MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1...

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MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1

Transcript of MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1...

Page 1: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

MATH& 146

Lesson 19

Section 2.6

Assessing Normality

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Page 2: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 1

Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a

normal model, N(μ = 1500, σ = 300).

Shannon is a randomly selected SAT taker, and

nothing is known about Shannon's aptitude. What

is the probability Shannon scores at least 1630 on

her SATs?

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Page 3: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Tip

Always draw a picture first, and find the

probability.

For any normal probability situation, always always

always draw and label the normal curve and shade

the area of interest first. The picture will provide

an estimate of the probability.

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Page 4: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 2

Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a

normal model, N(μ = 1500, σ = 300).

If the probability of Shannon scoring at least 1630

is 0.3324, then what is the probability she scores

less than 1630?

Draw the normal curve representing this question,

shading the lower region instead of the upper one.

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Page 5: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 3

Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a

normal model, N(μ = 1500, σ = 300).

a) Edward earned a 1400 on his SAT. What is his

percentile?

b) Use the results of part (a) to compute the

proportion of SAT takers who did better than

Edward.

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Page 6: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 4

Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a

normal model, N(μ = 1500, σ = 300). Stuart

earned an SAT score of 2100.

a) What is his percentile?

b) What percent of SAT takers did better than

Stuart?

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Page 7: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 5

Based on a sample of 100 men, the heights of

male adults between the ages 20 and 32 in the US

is nearly normal with mean 70.0" and standard

deviation 3.3".

Mike is 5'7" and Jim is 6'4". What are Mike's and

Jim's height percentiles?

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Page 8: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 6

Based on a sample of 100 men, the heights of

male adults between the ages 20 and 32 in the US

is nearly normal with mean 70.0" and standard

deviation 3.3".

a) Erik's height is at the 40th percentile. How tall is

he?

b) What is the adult male height at the 82nd

percentile?

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Page 9: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 7

Based on a sample of 100 men, the heights of

male adults between the ages 20 and 32 in the US

is nearly normal with mean 70.0" and standard

deviation 3.3".

What is the probability that a random adult male is

between 5'9" and 6'2"?

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Page 10: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Assessing Normality

Many processes can be well approximated by the

normal distribution, such as SAT scores and the

heights of US adult males.

While using a normal model can be extremely

convenient and helpful, it is important to remember

normality is always an approximation.

Testing the appropriateness of the normal

assumption is a key step in many data analyses.

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Page 11: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Assessing Normality

There are two visual methods for checking the

assumption of normality, which can be

implemented and interpreted quickly. The first is a

simple histogram with the best fitting normal curve

overlaid on the plot, as shown in the left panel

below.

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Page 12: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Assessing Normality

The sample mean and standard deviation are used

as the parameters of the best fitting normal curve.

The closer this curve fits the histogram, the more

reasonable the normal model assumption.

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Page 13: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Assessing Normality

Another common method for assessing normality

is by examining a normal probability plot, shown

in the right panel below. The closer the points are

to a perfect straight line, the more confident we

can be that the data follow the normal model.

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Page 14: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Assessing Normality

Nearly Normal data have a histogram and a

normal probability plot that look somewhat like this

example:

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Page 15: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Assessing Normality

Data that is not normal will show a noticeable bend

in their normal probability plot.

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Page 16: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Assessing Normality

Reading a normal probability plot takes a little

practice. Even samples from true Normal

distributions do not produce plots that exactly

follow the straight line, especially for smaller

samples.

Indeed, samples from true Normal distributions

typically have points that meander above and

below the line, though still generally following the

line.

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Page 17: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Assessing Normality

Three data sets of 40, 100, and 400 samples were

simulated from a normal distribution, and graphed

below. These will provide a benchmark for what to

look for in plots of real data.

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Page 18: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 8

Describe the normality of w.

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Page 19: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 9

Describe the normality of x.

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Page 20: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 10

Describe the normality of y.

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Page 21: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 11

Describe the normality of z.

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Page 22: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 12

Are NBA player heights normally distributed?

Consider all 435 NBA players from the 2008-9

season presented below.

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Page 23: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 13

Can we approximate poker winnings by a normal

distribution? We consider the poker winnings of

an individual over 50 days.

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Page 24: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 14

The figure below shows normal probability plots for

two distributions that are skewed. One distribution is

skewed to the low end (left skewed) and the other is

skewed to the high end (right skewed). Which is

which?

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Page 25: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 14 Solution

Examine where the points fall along the vertical axis.

In the first plot, most points fall near the low end with

fewer observations scattered along the high end; this

describes a distribution that is skewed to the high end.

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Page 26: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 14 Solution

The second plot shows the opposite features, and this

distribution is skewed to the low end.

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Page 27: MATH& 146 Lesson 19 - Amazon S3 · MATH& 146 Lesson 19 Section 2.6 Assessing Normality 1. Example 1 Cumulative SAT scores are approximated well by a normal model, N(μ= 1500, σ=

Example 15

Is it normal for someone to shop at Safeway?

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