnµn kmln-Xy-ßfnse√mw ]mtZ-inI t\mh¬

i‡-am-sbmcp km∂n-≤y-am-bn-cp-∂p. ae-bmft\mh-enepw CØ-c-samcp [mc-bp-≠m-bn-cp-

∂p-sh∂pw AXn¬ F≥. ]n. apl-Ω-Zns‚ t\mh-ep-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-sa∂pw ÿm]n-°p-∂p-

≠v. acw F∂ At±-l-Øns‚ t\mh¬ tImgn-t°m-S≥ap…ow]mtZ-inI Pohn-X-amWv

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv F∂v Is≠-Øp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse ap…o-߃ ]tZiw tXmdpw ImØp-

kq-£n-°p∂ sshhn-≤yhpw tIc-fob ]mc-º-cy-Ønse hnhn[ Awi-߃ kwtbm-Pn-

∏nbv°p∂ Ah-cpsS hy‡nXz khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw C…m-ans\ GI-inem\n¿Ωn-X-amb

Hcp A]-c-ambn ImWp-hm-\p≈ _rlZvtZio-b-X-bpsS ]h-W-X-bvs°-Xnsc sNdp-Øp-

\n¬∏v \S-Øp-I-bmsW∂v aq∂ma≤ym-b-Øn¬ Is≠-Øp-∂p. Ban\sb∂ kvXo IYm-

]m-X-Øn\v e`n-°p∂ ]m[m\yw Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ DZmØ kvXok-¶¬∏sØ hy‡-am-

°p-I-bm-Wv. BZy`¿Øm-hmb C_m-bns\°pdn®v h¿j-ß-fmbn Adn-hn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬

[\n-I-\mb ImZdns\ hnhmlw Ign-t°-≠n-h∂ Ban\ C_m-bn≥ Xncn-s®-Øp-tºmƒ

Abm-fn¬ t]cW sNepØn Abm-tfm-sSm∏w \mSp-hn-Sp-I-bm-Wv. Kma-Ønse PohnXka-

c-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Cu t\mh¬ hnhm-l-sØ-°p-dn®pw IpSpw-_-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈

ap…ow kam-¥-c-ho-£-W-Øns‚ ]Im-i-\-amWv F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øp-∂p.

\mema≤ym-b-Øn¬ lnc-Wy-I-in]p F∂ At±-l-Øns‚ t\mh¬ A]-K-Y-

\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse ]mtZ-inIcmjvSob]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ At±lw Fgp-

Xnb cmjvSobA\ym-]-tZi (Political Allegory) amWo t\mh¬ F∂mWv Is≠-ج.

BZy-Ime t\mh-en¬ sI. \mcm-b-W-°p-cp-°ƒ ]Z¿in-∏n® Cu am¿§-Øn¬ F≥. ]n.

bv°ptijw IS-∂p-h-cp-∂Xv H. hn. hnP-bs‚ [¿Ω-]p-cm-W-amWv. ASn-b-¥-ncm-h-ÿ-

bpsS GIimk-\-Xsb ]q¿∆-Z¿i\w sNøp∂ ]h-N\tijn CXn-ep-s≠∂v Is≠-

Øp-∂p. lnc-Wy-I-in]phns‚ CXn-hr-Øm-]-K-Y-\hpw IYm-]m-Xm-]-K-Y-\hpw \S-

8

Ønbtijw cm„obA\ym-]-tZ-i-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Cu t\mh¬ IYm-]m-X-]-[m-

\-a√ CXn-hr-Ø-]-[m-\-amWv F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse I£n-cm-„o-b-

Øns‚ hna¿i\w CXn-ep-s≠∂pw kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-߃°v F≥. ]n. bpsS t\mh-en¬

e`n-°p∂ ]m[m-\ysØ CXnse kp\µ DZm-l-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw Is≠-Øp-∂p. Fgp-

Øn-s\bpw hmb-\-sbbpw \nb-¥n-°p∂ D]-cn-h¿§-]-chpw sslµ-h-hp-amb tZio-b-

Xm-Jym\ßsf sNdp-°p∂ Cu t\mh¬, F∂m¬ sslµh anØp-Ifpw IYm-]m-X-

ßfpw IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-XpsIm-≠m-hWw P\-]n-b-Xtbm hna¿i-\-i-≤tbm CXn-\p-≠m-ImsX

t]mb-Xv F∂pw \nco-£n-°p-∂p≠v. F¶nepw ae-bmf t\mh-ens‚ hnImkNcn-X-Øn¬

CXn\v ][m\ ]¶p-s≠∂v Is≠-Øp-∂p.

_jo-dns‚ "ÿe']pcm-W-ß-sf-t∏mse ap…ow]mtZ-inIPohn-Xm-Jym-\-ß-fmb

FÆ-∏m-Sw, ]ns∂bpw FÆ-∏m-Sw, F∂o t\mh-ep-Isf A©m-a-≤ym-b-Øn¬ A]-K-Yn-

°p-∂p. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kzm[o-\-L- -Øn¬ cN\\S-Øp-tºmgpw AXns‚ ]nb-s∏´

]ta-b-ßtfm Bhn-jv°-c-W-co-Xntbm F≥. ]n. D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√ F∂-Xns‚

sXfn-hmWv Cu t\mh-ep-Iƒ F∂v Is≠-Øp-∂p. acw F∂ ]mtZ-inI t\mhen¬

kpL-Sn-X-amb CXn-hr-Øhpw Ime-Øn-eqsS hf-cp∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-fp-amWv D≈-sX-¶n¬

Ab™ CXn-hr-Øhpw hy‡n-ap-Z-bp≈ IYm-]m-X-ß-fp-amWv FÆ-∏mSw t\mh-ep-I-

fn¬. cWw, BZ¿iw, [\w, aXw, P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂o A≤ym-b-ß-fn-eqsS tZi-Øns‚

t\¿∏-I¿∏mb ]tZ-i-Øns‚ PohnXw NnXo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-W-t±lw. ]m¥-h¬Ir-X-sc-

¶nepw kvXoIƒ ]m[m-\y-tØmsS apt∂m´v hcp-∂-XmWv Cu t\mh-ep-I-fpsS ]tXy-I-

X. tIc-f-Øn¬ s]mXp-th-bp≈ amXr-]m-c-º-cyhpw AΩ-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\bpw hnizm-km-Nm-

c-ßfpw Chn-SpsØ ap…ow]mtZ-inIPohn-XsØ kzm[o-\n-®-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-Iƒ Cu

t\mh-en-ep-≠v. tZio-b-X-bpsS _rlXvhyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ CSw In´mØ ]mtZ-

inItIcfo-b-Po-hnXw ChnsS AXns‚ X\n-a-bnepw hyXy-kvX-X-bnepw Bhn-jvIr-X-am-

Ip∂p F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xv.

Bdmw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ IÆv F∂ t\mh-ens\ ]mtZ-inImJym-

\-sa∂ \ne-bnepw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI t_m[-Øns‚ Bhn-jv°m-c-sa∂ \ne-bnepw ASbm-f-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. CXnse kvXo IYm-]m-X-ßsf khn-ti-j-ambn A]-K-Yn-®p-sIm≠v `qan-

bpsS ssPh-hy-hÿ \ne-\n¿Øp∂ kvXobpsS ]¶v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. DΩp- -a-dnbw

AΩm-bn- -DΩ F∂o IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-eqsS ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-amb k¥-pe\w \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-

Xn¬ Ah¿ bYm-Iaw kr„n- -ÿn-Xn- -kw-lmc ]h-WX-I-sf-bmWv ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-

∂-sX∂v Cu ]T\w ÿm]n-°p-∂p. ]mtZ-inIkzXzw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-tºmƒØs∂

AXns\ A¥¿t±-iob am\-ß-fn-tebv°v t\mh-enÃv hf¿Øp∂p F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬

FØn-t®-cp-∂p. C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS mK-amb tIcftZio-b-X-bn¬ ap…ow kmwkvIm-

cnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ Nn”-߃ hc-®n-Sp-I-hgn A\y-Ym- A-]q¿Æ-amb \ΩpsS ]mtZ-

9

inIkwkvIr-Xnsb ]qcn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv F≥. ]n. apl-ΩZv F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv FØn-

t®-cp-∂-Xv.

Xs‚ Pohn-X-Ønse ][m-\-]-tNm-Z-\-am-bn-cp∂ apl-ΩZv A–p-d-ln-am≥ kmln-

_ns‚ Poh-N-cnXw ]ta-b-am-°nb, kpL-SnXin¬∏-Øm¬ A\p-Kr-lo-X-amb t\mh-

emWv F≥. ]n. bpsS Nc-am-\-¥cw ]kn-≤o-I-cn® apl-ΩZv A–p-d-ln-am≥ Hcp t\mh¬

F∂ \nK-a-\-amWv Ggma≤ym-b-Øn¬. F≥. ]n. bpsS Pohn-Xm- n-em-j-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-

s∏- -Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu t\mh-ens‚ cN-\. At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-XsØ Ko°v Zpc-¥-\m-b-

I\v Xpey-ambn kao-]n-°p∂ Cu t\mh¬ C¥y≥ tZio-b-Xbv°v C¥ym- -]m-In-ÿm≥

hn -P-\-tØmsS aX-hn- m-Ko-bX D≠m-°nb apdn-hns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xv. tZio-b-X-bpsS c≠mw apdn-hmb Atbm≤ymkw -h-ß-fm-IWw Cu t\mh¬

cN-\-bv°p≈ ]tNm-Z-\-sa∂ A\p-am-\hpw ChnsS ImWmw. A–p-d-ln-ams‚ Pohn-X-

Ønse Ah-km-\sØ Fgp-]-Øn-tbgv Zn\-ßsf tIµo-I-cn-s®-gp-Xnb Cu t\mh-en¬

ae-_m¿ el-f-ap-X¬ tZio-b-]-ÿm\w hsc-bp≈ Ncn-X-kw- -h-߃ kvac-W-bpsS coXn-

bn¬ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. Poh-N-cn-X-t\m-h-ens‚ _rl-Zq-]-an-√msX Xs∂ A–p-d-ln-ams‚

al-Ømb PohnXw Iem-]-c-amb HXp-°-tØmsS NnXo-I-cn-°m≥ F≥. ]n.bv°v Ign-bp-

∂p. tZio-b-X-bv°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Xs∂ AXnse ]mtZ-inI˛Iogmf ]tXy-b-im-

kvX-ßsf ]Xy-£-s∏-SpØn tZio-b-X-bpsS GI-apJ kh¿Æ-]-Xyb imkvXsØ

FXn¿°p-I-bmWv F≥. ]n. apl-ΩZv F∂ Is≠-Ø-tem-sS-bmWv Cu ]T\w Ah-km-

\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. D]-kw-lmc Jfi-Øn¬ \nK-a-\-ß-sf√mw tImUo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

*****

10

Name of the institution where : Post Graduate Department of Malayalamthe research work will & Research Centre.be undertaken Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta.

Name of the Research Scholar : K. S. Jayasree

Signature :

Name of the Topic : Nationalism & Regionalismin the Novels of N.P. Muhammed.

tZio-b-Xbpw ]mtZ-in-I-Xbpw

F≥.-]n. apl-Ω-Zns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fn¬.

Name of the Research Guide : Dr. S. SaradakkuttyAssociate Professor in MalayalamD.B. College, Parumala.

Signature :