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1 : (), .
[email protected] http://www.fluid-research.com/tei_1.htm1 - I - . 2010 - 2011 2
2 : () .
- I - . 2010 - 2011
www.pi-schools.gr
, , . , , . . . .
, , . . . . .
3
- I - . 2010 - 2011
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- I - . 2010 - 2011
1
V
L3
SIm3
lt UK gal US gal at (kp/cm2) bar torr (mmHg)oC oF
/ SI1.0000 E-03 4.5461 E-03 3.7854 E-03 9.8066 E+04 1.0000 E+05 1.3332 E+02 TC=TK-273.15 TF=(9/5)TC+32
. WANKEL. . .
p
FL-3
Pa (N/m2)
. . .
, T v Q c, C E W
L3M-1 FL-3 ML-3 (Q) (Q)M-1-1 FL
K m3/kg N/ m3 kg/ m3 J (Nm) J/kgK J
kp/m3
9.8066 E+00
kcal BTU kcal/kgK kpm Wh kWh erg kpm kW kpm/s kcal/s HP = 76 kpm/s PS, CV = 75 kpm/s g/kWh g/PSh(g/kWh = 1.3596 g/PSh)
4.19 E+03 1.0587 E+03 4.19 E+03 9.8066 E+00 3.60 E+03 3.60 E+06 1.00 E-07 9.8066 E+00 E 00 1.0 E-03 9.8066 E+00 4.19 E+03 7.4570 E+02 7.3549 E+02 3.6 E-09 2.64784 E-09 4.19 E+03 9.8066 E+00 - I - . 2010 - 2011 6
T N, P
FL FLT-1
Nm W (J/s)
.
be
MF-1L-1
kg/Ws
5
H R*
(Q)M-1 FL M-1-1
J/kg 8314.34 J/kmolK
kcal/kg 847.8 kpm/kmolK
- I - . 2010 - 2011
- . . . , .
(OTTO) DIESEL HCCI (Homogenous charge compression ignition) PCCI (Premixed charge compression ignition)
( 200.000 ): (). . .
JET WANKEL - I - . 2010 - 2011
: ( ). . (.. 200.000 ).8 - I - . 2010 - 2011
PULSE JET RAM JET SCRAM JET7
2
1860 LENOIR : . . 3%. 1876 OTTO LANGEN : 9%. 1876 NIKOLAUS OTTO : 15%. 1876 CLERK : . 1883 GOTTLIED DAIMLER WILHELM MAYBACH : , .
1885 DAIMLER : . 1885 - 1886 : . 1886 DAIMLER : .
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1887 ROBERT BOSCH : . 1889 DUNLOP : . 1893 MAYBACH : . 1893 HENRY FORD : . 1893 RUDOLF DIESEL : . 1897 : . 1897 LOHNER PORSCHE : .
1909 HENRY FORD : Ford T. 1911 CHARLES KETTERING : . 1913 FORD : Tin-Lizzy. 1923 BENZ - MAN : Diesel. 1936 DAIMLER - BENZ : . 1950 ROVER : . 1964 NSU-WANKEL : .
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3
1966 BOSCH : (D Jetronic) . 1970 : , 1978 : ABS . 1984 : . 1985 : ( ) . 1997 : .
(Vc)
(D)
() (Vh)
(r)13 - I - . 2010 - 2011 14 - I - . 2010 - 2011
(OTTO, DIESEL, , HCCI). 2 (2-, 4). (, ). (, , , ). . (, , V, ...) (, ). (, ). . ( (, ). ( ). ( ). (, , ). (, , , ...)
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4
4- OTTOA: , (), . B: . C: . D: . E: . F: . G: ( ). H: . I: . J: , (), . K: (). L: . M: (). N: (). () O: . P: .
1: - 2: - 3: - 4: .
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2- OTTO
2- OTTO
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5
2- OTTO
4- DIESEL
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4- DIESEL
2- DIESEL
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6
2- DIESEL
2- DIESEL
.
.
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2- DIESEL
4- vs 2-4- - - - - --+++ --+++ +++ +++ 2- +++ --+++ -------
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7
OTTO vs DIESELOTTO - - +++ --+++ +++ ----DIESEL --+++ ----+++ +++
WANKEL
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WANKEL
WANKEL
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8
TURBOFAN
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4 .
(boxer)
6 . V90
4 . (BOXER) ( )
V
38
: W (Wankel)
- I - . 2010 - 2011
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9
4- -
6- V-90
40
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4- (BOXER)
5 .
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10
45
HONDA i-VTEC
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46
BMW M3 S54
- I - . 2010 - 2011
(Vc)( )
(D) (s)
() (Vh)
(l) ()
()
(r)47
2010 YZ450F
- I - . 2010 - 2011
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11
(cc, cm3, lt) D Vhs
Vh =
D2 4
H
Vc
Vc
VcVh
(cc, cm3, lt) (cc
VH = z Vh= Vh + Vc Vc
( ) ()
l
r = lH = 2r - I - . 2010 - 2011 50
( ):
=
Vh + Vc Vc
r
49
r sin ( ) = sin ( ) l
- I - . 2010 - 2011
Vc D Vhs
V = Vc +
D2 4
s
s = r (1 - cos( )) + l 1 1 2 sin 2 ( ) i s r 1 - cos( ) + sin 2 ( ) 2 s r 1 + - cos( ) sin (2 ) 4 4
(
)
Vc D Vhs
c=
ds ds d cos( ) = = r sin ( ) 1 + i dt d dt 1 2 sin 2 ( )
l
l
r
c = 2 H N sec 1 = 2 H
n min 1 6052
r
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12
Vc D Vhs
Vc D Vhs
ds ds d cos( ) c= = = r sin ( ) 1 + i dt d dt 1 2 sin 2 ( )
b=
dc dc d cos(2 ) + 2 sin 4 ( ) = = 2 r cos( ) + 3 dt d dt 1 2 sin 2 ( ) 2
(
(
)
)
c r sin ( ) + sin (2 ) 2
b 2 r (cos( ) + cos(2 ))
lr
l
r
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= 1/2
.
, , .
animation
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13
4- OTTO
4- OTTOA: , (), . B: . C: . D: . E: . F: . G: ( ). H: . I: . J: , (), . K: (). L: . M: (). N: (). () O: . P: .
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OTTO DIESEL OTTO (). . DIESEL . . .
-
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14
4-
(, , , ). ( , ..).62 - I - . 2010 - 2011 63
. . (Nikasil, Lokasil, ..) - I - . 2010 - 2011
(4/)
, . / 64 - I - . 2010 - 2011 65 - I - . 2010 - 2011
15
1
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1
1 ()
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16
4 () 4 V
, ( ) . , . . . ( ) .
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. . . . .
!!!72 - I - . 2010 - 2011 73 - I - . 2010 - 2011
17
/
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(.. ). 500 C. (.. ). . . 800 C. 1.5 2 mm. 45 .
- I - . 2010 - 2011
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76
77
18
250 350 C. . . 40 200 m.78 - I - . 2010 - 2011 79 - I - . 2010 - 2011
. , .
(OTTO DIESEL ).
W W
Otto.
Diesel.
W
W
W = p dV
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82
(Otto - Diesel).
.
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19
OTTO( )
P
W
p=W
W Vh
pVc
V
Vh
, .
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OTTO( )3
OTTO :
1 2 . 2 3 (). 3 4 . 4 1 .
n th = 1
1 1
( = )
P
q23 2
:
p th = p1
4 q41 1
1 n (k 1) ( 1) ( 1) th
V1 = V4 = + V2 = V3 = p1 = 1 bar (), 1
V2=Vc
VVh V1= Vh + Vc
p th = p1
V p 2 = p1 1 V2 V p3 = p 4 1 V 2
p3 = p 2
T3 T2
q n th 23 n th = p 3 T1 1 1 T1 R ( 1) R + 1 q 23 p3 p2( )
q 23 = c v dT = cv (T3 T2 )T2
T3
p 4 = p1
T4 T1
:
k=
q 41 = c v dT = cv (T4 T1 )85
T4
: : p V = constant : pV = mR T - I - . 2010 - 2011 86
q23 R = 8314.3 J/KmolK . - I - . 2010 - 2011
T1
20
OTTO OTTO . , .Otto0.8
DIESEL( )
n th = 1
0.7
1 1
0.6
0.5
=1.40.4
=1.3 =1.25 =1 25
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 087
5
10
15
20
25
30 - I - . 2010 - 2011 88 - I - . 2010 - 2011
q23 2
DIESEL3
( ) 1 2 . 2 3 (). 3 4 .
DIESEL :
n th = 1
1 1
1 ( 1)
4 1 .4 q41 1 V2=VcV
=
V3 V2
P
.
V1 = V4 = + V2 = p1 = 1 bar
Vh
1
V1= Vh + VcT3
V p 2 = p1 1 V 2V p3 = p 4 1 V 3
Vh + Vc = Vc1 n ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) th
T3 = T2
V3 V2 :
q 23 = c p dT = cp (T3 T2 )T2
q 41 = c v dT = cv (T4 T1 )T189
T4
p th = p1
p 4 = p1
T4 T190
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OTTO - DIESEL OTTO . , . DIESEL , , . , . , . 1 ( ) . ( ), .91 - I - . 2010 - 2011
DIESEL
A B C
P
V ( , , ). Otto. ( ) ( ). - I - . . 2010 - 2011
92
(DUAL OTTO-DIESEL SEMI-DIESEL LIMITED PRESSURE)q34 3 q23 4
q34 3 q23 4
:
1 2 . 2 3 (). 3 4 ().
1 p th = p1 n [(k 1) + k ( 1)] ( 1) ( 1) th
P
4 5 .
2 5 q51 1 V2=Vc
P
2 5 q51 1 V2=Vc
5 1 .
VVh V1= Vh + Vc
VVh V1= Vh + Vc
:
:93
k=
p3 p2
=
V4 V3
k 1 n th = 1 1 (k 1) + k ( 1) 1 - I - . 2010 - 2011
p th = p1 :94
q q 1 tot n th = p 3 tot n th 1 T1 R k 1 T1 RV4 V3 - I - . 2010 - 2011
k=
p3 p2
=
22
3
4 q23
Diesel ( Diesel) . 3 - 4 , =1, OTTO. 2 3 , k=1, DIESEL.P
2 5 q51 1 V2=Vc q61 6 Vh
V
V1= Vh + Vc
1 2 . 2 3 (). () 3 4 (). 4 5 . 5 6 . 6 1
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:3 q23 4
OttoDiesel0.8 0.7 0.6 06
2
k 1 + ( 1) 1 n th = 1 1 (k 1) + k ( 1)
P
5 q51 1 V2=Vc q61 6 Vh
Otto0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
Diesel(10% ) Diesel(50% ) Diesel(100% )
V
V1= Vh + Vc
:
1 p th = p1 n [(k 1) + k ( 1)] ( 1) ( 1) thV4 V3
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
:97
k=
p3 p2
=
=
V6 V1
Otto98
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Diesel - I - . 2010 - 2011
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( ) Vc , Vh . .
Otto,Diesel0.7
0.6 Otto 0.5 Diesel (10% ) (20% ) 0.3 (50% )
1 kg kg . 14.7 : 1 (1 kg 14.7 kg ) Hu = 42 500 KJ/kg . 42.500 kg . = 1,3, cv = 846 J/kgK, = 29.4, R = 8314,3 J/KmolK. .99 - I - . 2010 - 2011
kg .
0.4
0.2
0.1
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Otto100
Diesel - I - . 2010 - 2011
Otto,Diesel25 400
Otto,Diesel
350 20 Otto Diesel (10% ) (20% ) 10 (50% ) Otto
Pmax/P1
P /P1
300
Diesel (10% ) (20% ) (50% )
15
250
200
150
100
5 50
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Otto101
Diesel - I - . 2010 - 2011 102
Otto
Diesel - I - . 2010 - 2011
24
140
n th = 1 1 1n th = 1 1 1 1 ( 1)= V3 V2
P-V = 12.120
100
Otto Diesel
80
P/P1
(10% ) (20% ) (50% )
Otto.1
Diesel. k 1 + ( 1) 1 n th = 1 1 (k 1) + k ( 1)
60
k 1 n th = 1 1 (k 1) + k ( 1)
40
k=
p3 p2
=
V4 V3
20
=0 0103
2
4
6
8
10
12
14 - I - . 2010 - 2011 104
k=
V/Vc
(Otto - Diesel).
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p3 p2
V4 V3
=
V6 V1
3
q234 OTTO
4 DIESEL
. .Pq23 2
2
3
. - .6 Vc 4 q41 1, 5
P
4 6 Vc 2 q23 34 DIESEL
q41 1, 5V
VVh
Vh
Pq23
3
4 OTTO
P
2 6 7 105 - I - . 2010 - 2011 106
4
VVh
Vc
5 q45 1
6 Vc V
4 q41 1, 5 - I - . h 2010 - 2011
V
25
OTTO( )
DIESEL( )
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OTTO 4
OTTO 4
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OTTO 4
OTTO 2
111
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OTTO 2
OTTO 2
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DIESEL 4
DIESEL 4
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( )
. We Pe . i = 0.5 4, 1 2 W : i : 0.5 1 4 2 n : (/s) P : p : Vh :
. Wi . i = 0.5 4, 1 2
Pe = We n i pe =We Pe = Vh Vh n i
Pi = Wi n i W Pi pi = i = Vh Vh n i
p e (kPa ) =
Pe (kW ) 103 Vh (lt ) n (rev / s) i 6.28 Te ( Nm) Vh (lt ) i - I - . 2010 - 2011
W : i : 0.5 1 4 2 n : (/s) P : p : Vh :
Pe = Te = 2 n Te
: :
p e (kPa ) =
Otto: 8.5 10.5 bar, Diesel: 7 9 bar Otto: 12.5 17 bar, Diesel: 10 12 bar
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( )
,
n th
n g Otto 0.4 0.7, Diesel 0.6 0.8n i = n th n g =nm 0.8
Pi & Q
n e = n i n m = n th n g n m =
Pe Pe = & Q K Hu
(1 PS = 0.736 kW)
Te = F b Pe = 2 N T
. Q : : u :
Pe (kW ) = 2 N (rev / s) Te ( Nm) 10 3
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120
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, . p, .
be =
K K 1 = = Pe n e K H u n e H u be = 86 (g/kWh ) /k h ne
Hu = 42.000 KJ/Kg
nl = :
Otto 345 285 g/kWh Diesel 285 190 g/kWh : u : n : b : ( )
m p o To = = m th p T
4-Otto: 0.7 0.9 2-Otto: 0.5 0.7 ( )
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- .
.
AF =
m air m fuel
.
==1 1
AF AFst
m AFst = air 14.7 m fuel st
.
(CH1.85 )x + y O 2 x CO 2 + x 1.85 H 2O2
1.85 y = 0.5 + 2 = 1.4625 2
C, H, O = 12, 1, 16. (12+1.85) kg 1.4625*32 kg . 23.2 %.123
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. .
4
(overlap) .125 - I - . 2010 - 2011 126 - I - . 2010 - 2011
30
4
4 . ( ). , .
( , , ). ( ) , . - I - . 2010 - 2011 - I - . 2010 - 2011
127
128
4 ( , ). ( ). , .
4 ( ), . . ( ), .
( , ). , .129 - I - . 2010 - 2011 130 - I - . 2010 - 2011
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2- - 4 . . ( , ). . . .
- .
=
AF AFst
=1 1
.
. - .
131
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132
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- .
. ( 0.72 0.78 gr/cm3). ( 0.78 0.85 gr/cm3). Diesel. ( ). . .
=
AF AFst
HC CO NOx
. . .
133
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-
(CH2+2).
(CH2 CH2-2).
(CH2).
(CH2-6).
135
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136
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53% , 37% , 8% , 2% . : 1:1 85 (CH1.85)x. 1:1.85 . . = 0.72 0.78 gr/cm3 (API = 141.5/ 131.5) . ( CnHm m/n , ).137 - I - . 2010 - 2011 138
(ON OZ) (100 ) (0 ) . (TEL) 100 . ( RON ). . Super: 96 98, : 88 92, : 92 - 96
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(ON OZ) . super, (TEL) (TML). . . , . .
DIESEL . . . ( ). ( , > 60 C). . , . .
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140
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DIESEL (CN CZ) . ( 100) - (, 0) ( ) ( ) . , 55 - 45 () 45 - 30 ().
. (). ( ) . ). , , . . . x (HC CO ). Diesel. (.. 15%).
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x. ( ) ). (-253C)
LPG (Liquid Propane Gas) - . . CO HC HC. , . . . DIESEL LPG LPG
.
(fuel cells).
CO HC NOx
143
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(Natural Gas) 85% CH4. Otto, , . , diesel. 2 : LNG (Liquid NG, -162 C), CNG (Compressed NG 200 bar). 1 lt diesel = 4.5 lt CNG (200 bar). .
-
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( )146
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. - . . .
OTTO (). (, INJECTION).
147
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OTTO - Bernoulli. .
OTTO - Bernoulli. .
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OTTO - , , . .
OTTO -
( )151
() - I - . 2010 - 2011 152 - I - . 2010 - 2011
OTTO -
OTTO - . . (SPI) (MPI). . .
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OTTO -
SPI (Single Point Injection) TBI (Throttle Body Injection)
PI (Multiple Point Injection)
155
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MOTRONIC
OTTO . ( , 5 b ( bar ). . . . ( ).
BOSCH Motronic157 - I - . 2010 - 2011 158 - I - . 2010 - 2011
38
OTTO . (early induction injection, 70 - 100 bar). b ) 2 ( (early l t injection). l late i j ti ) (late induction injection, 200 bar). (swirl atomizers). (multi hole atomizers).
DIESEL . - ( ). 1000 b bar. (common rail). . . 2000 bar.
159
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DIESEL
DIESEL
(inline pump) Common Rail161 - I - . 2010 - 2011 162 - I - . 2010 - 2011
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OTTO ( ) 40 45 (0.0125 s 600 RPM 0 00125 s (0 0125 RPM, 0.00125 6000 RPM). , . ( ). ( 2 ). ( ). CO2 H2O.163 - I - . 2010 - 2011 164
OTTO
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OTTO () .
OTTO , , . , , . .
(1) (2)
(1) (2) (3)
( ).165 - I - . 2010 - 2011 166 - I - . 2010 - 2011
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OTTO () : . . . ( 700 1400 Hz), . . () : , . ( 3000 5000 Hz , ), . .167 - I - . 2010 - 2011 168
OTTO
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OTTO 2 , , .
OTTO ( TEL TML). ( ). , . . 2 . . ( ). . (EGR, ).
169
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170
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DIESEL . . ( , ) ) ( = 10 = 2 ). 2000 bar , 5 50 m. 3 : ( ), ( ), ( ).
DIESEL
171
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DIESEL : , . 8 10 ( ). ) . : . . : , , . : . ( ).173 - I - . 2010 - 2011 174
DIESEL
() () () () - I - . 2010 - 2011
42
: (Rh). NOx 2 2. : (Pt) (Pd). CO HC CO2 H2O.
.
.
() : . : . , , .175 - I - . 2010 - 2011 176
. - I - . 2010 - 2011
( ). . 900 C. . . = 1. . ( ). 250 C. . .
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43
- . .
179
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180
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- ( ). = ( ) x () P, P = ( ) x () () ( ) P
- . . .
P( W ) = (rad / s) M ( Nm) P( W ) = 2 N (rev / s) M ( Nm)P(KW ) =
.
N( RPM ) M ( Nm) 30000
181
n
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-
- Pmax 55 KW 5000 min-1 36.65 KW 140 Nm 2500 min-1 Mmax
P(KW ) =183
N( RPM ) M ( Nm) 30000
nMmax - I - . 2010 - 2011 184
nPmax - I - . 2010 - 2011
- ( ) . , , , , .... . .
- P, M, bPmax
Mmax be
nn185 - I - . 2010 - 2011 186
nMmax
nPmax - I - . 2010 - 2011
45
-
- () 100 %
be =
K 1 = (const) Pe ne
: P : n : b : ( )
P
. ( ), . 4- , . .25 %
75 % 50 %
n: .187 - I - . 2010 - 2011 188 - I - . 2010 - 2011
- . (.. ), (.. ) ....
-
P
() . , . , . u
F
P.
n189
P = Fu - I - . 2010 - 2011 190 - I - . 2010 - 2011
46
- P
- Ne 3 2
P () . , . , .
Pe 100 % 1 2 3 25 % () 75 % 50 % 1
()
n - I - . 2010 - 2011
n
Poincare: . 0: , 1: , 2: , 3: , ...192
191
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- PP3 3 Pe 100 % P1 P2 2 1 75 % 50 % 25 % ( () ) u2 u1
-
nM
PP 1 Pe 2
nA ():
i=
nM nA
i=
n-unM
i= nA
( ).193 - I - . 2010 - 2011 194
n
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47
-
nM
P1 P Pe 2
nA ():
i=
nM nAi=
i=
= () x ( ) - I - . 2010 - 2011
i= nM195
nA
n
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196
().
197
- I - . 2010 - 2011
198
- I - . 2010 - 2011
48
P
P
P n=nI 1 nI nI nIV
n
199 - I - . 2010 - 2011 200
n - I - . 2010 - 2011
P
(.. ). . ,
P
.
i=
nM = n A
i2 =
n min MEK 3800 i1 = i1 n max MEK 5800i2 = 2.49
n=nI
nI
nI
nIV
n
n201
.. i1 = 3.8
- I - . 2010 - 2011
202
- I - . 2010 - 2011
49
( )
() 1 P1 n1 , 2 . .
PP2
P1
1 2
n=nI P
nI
nI
nIV
n203 - I - . 2010 - 2011 204
n2 n1
n2
n
- I - . 2010 - 2011
() 1 P1 n1 , 2 . .
. .
PP2
22
P1
1 2
i=
n2 n 22
n2 n1 n22205
n2
n
- I - . 2010 - 2011
206
- I - . 2010 - 2011
50
. , . . . Qk , , , , , . kg . kmol m.
( , ) , ( kmol ). ( ). ( ). 2000 (), .
207
- I - . 2010 - 2011
208
- I - . 2010 - 2011
o u = WF h f g ( 2 ). u ( 2 ). WF 2 . hfg 2 . - u 10 20% ( ). 300 500 C, . . - , 2.
209
- I - . 2010 - 2011
210
- I - . 2010 - 2011
51
. , . .211 - I - . 2010 - 2011 212
& & B : H = m Bh B & & : H = m h
: Pe & & : H = m (h )R R
R TR
& & : H = m h
:
& & H = m h
& ( ) - I - . 2010 - 2011
& B & & & m B h + m h + m h = Pe + m R h R213
( )
TR
& & + m h + - I - . 2010 - 2011 214
& & & & & & m B h + m h m R h T = Pe + m R h TR h T + m (h h ) + R R R 4 3 14B 44 4444 4 2 3 144 2444 14 244 4 3 & & & Q QR & QB =mB u T
( )
[( ) ( ) ]
- I - . 2010 - 2011
52
& & & & & & m B h + m h m R h T = Pe + m R h TR h T + m (h h ) + R R R 4 3 14B 44 4444 4 2 3 144 2444 14 244 4 3 & & & Q & QR Q B = m B u T
.
( )
[( ) ( ) ]
Diesel .
& & & Pe QR Q A = 0.38 = 0.35 = 0.22 = 0.05 & & & & QB QB QB QB Otto .
& & & Pe QR Q A = 0 28 0.28 = 0 45 0.45 = 0 20 0.20 = 0 07 0.07 & & & & QB QB QB QBDIESEL
OTTO
215
- I - . 2010 - 2011
216
- I - . 2010 - 2011
.
.
DIESEL
OTTO
217
- I - . 2010 - 2011
218
- I - . 2010 - 2011
53
Joule (Brayton) P P
Otto
v
V
219
- I - . 2010 - 2011
220
- I - . 2010 - 2011
JOULE( BRAYTON) q23
JOULE( BRAYTON)
1 2 . W 2 3 . 3 4 . 4 1 .q41
V p 2 = p1 1 V 2T3
V p 4 = p3 1 V 2
q23 = c p dT = c p (T3 T2 )T2
q41 = c p dT = c p (T4 T1 )221 - I - . 2010 - 2011 222
T4
T1
- I - . 2010 - 2011
54
JOULE( BRAYTON) q23 q23
JOULE( BRAYTON)
W
nth =
T T1 W q23 q41 q = = 1 41 = 1 4 q23 q23 q23 T3 T2
W
:
rp =
p2 p1
:q41
n th = 1
1 1
q41 ( ( = ) )
V p2 = p1 1 V p1 2
rp = r
Otto.
nth = 1
1 rp 1
223
- I - . 2010 - 2011
224
- I - . 2010 - 2011
JOULE( BRAYTON) q23
W
:
nth =q41
W h34 h21 = = q23 Qin
=
Wt th Wc th Pt th Pc th = & Qin Qin W h21 bwr = c = Wt h34
1-2 ( ). .
- (back work ratio bwr):
Wt12 = Wi h1 h2 = h 1-2 (). .
225
- I - . 2010 - 2011
Wt12 = Wth h1 h2 = h226
- I - . 2010 - 2011
55
.
.
nmT = neT =
We Wi
niT =
Wi h c p12 T T = = Wth h c p12 T T
= .
.
We We Wi = = niT nmT Wth Wi Wth
227
- I - . 2010 - 2011
228
- I - . 2010 - 2011
. . .229
& Pth = m Wth
1-2 ( ). .
& Pi = m Wi & Pe = m We - I - . 2010 - 2011 230
Wt12 = Wi h2 h1 = h 1-2 (). .
Wt12 = Wth h2 h1 = h
- I - . 2010 - 2011
56
.
.
nmC = neC =
Wi We Wth Wth Wi = = niC nmC We Wi We
niC =
Wth h c p12 T T = = Wi h c p12 T T
= .
.
231
- I - . 2010 - 2011
232
- I - . 2010 - 2011
JOULE
3
2 2
2
3 4 4
1
4
4
2
2
. . .233
& Pth = m Wth & Pi = m Wi & Pe = m We - I - . 2010 - 2011 234
1
- I - . 2010 - 2011
57
JOULE Regenerative gas turbine
JOULE Gas turbines with reheat
:
nreg =
h x h2 h4 h2 . . ( ). ( ).236
- I - . 2010 - 2011
235
- I - . 2010 - 2011
JOULE Compression with intercooling
JOULE
,
237
- I - . 2010 - 2011
238
- I - . 2010 - 2011
58
. . . (.. ).
TURBOJET TURBOFAN
TURBOPROP TURBOSHAFT RAMJET SCRAMJET - I - . 2010 - 2011 240
.
239
- I - . 2010 - 2011
GAS GENERATOR ( )242
241
- I - . 2010 - 2011
- I - . 2010 - 2011
59
(COMBINED CYCLE) 25 % - 35 %. , , ... 45 % - 50 % . 60 %. 85 %.
243
- I - . 2010 - 2011
244
- I - . 2010 - 2011
. .245 - I - . 2010 - 2011 246 - I - . 2010 - 2011
60
TURBOPROP
TURBOSHAFT
, ( ) .247
- I - . 2010 - 2011
248
TURBOPROP, , . . - I - . 2010 - 2011
-
TURBOJET
. 249
.
- I - . 2010 - 2011
250
- I - . 2010 - 2011
61
TURBOJET
TURBOJET
251
- I - . 2010 - 2011
252
- I - . 2010 - 2011
TURBOJET (AFTERBURNING)
TURBOJET (AFTERBURNING)
253 - I - . 2010 - 2011 254 - I - . 2010 - 2011
62
TURBOFAN
TURBOFAN
: . - I - . 2010 - 2011 - I - . 2010 - 2011
255
256
TURBOFANTURBOPROP
- . . .
TURBOJET , . . . , . .
TURBOFAN . - . . ( TurboProp). ( TurboJet).257 - I - . 2010 - 2011 258 - I - . 2010 - 2011
63
RAMJET
SCRAMJETSupersonic Combustion RAMJET
259
. 2 5 Mach. 0.5 Mach. 5 Mach . 2 4 Mach TurboJet . ( TurboJet - I - . RamJet, Air Turbo Ramjet). 2010 - 2011
RamJet . . 6 8 Mach (hypersonic). 3 6 Mach SCRamJet RamJet. . ( ).260 - I - . 2010 - 2011
. . .
, . , , . . . , .
. . . . diesel (jet fuel ). . . .261 - I - . 2010 - 2011 262
- I - . 2010 - 2011
64
ATKINSON. ATKINSON - MILLER. . STIRLING. P
Joule (Brayton)
Otto P
V
V
263
- I - . 2010 - 2011
264
- I - . 2010 - 2011
Joule (Brayton) P
Otto P P
Joule (Brayton)
ATKINSON Otto P
V
P
V
V
P
V
Atkinson
Atkinson Otto
265
- I - . 2010 - 2011
V
266
- I - . 2010 - 2011
V
65
ATKINSON ATKINSON Atkinson . (). . . .
ATKINSON
267
- I - . 2010 - 2011
268
- I - . 2010 - 2011
ATKINSON Atkinson
ATKINSON - MILLER MILLER ATKINSON . . , .
269
- I - . 2010 - 2011
270
- I - . 2010 - 2011
66
ATKINSON - MILLER
ATKINSON - MILLER
, 2 .
2 , .
. .
.272 - I - . 2010 - 2011
271
- I - . 2010 - 2011
ATKINSON - MILLER
ATKINSON - MILLER , , . . . .
=
+ + - I - . 2010 - 2011 274 - I - . 2010 - 2011
=273
67
ATKINSON - MILLER . . .
ATKINSON - MILLER
, MAZDA. TOYOTA PRIUS. .
. ( ). .
275
- I - . 2010 - 2011
276
- I - . 2010 - 2011
ATKINSON - MILLER TOYOTA PRIUS THS II (2007): x : : : : : : : 1.5 lt 75.0mm x 84.7mm 13.5:1 76 BHP @ 5000 115 Nm @ 4200 4 2 4
CO2
277
- I - . 2010 - 2011
278
- I - . 2010 - 2011
68
279
- I - . 2010 - 2011
280
- I - . 2010 - 2011
(FUEL CELLS) ; . . . . . . , (.. ) . PEM (Proton Exchange membrane). .
(FUEL CELLS) PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane)
281
- I - . 2010 - 2011
282
- I - . 2010 - 2011
69
(FUEL CELLS)
(FUEL CELLS)
283
- I - . 2010 - 2011
284
- I - . 2010 - 2011
(FUEL CELLS) (FUEL CELL STACKS)
(FUEL CELLS) . . , . . ( ).
(-253 C). . ( ). .285 - I - . 2010 - 2011 286 - I - . 2010 - 2011
70
(FUEL CELLS) . (.. ).2 4
STIRLINGP3
STIRLING
1 2 ( ). 2 3 . 3 4 ( ) 4 1 . V
. (.. FC, ). .1
:
n th = 1
T1 T3
Carnot ( 2 ).287 - I - . 2010 - 2011 288 - I - . 2010 - 2011
STIRLING STIRLING STIRLING (CS) (PP)
STIRLING
(S) (P)
292
- I - . 2010 - 2011
293
- I - . 2010 - 2011
71
STIRLING STIRLING (S) (DP) (CS) (PP)
STIRLING STIRLING
294
- I - . 2010 - 2011
295
- I - . 2010 - 2011
STIRLING STIRLING
STIRLING STIRLING (ross yoke)
(S) (DP) ( ) (CS) (PP)
296
- I - . 2010 - 2011
297
- I - . 2010 - 2011
72
STIRLING . . . . . . , . . , ( ). ( ) . , . .298
STIRLING . ( ). . Sterling ( ). . Stirling . ( , ). , . ( .), .
- I - . 2010 - 2011
299
- I - . 2010 - 2011
STIRLING . . . , . , , . . Stirling (NASA SRG (Stirling Radioisotope Generator)). (KOCKUMS Gotland class submarine). . (.. , ). .300 - I - . 2010 - 2011 301
STIRLING KOCKUMS Gotland class submarine
- I - . 2010 - 2011
73
STIRLING
STIRLING
303
- I - . 2010 - 2011
304
- I - . 2010 - 2011
STIRLING
STIRLING /
305
- I - . 2010 - 2011
306
- I - . 2010 - 2011
74
