Materials Behaviour under Impact
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Erhardt Lach
Materials Behaviour under Impact
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 22
High Nitrogen Steel (HNS) Ausforming steels
Bainitic steel γ-TiAl
Quenched and tempered steels:
Austenitic steels:
work hardening and annealing
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 44
Shielding against low velocity fragments Hoog K,. Lach E., Maurer R., Rössner H.: Bericht R 134/86
STRAIN
VI = 300 m/s
Under this condition the more ductil steel alloy NAXTRA shows a better performance than the high strength armour steel XH 129
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 55
Micro structure after hot rolling
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 66
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Em
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 7
TR U
E ST
R ES
MPa
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 88
Micro cracks along the white bands, enrichment of carbid brittle behaviour
backside of crater
metastable austenitic structure
Initial hardness: 200 HB
Strongly strain hardening
Vickershardness HV30
N -c
on te
shock wave hardening
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1313
TRUE STRAIN
TR U
E ST
R ES
S
solution annealed 280HV30 cold worked 380HV30 cold rolled 472HV30 strain ageing 510HV30
MPa
10 -4 s -12400 s -1 10 -4 s -1
10 -4 s -1
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1414
Fm
P900: cold work hardened
2 3
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1515
Target NATO 60°
1. Plate: armour steel, treated to 530 HV30
2. Platte: HNS P900, forged at 400 °C to 500 HV30
The ballistic performance of both plates is identical
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1616
P900 plate after test without cover plate
High density of ASBPlate was impacted in the transient and at the onset of steady state region
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1717
The plate was impacted in the steady state region. Melting of material in ASB‘s.
Nr. 2 at 14
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1818
no formation of deforming martensite micro structure is absolutely stable
n = n = 0
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1919
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Dyn. Compression Strength(10%)
Fm
MPa
forged at 400 °C
Nr. 2 at 14
Nr. 3 at 14
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 20
2 mm 3 mm 1 mm 3 mm 2 mm
Layered Armour (japanese sword)
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 21
Very High Hardness Steels
In general are these steels are too brittle
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 2222
TRUE STRAIN
TR U
E ST
R ES
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 2323
TIME in s
C
P = perlit nose A = austenite B = bainite M = martensite Ms = martensite start C = carbid Ac = transition temperature
Te m
pe ra
tu re
in °C
flow stress, MPa
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 2626
MARS 300 45NCD16
TR U
E ST
R ES
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 2828
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Hardness HV30
Fm
TR U
E ST
R ES
MPa TiAl
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 3131
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Vickershardness HV30
Fm
After the ballistic test
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 32
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Vickershardness HV30
rolled
forged
rolled, lamellar micro structure
specimen 26:
= 0.7 solution annealing T = 820 °C 4 h tempern T = 680 °C 8 h, hardness: 391 HV30
specimen 27:
= 0.7 solution annealing T = 820 °C 4 h tempern T = 580 °C 8 h, hardness: 463 HV30
specimen 28:
= 0.9 solution annealing T = 910 °C 1 h tempern T = 560 °C 8 h, hardness: 507 HV30
specimen 29:
= 0.9 solution annealing T = 910 °C 1 h tempern T = 680 °C 8 h, hardness: 387 HV30
Al Sn Zr Cr Mo O N C H
4.9 2 2.04 4 3.94 0.47 0.004 0.016 0.006
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 34
Different treated Ti 17
x200
x1000
TR U
E ST
R ES
MPa
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 True Strain
Tr ue
S tr
es s
26: 391 HV30 27: 463 HV30 28: 507 HV30 29: 387 HV30
MPa
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 3737
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Vickershardness HV30
Ballistic Tests
0,0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,4
2,8
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Vickershardness H V30
Fm
Al-Cu5/25% SiC AlSi9M g/20%SiC AlSi7M g0,5/55%SiC AlCu4M g1Ag/55%SiC 316L/15%TiB2
armour steel
cast
F100
TR U
E ST
R ES
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Particle Size F
Em AlSi7Mg / SiC
Ballistic Tests
Gaspressure infiltration
grain-Ø: 0.6 µm grain-Ø: 0.91 µm
grain-Ø: 3.76 µm grain-Ø: 9.82 µm
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 4747
grain-Ø yaw
Al2 O3
Erhardt Lach
Materials Behaviour under Impact
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 22
High Nitrogen Steel (HNS) Ausforming steels
Bainitic steel γ-TiAl
Quenched and tempered steels:
Austenitic steels:
work hardening and annealing
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 44
Shielding against low velocity fragments Hoog K,. Lach E., Maurer R., Rössner H.: Bericht R 134/86
STRAIN
VI = 300 m/s
Under this condition the more ductil steel alloy NAXTRA shows a better performance than the high strength armour steel XH 129
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 55
Micro structure after hot rolling
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 66
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Em
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 7
TR U
E ST
R ES
MPa
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 88
Micro cracks along the white bands, enrichment of carbid brittle behaviour
backside of crater
metastable austenitic structure
Initial hardness: 200 HB
Strongly strain hardening
Vickershardness HV30
N -c
on te
shock wave hardening
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1313
TRUE STRAIN
TR U
E ST
R ES
S
solution annealed 280HV30 cold worked 380HV30 cold rolled 472HV30 strain ageing 510HV30
MPa
10 -4 s -12400 s -1 10 -4 s -1
10 -4 s -1
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1414
Fm
P900: cold work hardened
2 3
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1515
Target NATO 60°
1. Plate: armour steel, treated to 530 HV30
2. Platte: HNS P900, forged at 400 °C to 500 HV30
The ballistic performance of both plates is identical
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1616
P900 plate after test without cover plate
High density of ASBPlate was impacted in the transient and at the onset of steady state region
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1717
The plate was impacted in the steady state region. Melting of material in ASB‘s.
Nr. 2 at 14
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1818
no formation of deforming martensite micro structure is absolutely stable
n = n = 0
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 1919
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Dyn. Compression Strength(10%)
Fm
MPa
forged at 400 °C
Nr. 2 at 14
Nr. 3 at 14
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 20
2 mm 3 mm 1 mm 3 mm 2 mm
Layered Armour (japanese sword)
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 21
Very High Hardness Steels
In general are these steels are too brittle
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 2222
TRUE STRAIN
TR U
E ST
R ES
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 2323
TIME in s
C
P = perlit nose A = austenite B = bainite M = martensite Ms = martensite start C = carbid Ac = transition temperature
Te m
pe ra
tu re
in °C
flow stress, MPa
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 2626
MARS 300 45NCD16
TR U
E ST
R ES
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 2828
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Hardness HV30
Fm
TR U
E ST
R ES
MPa TiAl
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 3131
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Vickershardness HV30
Fm
After the ballistic test
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 32
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Vickershardness HV30
rolled
forged
rolled, lamellar micro structure
specimen 26:
= 0.7 solution annealing T = 820 °C 4 h tempern T = 680 °C 8 h, hardness: 391 HV30
specimen 27:
= 0.7 solution annealing T = 820 °C 4 h tempern T = 580 °C 8 h, hardness: 463 HV30
specimen 28:
= 0.9 solution annealing T = 910 °C 1 h tempern T = 560 °C 8 h, hardness: 507 HV30
specimen 29:
= 0.9 solution annealing T = 910 °C 1 h tempern T = 680 °C 8 h, hardness: 387 HV30
Al Sn Zr Cr Mo O N C H
4.9 2 2.04 4 3.94 0.47 0.004 0.016 0.006
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 34
Different treated Ti 17
x200
x1000
TR U
E ST
R ES
MPa
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 True Strain
Tr ue
S tr
es s
26: 391 HV30 27: 463 HV30 28: 507 HV30 29: 387 HV30
MPa
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 3737
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Vickershardness HV30
Ballistic Tests
0,0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,4
2,8
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Vickershardness H V30
Fm
Al-Cu5/25% SiC AlSi9M g/20%SiC AlSi7M g0,5/55%SiC AlCu4M g1Ag/55%SiC 316L/15%TiB2
armour steel
cast
F100
TR U
E ST
R ES
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Particle Size F
Em AlSi7Mg / SiC
Ballistic Tests
Gaspressure infiltration
grain-Ø: 0.6 µm grain-Ø: 0.91 µm
grain-Ø: 3.76 µm grain-Ø: 9.82 µm
Institute of Shock Physics
Imperial College London 4747
grain-Ø yaw
Al2 O3
