MALAYALAM B. A DEGREE PROGRAMME CHOICE · PDF file1 university of calicut malayalam b. a...

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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

MALAYALAM B. A DEGREE PROGRAMME

CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM

SDE /PRIVATE MODE

SYLLABUS

2011-12

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BapJw

2011-˛12 A≤y-b-\-h¿jw apX¬ tImgn-t°mSv k¿Δ-I-em-im-e°v Iogn-ep≈ SDE

/PRIVATE taJ-e-bnse _ncp-Z-]T\w Choice Based Credit & Semester( ccss) ˛te°v

amdp-I-bm-Wv. 2009-˛10 A≤y-b\ h¿jw apX¬°v Xs∂ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bnse dKp-e¿

tImtf-Pp-I-fnse _ncp-Z-]-T\w ska-Ã¿ coXn-bn-em-bn-°-gn-™-´p-- m-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ

SDE /PRIVATE taJ-e-bnse _ncpZ ]T\w IqSn Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn-em-Ip-∂-tXmsS k¿Δ-

I-em-im-e-bnse _ncpZ ]T\w ]q¿Æ-ambpw ska-Ã¿h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv.

ska-Ã¿h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ae-bmfw _ncpZ tImgvkns‚ kne-_ v 2009

¬ Xs∂ ]p\:{Iao-I-cn-®n-´p-- v. kmlnXy˛im-kv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI cwK-ß-fnse ]pXnb {]h-

W-X-Isf hen-sbm-c-fhv hsc Dƒs°m-≈n-°p-hm≥ Cu kne-_- n\v km[n-®n-´p-ap- v.

CtX kne-_ v Xs∂-bmWv SDE /PRIVATE taJ-e-bnse hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw \S-∏n-em-

°m≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

\ne-hn-ep≈ kne-_- nse tIm¿tIm-gvkn¬ Hcp-hn-[-am-‰hpw hcp-Øn-bn-´n-√. F∂m-

¬tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkn¬ Nne am‰-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-- v. tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv 1 Dw

4 Dw ska-Ã-dp-I-fn¬ kwkvIrXw / tP¿W-en-khpw 2 Dw 3 Dw ska-Ã-dp-I-fn¬ Kerala Culture -Dw (tIcf kwkvIm-cw) Bbn-cn-°pw. 5˛mw ska-Ãdnse Hm∏¨ tImgvkn\v Hcp

hnjbw am{Xta \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≈p.

2011-˛12¬ {]th-i\w t\Sp∂ SDE /PRIVATE taJ-e-bnse hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v Cu

kne-_ v _m[-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.

30˛06-˛2011

ae-bmfw t_m¿Uv Hm^v ÃUo-kn\p (bp. Pn) th- n

Fw. kptc-jv _m_p (sN-b¿am≥)

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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B.A. DEGREE PROGRAMME

CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM SDE /PRIVATE MODE

1. ]co£ Dƒs∏sS 90 {]hrØn Znh-k-ß-fp-ff 6 ska-Ã-dp-IƒsIm- mWv Cu t{]m{Kmw

]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xv.

2. 4 Xc-Øn-ep-ff tImgvkp-I-fmWv Cu t{]m{Km-an-ep-f-fXv

A tIma¨ tImgvkv, B. tIm¿ tImgvk,v C. tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv, D.Hm∏¨ tImgvkv

3. F√m tImgvkp-Iƒ°pw-IqSn 120 s{IUn-‰m-Wp-f-fXv

4. 5˛mw ska-Ã-dnse Hm∏¨ tImgvkn\v Hcp hnj-bta \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-f-fq ˛ Ne-®n{X ]T\w .Cu

tImgvkv ae-bmf `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw sF—nI-ambn FSpØv ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

th- n-bp-f-f-X-√.

5. 6-˛mw ska-Ã-dnse tIm¿ tImgvknse 15-˛masØ tImgvkv Ce-IvSohv tImgvkm-Wv. 3 hnj-b-ßƒ

\n¿t±-in-®n-´p-- v. Hmtcm tImtf-Pn\pw Xm¬]-cy-ap-ff hnjbw sXc-s™-Sp-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

6. 5, 6 ska-Ã-dp-I-fn-embn tImgvkv h¿°v/t{]mPIvSv h¿°v \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-- v. 2 aWn-°q¿hoXw

CXn-\p-th- n \o°n-sh-®n-´p- v. 6˛masØ ska-Ã-dn-emWv {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm°n ka¿∏n-

t°-- -Xv.

7. tImgvkv h¿°v/t{]mPIvSv h¿°ns‚ `mK-ambn sNøm-hp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ:

a) 25 ^pƒ kvIm∏n¬ Hcp {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°pI

b) Hcp t\mh-¬/sNdp-IYm kam-lmcw/IhnXm kam-lmcw/\mSIw/Xnc-°Y/kmln-Xy-]-T\w

Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-I.

c) Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap-ff Hcp tUmIyp-sa‚dn/{lkz-Nn{Xw \n¿Ωn-°pI (So-aw-K-ßƒ

7 t]cn¬ IqS-cp-Xv).

8. aqey-\n¿Æ-b-Øns‚ 80% FgpØp ]co-£bpw 20% Ct‚-W¬ A kvvsa‚pw Bbn-cn-°pw.

9. ]co-£bv°v 3 Xcw tNmZy-ßƒ D- m-Ipw.

(a) Short Answer, (b) Short Essay, (c) Long Essay

10. kne-_- ns‚ A¿∞-]q¿Æ-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn\v skan-\mdpw Assk≥sa‚pw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-

Ww.

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B.A. MALAYALAM DEGREE PROGRAMME

CURRICULUM Core Course o kz¥w `mj-tbmSpw kwkvIm-c-tØmSpw ⁄m\-hy-h-ÿ-tbmSpw Dff Xm¬]cyw kmln-Xym-kzm-

Z-\-Øn-eqsS hnI-kn-∏n-°¬

o ae-bmf `mj, kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw F∂n-hsb hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb

kmwkvIm-cnI ]T-\-Øns‚ coXn-im-kv{Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬.

o ae-bm-f-`m-jbv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf kmwkvIm-

cnI ]cn-t{]-£y-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°¬.

o tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI hyXn-cn-‡-X-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb coXn-

bn¬ ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ff tijn ssIh-cn-°¬.

o kuμ-cy-im-kv{X-kn-≤m-¥-ßsf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

o ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hymI-c-W-\n-b-a-ßƒ a\- n-em-°¬

o B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-Øns‚ kmam-\y-k-¶¬∏-ßƒ ]cn-N-bn-°¬

o emwtKzPv em_ns\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb `mjm-]-T\w

o ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw thdn´ hgn-Ifpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬

o KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hgn-Ifpw cq]-ssh-hn-[yhpw a\- n-em-°¬

o Zriy-˛-{im-hy-˛-A-®Sn am[yaßsf B{i-bn-®p-ff `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

o Ie-I-fpsS cq]-s∏-S¬, hnImkw F∂n-h-bpsS Ncn-{X-{]-Xy-b-imkv{X ]cn-k-c-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-ff

[mcW cq]-s∏-S¬.

o ]T\bm{X-I-fn-eqsS tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI ap{Z-Isf t\cn´p ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬.

Complementary Course

o t-I-c-f-Øns‚ Ncn{X L´-ßfpw kmwkvIm-chpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

o B[p-\nI tIc-f-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWw a\- n-em-°¬

o Ncn{X cN-\-bpsS kn≤m-¥-ßfpw k¶¬]-t`-Z-ßfpw Dƒs°mff¬

o \mtSmSn hn⁄m-\hpw {KmaoW kwkvIr-Xnbpw Dƒs°mff¬.

Open Course

o kmln-Xy-]-T-\sØ ka-Im-enI {]k-‡n-tb-dp-∂, sXmgn¬ km[yX h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ a‰p Iem-ta-

J-e-I-fp-ambpw ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-I-fp-ambpw _‘n-∏n®v ]Tn-°¬

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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B.A. DEGREE PROGRAMME

CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM

SDE /PRIVATE MODE

Marks Sem Code No. Course Title

Insti/ hrs/ week

CreditExam Hrs. Int Ext

Total Credit

I MA1A07(1) MA1B01

Common Course (English) Common Course (English) Common Course 7 k¿Km-flI cN-\bpw

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw Core Course 1 `mjbpw kmln-

Xyhpw

]T\-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw

Ist Complementary (kwkvIr-Xw)

4 5 4 6 6

3 3 4 4 4

3 3 3 3 3

20%

80%

18

II MA2A08(01) MA2B02 MA 2C01

Common Course (English) Common Course (English) Common Course 8 hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw

Core Course II IYm-km-lnXyw

2nd Complementary Kerala Culture (tIcfkwkvImcw):{]mNo\˛a[y-

Ime tIcfw

4 5 4 6 6

4 4 4 4 4

3 3 3 3 3

20%

80%

20

III MA3A09(01) MA3B03

MA3B04

MA3C02

Common Course (English) Common Course 9 ae-bm-f-

km-lnXyw Core Course III am[y-a-]-T\w Core Course IV \mSIw 2nd Complementary Kerala Culture (tIc-fkwkvImcw)

: A[n-\n-th-i˛ B[p-\n-I tI-cfw

5 5 5 4 6

4 4 4 4 4

3 3 3 3 3

20%

80%

20

6

IV MA4A10(01) MA4B05 MA4B06

Common Course (English) Common Course 10 kwkv°m-chpw \mK-I-cn-I-Xbpw Core Course V ae-bmf IhnX˛ ]q¿Δ-L´w

Core Course VI `mjm imkv{Xhpw

`mjm-N-cn-{Xhpw Ist Complementary (kwkvIr-Xw)

5 5 5 4 6

4 4 4 4 4

3 3 3 3 3

20%

80%

20

V MA5B07 MA5B08 MA5B09 MA5B10 MA5D01

Core Course VII -hymI-cWw Core Course VIII ae-bm-f- Ihn-X-˛-\-

thm-∞m-\-L´w Core Course IX kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ßƒ

Core Course X KZy-km-lnXyw Open Course 1 Ne-®n-{X-]-T\w Course Work/Project Work

5 5 5

5 3 2

4 4 4

4 4 ‐

3 3 3

3 3

20%

80%

20

VI MA6B11 MA6B12 MA6B13 MA6B14 MA6B15(E)01 MA6B15(E)02 MA6B15(E)03 MA6B16(Pr)

Core Course XI - \mtSm-Sn-

hn-⁄m-\obw

Core Course XII ae-bm-f- Ihn-X--˛D-

Ø-c-L´w Core Course XIII ae-bmf kmln-Xy-

hn-a¿i\w Core Course XIV tI-c-fo-b-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ

Elective ssk_¿ ae-bmfw hnh¿Ø\w

\h-kw-kvImc ]T-\-ßƒ Course Work/Project Work

5 5 5 5 3 2

4 4 4 4 2 4

3 3 3 3 3

20%

80%

22

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B.COM DEGREE PROGRAMME

SDE /PRIVATE MODE


Insti/ hrs/ week

Credit Exam Hrs. Int Ext

Total Credit

I MA1A07(02) Common Course 7 k¿Km-flI cN-\bpw

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw

5

4

3

20%

80%

II MA2A09(02) Common Course 9 ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw

5

4

3

B.SC DEGREE PROGRAMME (IN OTHER PATTERN)

SDE /PRIVATE MODE


Insti/hrs/ week

Credit Exam Hrs. Int Ext

Total Credit

I

MA1A07(03)

Common Course 7 k¿Km-flI cN-\bpw

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw

5

4

3

20%

80%

II MA2A09(03) Common Course 9 aebm-f-km-ln-Xy-]-T\w

5

4

3

8

Code. MA1A07(01)

ska-Ã¿˛ I tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛7

k¿§m-fl-I-c-N-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ:

k¿§mflI Ign-hp-Isf hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I, kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-hm-\p-ff tijn hf¿Øp-I.

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn hf¿Øp-I.

hnhn[ kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS cN-\m-X-{¥-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI

cN-\m-ti-jnsb hn]p-e-am-°m≥ klm-bn°pw hn[w hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßsf°pdn-®p-ff Adnhpw

Ah-t_m-[hpw \¬Ip-I.

\ΩpsS ImesØ Zriy- -̨{im-hy-˛-B-ib hn\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥

{]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1: Fgp-Øns‚ kmam\y \nb-a-ßƒ

a) sNdp-I-Y, Ihn-X, t\mh¬, \mS-Iw, Xnc-°Y F∂o kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßƒ, hnhn-[-Xcw Fgp-Øp-I-fpsS

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI

b) {]apJ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Xß-fpsS cN-\-I-sf-°p-dn®p \S-Ønb \nco-£-W-ßƒ hmbn-°p-I.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

k¿K-km-lnXn

Hcp IY P\n-°p∂p (Im-Yn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏p-c) -˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿

Fs‚ IhnX ˛ sshtem-∏n-ffn

(ssh-tem-∏n-ffn kºq¿W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, hmfyw-˛2)

Fs‚ ]Wn-∏pc (C-S-t»-cn-bpsS {]_-‘-ßƒ) ˛ CS-t»cn

cwK-{]-km-[\w ˛ Hcp Ie ˛ (\m-S-I-Z¿i\w) ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff

IY-bn¬\n∂v Xnc-°-Y-bn-te°v ˛B¿.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c≥ (`m-jm-t]m-jnWn 2006 s^{_p-h-cn)

(Hcp IY P\n-°p-∂p, Fs‚ ]Wn-∏p-c, cwK-{]-km-[\w Hcp Ie, IY-bn¬ \n∂v Xnc-°-Y-bn-te°v

F∂o teJ-\-ß-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv.)

samUyqƒ 2: cN\m ]cnioe\w

a. ô®¿ ssd‰nßv (td-Un-tbm, Sn.-hn., ]{Xw XpS-ßnb hnhn[ am[y-a-ß-fn-te-°p-ff ô®-dp-Iƒ

Xøm-dm-°p-∂-hn-[w) eLp-te-J, en‰n¬ amK-kn≥, hmƒ amK-kn≥ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°¬

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b. hn⁄m-\m-[n-jvTnX ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS kv{In]v‰v, imkv{Xw, kmln-Xyw, Ie, kn\n-a, kwKo-Xw,

kvt]m¿Svkv XpSßn hyXykvX taJ-e-I-fnse hy‡n-I-fp-am-bp-ff A`n-ap-Jw, Poh-N-cn-{X-°p-dn-∏p-

Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p∂ hn[w.

c. \ne-hn-ep-ff Hcp kmln-Xy-IrXn tdUn-tbm, Sn.-hn. XpS-ßnb hyXykvX am[y-a-ß-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°p-tºmƒ Ah-ew-_n-t°- coXn-Iƒ.

d. ae-bm-f- `m-j-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-N-bs∏SpI. D®m-c-Ww, hymI-c-Ww, ]Z-tIm-iw,

hc-samgn F∂n-h-bn¬ hnhn-[-am-[y-a-cq-]-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-ff ]cn-io-e\w \S-Øp-I.

(ae-bmf `mj-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI F∂ \n¿t±-i-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Xmsg

sImSp-°p∂ teJ-\-ßƒ hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.)

1. D®m-cWw ˛ G. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

({]-_-‘-kw-{K-lw, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an)

2. ae-bmf ssien (H∂mw A[ymbw am{Xw) ˛ Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

(am-Xr-`qan {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ:˛

ae-bmf ssien ˛ Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

ô®¿ cN\ ˛ Fw.-]n. kptc-{μ≥ (H-eo-hv)

Zriy `mj ˛ sI.-F-kv. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw ˛ hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬

]{X-`mj ˛ tIcf {] v A°m-Zan

ae-bmfw ssÃ¬ ]pkvXIw ˛ tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

s-am-Uyqƒ 3: ae-bm-fhpw P\-{]n-b-am-[y-a-ßfpw

P\-{]n-b-kw-kvIm-cw-˛-]-cky cN-\, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w, hnhn[ P\-{]nb amkn-I-Iƒ, h\nXm

amkn-I-Iƒ, Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-Iƒ, Ne-®n{X amkn-I-Iƒ, _me-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ, h¿Ø-am\

]{Xßƒ, kvt]m¿Svkv amkn-I-Iƒ, F v.-Fw.-F v F∂o `mjm-hy-h-lmc coXn-I-fn¬ {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-

io-e\w t\Sp-I. (hn-hn[ P\-{]nb am[y-a-ß-fnse hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw Fgp-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-

Ifpw a\- n-em-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°mw.)

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v :

]c-kyhpw D]-t`m-K-Xz-cbpw ˛ kn. Kuco-Zmk≥ \mb¿

(am-[ya ]T-\-ßƒ, Id‚v _pIvkv)

kmln-Xyhpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ tUm. jmPn tP°_v

(am-[ya ]T-\-ßƒ, Id‚v _pIvkv)

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`mhp-IXzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-- n¬ ˛ Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥

am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw ˛ hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬

Zriy-`mj ˛ sI.-F-kv. cmP-ti-J-c≥

]{X-temIw ˛ FUn.-Sn. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥

(`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)

samUyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-Xbpw

ae-bmf `mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw Iºyq-´-dn¬ (Encoding hyh-ÿ-Iƒ, ASC II, ISC II unicode) - ae-bmfw

tkm^v‰v shb-dp-Iƒ (kn. Um°ns‚ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ, cN-\, en]y-¥-cW t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ, hnh-c-hy-h-ÿ-

Iƒ, t^m- p-Iƒ)˛ ssl∏¿ sSIvÃns‚ (Xn-c-sam-gn) {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ˛ ae-bm-f-`mj C‚¿s\-‰n¬ D]-tbm-

Kn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-⁄m\w-˛ sh_v ssk‰p-Iƒ, C˛-tP¿W-ep-Iƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ (_q-tem-Iw, tªmKv kmln-

Xyw, {]apJ ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ)˛ sh_v Unssk-\n-ßv, tªmKv \n¿Ωm-Ww F∂n-h-bn¬ ]cn-⁄m\w

({]m-tbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w \n¿_-‘-an-√) ˛ ae-bmfw sh_v I- ‚v \n¿ΩnXn (a-e-bmfw hn°n-]o-Un-b-

tbbpw A\p-_‘ kwcw-`-ß-sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I)

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1) ae-bmfw Iºyq-ń-ßv ˛ Ncn-{XmhtemI\w ˛tUm. atljv awK-em´v

2) ae-bmfw sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ ˛tSmw. sP. aßm´v

3) Xnc-samgn ˛]n. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥

4) ae-bm-◊-bnse tªmKp-Imew ˛ cmPv \oń-bØv

(\mep teJ-\-ßfpw "ssk_¿ ae-bmfw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v

FUn. kp\oX Sn. hn, Id‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿)

5) hn°n-]o-Unb ˛ P\-Iob hn⁄m-\-tImiw

6) sh_vam-K-kn-\p-Iƒ

( c- p teJ-\-ßfpw "C\n hmb\ C˛ hmb\'F∂ hn. sI. BZ¿ins‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v,

Un.-kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn. kocn-kv)

7) {]Zqc At\z-jWw ˛sI. cho-{μ≥

("hn-h-c-ti-J-cWw C‚¿s\‰n¬', Un.kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn. kocn-kv)

8) ae-bmfw bqWn-tImUv ssS∏nßv

9) kzX{¥ bqWn-tImUv ssS∏nßv

(c- p teJ-\-ßfpw "Fßs\ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ tªmKmw' F∂ ]n. Fw. _m_p-cm-Pns‚ ]pkvX-I-

Øn¬ \n∂.v Un. kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn. kocnkv)

(a-e-bm-fw Iºyq-ń-ßv˛ Ncn-{XmhtemI-\w, Xnc-sam-gn, sh_vam-K-kn-\p-Iƒ, aebmfw bqWn-tImUv

ssS∏nßv F∂o teJ-\-ß-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv.)

11


C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn ˛ tUm. ANypXv i¶¿ F v.-\m-b¿

(tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v)

B temIw apX¬ C˛-tem-Iw-hsc ˛ tUm. sP.-hn. hnf-\new

(tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v)

C‚¿s\‰pw C≥^¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw ˛ tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-{μ≥

(Un.-kn. _pIvkv)

ssk_¿ ae-bmfw ˛ FUn. kp\oX Sn.-hn. Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿

C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn F¥v, Fßns\ ˛ tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-{μ≥,

F¥n\v? Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿

*******************

12

Code. MA2A08(01)

ska-Ã¿˛ II tImg-kv-˛8

hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ:

hnZym¿∞n-bpsS `mjm-ti-jnbpw kmln-Xy-`m-hp-I-Xzhpw hnkvXr-Xhpw kº-∂-hp-am-°p-I. hnh¿Ø\-

Øns‚ XmØzn-I-h-i-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-I, {]mtbm-KnI hi-ßƒ ]cn-io-en-°p-I.

samUyqƒ ˛1

hnh¿Ø-\w˛ \n¿h-N\w, s]mXp-X-Øz-ßƒ, hnh¿Ø-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\w, kzX-{¥-hn-

h¿Ø-\w, hymJym-\w, ]cm-h¿Ø-\w, en]y-¥-cWw, hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kmwK-Xyw, hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS

km[n-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI [¿Ωw

hnh¿Ø-\hpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw

b{¥-X¿÷-a, B\n-ta-j≥, X¿÷-a-bpw C‚¿s\-‰pw, b{¥-X¿÷-a-bpsS km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw

hnhn-[-Xcw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

1. kmlnXyw

2. kmln-tXy-Xcw

3. aoUn-b-{Sm≥kvtej≥

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

"hnh¿Ø-\w' ˛ tIc-fm-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v. ˛ Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse F≥. hn. IrjvW hmcy-cpsS

Ah-Xm-cn-I.

samUyqƒ 2

hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {][m\ kao-]-\-co-Xn-I-fpw hnh¿Ø-\Øn¬ D¤-hn-°p∂ {]iv\-ßfpw a\- n-em-

°p-I, hnh¿Ø\ coXn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI F∂n-h-bmWv Cu samUyqƒsIm- v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

hnh¿Ø\ Nn¥-Iƒ (te-J\ kam-lm-cw)

A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w ˛ sI.]n. i¶c≥

Imhy hnh¿Ø-\w-˛-Nne \nco-£-W-ßƒ ˛ tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥

hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX ---˛ tUm. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥ \mb¿

IYm-hn-h¿Ø\w˛-Nne kao-]-\-ßƒ ˛ hn.-Un. IrjvW≥ \ºym¿

]mThpw ]mcm-b-Whpw ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿ (km-ln-Xy-temIw 99 sabv

Pq¨ e°w, kmlnXy A°m-U-an, Xr»q¿)

(A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w, Imhy hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Nne \nco-£-W-ßƒ, hnh¿Ø-\-\-£-aX,

IYm-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ Nne kao-]-\-ßƒ F∂o-te-J-\-ß-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv.)

13

{]tbm-K-am-XrI (hn-h¿Ø\Ønse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Is- -Øm≥ \n¿t±in°-

Ww.)

hm\-ºmSn (ssh-tem-∏n-f-fn) ˛ Ode to the Skylark (Shelly)

Cμp-te-J-bpsS H∂m-a-≤ymbw ˛ W. Dumergue, C.S‐ s‚ Cw•ojv ]cn-̀ mj

(am-Xr-`qan {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww)

KoXm-RvPen: PnbpsS hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø\w

`P\w ]qP\amcm-[-\bpw Leave this chanting and singing and

km[-\bpw tl \n¿ØpI kmt[m telling of beads ........................................................ ........................................................

tNcp th¿s∏mgpIs´ -˛ Meet him and stand by him in toil and

(Pn-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, 1999) ˛ Sweat of thy brow (Collected poems and

Plays of Rabindranath Tagore, Macmillan, 1967)

kzman hnth-Im-μs‚ Nn°mtKm {]kwKw ˛ Address at the Final Session (27 Sept. 1893)

kam-]\ ktΩ-f-\-Ønse {]kwKw Advaita Ashrama (Publication Department)

(1893 sk]vXw-_¿ 27) Kolkata

{iocm--a-IrjvW aTw, ]pd-\m-´p-I-c, Xr»q¿ -

{]hm-N-I≥ ˛ Jeo¬ Pn{_m≥ Bcw`w apX¬ Prophet‐Kahilil Gibran

""Ch-sb√mw D®-cn-°-s∏´ hm°p-I-fm-sW-¶nepw These things he said in words. But much in

Dcn-bm-SmØ hN-\-ß-fm¬ lrZbw \n`r-X-am- heart remained unsaid. For he himself could

bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ AKm[ \nKq-V-X-Iƒ Bhn-jv not speak his deeper secret‐ F∂-Xp-h-sc.

°-cn-°p-hm≥ Ah\v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√'' F∂p (Greatest works of Kahlil Gibran, Jaico

hsc-bp-ff `mKw (J-eo¬ Pn{_m≥ IrXn-Iƒ, Publishing House, Bombay).

t]Pv 471-˛473, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw)

samUyqƒ 3

Cw•o-jn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv ]cn-io-en-°pI

o ]Z-ßƒ

o hmIy-ßƒ

o ssien-Iƒ

o ]gw sNm√pIƒ

o ]c-ky-ßƒ

o {]i-kvX-cpsS {]kw-K-ßƒ

o teJ-\-ßƒ (km-lnXy imkv{X am\-hnI hnj-b-ßƒ)

14

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI {KŸ-ßƒ˛ s{]m^. kn. sI. aq Xv

("hn-h¿Ø\w' tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

samUyqƒ 4:

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jnte°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv ]cn-io-en-°pI

o ]Z-ßƒ

o hmIy-ßƒ

o ssien-Iƒ

o ]gs©m√pIƒ

o ]c-ky-ßƒ

o {]i-kvX-cpsS {]kw-K-ßƒ

o teJ-\-ßƒ

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

X¿÷-a-bn¬ hcm-hp∂ A]m-I-X-Iƒ -˛ s{]m^. hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn

("hn-h¿Ø\w' tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

1. X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ & kvIdnb

k°-dn-b)

2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T-\- kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4

3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kv{X-`q-anI ˛tUm. hn.-B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥, tIcf

`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v

4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿ (tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn. hmkp-tZh `´-Xn-cn, kvssI _p°v ]ªn-tjgvkv,

amth-en°c

6. hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw ˛ tUm. F≥.C. hniz-\mY Aø¿

(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

Assk≥sa‚v

o k¿§mflIhpw ssh⁄m-\n-I-hp-amb GsX-¶nepw IrXn-I-fpsS / ]T-\-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\w-˛-Cw-

•o-jn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-tet°m ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jn-tet°m

o GsX-¶nepw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS aqe-Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp-ff Xmc-Xayw

o imkv{-X-km-t¶-XnI ]Z-ßƒ°v XØp-ey-amb ae-bmf ]Z-ßƒ Is- -ØpI

o Cw•ojv kn\n-abv°v ae-bmfw k_vssS-‰n-ep-Iƒ Fgp-XpI

o ae-bmf kn\n-abv°v Cw•ojv k_vssS-‰n-ep-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

15

Code. MA3A09(01)

ska-Ã¿˛ III tImg-kv-˛9

ae-bmf kmlnXyw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

ae-bmf kmln-XysØ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Xm¬]cyw P\n-∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNøpI

hyXykvX kmlnXy cq]-ßƒ, {]ÿm-\-ßƒ F∂n-hsb hnZym¿∞n°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

kmln-Xym-kzm-Z-\-tijn hf¿Øp-Ibpw sNøpI

ka-Im-eo\ kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw D- m-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

ae-bmf Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-amb Adnhv e`n-°p∂ ]mT-`m-K-ß-fmWv Cu `mKØv \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-

Xv. CXn-lm-kw, alm-Im-hyw, JWvU-Im-hyw, `mh-KoXn F∂o kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw {]ÿm-\-ß-

sf-°p-dn®pw ]cnNb-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m- mbn-cn-°Ww hni-Z-]-T\w \S-tØ-- -Xv.

F) sNdp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-—≥, Ip©≥ \ºym¿, ]q¥m-\w, cma-]p-cØv hmcy¿, DÆmbn hmcy¿ XpS-ßn-

b-h-cpsS cN-\m-co-Xn-Isf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Ihn-Xm-`m-K-ßƒ hni-Z-ambn

]Tn-°p-I.

1. tKmh¿≤-t\m-≤m-cWw (Ir-jvW-Km-Y) ˛ sNdp-t»cn

Xs∂-bp-h∂p-tff--msc√m-cp-an-ß-s\.....

.............. B\-μ-Km\w XpS-ßn-\m-t\....)

2. Km‘m-co-hn-em]w (kv{Xo-]¿Δw) ˛ Fgp-Ø-—≥

3. I√ym-W-ku-K-‘nIw ˛ Ip©≥ \ºym¿

AXp-I-- p-l-\p-am-\p-a-Xp-ew.......

............ hoWp-h-Wßn ]Zm-t¥..........)

_n) Bim≥, Df-fq¿, hf-f-tØmƒ F∂n-h-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Øn-ep-- m-°nb `mhp-I-Xz-

hy-Xn-bm\w Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. Ch-cpsS Hcp JWvU-Im-hytam Ihn-Xm-`m-Ktam hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°p-Ibpw

A°m-e-sØ-gp-Xnb a‰p Ihn-I-fpsS cN-\-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

16

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

NWvUm-e-`n-£pIn (c-- mw-J-WvUw) ˛ Ipam-c-\m-im≥

ae-tI-d¬ (X-]vX-lr-Z-bw) ˛ Df-fq¿

Hc tXmWn-bm{X ˛ hf-f-tØmƒ

kn) \thm-∞m-\-Im-eØpw AXn-\p-ti-j-hp-ap-ff IhnXmNcn{Xw kmam-\y-ambn a\- n-em-°p-I.

]pXnb Ihn-X-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-I. Bdp Ihn-X-I-fpsS kam-lm-cØn¬ aqs∂Æw

hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°p-I.

.1 k¿∏-°mSv ˛ sshtem-∏n-ffn

2. Idp-Ø-sN-ń-®n-Iƒ ˛ CS-t»cn

3. _m°n-h-√-Xp-apt- m ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

4. ]mhw am\-h-lr-Zbw ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn

5. amº-g-°mew ˛ ]n.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥

6. Ae-™p-Xn-cn-bp∂ IhnX ˛ dô°v Al-ΩZv

(C-S-t»-cn, F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cy¿, ]n. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥ F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬

]Tn-t°-- -Xv)

samUyqƒ 2

ae-bmf kmlnXy Ncn-{Xw, hnIm-kw, ]cn-Wmaw F∂nh kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. 6 IY-I-

fn¬\n∂v 3 FÆw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°-Ww. Hcp t\mhepw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°-Ww.

sNdp-IY

1. ssSK¿ ˛ _jo¿

2. Hcp \{km-Wn-bp-hmhpw Kufn-im-kv{Xhpw ˛ k°-dnb

3. hf¿Øp-ar-K-ßƒ ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

4. aq∂m-a-sXmcmƒ ˛ ap- q¿ IrjvW≥Ipń

5. LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw ˛ kp`m-jvN-{μ≥

6. taml-a™v ˛ sI.-B¿. aoc

(_jo¿, ap- q¿ IrjvW≥Ip-ń, kp`mjv N{μ≥ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-I-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬

]Tn-t°-- -Xv)

t\mh¬

hr≤-k-Z\w ˛ Sn.-hn. sIm®p_mh

samUyqƒ 3

F. KZy-km-ln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®v kmam\y ]cn-Nbw D- m-°-Ww. D]-\ym-kw, hna¿i-\w, kmln-Xy-

17

kw-kvImc ]T-\-ßƒ apX-emb taJ-e-I-fn¬\n-∂p-ff 6 teJ-\-ß-fn¬ 2 FÆw hni-Z-ambn

]Tn-°-Ww.

1. [¿Ω-cmP (ssZ-h-\o-Xn°v Zm£n-Wy-an-√) ˛ sI. `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿

2. ac-°p-cnipw hnip≤ inc pw ˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥

(sI.-]n. A∏s‚ sXc-s™-SpØ teJ-\-ßƒ hmfyw-˛1)

3. A`n-cp-Nn-Isf Zcn-{Z-am-°p∂ hyh-kmb kwkvImcw -˛ Fw.-F≥. hnP-b≥

(h¿Æ-ß-fpsS kwKo-Xw)

4. kmln-Xy-hnZy (km-ln-Xy-hn-Zy) ˛ Ip´n-IrjvW amcm¿

5. Imhy-tl-Xp-°ƒ ˛ Fw.-sI. km\p

(Im-hy-XØz {]th-in-I) Un.-kn. _pIvkv

6. Zn hm°¿ (th-dn´ ImgvN-Iƒ) ˛ hn.-sI. {iocm-a≥

(Ip-´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿, Fw. sI. km\p F∂n-h-cpsS teJ-\-ß-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv)

samUyqƒ ˛4

\mS-Iw, Xnc-°Y F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw D- m-°Ww. Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ c- p-

Ir-Xn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv (G-Im¶ \mS-Iw) ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff

2. ImgvN (Xn-c-°-Y) ˛ ª n

***********

18

Code. MA4A10(01)

ska-Ã¿˛ IV

tImg-kv-˛10

kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m- v C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn-®p-ff {][m\ hkvXp-X-Ifpw kao-]-\-co-Xn-Ifpw

hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn-®p-ff k¶¬]-\-ßƒ a\- n-em-°pI

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn®v a\- n-em-°p-I. hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn kao-]n-°p-hm-

\p-ff Ignhv hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI

tIc-f-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw \mK-cn-I-X-sb-Ip-dn®pw kmam-\y-amb Adn-hp-- m-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

{]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvIm-c-hpw, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Bhn-jv°m-c-ßƒ, kwkvImc ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-tSbpw ]cn-

Wm-a-Øn-s‚bpw L´-ßƒ ˛ hn`-P-\w-˛-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ, kmwkvIm-cnI cq]-ß-fpsS

BZm\ {]Zm-\-ßƒ, imkv{Xhpw kwkvImc-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-X-bpw, \mK-cn-I-Xbpw \K-c-

h¬°-c-W-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw-˛-kw-kvImcw Hcp {]{Inb F∂ \nebv°pw D¬]-∂-sa∂

\ne-bv°pw, kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ff hnhn[ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ-˛-h-tc-Wy-kw-kvIm-chpw P\-Iob kwkvIm-

c-hpw-˛-sXmgnemfn h¿§ kwkvIm-cw-˛-km-am\y kwkvIm-cw-˛-kw-kvImc hyh-km-bw-˛-kw-kvIm-chpw BtKm-

fo-I-cWhpw˛-hn-h-c-ß-fpsS {]hm-lw, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hmWn-Py-h¬°-c-Ww.

samUyqƒ 2

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-cw-˛-hn-hn[ kao-]-\-ßƒ-˛-sImtfmWn-b¬, km{am-Py-Xz, anj-\dn kao-]-\-ßƒ-˛-Hm-dn-

b‚-en-Ãp-I-fp-sSbpw tZio-b-hm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw kzman hnth-Im-\-μ≥, Ac-hnμvtLmjv, cho-{μ-\mY SmtKm¿

XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-sSbpw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ff \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, aX-\n-c-t]£ kao-]-\-ßƒ-˛-{_m-

“-W-ta-[m-hn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]t£m-`-W-ßfpw ZfnXv apt∂-‰-ß-fpw.

taml≥P-Zm-tcm-˛-lm-c-∏≥ kwkvIm-cw-˛-ssP-\n-kw-˛-_p-≤n-kw-˛-C-h-bpsS kmaq-ly-{]-k-‡n, apKf cmP-

kw-`m-h-\-˛-`‡n {]ÿm-\w, Iebpw kmln-Xy-hpw-˛-{_n-´ojv A[n-\n-th-ihpw kmwkvIm-cnI kzm[o-\-

19

hpw, kmap-Zm-bnI aX ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-ßƒ, Km‘n-Pn-bpsS {Kma-kz-cm-Pv, C¥y≥ aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-

sb-°p-dn-®p-ff s\lvdp-hns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ.

samUyqƒ 3

{Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-cw-˛-tI-c-f-Ønse {]mMv Ncn{X kaq-lhpw kwkvIm-chpw tIc-f-Øns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xn-bp-

sSbpw Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw kzm[o\w kwkvIm-c-Øn¬, ss{Xh¿ÆnI kwkvIm-cw-˛-hn-hn[ aX-

ßfpw tIcf kwkvIm-chpw (C-…mw-˛-{In-kvXy≥-˛-_p-≤-˛-ssP\ apX-em-b-h) ae-bmf kmln-Xyw-˛-cm-a-N-cn-

X-Im-c≥, IÆ-i≥, sNdp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-—≥, Ip©≥\-ºym¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ-˛-`mjm hnIm-

kw-˛-\m-S≥I-e-Ifpw ¢mkn-°¬ Ie-I-fpw-˛-a-e-bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®.

samUyqƒ 4

kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-ßƒ-˛-]-{X-am-knI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ-˛-tZ-iob {]ÿm-\w˛ tZiob

{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬-˛-sFIytI-cf {]ÿm-\w, tIcf cq]o-I-c-Ww,

Im¿jnI ]cn-jn-I-c-Ww, tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I, km£-cXm {]h¿Ø-\w, A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{μo-I-cW

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-kw, BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-hpw tIc-f-hpw-˛-\-h-km-aq-ly-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ-

˛-tI-c-fhpw {]hm-kn-I-fpw.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ:

kwkvImc ]T\w: Ncn-{Xw, kn≤m-¥w, {]tbmKw ˛ ae-bmf ]T\w kwLw, Id‚v

_pIvkv, tIm´-bw.

P\-{]nb kwkvIm-cw-˛-N-cn-{Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw ˛ jmPn tP°-_v, amXr-`qan _pIvkv,

tImgn-t°mSv

tIcf Ncn{Xw ˛ cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿

(hf-f-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, FS-∏mƒ)

tIcf kwkvImcw ˛ F. {io[-c-ta-t\m≥

tIcf Ncn{Xw ˛ F. {io[-c-ta-t\m≥

tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ ˛ sI.-F≥. KtWjv

tIc-fo-b-X-˛-N-cn-{X-am-\-ßƒ ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿

lnμp kzcmPv ˛ alm-flm-Km‘n

C¥ysb Is- -Ø¬ ˛ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp

C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Øew ˛ F.-B¿. tZimbn (`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn{Xw ˛ ]n.-sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

a[y-Ime tIc-fw-˛-k-º-Øv, kaq-lw, kwkvImcw ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmL-h-hm-cy¿

(Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv)

kwkvIm-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw ˛ tUm. sI.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿

Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿

20

tZio-b-Xbpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, Un.-kn. _pIvkv,

tIm´bw

ka-\z-bhpw kwL¿jhpw ˛ hn. Ac-hn-μm-£≥, Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv

Culture - Raymond Williams

Composite Culture in a Multi Cultural Society - Ed: Bipin Chandra & Sucheta Mahajan

The idea of Culture - Terry Eagleton

Interpreting Early India - Romila Thapar

Culture and Civilisation of India - D.D. Kosambi

Ancient Indian Social History - Romila Thapar

************

21

Code. MA1A07(02)

ska-Ã¿˛ I tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛7

ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw

k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jn-bpw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

hmWnPy imkv{X hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kmln-Xy-]-chpw kmln-tXy-X-c-hp-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab coXn-Iƒ

]cn-N-bs∏-SpØn Ahsc Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v {]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

k¿§m-flI cN-\-I-fn¬ Xm¬]cyw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I. teJ-\w-˛-IØv F∂nh Fgp-Xp-hm\pw X¿÷-a-

Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-hm-\p-ff ]cn-io-e\w \¬IpI

hmWnPy imkv{X-]-c-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1: kvac-W-Iƒ

(B-sd-Æ-Øn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)

\mS-I-Øn\p ]n∂nse \mSIw (I¿a-hn-]m-Iw) ˛ hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv

\nd-IpSw (Po-hn-X-∏m-X) ˛ sNdp-ImSv

hntZ-im-\p-`-h-ßƒ (Hm¿Øm¬ hnkva-bw) ˛ Iem-a-WvUew sslZ-cen

Abn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xnsc (Fs‚ Pohn-X-I-Y) ˛ F.-sI.-Pn.

B a\p-jy≥ \o Xs∂ (C-h≥ Fs‚ {]nb kn.-sP)˛ tdmkn tXmakv

AºXv cq] iº-f-ap-ff DtZym-K-ÿ≥ ˛ Fw.-sI.-sI. \mb¿

(B-tcmSpw ]cn-`-h-an-√m-sX)

(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, sNdp-Im-Sv, F.-sI.-Pn,- tdmkn tXmakv F∂n-h-cpsS cN-\-IfmWv

]Tn-t°-- -Xv).

samUyqƒ 2: hnNm-c-km-lnXn (te-J\ kam-lm-cw)

(B-sd-Æ-Øn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)

ae-bmfw ad-°p-∂-h¿ (In-fn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS) ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

kv{Xo {]mXn-\n-[yhpw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpw ˛ Aa¿Xym-sk≥, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 2004

(hnIk\w Xs∂ kzmX-{¥yw)

ASp-°f Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°pI ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v

tIc-fo-b-Xbpw kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-N-c-Whpw ˛ Pn.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥, NBS tIm´-bw, 1998

22

(kn\n-abpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-hpw)

^mkn-k-Øns‚ a\:imkv{Xw ˛ Fw.-]n. hotc-{μ-Ip-am¿

(_p-≤s‚ Nncn)

Ie-bnse kztZin {]ÿm-\hpw ]p\-cp-≤m-c-Whpw ˛ hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tat\m≥

(`m-c-Xo-b-Ie 20-˛mw \q‰m-- n¬)

(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, Pn.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥, hnP-bvIp-am¿ tat\m≥

F∂n-h-cpsS teJ-\-ß-fmWv ]Tn-t°-- -Xv).

samUyqƒ 3:

F) hmWn-Py-°-Øp-Iƒ

1. hmWn-Py-]-c-amb hnhn[ Fgp-Øp-I-fpsS kz`mhw

2. hnhn-[-Xcw IØp-I-fpsS amXrI (Hu-tZym-Kn-Iw)

3. ]c-ky-`mj (Z¿Lm-kp-Iƒ, Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, Fkv.-Fw.-F-kv., a‰p-]-c-ky-ßƒ)

4. _nkn-\ v tP¿W-enkw (hn-hn[ B\p-Im-en-I-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØWw. Ah-bnse `mjbpw

ssienbpw a\- n-em-°-Ww)

_n) ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-IXbpw

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

1. "C\n hmb\ C˛-hm-b-\' ˛ hn. sI. BZ¿iv (C\n hmb\ C˛ hmb\ F∂ ]pkvX-I-Ønse

teJ-\w, Un. kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn koco--kv)

2. ae-bmfw sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ-˛-tSmw. sP. aßm´v

("ssk-_¿ ae-bmfw' ˛ FUn. Sn. hn. kp\oX , Id‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿)

klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ

hmWn-Py-]-c-amb IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ 12-˛mw A[ymbw hsc (tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

samUyqƒ 4: hnh¿Ø\w

hnh¿Ø-\w- -̨\n¿Δ-N-\-ßƒ-˛-t{km-X-`mj (Source of Language) e£y-`mj (Target Language) hnh¿Ø-

\-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw km[y-X-I-fpw-˛-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw- -̨km-lnXy

hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {]iv\-ßƒ-˛-im-kv{X-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {]tXyI {]iv\-ßƒ-˛-{]-kw-K-]-cn-

`m-j-˛-]-{Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ XpS-ßnb _lp-P\ am[y-a-ßƒ°p-th-- n-bp-ff hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬

{i≤n-t°- Imcy-ßƒ-˛-]-c-ky-ßƒ, HutZym-KnI dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh¿Ø-

\w. b{¥-hn-h¿Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y-¥-c-Ww (Transliteration) hnh¿Ø\ ]p\:krjvSn

(Transcreation) F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw (hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnhn-[-X-e-ßsf DZm-l-c-

W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-tØ- XmWv).

23

klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ

1. X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (F-Un) Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ &

kvIdnb k°-dn-b)

2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T\ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4

3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kv{X-`q-anI ˛ tUm.-hn.-B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿


5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn. hmkp-tZh `´-Xncn

kvssI _p°v ]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-

en-°c

6. hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw ˛ tUm. F≥.-C. hniz-\mY Aø¿


7. `mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw ˛ Fw.-]n. kZm-in-h≥


***************

24

Code. MA2A09(02)

ska-Ã¿˛ II tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛9

ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±iye-£y-ßƒ

ae-bmf `mj, kmlnXyw kwkvImcw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v s]mXp[m-c-W-Iƒ cp]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

`mj-bnse hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI

k¿§m-flI cN-\-bn-te¿s∏-Sm-\p-ff hnZym¿∞n-bpsS tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°pI

samUyqƒ 1: IY-Iƒ

(Bdv IY-I-fn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-°-Ww)

Bcm-[\ ˛ Ddq_v

lmbv, F¥p-c-k-ap-ff Ifn-Iƒ ˛ AIv_¿ I°-ń¬

Xcn-ip-\new ˛ am[-hn-°pń

£pc-ky-[mc ˛ kn.-hn. {iocm-a≥

hnhm-l-∏n-t‰∂v ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥

U¬ln 1981 ˛ Fw. apIp-μ≥

(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ Ddq-_v, am[-hn-°p-ń, hn.-sI.F≥., apIp-μ≥ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-I-fmWv ]Tn-t°-- -Xv).

samUyqƒ 2: IhnX-Iƒ

(Bdv IhnXI-fn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-°-Ww)

Fs‚ `mj ˛ hf-f-tØmƒ

Du™men¬ ˛ sshtem-∏n-ffn

\nanjw ˛ Pn. i¶c-°p-dp∏v

am™p-a-d™ ]q°mew ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿

ag-°mew ˛ A≥h¿ Aen

arKin£-I≥ ˛ hnP-b-e£van

(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ hf-f-tØmƒ, sshtem-∏n-f-fn, ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿, A≥h¿ Aen F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-

X-I-fmWv ]Tn-t°-- -Xv)

samUyqƒ 3: t\mh¬

thcp-Iƒ ˛ ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥

samUyqƒ 4: Xnc-°Y/\mSIw

s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew (Xn-c-°-Y) ˛ ]Zva-cm-P≥

25

Code. MA1A07(03) ska-Ã¿˛ I

tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛7

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w

k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±iye-£y-ßƒ

]c-º-cm-K-X-a-√mØ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ°v ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kmln-Xy-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI taJ-e-

bn¬ Xm¬]cyw hf¿Øp-I.

hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°pI

imkv{X-hn-j-b-ßƒ amXr-`m-j-bn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ff Ign-hp-- m-°pI

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\p-ff _me]mTßƒ ]Tn-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1: ssh⁄m-\nI kmlnXy cN\

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hnI-kn-®p-sIm- ncn-°p∂ Hcp kmln-Xy-im-J-bmWv imkv{X-km-ln-Xyw. imkv{X kmt¶-

XnI hnZy-Iƒ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o\w hºn-®-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm- v Xs∂ imkv{X

Imcy-ßƒ efn-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ff Ignhv imkv{X-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v D- m-th- Xv AXym-h-iy-

am-Wv. AØcw cN-\-I-fpsS {]iv\-ßfpw {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Cu samUyq-fns‚

e£yw.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ÿm\w, ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-Øn\pw k¿Km-flI

kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Dff hyXym-k-ßƒ -˛-ssh-⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bpsS {]iv\-ßƒ-˛-`m-j-˛-ssi-en-˛-

km-t¶-XnI ]Z-ßƒ-˛-{]-Xn-]m-Z\ coXn-bpsS {]m[m\yw. imkv{X-hn-j-b-ßƒ k¿Km-flI cN-\bv°v hnj-

b-am-°p-tºmƒ D- m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ßƒ.

samUyqƒ 2: imkv{X-km-lnXn (imkv{X teJ-\-ß-fpsS kam-lm-cw)

1. Nne-¥n-he ˛ sI. `mkv°-c≥ \mb¿

2. BcpsSbmWo `qan ˛ B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

3. \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-f-Pn-s°mcmapJw ˛ Sn. {]Zo]v

(Ip™p-I-W-ßƒ°v hk-¥w) Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw

4. hwi-ß-fpsS AXn-Po-h\w ˛ Poh≥ tPm_v tXmakv

(hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ico-c-im-kv{Xw) Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw

5. Pem-h-Imiw: `c-W-Iq-Sw, Itºm-fw, kaq-lw-˛-h-μ\ inh, amXr-`qan _pIvkv, tImgn-t°mSv

(Pe-bp-≤-ßƒ)

(sI. `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿, B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥, Sn. {]Zo-]v, hμ-\-inh F∂n-h-cpsS teJ-\-ß-

fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv).

26

samUyq-ƒ 3: Hcp imkv{X-⁄s‚ Poh-N-cn{Xw

bqdn-K-Km-dn≥ ˛ kn.-Pn. im¥-Ip-am¿

tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, Xr»q¿

samUyq-ƒ 4: hnh¿Ø\w

hnh¿Ø-\w- -̨\n¿Δ-N-\-ßƒ-˛-t{km-X-`mj (Source of Language) e£y-`mj (Target Language) hnh¿Ø-

\-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw km[y-X-I-fpw-˛-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw-˛-km-lnXy

hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {]iv\-ßƒ-˛-im-kv{X-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {]tXyI {]iv\-ßƒ-˛-{]-kw-K-]-cn-

`m-j-˛-]-{Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ XpS-ßnb _lp-P\ am[y-a-ßƒ°p-th-- n-bp-ff hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬

{i≤n-t°- Imcy-ßƒ ˛ ]c-ky-ßƒ, HutZym-KnI Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS

hnh¿Ø-\w. b{¥-hn-h¿Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y-¥-cWw (Transliteraton) hnh¿Ø\

]p\:krjvSn (Transcreation) F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw (hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-

ßsf DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-tØ-- -Xm-Wv.)

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. imkv{X hn⁄m-\-]-T-\-Øn\v C˛ hmb\ ˛ hn. sI. BZ¿iv

("C\n hmb\ C˛-hm-b-\' ˛ Un. kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn. kocnkv)

2. imkv{Xw, aXw, aqey-kr-jvSn, hnZym-`ymkw (hn-Zym-`ymkw k¿§-fl-I Pohn-X-Øn\v ˛ FUn.sUbv¬

Fw. _tY≥˛ Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse teJ-\w, {]km: imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øv)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ:

1. X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (F-Un. Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ &

kvIdnb k°-dn-b)

2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T\ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 14

3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kv{X-`q-anI ˛ tUm. hn.-B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥

tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿


5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn. hmkp-tZh `´-Xncn

kvssI _p°v ]ªn-tjgvkv amth-en-°c

6. hnh¿Ø-\-hn-Nmcw ˛ tUm. F≥.-C. hniz-\mY Aø¿


**********

27

Code. MA2A09(03)

ska-Ã¿˛ II tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛9

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ:

ae-bmf `mj-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw Xmev]cyw hf¿Øp-I, Bkzm-Z-\-tijn hf¿ØpI

ae-bmf `mj, kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI

hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI

amXr-`m-j-bpsS sshIm-cn-I-aq-ey-ßfpw km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-®-dn-bm-\p-ff Ah-k-c-samcp°pI

hnhn[ ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-Iƒ kz¥w `mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-\p-ff Ign-hp-- m-°p-I. k¿Km-fl-I-

tijn ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1: t\mh¬

BSp-Po-hnXw ˛ _\ym-an≥ ({Ko≥ _pIvkv, Xr»q¿)

samUyqƒ 2: IYm-k-am-lmcw

(6 IY-I-fn¬ 4 FÆw ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)

sabn¬ dÆ¿ ˛ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰°mSv

PmPz-ey-am\w ˛ {]nb F.-Fkv

h- n-th-j-ßƒ ˛ sshim-J≥

aI≥ ˛ Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥

tNme-a-c-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ˛ hn.-B¿. kp[ojv

s]e-a-dpX ˛ \mcm-b≥

(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰°m-Sv, sshim-J≥, Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥, hn.-B¿. kp[ojv F∂n-h-cpsS IY-

I-fmWv ]Tn-t°-- -Xv).

samUyqƒ 3: \mSIw

A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ Bkp-c-h-gn-Iƒ ˛ sI.-Fw. cmL-h≥ \ºym¿

(kzm-X{¥yw Xs∂ Pohn-Xw) ˛ (tI-cf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an)

samUyqƒ 4 : IhnX

]pØ≥ Iehpw Acn-hmfpw ˛ CS-t»cn

************

28

Code. MA1B01 sk-a-Ã¿ I

tImgvkv˛ 1

]T\kabw : 108 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

`mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ ]T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

kaqlw, kwkv°m-cw, kmln-Xyw, `mj, F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n-®p≈ [mcW hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ D- m-°p-

Ibpw a‰p imkv{X-ß-fpsS ]T-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p `mjm-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw Fßs\

hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-amWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw

samUyqƒ-˛1

imkv{Xhpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xhpw kmln-Xy-hpw˛ imkv{X-]-T-\-hpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-T-\hpw , kmln-

Xyhpw kaq-l-hpw, kmln-Xy-hpw Ncn-{X-hpw, kmln-Xy-Øns‚ auen-I-X,

Bkzm-Z\w, [¿a-t_m-[-\w, am\-hn-I-X, aqey-ßƒ, {]Xy-bimkv{Xw F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® kmln-Xy-

Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

klm-b-I-{KŸ-ßƒ

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- km-ln-Xy-hnZy

tUm. eoem-hXn Fw ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛˛ imkv{Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw

tUm. jmPn-tP-°-_v. Fw.˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛ t\mhepw Ncn-{X-hpw-˛-t\m-h¬ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]mT-t`Zw

Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛- im-kv{Xhpw imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-hpw˛ ae-bmfimkv{X-km-ln-Xy-{]-

ÿm\w Hcp ]T\w

tUm. ]n. ]n. cho-{μ≥-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ kw-kv°m-cw, kmwkv°m-cn-I-hm-Zw, kmwkv°m-cn-I-`u-Xn-I-hmZw

kwkv°m-c-]-T\w

tUm. sI. F≥. ]Wn-°¿-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- kw-kv°m-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw

samUyqƒ-˛2

`mj˛ \n¿h-N\w, ImgvN∏m-Sp-Iƒ, hy‡n-I-fpsS Bi-b-hy-h-lm-c-am-≤y-a-sa∂ \ne-bnepw kmaq-ly-amb

\n¿ΩnXn F∂-\n-e-bnepw `mj-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏v. `mjm-Nn-”-ßfpw CX-c-Nn-”-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw. a\p-jy-`m-

j-bp-sSbpw a\p-tjy-X-c-`m-j-bp-sSbpw hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ, A¿∞-\n¿W-b-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ˛ A`n[, e£-W,

hyRvP\, enwKw, h¿Æw, PmXn F∂o kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-`m-k-ßfpw `mjbpw, kmln-Xy-`m-jbpw kmln-

tXyXc-`m-j-bpw˛ Ae-¶mcw, hrØw F∂n-h-bn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kmln-Xy-`m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

29

klm-bI-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

tUm. NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\p-Æn-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛Im-hy-Nn¥

tUm.-]n. sI. \mc-b-W-]n-≈-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨˛-˛ssI-c-fo-[z\n

tUm. Djm-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv-̨ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- km-aq-ln-I-`m-jm-imkv{Xw

tUm. sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- B-[p-\n-I-`m-jm-imkv{Xw

tUm. ]n. Fw. Knco-jv-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ -B-Nm-c-`mj

˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛ `mjbpw A[n-Im-chpw

tUm. Fw. Fkv. tamt\m≥ ˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛˛ ]uckvXy-km-ln-Xy Z¿i\w

s\√n-°¬ apc-fo-[-c≥ ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- km-ln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ

samUyqƒ-˛3

kmln-Xyw-˛-hy-Xy-kvX-Im-gvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ. Bkzm-Z-I≥, Ir-Xn, I¿Ømhv ˛ ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ-˛-[¿Ω-hm-Z-]-cw,

a\-»m-kv{X-]cw, kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-cw, Poh-N-cn-{X-]-cw, kmln-Xyw kaq-l-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e-\-sa-∂-\n-e-

bn-epw, {]Xn-\n-[m-\Iw F∂ \ne-bn-epw, kmwkv°m-cn-tIm¬∏-∂-sa∂ \ne-bnepw

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ- -

Fw. ANyp-X≥˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛ ]m-›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i\w

tUm. sI. Fw. Xc-I≥-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- ]m-›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-X-Xz-imkv{Xw

tUm. Fw. eoem-h-Xn-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ -\-h-X-cwKw

sI. k®n-Zm-\-μ≥ (FUn-‰¿)-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨ -]p-Xp-I-hnX Hcp N¿® tIc-f-I-hnX 2010

samUyqƒ-˛4

kwkv°mcw ˛ \n¿Δ-N-\w, kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ Bhn-jv°m-c-ßƒ, A[n-\n-thi kwkv°m-cw, kmwkv°m-

cn-Im-[n-\n-th-ihpw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

tUm. sI. F≥. ]Wn-°¿-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- kw-kv°m-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw

jmPn-tP-°_v Fw.-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- t\m-h¬ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]mT-t`Zw

tUm. ]n. ]n. cho-{μ≥-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ -kw-kv°m-c-]-T\w

kw-kv°m-c-]-T\w -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- Hcp-kw-Lw-te-J-I¿-

(ae-bmf ]T-\-kw-Lw, ImeSn, -hn-X-cWw Id‚v

_p°vkv Xr»q¿)

***************

30

Code. MA2B02

ska-Ã¿˛ II tImg-kv-˛2

IYm kmln-Xy-w

]T-\-k-abw : 108 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ:

t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-ßsf kw_-‘n®v kmam-\ym-h-t_m[w D- m-°pI

ae-bmf t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®sb a\- n-em-°pI

ka-Im-eo\ t\mh-en-s‚bpw IY-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bpI

Ncn-{Xhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Hcp D¬]-∂-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu kmlnXy cq]-ßsf Dƒs°mffp-I.

samUyqƒ 1:

t\mh¬˛]m-›mXy ]uckvXy \n¿h-N-\-ßƒ-˛-t\m-h¬ apt∂m-Sn-Iƒ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬-˛-sdmam≥kp-

Ifpw t\msh-√-I-fpw-˛-]m-›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Ønse BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛-hn-iz-{]-kn-≤-ß-fmb t\mh-ep-

Ifpw t\mh-en-Ãp-I-fpw-˛-hn-t\m-Zhpw hn⁄m-\-hpw-˛-a-\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn, Pohn-Xw kwkvIm-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-

°p-dn-®p-ff ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ temIw apgp-h≥ ]c-°p-∂Xv t\mh-ep-I-fn-eqsS. `mc-Xob t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛-

B-Zy-Ime t\mh-ep-Ifpw t\mh-en-Ãp-I-fpw-˛-t\m-h¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬-˛-ap-t∂m-Sn-Iƒ-˛-B-ZysØ ae-bmf

t\mh¬-˛-hy-Xy-kvXm-`n-{]m-b-ßƒ-˛19mw \q‰m-- nse t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛-C-μp-te-Jbpw A\p-I-c-W-ß-fpw-˛-C-μp-

te-J-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb {]m[m-\yw.

Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ -˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]n-f-f-bpsS Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ-˛-{]m-[m-\yw.

X¿÷a t\mh-ep-Iƒ ˛ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS X¿÷-a-Iƒ, tSmƒtÃm-bv, hnIvS¿ lyqtKm, Nmƒkv

Un°≥kv, slanMvth XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS IrXn-Itfm cho-{μ-\m-Y-Sm-tKm¿, _¶nw-N-{μ-Nm-‰¿Pn, Xmcm-i-¶¿

_tμym-]m-[ym-b, ic-®-{μ-Nm-‰m¿Pn, Bim-]q¿Æm-tZhn XpS-ßnb C¥y≥km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS t\mh-

ep-Itfm BImw.

tIc-fob kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI A¥-co£w {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛-t\m-h-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-

am{Xw A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏´, AXp-hsc ]pdw-temIw Adn-bm-Xn-cp∂ Pohn-X-ßƒ-˛-km-[m-c-W-°m-cp-

sSbpw ASn-ÿm\ h¿§-Øn-t‚bpw Pohn-Xw-˛-]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hhpw kzm[o-\hpw

t\mh-en¬ ˛ t\mh¬ km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ Iem-cq-]-ambn amdnb kml-Ncyw XI-gn, tIi-tZ-hv, _jo¿,

Fkv.-sI., Ddq_,v apØn-cn-tßmSv XpS-ßnb Fgp-Øp-Im¿.

31

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. imcZ ˛ N¥p-ta-t\m≥

2. [¿ΩcmP ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]-ff

3. c- n-S-ßgn ˛ XIgn

samUyqƒ 2:

kmaq-lnI am‰-ßƒ ˛ hy‡nsb tI{μo-I-cn-®p-sIm- pff ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ˛ a\-»m-kv{X-Øns‚

kzm[o-\w-˛-hy-‡nbpw kaq-lhpw ˛ s]mcpØ-ßfpw s]mcpØ-t°-Sp-Ifpw ˛ hy‡nbpw am\-knI {]iv\-

ßfpw ˛ `mj-bp-tSbpw cN-\-bp-tSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

cmP-e-£van, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn-°p-´n, sI. kptc-{μ≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, sNdp-Im-Sv, ]md-∏p-d-Øv, ae-bm-

‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥, kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, h’-e, F≥.-]n. apl-ΩZv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ. t\mh-en¬

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw kzm[o-\-ßfpw, Bhn-jv°-cW coXn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ßƒ ˛ hy‡nbpw

kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep-ff s]mcpØ-t°-Sp-Iƒ ˛ hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ {]iv\-ßƒ-˛-im-kv{X-Øns‚

kzm[o-\w-˛-hn-izm-k-Ø-I¿®-Iƒ-˛-aq-ey-Nyq-Xn-Iƒ-˛-A¥¿apJ-Xzw-˛-A-kvXn-Xz-kw-_-‘n-bmb {]iv\-ßƒ-˛-

cm-jv{Sob k¶¬]-ß-fn¬h∂ am‰w-˛-kz-]v\-ß-fpsS \jvSw-˛-{]-Xo-£-I-fpsS ssItam-iw-˛-am-\-knI hn{`m-

¥n-Iƒ, Bi-b-°p-g-∏-ßƒ/A\y-h¬°-c-Ww.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw ˛ ]md-∏p-dØv

am‰mØn ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v

klm-b-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

t\mh¬ kmlnXyw ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ

t\mh¬ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ s{]m^. sI.-Fw. Xc-I≥

ae-bmf t\mh¬ 19-˛mw \q‰m-- n¬ ˛ tUm. tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw

BZy-Ime ae-bmf t\mh¬ ˛ s{]m^. Xpº-a¨ tXmakv

Ncn-{X-t\m-h¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ I¬∏‰ _me-Ir-jvW≥

kn.-hn. Ncn{XmJym-bn-I-I-fn-eqsS ˛ Fw.-sI. IrjvW≥

{]Xn-]m{Xw `mj-W-t`Zw ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n-ff

ssZh \oXn°p Zm£nWyan√ ˛ tUm. sI. `mkvI-c≥\m-b¿

t\mh¬ \Ωp-tSXpw Ah-cp-tSXpw ˛ Pn.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿

t\mhepw cmjv{So-bhpw ˛ F.-Fw. hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]nff

samUyqƒ 3

sNdp-I-Y-˛-\n¿Δ-N-\-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒ-˛-hn-iz-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬-˛-]m-›m-Xy-kmln-Xy-Ønse sNdp-I-

YIƒ ˛ hniz-{]-kn-≤-cmb sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øp-°ƒ-˛-sN-dp-I-Y-sb∂ kmlnXy cq]-Øns‚ hf¿®-˛

32

-bq-tdm-]y≥ `mj-I-fn¬-˛-em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°≥-˛-B-{^n-°≥ `mj-I-fn¬-˛-a-\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS kq£va-km-

£m¬°m-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ÿm\w.

sNdp-IY `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬-˛-h-f¿®-˛-sN-dp-IY ae-bm-f-Øn¬-˛-ssh-tZ-in-I-kzm-[o\w BZy-Im-e-sN-dp-I-

Y-Iƒ˛]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w-˛-]-{X-am-kn-I-I-fpsS {]Nm-cw- -̨A-\p-I-c-W-ßƒ-˛-tI-c-fo-bm-¥-co-£-Øn¬ \S-Ønb

]p\:krjvSn, BZy-I-Ym-Im-c≥ ˛-BZy sNdp-I-Y-˛19-˛mw \q‰m-- ns‚ Ah-km-\w.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-- ns‚ XpS°w ˛ 1930-˛-I-tfmsS cq]-s∏´ \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fmbn h∂ XI-gn,

tZhv, _jo¿, Ddq-_v, s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n, Imcq¿, hn.-Sn., Fw.-B¿.-_n., efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P-\w, sI.

kc-kz-Xn-bΩ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-Iƒ ˛ bYm-X-Y-k-t¶-Xw-˛-km-[m-c-W-a-\p-jy-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb IYm-

]m-{X-ßƒ, kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-]-›m-Ø-ew-˛-tI-cfØnse CS-Xp-]£ cmjv{Sob kzm[o-\w-˛-{]-Xyb imkv{X-

]-c-amb kzm[o-\w-˛-]p-tcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ {]`m-h-Imew sNdp-I-Y-bpsS aWvU-e-Øn¬ hcp-Ønb

am‰-ßƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

hmk-\m-hn-IrXn ˛ tIkcn thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿

ac-∏m-h-Iƒ ˛ Imcq¿

a\p-jy-]p{Xn ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w

samUyqƒ-˛4

F) sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ h∂ `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ-˛1950-I-tfmsS IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS am\-knI temI-ßsf

Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ coXn Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂p. hy‡n-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-kzXzw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂p amdn

B¥-c-kz-XzsØ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p {]m[m-\yw, Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn-°p-ń, F≥. taml-

\≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Ccp-ńs‚ Bflmhv ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿

]£n-bpsS aWw ˛ am[-hn-°pń

sNń-∏q-°ƒ ˛ tImhn-e≥

_n) B[p\n-IXm {]ÿm-\w-˛-]p-Xnb `mhp-IXzw ˛bm-Ym¿∞ysØ A]-cn-NnXh¬°-cn-°p-I-˛-B-[p-\n-

IXm {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ cN-\m-X-{¥w-˛-hy-XykvX BJym\ coXn-Iƒ-˛-bq-tdm-∏nse AkvXn-Xz-hm-Zw, iq\y-

Xm-hmZw apX-emb Bi-b-K-Xn-I-fpsS kzm[o-\w-˛(-km¿{Xv, Im^vI, Iayp F∂n-h-cpsS Z¿i-\-ß-tfm-Sp-ff

ASp-∏w)-˛-]-c-º-cm-K-X-amb BJym-\-co-Xn-Isf XI¿°p∂ coXn Ah-ew-_n-°¬-˛-Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-∏n-f-f,

H.-hn. hnP-b≥, Fw. apIp-μ≥, ]fl-cm-P≥, tkXp, ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp-f-f, hn.-sI.-F≥., Im°-\m-S≥,

k°-dn-b, B\-μv, kn.-hn. {iocm-a≥, ]´-Øp-hnf Icp-Wm-I-c≥ XpS-ßnb IYm-Ir-Øp-°ƒ

33

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

{]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ ˛ k°-dnb

apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºm´n ˛ Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-∏n-ff

e©v ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥.

kn) sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ka-Im-enI apJw ˛ Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ B[p-\n-IXm {]ÿm-\-Øns‚

hgn-I-tfmSv Htc kabw ASp-∏hpw AI-ehpw ]pe¿Øn Fgp-Xn-b-h¿ ˛]m-c-Un, ]mTm-¥-c-_-‘w,

arKIY-I-fp-sSbpw sFXnlyßfpsSbpw LS-\-˛-B-Jym\cq]-ßƒ-˛-B-[p-\n-I-X-bvs°-Xn-sc-bp-ff Ielw

˛ ]pXnb `mhp-I-Xz-Øns‚ At\z-jWw ˛ kv{Xohm-Zw, ]mcn-ÿn-X-Im-h-t_m-[w, {]m¥-h¬°-cn-s∏-´-h-

cpsS kzXzm-hn-jvIm-cw, BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ {]mtZ-in-I-X-bpsS {]Xn-tcm-[w ˛ kmaq-

lnI Pm{K-X, kq£a cmjv{Sob ss\Xn-I-[m-cW

F≥. Fkv. am[-h≥, F≥ {]`m-I-c≥, kn. hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥, hn. ]n. inh-Ip-am¿, sshim-J≥,

AIv_¿ I°-´n-¬, Atim-I≥ sNcp-hn¬, sI. ]n. \n¿a¬ Ipam¿, t{Kkn, taXn¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥,

inlm-_p-±o≥ s]mbvØpw-I-S-hv, hn. B¿. kp[o-jv, kmdm tPmk^v, KoXm lnc-Wy≥, Ajn-X, N{μ-a-Xn,

knXmc Fkv, kp[oc, sI. B¿. aoc, sI. ]n. cma-\p-Æn, _n. apc-fn, kt¥mjv F®n-°m-\w, ]n. kptc-

{μ≥, kp`mjv N{μ≥, B¿. DÆn, Cμp-ta-t\m≥, sI. tcJ, [\y-cm-Pv, kn. A\p]v XpS-ßnb ]pXnb

Fgp-Øp-Im¿.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

H‰ ˛ hn. ]n. inh-Ip-am¿

Cu `qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb- ˛ kn. hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥

]¥n-t`m-P\w ˛ kt¥mjv F®n-°m\w

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

sNdp-IYm kmlnXyw ˛ Fw. ]n. t]mƒ

sNdp-IYm kmlnXyw ˛ Fw. ANyq-X≥

IYm-]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ {KŸm-hen

IY, BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Øbpw ˛ sI. ]n. A∏≥

sN-dp-I-Y-bpsS Oμ v ˛ tUm. hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥

\n»-_vZ-Xbpw \n¿Ωm-Whpw ˛ C. ]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

IY-bpsS IY ˛ tUm. sI. Fkv. chn-Ip-am¿

ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ime sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ ˛ ” ”

100 h¿jw 100 IY ˛ ” ”

sN-dp-IY hm°pw hgnbpw ˛ ” ”

IYbpw `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-ahpw ˛ ” ”

*********************

34

Code. MA3B03

sk-a-Ã¿ III tImgvkv˛ 3

am[y-a-]-T\w ]T\kabw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

Bib hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. hnhn[ Bib hn\nab taJ-e-I-fpsS

km[yX Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

_lp-P-\-kw-th-Z\w (mass communication) ]›m-Ø-ew, am[y-a-]-T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw F∂nhsb-

°p-dn®v [mc-W-bp-- m-°pI

am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ am\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw (Dimensions) XXz-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw kmam\y t_m[-ap-- m-

°pI

B[p-\n-I-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø\w F∂ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-tbm-

Sp≈ A`n-cpNn hf¿ØpI

Ne-®n{X Bkzm-Z-\w, ]T-\w, Ne-®n{X \ncq-]Ww F∂n-h-bn¬ Xm¬]cyw P\n-∏n-°pI

A®Sn˛-Zr-iy-˛-{im-hy-˛-C‚¿s\‰v taJ-e-I-fn¬ `mj-bpsS {]tbm-K-ssh-hn-≤y-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

kmaq-ln-I-˛-cm-jv{So-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI ]cn-k-c-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p∂ am[y-a-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hna¿i-\-_p-≤n-

tbmsS ]Tn-°m\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw {]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

samUyqƒ-˛1

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ßƒ˛ ]e-Xcw Bi-b-hn-\nabßƒ, _lp-P-\-kw-th-Z\ (mass

communication) Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-ew, A®-SnbpsS Bhn¿`mhw, hnIm-kw, A®Sn am[y-a-Øns‚ khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ, C¥y-bnse ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw (km-am-\y-]-cn-N-bw) C¥y≥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-

cwKw kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw˛ ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w , anj-Wdn-am-cpsS kw`m-h-\, ]{X-{]-

h¿Ø-\hpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\hpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-

WnIv am[y-a-ßfpsS Bhn¿`m-hw˛ hnIm-kw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

A[n-Im-chpw am[y-a-ß-fpw˛ _n. B¿. ]n. `mkvI¿

("am-[y-a-]-T-\-ßƒ' ˛ FUn. ]∑-\-cm-a-N-{μ≥ \mb¿, Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

tIcf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ Ncn{Xw ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n cmLh≥, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan

hrØm¥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈

am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw ˛ Fw hn. tXma-kv, kmwkvIm-cnI

35

{]kn-≤o-I-cW hIp∏v

]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w `n∂-ap-J-ßƒ ˛ tIcf {] v A°m-Zan

\m\m \mZw Htc temIw ˛ ko≥amIv ss{_Uv, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

hm¿Ø˛ ]{Xhpw hm¿Øbpw ˛ tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

dnt∏m¿´nwKv ˛ tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]pcw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

kºq¿Æ ]{X-kw-hn-[m\w ˛ tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]pcw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

hm¿Ø-bpsS inev]-ime ˛ F≥. F≥. kXy-{h-X≥

]{X-`mj ˛ tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan

]{X temIw ˛ Sn. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

sam-Uyqƒ ˛ 2

Zriy-˛-{imhy am[y-a-ßƒ ˛ {]t£-]-W-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw ˛ {]t£-]-W-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛

tdUn-tbm-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw ˛ hnImkw tIc-f-Øn¬ tdUntbm {]t£-]W-Øns‚ Bcw`w tdUn-tbm-

bv°p-th- n cN-\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°- Imcy-ßƒ, P\-Iob am[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬

tdUn-tbm-bpsS {]k-‡n, ae-bmf kmln-Xy˛ kwkvImc {]Nm-c-W-Øn¬ tdUntbm hln® ]¶v.

sSen-hn-j≥ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ hnImkw ˛ Sn. hn. C≥Uy-bn¬ ˛ tIc-f-Øn¬ ˛ hnhn[ Nm\-ep-Iƒ sSen-hn-

j≥ ˛ P\-{]nb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ˛ hn⁄m-\-hn-t\mZ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ˛ P\m-[n-]Xy kaq-l-Øn¬ Zriy-am-

[y-a-ßƒ hln-°p∂ ]¶v

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

tdmUntbm \mSIw ˛ Sn. F≥. tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿ ("\m-SIw Hcp ]T-\w'˛kn. sP. kvamcI {]kwK

kanXn, amfp-_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

Zriy-˛-{imhy am[y-a-ßƒ ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

Zriy-`mj ˛ sI. Fkv cmP-ti-J-c≥, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

sS-en-hn-j≥ tPW-enkw ˛ hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬, Id‚v _pIvkv

B temIw apX¬ "C' temIw hsc ˛ tUm. sP. hn. hnf-\new

sam-Uyqƒ 3

kn\n-a˛ Bhn¿`mhw , hf¿®, kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ, temI-kn-\na, C≥Uy≥ kn\n-a, ae-bmf

kn\na (km-am\y ]cn-N-bw) tUmIyq-sa‚dn kn\n-a-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw ˛ tUmIyq-sa‚dn ˛ ^o®¿ kn\n-a-

I-fpsS -hy-Xym-kw, kn\n-abpw kmln-Xy-hpw, Xnc-°Ym \n¿Ωm-Ww˛ Ne-®n-{Xhpw t{]£-I-\pw, Bkzm-

Z\w, \ncq-]-Ww, tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßƒ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn¬ hcp-∂-sX-ßn-s\,

{]mtZ-in-I-kz-Xz-t_m[w (tI-c-fo-b-X) kn\na Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-sX-ßs\ ˛kn\nam]T\w kmwkvIm-cnI

]T-\-am-Ip-tºmƒ

36

klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ

Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

tem-I-kn-\na ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, Un. kn. _pIvkv

ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥ amXr-`qan _pIvkv

ae-bmf kn\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶-c, Un. kn. _pIvkv

Hcp kn\na Fß-s\-bp-- m-Ip∂p ˛ sI. sI. N{μ≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv

temI kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ Pn. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv

kn\na hoUntbm sSIv\n°v -˛ tUm. apc-fo-Ir-j-W, Un. kn. _pIvkv

IYbpw Xnc-°-Ybpw ˛ tUm. B¿. hn. Fw. Znhm-I-c≥, amXr-`qan _pIvkv

Xnc-°Ym cN\ Iebpw kn≤m-¥hpw ˛ tPmkv. sI. am\p-h¬

kn\n-abpw {]Xy-b-imkv{Xhpw ˛ hn. sI. tPmk^v

Aen-hns‚ aμm-c-ßƒ ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶c

kn\n-abpw kaq-lhpw ˛ sI. the-∏≥

cm{Xnbpw aqS¬a™pw ˛ hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥

Nn{Xw Ne-®n{Xw ˛ a¶S chn-h¿Ω

ae-ap-I-fn¬ a™p-s]-øp-tºmƒ ˛ sF. j¨ap-J-Zmkv

^nenw Ub-d-£≥ ˛ kmP≥ sXcp-h-∏pg

sam-Uyqƒ 4

ssk_¿ am[y-a-ßƒ : \h-am-[y-a-ßƒ, khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, C≥^¿ta-j≥ bpKw ˛ hnhc kmt¶-XnI

hnZy Bi-b-hn-\n-ab cwK-Øp-- m-°nb hnπ-h-ßƒ ˛ Iºyq-´¿, C‚¿s\‰v ˛ C˛kmln-Xyw, C‚¿s\‰v

Broadcasting, C‚¿s\‰v tdUn-tbm, C˛ sabn¬, thƒUv sshUv sh_v (W.W.W) hm¿Øm-[n-jvTnX

sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ, C˛ _p°v, tªmKv, Web {]km-[\w, hnhn[ sh_v t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ kmam\y ]cn-Nbw

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

ssl-∏¿ sSIvÃpw aƒ´o-ao-Un-bbpw

("C‚¿s\‰pw C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw' ˛ sI. cho-{μ≥ & tUm. _n. CIv_m¬ Un. kn. _pIvkv)

klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ

C‚¿s\‰v ˛ ANyp-Xvi¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿


C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn ˛ ANyp-Xvi-¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿,


C‚¿s\‰v Hcp ]T\w ˛ ]n. tkXp-am-[-h≥, en]n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv

37

C‚¿s\‰pw C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw ˛ sI. cho-{μ≥ &tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, Un. kn _pIvkv

B temIw apX¬ "C' temIw hsc ˛ tUm.sP. hn. hnf-\n-ew, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

ssk-_¿ kmlnXyw ˛ kp\oX Sn. hn. (F-Un.), Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿

sam-Uyqƒ˛ 5

am[ya hna¿i\w : am[y-a-ß-fpsS [m¿Ωn-IX ˛ kaq-lsØ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ am[y-a-ßƒ, H∏o-\n-b≥

eoU¿ ˛ ka-hm-b-Øn-s‚bpw kΩ-X-Øn-s‚bpw D¬∏m-Z\w ˛ am[y-a-ßfpsS A[n-\n-thiw˛ P\{]nb

kwkvIm-chpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ kmwkvIm-c-Øns‚ _lp-kz-c-Xbpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ am[y-a-ßfpw hn]-

Wnbpw

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ teJ-\-ßƒ:

a\ pw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ Fw. F≥ hnP-b≥

am[ya [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw s]cp-am-‰-®-´hpw ˛ F≥. ]n. cmP-t{μ≥

(t^m¿Øv FtÃ-‰ns‚ acWw) amXr-`qan _pIvkv ˛ F∂ ]pkvI-X-Ønse teJ\w

ImgvN-bpsS tImbva ˛ tUm. Sn. sI.-cm-a-N-{μ≥

am[y-a-ß-fpsS {]Xn-tema {]IrXw ˛ cho-{μ≥

A[n-\n-th-ihpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ tUm. sk_m-Ãy≥ t]mƒ

(am[y-a-]-T-\-ßƒ) Un. kn. _pIvkv ˛ FUn. ]∑\-cm-a-N-{μ≥\m-b¿

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

ImgvN-bpsS tImbva ˛ tUm. Sn.-sI. cma-N-{μ≥, amXr-`qan

GIm-¥-\-K-c-ßƒ ˛ ]n. sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥, Un. kn. _pIvkv

DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ kn . _n. kp[m-I-c≥, Un. kn. _pIvkv

t_m[-Xo-c-ß-fn¬ Imew-an-Sn-°p-tºmƒ ˛ F. N{μ-ti-J¿, sdbn≥t_m _pIvkv

kn\n-a, kaq-lw, {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw ˛ cho-{μ≥, amXr-`qan _pIvkv

am[y-a-ß-fpsS A[n-\n-thiw ˛ FUn-‰¿ : {^m≥knkv Imc-bv°m´v

{]km: tP¿W-enkw Un∏m¿´vsa‚v

tUm¨t_mkvtIm tImtfPv

IÆq¿ bqWn-th-gvkn‰n

P\-{]nb kwkvImcw ˛ jmPn tP°∫v

********************

38

Code. MA3B04

ska-Ã¿˛III tImgvkv ˛4

\mSIw ]T\ kabw : 72 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 4

Dt±iy-e-£y-ßƒ

1. ae-bmf \mS-I-sØ-°p-dn®v Ncn-Xm-h-t_m-[-ap-- m-IWw

2. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaqly cmjv{Sob kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \mSIw sNep-Ønb

kzm[o\w t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

3. \mSI Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ LS\-- ˛ Bhn-jv°m-c-X-eßfnep≈ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ t_m[y-s∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww.

4. \mS-I-Øn-s‚ cwK-`m-j, ico-c-`m-j, kmln-Xy-`m-j-bnse `mjm-t`-Z-hn-kva-b-ßƒ, i_vZ-\n-

b-{¥-Ww, \mS-I-Z¿i\w F∂nh a\- n-em-°Ww

5. Ac-ßv, kwhn-[m-\w, Na-bw, ]›m-Ø-e-kw-Ko-Xw, i_vZ-{I-ao-I-c-Ww, shfn-®-hn-Xm\w

F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ kmam-\y-⁄m\w t\SWw

6. \mSIkmln-Xy-]-T-\-Ønepw \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-Ønepw XpS¿]-T-\-Ønepw Kth-j-W-Ønepw

A`n-cpNn hf¿Ø-Ww.

samUyqƒ:1

F) cwK-I-e-I-fpsS s]mXpkz-`m-h-ßƒ-˛-A-\p-jvTm-\m-fl-Ihpw A\p-jvTm-t\-X-c-hp-amb cwKm-hn-jv°-c-

Ww-˛-\m-tSm-Sn-˛-¢m-knIv \mS-I-]m-c-º-cyw-˛-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ {]am-W-ßƒ. sXøw-˛-ap-Sn-tb-‰v, s]mdm´v, Im°m-

c-in, ]qX\pw Xndbpw apX-emb \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-ßƒ. {Ia-Zo-]n-I, B´-{]-Im-c-ßƒ, B´-°-Y-Iƒ, IqØ-

º-ew, IqØv IqSn-bm-´w, IY-I-fn, kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-ßƒ XpSßn ¢mknIv ]mc-º-cyw.

_n) ]q¿h-cq-]-ß-fn¬\n∂v \mSIw F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øn-te-°p-ff ]uc-kvXyhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb

\mSI k¶¬]-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-ff hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ-˛-\m-S-I-Øns‚ LS-I-ßƒ:IrXn-˛-\m-S-I-Ir-Øv-˛-th-

Zn, cwK-]m-Tw, cwK-Ønse hkvXp-°ƒ-˛-sk‰v, t{]m∏v XpS-ßn-b-h. A`n-\bw:A`n-t\-Xm-hv-˛-t{]-£-I≥.

\mS-I-{]-tbm-P\w: \mS-Im-\p-`q-Xn, Zm¿i-\n-Im-\p-`-hw.

]uc-kvXy-\m-SI k¶¬∏w:˛ `c-Xs‚ \mSy-imkv{Xw B[m-c-am-°n-˛-\m-Sy-[¿an-˛-tem-I-[¿an-˛-A-`n-\-b-co-Xn-

Iƒ (N-Xp¿hn-[m-`n-\-bw) hrØn-Iƒ-˛-\m-S-I-L-S-\- -̨]-©-k-‘n-Iƒ-˛-k-‘n-I-fpsS LS-I-ß-fpsS ckm-\p-

`q-Xn-˛-c-k-\n¿h-N-\w-˛-hn-`m-hw-˛-A\p`m-hw-˛-k-©m-co-`m-h-ßƒ-˛-c-k-\n-jv]-Øn-˛-hym-Jym-\-t`-Zßƒ. \mSI

hn`m-K-ßƒ-˛-Z-i-cq-]-I-ßƒ-˛-cw-Kw-˛-Acßnse LS-I-ßƒ˛hnhn-[-Xcw thZn-Iƒ-˛-\m-S-I-c-N\m X{¥-ßƒ-˛-

\m-μn-˛-{]-th-i-Iw-˛-hn-jv°w-`w-˛-B-fl-K-Xw-˛-A]hmcn-Xw-˛-\m-S-I-kw-hn-[m-\w-˛-kq-{X-[m-c≥.

39

]m›m-Xy-\m-S-I-k-¶¬∏w-˛-A-cn-tÃm-ń-ens‚ t]mb-‰n-Ivkns\ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-˛-{Sm-P-Un-˛-tIm-a-

Un-˛-\m-S-Ihpw CXc BJym-\-cq-]-ßfpw ˛C-Xn-lmkw Ncn-{Xw. {SmP-Un-bpsS LS-I-ßƒ-˛-\m-S-IØns‚

ê-{ip-Xn-˛-I-Ym¿kn-kv-˛-hym-Jym-\-ßƒ-˛-{Ko-°v\m-S-IthZnbpsS {]tXy-I-X.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

CuUn-∏kv cmPmhv ˛tkmt^m-¢nkv (]-cn-`mj: kn.-sP. tXmakv)

Ducp-`wKw ˛`m-k≥ (]-cn-`mj: hf-f-tØmƒ)

ae-bm-f-Ønse {Ko°v ˛kwkvIrX \mSI hnh¿Ø-\-ßsf-°p-dn®v GI-tZ-i-[m-cW hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

Cu samUyqfn¬ \¬I-Ww.

samUyqƒ:2

B[p-\nI \mS-I-th-Zn-bn-te-°p-ff hnIm-kw. ]m›m-Xy-k-º¿°w-˛-an-Ã-dn-tπ-bvkv-˛-]m-j≥ tπbvkv-˛tj-

Ivkv]o-cn-b≥\mS-I-th-Zn-˛-t•m-_vXn-b-‰¿-˛-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS \ho-I-c-W-Øn¬ C_vk\pw Ãn≥_¿Kn-\p-ap-

ff ]¶v-˛-kp-L-Sn-X-\m-S-I-ßƒ (Wellmade Drama) {]iv\-\m-S-I-ßƒ (Problem plays)˛\mS-IØns‚ ]nc-

an-U¬LS-\-˛-Xm-Zm-flo-I-c-Ww-˛-b-Ym-X-Y-th-Zn-˛-]p-Xp-{]-ta-b-ßƒ-˛-km-aqlnIw˛ -cm-jv{So-bw-˛ F-]nIv Xntb-

‰¿-˛-A-\y-h¬°-c-Ww-˛-A_vtk¿Uv Xnb-‰¿-˛-]p-h¿ Xnb-‰¿-˛-sX-cp-hp-\m-S-Iw-˛-{`-am-fl-I-\m-S-I-ßƒ-˛-

{Uowtπ˛

]p-Xp-]-co-£-W-ßƒ-˛-Cw-{]-j-Wn-Ãv-˛-F-Ivkv{]-j-WnÃv˛{]Xo-Im-fl-I-\m-S-I-ßƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

I\yI ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n-ff

Cuiz-c≥ Ad-Ãn¬ ˛ F≥.-F≥. ]nff

samUyqƒ:3

tIc-f-Øns‚ {]mtZ-in-I-\m-S-I-]m-c-º-cyw-˛-X-an-gvkzm-[o-\w-˛-kw-Ko-X-\m-S-Ißƒ˛-{]-l-k-\-ßƒ-˛-lm-ky-\m-

S-I-ßƒ-˛-h-St° ae-_m-dnse hnhn-[-\m-S-Im-h-X-c-W-k-`-Iƒ-˛-Ip-´-a-Øv, tZiob t_m[-Øns‚ kzm[o\w

cwK-th-Zn-bn¬-˛-km-aq-lnI cmjv{So-b-{]-iv\-ßƒ-˛-tbm-K-t£-a-k-`-bpsS \mS-hm-X-c-W-]-cn-{i-a-ßƒ-˛-]p-tcm-

K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-ÿm-\hpw \mS-I-th-Zn-bpw-˛-Im¿jn-I-{]-iv\-ßfpw \mS-I-th-Zn-bpw-˛-

]m-´-_m-°n, Iq-´p-Irjn XpS-ßnb \mS-I-ß-fpsS {]k-‡n-˛-a-e-_m¿ tI{μ Iem-k-an-Xn-˛-]o-∏nƒkv Xnb-

‰¿ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥-˛-sI.-]n.-G.-kn.- -̨tI-c-f-Ønse \mSI Iem-k-an-Xn-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

Aiz-ta[w ˛ tXm∏n¬`mkn

CXp `qan-bmW v ˛ sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv

samUyqƒ: 4

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ßƒ-˛-s{]m^j-W¬, Ata-Nz¿ hn`-P-\w˛ {Kmao-W-I-em-k-an-Xn-Iƒ-˛-\m-

S-Im-h-X-c-W-ßƒ-˛-Ip-ń-I-fpsS cwK-th-Zn-˛-Ip-ń-I-fpsS thZnbpw apXn¿∂-h-cpw-˛-kv{Xo-]-£-th-Zn-˛-a-e-bm-f-cw-

40

K-th-Znbpw kv{XoI-fpw-˛-td-Un-tbm-\m-S-I-ßƒ-˛-{]-t£-]-W-I-e-˛-kv{In]v‰n¬ {i≤n-t°- Imcy-ßƒ-˛-A-h-

X-c-W-co-Xn-˛-kvIn-‰p-Iƒ-˛-tam-tWm-BIvSv˛an-an-{In-˛-Im-ºkv Xnb-‰¿-˛-{]-Nm-c-W-\m-S-I-thZn

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

cmhpÆn ˛ ]n.-Fw. XmPv

A∏-acw ˛ Un. ]mWn. tIc-f-_m-e-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

sXmgn¬tI-{μ-Øn-te°v ˛ FUn-‰¿. F≥.-B¿. {Kma-{]-Imiv

tImgn-t°mSv k¿Δ-I-em-ime ]ªn-t°-j≥

Unhn-j≥

ka-Xew ˛ ap√-t\-gn-˛-tI-c-f- imkv{Xkmln-Xy-]-cn-jØv

Xr»q¿

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ:

\mSy-imkv{Xw H∂mw `mKw hnh¿Ø\w ˛ sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-ßƒ ˛ tUm. Fkv.-sI. \mb¿

kwKo-X-\m-S-I-N-cn{Xw ˛ sI.-]n.-F-kv. tat\m≥

ae-bmf \mS-I-N-cn{Xw ˛ s{]m^k¿. Pn. i¶-c-]n-ff

Db-cp∂ bh-\nI ˛ kn.-sP. tXmakv

\mSI {]th-inI ˛ G.-Un. lcn-i¿a

]uc-kvXy-\m-S-I-Z¿i\w ˛ ]pØ≥Imhv amØ≥X-c-I≥

Zi-cq-]-I-ßƒ ˛ hn.-F-kv. i¿a

th\¬Xp-ºn-Iƒ ˛ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

cwK-`mj ˛ hbem hmkp-tZ-h≥]n-ff

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-{]-ÿm\w ˛ Im´p-amSw \mcm-b-W≥

tI{μ-I-em-k-an-Xnbpw Iem-k-an-Xn-{]-ÿm-\-hpw˛ ]h-\≥˛" tIfn' Pq¨-˛1976

\mS-I-Z¿∏Ww ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n-ff

I¿´≥ ˛ F≥.-F≥. ]nff

A`n-\-b-Øns‚ ck-X{¥w ˛ apcfn

hnZzm≥. ]n. tIfp-\m-b-cpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ˛ FUn.-C.-]n.-cm-P-tKm-]m-e≥

t_m[-\-\m-S-I-thZn -˛ F≥.-B¿. {Kma-{]-Imiv

\mS-I-Z¿i\w ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff

\mS-I-°-fcn ˛ kn.-sP.-kvam-cI {]kw-K-k-anXn

cwKm-h-X-cWw ˛ tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

\mSIw Hcp ]T\w ˛ kn.-sP. knwt]m-knbw

O{Xhpw Nma-chpw ˛ Fw.-]n. i¶pÆn \mb¿

41

\mS-I-Øn-te-s°mcp \S-∏mX ˛ F.-]n.-]n. \ºq-Xncn

\mSIw IÆns‚ Ie ˛ Sn.-]n. kpIp-am-c≥

Acßpw s]mcpfpw ˛ B¿. \tc-{μ-{]-kmZv

\mS-Iobw ˛ ssI\n-°c

I\¬ ˛ amkn-I-˛-{]-Y-a-e°w

cwK-`mj ˛ apΩm-k-{]-kn-≤o-I-cWw

{_lv‰ns‚ Ie ˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ≥

_¿tØmƒUv {_lv‰v ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff

kq{X-[mcm FXnte FXnte ˛ hb-em hmkp-tZ-h≥]n-ff

Dramatic Experience - J.L. Styan

Introduction to study of Literature - Hudson (Chapter On Drama only)

Theatre of the Absurd - Martin Esslin

Theory of the Modern stage - Eric Bendtly

Theatre as Sign System - Elania Astom and George Savona

Right to perform - Sefdentiashi

Third Theatre - Badel Sarcar

***********************

42

Code MA4B05

ska-Ã¿˛IV tImgvkv ˛5

ae-bmf IhnX ˛ ]q¿Δ-L´w

]T\ kabw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 4

Dt±iy-e-£y-ßƒ

ae-bmf Imhy-im-J-bpsS D¬]Øn apX¬ 18˛mw \q‰m-- p-h-sc-bp≈ hyXykvX Imhy-k-{º-Zmbßsf

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

{]mNo\ a≤y-Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm- Imhy-im-J-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. ae-bm-f-`m-

jbv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf a\- n-em-°p-I. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-

Iƒ cq]w-sIm- kmwkvIm-cnI tIc-fo-b-Xsb cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu IrXn-Iƒ°p≈ ]¶pw

]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

{]mNn-\-km-lnXyw --˛ ]m´v, ]m´ns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, eoem-Xn-eIw \¬Ip∂ \n¿Δ-N-\w, e£-W-bp-‡-

amb cma-N-cn-Xw, ]m´n\v ]n¬°m-e-Øp-- mb ]cn-Wm-aw, \ncWw IrXn-Iƒ, IrjvW-Km-Y, Fgp-Ø-—≥

IrXn-Iƒ, `‡n-{]-ÿm-\w, CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\w, _rl-Xv]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ kzm[o-\w,

_rl-Xv]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ka-\z-bw, \nc-Ww IrXn-Iƒ, IrjvW-Km-Y,

IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ {]I-S-am-Ip∂ kzXz-t_m-[w, tIc-fo-bX ˛ Oμ- n¬, `mj-bn¬, PohnX kμ¿`-ß-

fn¬ . Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ ˛ `mj, kwkvIrX kzm[o-\w, kmaqly {]k-‡n, kmaqly ]cn-k-cw,

{_m“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw, {]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-chpw _rlXv ]mc-º-cy-hpw, Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-I-fnse ka-\zb

kwkvIm-cw, tIc-fob Ncn-{Xhpw Fgp-Ø-—≥Ir-Xn-I-fpw, kwkvIm-chpw [¿Ω-t_m-[hpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn\v Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ hln® ]¶v.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

cma-N-cnXw ˛ 3˛mw ]Sew

IÆ-»-cm-am-bWw kpμ-c-Imfiw ˛ BZysØ 11 ]m´p-Iƒ

IrjvW-KmY ˛ tla-¥-h¿Æ\w (sN-dp-t»-cn)

A[ymfl cmam-bWw Infn-∏m´v ˛ Injv°n-‘m-Imfiw (F-gp-Ø-—≥)

kya-¥Iw Xp≈¬ ˛ Ip©≥\ºym¿

43

samUyqƒ 2

aWn-{]-hmf kmln-Xyw, aWn-{]-hmf `mj, eoem-Xn-eI \n¿Δ-N-\w, aWn-{]-hm-fsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ 1˛mw

inev]-Øns‚ khn-tij ]T-\w, kwkvIrX kzm[o-\w, kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fpsS ae-bmf amXr-

I-Iƒ, Nºp, ktμ-i-Im-hyw, kvt{Xm{X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, ÿe-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

DÆp-\oen ktμiw ˛ {]kvXm-h\ Hgn-hm°n BZysØ 10 t«mI-ßƒ

`mjm cmam-bWw Nºp ˛ koXm-kz-bw-hcw 26-˛36 t»mI-ßfpw

36˛mw t»mI-Øn-\vtijw hcp∂ H∂mw KZyhpw

(“lc-l-c-inh inh anYn-e-bn-en-b-en-\---˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛

-{]-l-kn-X-eo-em tem-fn-X-sam-cnSw-” F∂v hsc)

samUyqƒ 3

17, 18 \q‰m-- p-Iƒ, kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, ]m›mXy anj-W-dn-am-cpsS BK-a-\w, kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS

{InkvXo-b-amb \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ, [¿Ω-t_m-[hpw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-h-t_m-[-hpw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

⁄m\-∏m\ ˛ ]q¥m\w

IptN-h-hrØw h©n-∏m´v (Zzm-c-Im-h¿Æ-\hpw ˛ cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cn-b¿

IrjvW-Ip-tNe kwK-ahpw am{Xw)

“C∏m-cn-en-∂n-√o-h-Æ-sam-cp-a-lm-cm-P-[m-\n ..

-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛

am{Xw t]mepw [\-lo-\-\mb hn{]≥ apIp-μs\

am\kw sIms- -Sp-Øn´v IqsS sIm- p-t]mbv” ˛ F∂p-hsc

]pØ≥]m\ 12-˛mw ]mZw ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚

hymIp-e-{]-em]w (AΩ I\ym-a-Wn-X-s‚.. ˛ A¿tÆmkv ]mXn-cn, (km≥tPmkv

`hn-°-X-kvam¬ F∂p-h-sc) _pIvÃmƒ, am∂m\w 1992)

\f-N-cnXw 4˛mw Znhkw \f-Z-a-b¥o kwKaw ˛ DÆmbn hmcy¿

(“hm-tXmlw irWp-\-f`qX-hrμ km£n ”F∂

t«mIw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ `mKw am{Xw)

samUyqƒ 4

\mtSmSn kwkvIm-csØ {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ ]m´p-Ifpw \mtSmSn Km\ßfpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°-Ww. Ah-

bpsS `mjm-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°-Ww.

44

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

hS-°≥ ]m´v

DÆn-bm¿® IqØv ImWm≥ t]mb IY

(“B-‰p-Ω-W-Ωte DÆn-bm¿®” apX¬

Im‰Øp]™n-]-d°pw t]mse

hnń´p Xs∂bpw t]mIp-∂p-- v. ˛ F∂-Xp-h-sc)

am∏n-f-∏m´v

_Z-dp¬ap-\o¿ lpkv\p¬P-am¬ ˛ tambn≥Ipń sshZy¿

(“]q-a-I-fms\” apX¬

“aXn-a-d-∂n≥km-seØpw” Km\w hsc)

ssIs°m-ń-I-fn-∏m´v

imIp-¥fw ˛ hnZzm≥a-®m-s´-bXv

\memw-Jfiw (“I-eymWn If-hmWo sNm√q ˛ kn. ]n. IrjvW-s\-f-bXv

\obm-sc-∂Xpw” apX¬ “AXp-e-hn-{I-a≥ (km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿)

]mWn-{K-lWw sNbvXp. ” hsc)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ:

kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS ˛ FUn. tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv NBS tIm´bw

]Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ Sn. Fw. NpΩm¿

ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈

tIcf kmlnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ D≈q¿

ae-bmf kmlnXy Ncn{Xw \q‰m-- p-I-fn-eqsS ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI {KŸm-hen

***********************

45

Code. MA4B06

ska-Ã¿˛IV tImgvkv ˛6

`mjm-im-kv{Xhpw `mjm-N-cn-{Xhpw


s{IUn‰v : 4

Dt±iy-e-£y-ßƒ

B[p-\nI `mjimkv{X kn≤m-¥-ßsf kw_-‘n®v kmam\y ⁄m\w hnZym¿∞n°v D- m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-

I.

B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-Øns‚ kmam\y]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. Ahsb ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS

hyXykvX hyh-lm-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn a\- n-em-°p-I.

`mjbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ k¶o¿Æ _‘-ßsf tIc-fob kμ¿`-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøm-\p≈

tijn t\SpI

`mjbpw A[n-Im-c-hpw, enwK-hn-th-N-\w, `mjm-a-t\m-`mhw XpS-ßnb am\-ßƒ ae-bmf kμ¿`-Øn¬ a\-

n-em-°p-I.

ae-bm-f-`mj t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-sf-∏‰n Ah-t_m[w P\n-∏n-°pI

ae-bmf `mj-bpsS Ncn-{Xhpw hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI

samUyqƒ 1: `mjm-im-kv{X-]-T\w: BapJw

1. `mj ˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hy-hÿ ˛ `mjm Nn”w ˛ kpNIw/kqNnXw

2. `mjm-ssh-hn-[y-ßƒ: amXr-`m-j, {]Y-a-`m-j, ZznXo-b-`m-j, HutZym-KnI `mj, hyh-lmc `mj,

hmsam-gn, hc-samgn, am\-I-`m-j, am\-tI-X-c-`m-j, Poh¬`m-j, arX-`mj

3. `mjm-imkv{X kao-]-\-ßƒ : Ncn-{Xm-flIw, Xmc-X-aym-flIw, hnh-c-Wm-fl-Iw, hyXn-tc-Im-fl-Iw,

LS-\m-fl-Iw.

4. `mjm-hn-`-P-\-co-Xn-Iƒ: B\p-hw-in-Iw, I£ym-]cw

5. {]bp-‡-`m-jm-imkv{Xw: ZznXob `mjm-t_m-[-\w, \nL-- p-\n¿Ωm-Ww, hnh¿Ø-\w, Iºyq-t´-j-

W¬ `mjm-im-kv{Xw, {]mKvam-‰nIvkv

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

B[p-\nI `mjm-imkv{Xw ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿, im¥ AK-Ãn≥

`mjm-h-tem-I\w ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

`mjm imkv{X-hn-thIw ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

`mjm-K-th-jWw ˛ sI. Ip©p-Æn-cmPm

A course in Modern Linguistics - C. F. Hockett

46

Modern Linguistics - S. K. Verma & Krishnamurti

samUyqƒ 2 : `mjm-L-S\

1. kz\-hn-⁄m\w : kz\w/kz\naw/D]-kz\w, hyXn-tcIw/]qc-I-hn-X-cWw; ae-bm-f-Ønse

i_vtZm¬∏m-Z\w: kzcw, hyRvP-\w, Nn√v ˛ hn`-P\w, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse h¿Æ-ßƒ°v

]e-am-Xncn {ipXn-t`Zw hcp-∂Xv F∂ `mKw, A£-cw, A£-c-am-e, (tI-c-f-]m-Wo-\nb N¿®-Iƒ)

h¿Æw ˛ en]n ˛ A£cw Ch XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw, hrØ-im-kv{X-Ønse k¶ev]w˛ en]n,

en]n-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]tXy-I-Xbpw {]iv\-ßfpw , en]n-]-cn-jv°-c-W-{i-a-ßƒ

2. cq]n-a-hn-⁄m-\w, ae-bm-f-Ønse cq]n-a-ßƒ, {]IrXn/{]Xy-bw, kzX{¥w /_≤w

3. hmIy-hn-Nm-cw, ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ, cN-\m-¥c hymI-cWw ae-bmf `mj-bpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°pI

4. A¿∞-hn-Nm-cw, ]cym-bw, \m\m¿∞w, hn]-coXw, B¿∞n-I-t£-{Xw, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-\n¿ΩmWw

5. ]Z-tImiw

samUyqƒ 3

1. kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-imkv{Xw ˛ kmam-\ym-htem-I\w

2. `mjbpw A[n-Im-chpw

3. `mjm-kq-{XWw : B[p-\n-Io-I-c-Ww, am\-Io-I-c-Ww, en]n-h¬°-cWw (a-e-bmf kμ¿`-Øn¬)

4. `mjm-a-t\m-`mhw , `mjm-kw-c-£-Ww, `mjm-]-Z-hn, `c-W-`mj A[y-b-\-am-[yaw ˛ {]iv\-ßƒ

5 ae-bm-f-`mj t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ, LS-\m-X-e-Ønepw ]Z-X-e-Øn-ep-ap≈ kzm[o-\-ßƒ

6. `mjm-t`-Z-hn-⁄m-\w, tIc-f-Ønse `mjm-t`-Z-ßƒ, s]mXp-a-e-bm-fw, am\-I-a-e-bmfw XpS-ßnb

]cn-I-ev]-\-ßƒ

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

kmaq-lnI `mjm-imkv{Xw ˛ Djm-\-ºq-X-cn-∏mSv

eoem-Xn-eIw kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ ˛ hn. Fkv. j◊pJw

hm°ns‚ hgn-Iƒ ˛ Sn. _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿

A[n-Im-chpw `mjbpw ˛ ]n. Fw. Kncojv

`mjm-t`-Z-hn-⁄m\w ˛ ]n. tkma-ti-J-c≥ \mb¿

`mjm-temIw ˛ Sn. _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿

ae-bm-fn-bpsS ae-bmfw ˛ Fkv. cmP-ti-J-c≥

\ΩpsS `mj ˛ C. Fw. Fkv.

hwio-b-Xbpw `mjbpw ˛ sI. sI. _m_p-cmPv (`m-j, kzXzw,

A[n-Imcw ]n. Fw. Knco-jns‚ ]T-\w)

hmIy-L-S\ ˛ C. hn. F≥. \ºq-Xncn

tIc-f-Ønse BNm-c-`mj ˛ ]n. Fw. Kncojv

47

Language planning - E. Annamalai

Language Movements in India - E. Annamalai

Sociolinguistics An Introuction - Peter Trudgill

samUyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS Ncn{Xw

1. `mj-bpsS Ncn-{X-]p-\¿\n¿ΩmWw ˛ B¥-cnI / _mly-]p-\¿krjvSn, {]mKv`m-jm-k-¶¬]w

2. ae-bmf `mjm-cq-]o-I-cW kn≤m-¥-ßƒ :kwkvIr-X-P-\yw, kzX-{¥-hm-Zw, D]-im-Jm-hm-Zw, ]q¿Δ

˛ Xangv ae-bmf hmZw, `mjm-kw-{I-a-W-hmZw

3. ae-bmf `mj-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ ˛ tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ]oTn-I-bnse N¿®-Iƒ, hna¿i-\m-

flI ]T\w

4. `mj-bpsS h¿Ø-am-\m-hÿ

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ ˛ Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n≈

`mjm-N-cn{Xw ˛ Fkv. hn. thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿

]q¿Δ-tI-c-f-`mj ˛ sI . Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

ae-bm-f-`mjm ]cn-Wmaw: kn≤m-¥-ß-fpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw ˛ Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥

tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ sI. tKmZ-h¿Ω

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛ F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

ssIcfo i_vZm-\p-im-k\w ˛ sI. kpIp-am-c-∏n≈

ae-bmf `mjm Ncn{Xw ˛ C. hn. F≥. \ºq-Xncn

ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

**********************

48

Code. MA5B07

ska-Ã¿˛ V

tImg-kv-˛7

ae-bmf hymI-cWw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

`mjsb hni-I-e\w sNbvXv `mjm-kz-cq]w \n¿Æ-bn-°m-\p≈ {]m]vXn-bp-- m-°p-I.

ae-bmf `mjsb A]-{K-Yn®v {]tbm-K-ßsf a\- n-em-°pI

`mjm ˛hym-I-cW ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßsf kzcq-]n-°pI

At\z-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS e`n® hkvXp-X-Isf tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-b-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøpI.

`mjm {]tbm-K-ß-sfbpw \nb-a-ß-tfbpw kw_-‘n®v kz¥-amb A`n-{]mbw cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI

samUyqƒ 1 [z\n, h¿Æw

1. A£-cw, ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-c-am-e, A£-c-kwJy kw_-‘n® hnhn[ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ, A[n-

Im£-c-ßƒ, kwhr-tXm-Imcw/tI{μ-kzcw/AIm-c-ßƒ, -kz\w/kz\n-aw, ]ZmwKw F∂o ]cn-I-

ev]-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-c-ßsf a\- n-em-°p-I.

2. k‘n ˛ ]e-Xcw hn`-P-\-ßƒ, kwln-Xbpw k‘n-bpw, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse Imcn-I-Iƒ,

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS k‘n-hn-Nm-csØ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn a\- n-em-°p-I, eoem-Xn-e-I-Ønse

k‘n-k-¶-ev]-ß-fp-ambn tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse hn[n-Iƒ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

3. KZyw, ]Zyw, ]{X-`mj XpS-ßn-b-h-bnse k‘n-Im-cy-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-ØpI. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-

Øn-ep≈ kwkvIr-X-k-‘n-cq-]-ßƒ.

4. h¿Æ--hn-Im-c-ßƒ: ae-bm-f-Ønse h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-ß-fpw Ahbv°v tIc-f-]m-Wn\n \nc-Øp∂ Imc-

W-ßfpw ˛ `mjm ]cn-Wm-a-tl-Xp-°-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-N-bw, i_vZ-X-e-Ønepw A¿∞-X-e-

Ønepw kw`-hn-°p∂ ]cn-Wm-a-ß-fpsS `mjm-_m-ly-amb Imc-W-ßsf Ipdn®v a\- n-em-°pI

5. `mj-bnse Nn”-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ, enJn-X-`m-j-bn¬ Nn”-ßƒ°p≈ ÿm\w, ]Zw

]ncn-°m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ CS (Spacing) bpsS A¿∞-X-e-ßƒ .

49

samUypƒ 2: i_vZ hn`m-K-ßƒ

1. ]Z-ßfpsS hn`-P\w: [¿Ωw, cq]w, D¬]Øn Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]Z-ßsf A]-{K-Yn-°p-

I. {]Ir-Xn, {]Xy-bw, CS-\ne Ch tNcp-tºm-gp≈ k‘n-Im-cy-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-I.

2. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS i_vZhn-`-P\w hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈

Kp- ¿´v, amØ≥, tij-Kn-cn-{]`p F¬. hn. B¿, kn. F¬. B‚-Wn, sI. kpIp-am-c-]n≈ F∂n-

h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

3. \maw, IrXn, t`ZIw F∂o hI-t`-Z-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hn`-P-\-ßfpw tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw

i_vtZm¬]Øn {]I-c-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n a\- n-em-°p-I.

4. hnh¿Ø\ {]{In-b, AXn-\p≈ D]m-[n-Iƒ, aqe-{]-IrXn GIm-£-c-am-bn-cp-s∂∂ k¶-ev]w, Ncn-

{X-]-c-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, `mjm-hn-I-k-\-k-¶-e-]hpw hnh¿Ø\ {]{In-b-bpw, h¿Ø-am-\-Ime

`mjm-hn-I-k-\hpw F. Bdns‚ k¶-ev]-ß-fpsS km[p-Xbpw

5. tZymX-I-ßƒ ˛ G Bdns‚ \nK-a-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hna¿i-\m-fl-I-]-cn-tim-[-\bpw. t`ZIw ˛

ae-bm-f-Ønse t`Z-I-ßƒ

samUypƒ 3 : \ma-hn-`m-Kw.

1. \ma-hn-`m-K-ßƒ, hn`-P-\-{I-aw, hn`-P-\-Øn-\p≈ ASn-ÿm-\w, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ

2. enwKw: ae-bm-f-Ønse enwK-K-W-\, {]Xyb-ßƒ, kam-k-cq-]-ßƒ, \]pw-k-I-cq-]-krjvSn

3. hN\w: hN-\-\n¿Æ-bw, {]Xy-b-ßƒ, {]Xy-b-\n-cm-k-Øn-\p≈ kμ¿`-ßƒ

4. hn`-‡nbpw Imc-Ihpw: hmIy-Ønse ]Z-_-‘w, hn`-‡n \n¿Δ-N-\w, {]Xyb-ßƒ, hn`-‡ym-`m-

kw, Imc-I-_-‘w, G. Bdn-s‚bpw a‰p sshbm-I-c-W-∑m-cp-sSbpw aX-ßƒ

5. \njv]-∂-\m-a-ßƒ: \njv]m-Z-\-{]-Xyb-ßƒ, X≤n-X-ßƒ, cq]-\n-jv]m-Z-\hpw `mj-bpsS {]tbm-K-

£-a-X-bpw.

samUypƒ 4: {Inbm-hn-`mKw

1. {Inb: {Inbm-hn-`-P\w D]m-[n-Iƒ, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse N¿®

2. Imew: {]Xy-b-ßfpw hnX-c-Whpw, h¿Ø-am-\-Ime {]Xy-bw, \nKo¿ÆI¿Xr-Iw, {]Im-cw,

{]tbmKw , {]Ir-Xn, \ma-[m-Xp, Jne-[m-Xp, A\p-{]-tbm-Kw, \ntj[w XpS-ßn-bh

3. AwK-{Inb: ]q¿Æ-{In-bbpw A]q¿Æ-{In-b-bpw, ]‰p-hn-\-I-fpsS hn`-P\w, t]sc-®-ß-fpsS hyt]-

£-I-hmIy[¿Ωw, hn\-sb-®-ß-fpsS hn[-ßfpw coXn-I-fpw, {Inbm \njv]∂ \ma-ßƒ, IrØp-

°ƒ, IrXnIr-Øv, Imc-I-IrØv XpS-ßn-b-h. Ah-bpsS [¿Ωw, coXn, hn`-P-\w.

samUypƒ 5: hmIy-hn-Nmcw

1. hmIy-\n¿h-N-\-ßƒ, ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-L-S-\-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, hmIy-hn-`m-K-ßƒ,

eLp-hm-Iy-ßƒ, k¶o¿Æ-hm-Iyw, alm-hmIyw

50

2. BImw£ F∂ k¶-ev]w, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]Z-{I-aw, hmIymw-i-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ s]mcp-Øw, ]pcp-

j-t`-Z-\n-cmk N¿®

3. kam-k-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hmIy-[¿Ω-hpw, ka-kvX-]-Z-ß-fpw `mj-bpsS {]tbm-K-£-aXbpw, Ah-

kw-_-‘n® \nb-a-ßƒ

4. hymt£-]-I--ß-fpsS hmIy-[¿Ωw

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛ F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

i_vZ-tim-[n\n ˛ F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\nbw ˛ sI. tKmZ-h¿Ω

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\ob`mjyw ˛ kn. F¬. B‚Wn

`mjm-]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ kn. F¬. B‚Wn

ssI-c-foi-_vZm-\p-im-k\w ˛ sI. kpIp-am-c-]n≈

kmln-Xy-]-cn-Nbw ˛ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v

]q¿Δ-tI-cf `mj ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

ae-bm-gva-bpsS hymI-cWw ˛ tPm¿÷v amØ≥

`mjm-]-cn-Nbw ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

hymI-c-W-]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ Sn. _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-]-Wn-°¿ ( FUn.)

tIc-f-`m-jm-hym-I-cWw ˛ C. hn. F≥. \ºq-Xncn

`mjm-im-kv{X-Ønse tNmwkv°n-b≥ hnπhw ̨ sI. F≥. B\-μ≥

********************

51

Code. MA5B08

ska-Ã¿˛ V

tImg-kv-˛8

ae-bmf IhnX ˛ \thm-∞m-\-L´w

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

20-˛mw \q‰m-- n¬ ae-bm-f-Øn-em-cw-`n® hnhn[ Imhy-c-N\m kt¶-X-ß-tfbpw Ihn-I-tfbpw ]cn-N-b-

s∏-Sp-I.

kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\w Ihn-X-bn¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p a\- n-em-°pI

Ihn-X-bn¬ kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

\thm-∞m\ Ihn-X-Isf h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ hyXykvX hmb-\m-co-Xn-I-fn-eqsS A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw

Ah-bpsS {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\yhpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

samUyƒ-˛1

IhnX Ihn-{X-b-Øn-\p-apºv ˛ sh◊Wn {]ÿm-\w, ]®-a-e-bmf {]ÿm-\w, sImSp-ß-√q¿ If-cn,

tIc-f-h¿Ω {]ÿm-\w, aWn-{]-hmf ]mc-ºcyw BJym-\-I-hn-X-bn¬, kmwkvIrX \mS-I-X¿÷-a-Iƒ,

alm-Im-hyw, {]mk-hm-Zw, {]mk-hm-Z-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m-\yw.

tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-›m-Øew ˛ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw , A®-Sn, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w

Ch ˛ tIc-fob \thm-∞m\w ae-bmf Ihn-Xsb Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-®p. ˛ tZiob t_m[hpw kmaq-

ln-I-]-cn-jvI-c-tWm-Zy-a-ßfpw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w.

B[p-\nI Ihn-{X-bw ˛ {]ta-b-ß-fpsS ]pXp-a, Bhn-jvIm-c-Ønse \ho\ {]h-W-X-Iƒ, ae-bmf

Imev]-\nI Ihn-X, hnem-]-Im-hy-{]-ÿm-\w, `mh-Ko-X-ßƒ, IYm-Im-hy-ßƒ, `mh-\m-fl-I-X, hnIm-c-

]-c-X, hy‡n-]-c-X, BZ¿im-fl-I-X, kzIo-b-tem-I-kr-jvSn, kz]v\m-S-\-Iu-Xp-Iw, Krlm-Xp-c-Xzw, KX-

Im-e-`-‡n, {]Ir-Xym-`n-ap-Jyw, ]pXp-a-tbm-Sp≈ Bk-‡n, kzmX-{¥y-hm-RvO, CS-∏-≈nbpw Nß-ºp-

gbpw ˛ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m-\yw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

eoe ˛ Ipam-c-\m-i≥

A—\pw aIfpw ˛ h≈-tØmƒ

t{]a-kw-KoXw ˛ D≈q¿

aWn-\mZw ˛ CS-∏≈n

bh-\nI ˛ Nß-ºpg

52

samUypƒ ˛ 2

IhnX Ihn-{X-b-Øn\pw CS-∏≈n {]ÿm-\-Øn\pw tijw, Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS Im¥n ˛ ]pXp-tem-I-

Øns‚ {]h-W-X-Iƒ, hntZim-[n-]-Xy-tØm-Sp≈ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, tZio-b-X, kmaq-lnI {]Xn-_-≤X

Ip‰n-∏p-dØp tIi-h≥ \mb¿, shÆn-°p-fw, Fw. ]n. A∏≥, _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω, Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏v, ]n.

Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fn¬ \mep-t]-cpsS Hmtcm Ihn-X.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

{Kmao-W-I-\yI ˛ Ip‰n-∏p-d-Øp-tI-i-h≥ \mb¿

kqcy-Im¥n ˛ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v

If-¶-a-‰ssI ˛ _mem-a-Wn-bΩ

\c-_en ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿

samUypƒ 3

tZiob {]ÿm-\hpw a‰p kmaq-lnI cmjv{Sob kw`-h-ßfpw Ihn-X-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w,

t_mt[-iz-c≥, ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-{μ≥, Sn. Fkv. Xncp-ap-ºv, Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-

fn¬ \mep-t]-cpsS Hmtcm Ihn-X.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

kln-°-tbm-Zmkyw ˛ t_mt[-iz-c≥

hnj-∏-£n-tbmSv ˛ ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-{μ≥

Ime-h¿jw ˛ Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥

Fs‚ bphXzw ˛ Sn. Fkv. Xncp-ap-ºv.

samUypƒ ˛ 4

Imev]-\n-Im-\¥c Ihn-Iƒ ˛ Imev]-\n-I-Xbpw AXns‚ {]Xn-tcm-[-hpw, ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xyw, ae-

bmf Ihn-X-bpsS ]pXp-∏n-d-hn, ]mem \mcm-b-W≥ \mb¿, ]n. `mkv°-c≥, hb-em¿, H. F≥. hn, Hf-

∏-a-Æ, A°n-Øw, t{]wPn XpS-ßnb Ihn-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Hm¿°pI h√-t∏mgpw ˛ ]n. `mkv°-c≥

l\p-a¬tkh Xp©≥ ]d-ºn¬ ˛ CSt»cn

bpK-]-cn-h¿Ø\w ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n

B{^n° ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

****************

53

Code. MA5B09

ska-Ã¿˛ V

tImg-kv-˛9

kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

kmln-XysØ Hcp km¿Δ-eu-InI {]Xn-`m-k-ambn I- v hyXykvX {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Ime-ß-fnepw

D- m-bn-´p≈ hna¿i\ kn≤m-¥ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw hna¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw

kn≤n-Iƒ hn]p-e-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

samUyqƒ ˛1

Ihn, IhnX F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® `mc-Xob \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ. ckw, [z\n, coXn, KpWw, Ae-¶m-cw,

HuNn-Xyw, ht{Im‡n F∂o kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ Chsb kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI.

hni-Z-amb ]T\w Bh-iy-an-√.

hni-Z-]T-\-Øn\v:

1. kmlnXy \n¿Δ-N\w ˛ NmØ-\Øv ANyp-X-\pÆn ˛ Imhy-Nn¥

2. `mjm-`q-j-W-Ønse Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ `mK-ßƒ:˛

KpW-{]-I-c-Ww, i_vZm¿∞-{]-I-c-Ww, [z\n {]I-c-Ww, ck-{]-I-cWw (D-]-hn-`m-K-ßƒ th- . \n¿Δ-

N-\hpw hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw am{Xw aXn.)

samUyqƒ ˛2

hyØhpw Ae-¶m-chpw: `mjm-`q-j-W-Ønse Ae-¶mc \n¿Δ-N-\hpw hn`-P-\-hpw, `mjm-`q-j-W-

Ønse Ae-¶m-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW thWw. hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h

am{Xw aXn.

kmtaym‡n hn`mKw ˛ D]-a, Zo]-Iw, cq]-Iw, D¬t{]-£, {]Xn-h-kvXp-]-a, ZrjvSm-¥w, A{]-kvXpX

{]iwk (A-e-¶m-c-ß-fpsS kmay hyXym-k-ßƒ A]-{K-Yn®v Imhy-`m-j-bpsS cq]o-I-c-WsØ kw_-

‘n® `mc-Xo-b-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \nco-£n®-dn-bWw)

AXn-i-tbm‡n hn`mKw:˛ cq]m-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n, Dt√-Jw, hntcm-[m-`mkw

hmkvX-thm‡n hn`mKw:˛ kz`m-thm-‡n, A¿∞m-]-Øn, Imhy-enw-Kw, A¿∞m-¥-c-\ymkw

t«tjm‡n hn`mKw :˛ t«-jw, kam-tkm‡n

i_vZm-e-¶m-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam\y [mcW thWw. Imhy-Øns‚ `mh-cq] inev]-ßsf cq]-s∏-Sp-

Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ i_vZm-e-¶m-c-ßƒ°p≈ ]¶v ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°-Ww. hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v ba-

Iw, ZznXo-b-£-c-{]mkw F∂nh am{Xw aXn. hrØw:˛ hyØhpw Ihn-Xbpw, {][m-\-s∏´ kwkvIrX

54

hrØ-ßfpw `mjm-hy-Ø-ßfpw am{Xw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-®m¬ aXn. hrØ-a-RvP-cn-bnse hrØ-ßsf

kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-ń-cn-°-Ww.

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v kwkvIrX hrØ-ß-fn¬ A\p-jvSp-∏v, C{μ-h-{P, ctYm-≤-X, {ZpX-hn-fw-_n-Xw,

hk-¥-Xn-e-Iw, im¿Zq-e-hn-{Io-Un-Xw, {kKv≤-c, IpkpaaRvP-cn, hntbm-Kn-\n, ]pjv]]nXm{K F∂nh

am{Xw aXn. `mjm hrØ-ß-fn¬ Infn-∏m´p hrØ-ßƒ, Xp≈¬∏m-´p-hr-Ø-ßƒ, KmY, k¿∏n-Wn,

\tXm-∂X F∂nh am{Xw aXn

{ZmhnU kuμcy imkv{Xw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

XnW k¶ev]w (C-¥y≥ kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w ˛ {]k-‡nbpw km[y-Xbpw ) ˛ sI. Aø-∏-Wn-°¿

samUyqƒ 3

]m›mXy kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ßƒ B[p-\nI Ime-L-´w-h-sc. tπt‰m, Acn-tÃm-ń¬ XpS-

ßnbhcpsS kn≤m-¥-ßƒ. tπt‰m-bpsS A\p-I-c-W-hm-Zw, Imhy {]tNm-Z-\sØ kw_-‘n® A`n-

{]mbw, Iem-Im-c-∑msc Ipdn®v tπt‰m, tπmt‰m-bpsS Ncn-{X-{]m-[m\yw

Acn-tÃm-ń¬ :˛A-\p-I-c-W-hm-Zw, {SmP-UnbpsS \n¿Δ-N-\w, Bdp-L-S-I-ßƒ, CXn-hr-Ø-sØ-°p-dn-

®p≈ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ, hyXykvX kmlnXy cq]-ßƒ, tIma-Unbpw F∏n°pw {SmP-Un-bpw.

IYm¿knkv

sdmam‚nIv bpKw-˛ th¿Uvkvh¿Øv, endn-°¬ _me-Uvkns‚ Bap-J-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw. th¿Uvkv

h¿Øns‚ Imhy-\n¿Δ-N-\w, `mh-\bv°v sImSpØ {]m[m-\yw, Imhy-`m-j-sb-°p-dn®v th¿Uvkv

h¿Øv ˛ tImƒdnUvPv Ihn {]Xn-`-sb-°p-dn®v ˛ Cam-Pn-t\-j\pw ^m‚-kn-bpw.

Imhy-`m-h-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ tImƒdn-UvPns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ.

klm-bI-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

]m›m-Xy-km-lnXy XXz-imkv{Xw ˛ sI. Fw. Xc-I≥

]m›mXy kmlnXy Z¿i\w ˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥

\h-c-X-cwKw ˛ Fw. eoem-hXn

samUypƒ ˛4

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. ssieo-\njvT \ncq-]Ww ˛ tUm. hn. B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥ \mb¿,

(k-a-Ime \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-ßƒ) ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥\m-b¿ kvamcI {KŸm-hen

2. LS-\m-hm-Zhpw Nn”-im-kv{Xhpw ˛ tUm. kn. cmtP-{μ≥

3. am¿IvknÃv \ncq-]Ww ˛ ]n. tKmhn-μ-]n≈

(k-a-Ime \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-ßƒ)

4. A]-\n¿ΩmWw ˛ XØzhpw {]tbm-Khpw ˛ hn. kn. {ioP≥

(B-[p-\n-Im\¥c kmlnXy kao-]-\-ßƒ)

5. sân-\nÃv kmlnXy hna¿i\w ˛ F≥. sI. cho-{μ≥

(B-[p-\n-Im\¥c kmlnXy kao-]-\-ßƒ)

*********************

55

Code. MA5B10

ska-Ã¿˛ V

tImg-kv-˛10

KZy-km-lnXyw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

GI-tZiw Bbncw h¿jßƒ°v apºv Bcw-`n®v H´-[nIw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS cq]w {]m]n® ae-

bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Imen-I-amb hnImk {]{In-b-Isf Ipdn®v hnZym¿∞n-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-

Øn-sIm-Sp-°p-I.

KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ kmam\y hnh-c-Whpw {]mNo\ a≤y-Ime B[p-\nI KZy-cq-]-ß-fpsS amXr-

Ibpw kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm- v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ae-bmf KZy-km-ln-XysØ Ipdn®v kmam\y ]cn-⁄m\w

t\Sm≥ klm-bn-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

a. KZyw - ˛K-Zy-km-lnXyw ˛ KZy-Øn-s‚bpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw Ncn{Xw ˛ ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Ah-tem-I\w

imk-\-Im-ew˛ imk-\-ß-fpsS cq]-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, en]n-hn-\ym-kw, `mjm-]-c-amb khn-ti-

j-X-Iƒ, imk-\-`mj ka-Im-eo\ `mjsb F{X-am{Xw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p, sIm√-h¿jm-cw-`-Ønse

`mj imk-\-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n a\- n-em-°p-I. hm°p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, k‘n, h¿Æ-]-cn-Wmaw

F∂o `mjm-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬I-Ww.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. hmg-∏n≈n imk\w \º¿ ˛ 1 D≤-cWw ˛ tIcf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ

2. `mjm IuS-eobw \º¿ ˛ 1 D≤-cWw ˛ tIcf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ

b. a≤y-Ime KZyw ˛aWn-{]-hm-fhpw KZy-km-ln-Xyhpw. a≤y-Im-esØ KZy-cq-]-ßƒ, IqØpw IqSn-bm-

´hpw KZy-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w. B´ {]Im-c-ßfpw {Ia-Zo-]n-I-I-fpw, \ºym¿

Xangv ˛ `mjm-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛ a[y-Ime KZy-sØ-°p-dn®v eoem-Xn-eIw \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-

Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Aw_-co-tjm-]m-Jym\w: ˛ tUm. ]n. sI. \mcm-b-W-]n≈

“{io]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥.---˛˛-˛˛Pz-en-°n‚nXp” D≤-cWw : {]mNo\ ae-bm-f-K-Zy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ

iq¿∏-W-Jm¶w \º¿ 1 ˛ D≤-cWw: tIcf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ

56

samUypƒ 2

sshtZ-inI kzm[o\w ˛ anj-W-dn-am-cpsS BK-a-\w, ae-bmf `mj-bv°p-- mb hf¿®, DZbw t]cq¿

kp\-l-tZm-kns‚ Imew, A®-Sn, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w, kwt£-]-th-Zm¿∞w, ]pt√en°p©p XpS-ßnb

IrXn-Iƒ. ]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam IØ-\m¿, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, Kp- ¿´v, B¿®v Uo°≥ tImin XpS-

ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ. ]{X-am-kn-I-Iƒ, B[p-\nI KZy-Øn-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø\w, ]mT-]p-kvX-

I-ßƒ ˛ tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥, F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, A∏≥ Xºp-cm≥, kztZ-im-`n-

am\n cma-Ir-jvW-∏n≈ XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime KZy-Im-c-∑m¿, KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hn`n∂ imJ-Iƒ,

k¿§m-fl-Ihpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hp-am-b `mj, D]-\ym-kw, IY, t\mh¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS D¤-hw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw (B-Zy-]m-Zw) ˛ ]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam-°-Ø-\m¿

Fs‚ arK-bm-kva-c-W-Iƒ -˛ tIc-f-h¿Ω-h-en-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥

\ms´-gp-Ø-»≥am¿ ˛ tIkcn thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿

`mh-\m-i‡n ˛ aq¿t°m-Øp-Ip-am-c≥

samUypƒ 3

ka-Im-eo\ KZyw ˛ B[p-\nI KZy-Øns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ, KZy-c-N-\-bnse ]pXnb kao-]-\-

ßƒ . ka-Im-eo\ KZy-`mj ˛ ]pXnb hm°p-Ifpw `mjm-L-S-\bpw

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. B\bpw A¬]w sXep¶pw ˛ F. ]n. DZ-b-`m\p (D-Z-b-`m-\p-hns‚ sXc-s™-SpØ

D]-\ym-k-ßƒ, Un. kn. _pIvkv)

2. \mS-Im-`n-\bw Nne Nn¥-Ifpw ˛ ssI\n-°c Ipam-c-]n≈ (ssI-\n-°cbpsS {]_-‘-ßƒ,

kvac-W-Ifpw en‰n¬ {]n≥kv {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww)

3. Nn¥n-t∏mb HtcSv ˛ Fw. B¿. _n. (ap-J-—m-b-Iƒ)

4. A∂-hn-Nmcw ˛ Ip™pÆn (Ip-™pÆn amjpw Ipt´ym-fpw)

samUypƒ ˛ 4

Poh-N-cn-{Xw, Bfl-I-Y, kvac-W-Iƒ, bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ F∂o kmlnXy imJ-I-fn¬ ae-bm-f-`m-

j-°p-- mb hf¿®.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

{_m“-Wy-Øn-\p-t\sc (B-fl-I-Y) ˛ C. Fw. Fkv. (Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv)

taa\ (a-\-km-kva-cm-an) ˛ s{]m^. Fkv. Kp]vX≥ \mb¿

Hm¿a-bn¬ `oXn-Z-amb Hcp bm{X ˛ Fw. ]n. hotc-{μ-Ip-am¿, amXr-`qan _pIvkv

(ssl-a-h-X-`q-hn¬)

alm-Ihn (Nn-Zw-_-c-kva-c-W) ˛ _me-N-{μ≥ Np≈n-°mSv

57

klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ

tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ ˛ Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥ ]n≈

tIcf kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ D≈q¿

ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈

KZyw ]n∂n´ hgn-Iƒ ˛ Fkv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿

{]mNo\ ae-bmfw ˛ ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-{μ≥

{]mNo-\-a-e-bmf KZy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ ˛ tUm. ]n.sI \mcm-b-W-]n≈

sXcs™-SpØ {]_-‘-ßƒ ˛ tUm. sI. F≥. Fgp-Ø—≥

ae-bm-f-ssien ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw ˛ ]n. sP. tXma v

a[y-Im-e-a-e-bmfw ˛ tUm. ]n. hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈

amkn-Im-]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ Pn. {]nb-Z¿i≥

kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

*****************

58

Code. MA6B11 ska-Ã¿˛ VI tImg-kv-˛1

\mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

\mtSm-Sn-kw-km-Im-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ⁄m\w kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kzXz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-

t_m[w krjvSn-°pI.

\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\obw F∂ hn⁄m-\-im-Jsb AXn-ep-- m-bn-´p≈ ]pXnb Nn¥-I-fpsS shfn-®-

Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-I.

tIcf kwkvImc ]T-\-Øn\v A\p-_-‘-amb [mc-W-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I.

t^mIvtemdns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ka-{K-amb [mcW cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

tIc-fob kaq-l-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bpw hnIm-khpw cq]-s∏-Sepw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-

\ob Nn¥-Isf {]tbm-P-\s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ {]m]vXn-t\-Sp-I.

t^mIvtem¿ tiJ-c-W-Øn-\p≈ imkv{Xo-b-amb {]tbmK sshZKv[yw t\Sp-I.

tiJ-cn® t^mIvtemdp-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn ]T-\-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°p-hm≥ {]m]vXn t\Sp-I.

PmXn-˛-aX \nc-t]-£-amb tIc-fob s]mXp-Po-hnX kwkvIm-csØ Dƒs°m-≈pI

\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]cn-t{]-£y-Øn¬ Zen-Xv, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, kv{XohmZ Nn¥-Isf

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

ae-bmf `mj-bp-tSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw A¥ v Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw kzXzm-`n-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn\pw {ian-°p-I.

\mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ D∂-X-]-T-\-Øn\pw Kth-j-W-Øn\pw th- ASn-ÿm\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-

I.

samUypƒ 1.: \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw (Folkloristics)

1. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw F∂ hn⁄m-\-imJ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kml-N-cyhpw Ncn-{Xhpw

2. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ e£yhpw hym]vXnbpw ]T-\-co-Xnbpw

3. ^o¬Uv kb≥kv (Field Science) F∂ \ne-bn¬ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw.

{]km-c-I≥, Bth-Z-I≥, afi-ehr-Øn, (Field work) A`n-ap-Jw, tNmZym-h-en Xøm-dm-°¬

4. ]pXnb {]h-W-X-Iƒ˛t^mIvtemdn-kw, {]bp‡ t^mIvtem¿, \mK-cnIt^mIvtem¿

5. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ka-Ime ]cn-kcw ˛P\-{]n-b-I-e-Iƒ, am[y-a-ßƒ, ]c-ky-ßƒ,

kvt]m¿Svkv F∂n-hsb Ipdn-®p≈ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\-]-c-amb hymJym-\-ßƒ

6. t^mIvtem¿ h¿§o-I-cWw ˛ km¿h-eu-InI h¿§o-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ

59

7. ae-bm-f-Ønse t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-ßfpw tIc-f-Ønse t^mIvtem¿ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

8. t^mIvtem¿ kwc-£-Whpw t^mIvtem¿ ayqkn-bhpw

klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]mTy-`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn®v

kmam-\y-amb [mcW t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

t^mIvtem¿ ]T\w: C∂se C∂v ˛ tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mS,v F^v. F^v. Fw.

(t^mIvtem¿ kt¶-X-ßfpw k¶-ev]-\-ß-fpw) ]ªn-t°-j≥kv ]ø-∂q¿, 1999

t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-Øns‚ cmjv{Sobw ˛ F®v. sI. kt¥mjv

(t^mIvtem¿ hgnbpw s]mcp-fpw.)

samUypƒ ˛2: hmsam-gn-h-g°w

1. \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ

a. \mtSmSn CXn-lm-k-ßƒ

b \mtSmSn IYm-Km-\-ßƒ

c sXmgn¬ ]m´p-Iƒ

d Ip´n-I-fpsS ]m´p-Iƒ

e hnt\m-Z-Km-\-ßƒ

f A\p-jvTm\ Km\-ßƒ

2. \mtSmSn KZy-I-Ym-Jym-\-ßƒ

a \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ

b ]pcm-hr-Ø-ßƒ

c sFXn-ly-ßƒ

d ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ

e ISw-I-Y-Iƒ

f \mtSm-Sn-`m-jWw

Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ tIc-f-Ønse hmsam-gnhg° t^mIvtemdp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Is- -

tØ-- -Xm-Wv. klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\s∏-SpØn Hmtcm C\-Øn-epw-s]´ t^mIvtemdp-I-sf-°p-

dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Btcm-ap-Æn-bpsS A¶-∏p-d-∏mSv ˛ tUm. Fw. B¿. cmL-h-hm-cy¿,

(tI-c-f- t^mIvtem¿) ˛ FUn-. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv

F^v. F^v. Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv ]ø-∂q¿, 1997

hb-\m-´p-Ip-e-h≥ (tI-c-f- t^mIvtem¿) ˛ Fw. F. dlv-am≥

FUn-. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv

60

F^v. F^v. Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, ]ø-∂q¿, 1997.

samUyqƒ 3: \mtSm-Sn-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ

1. \mtSm-Sn-\rØw ˛ A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw hnt\m-Z-]-c-hp-amb \rØ-ßƒ, kwL-\r-Ø-ßƒ

2. \mtSmSn-\m-SIw ˛ A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw hnt\m-Z-]-c-hp-amb \rØ-ßƒ, kwL-\r-Ø-ßƒ

3. \mtSmSn kwKoXw ˛ klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\s∏-SpØn tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-cw-K-I-e-I-

sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.

tIcØnse \mtSmSn \rØ-ß-fmb sXøw, ]qX\pw Xnd-bpw, tIma-cw, k¿∏wXp≈¬, Ifw-]m-´v,

Imf-I-fn, BZn-hm-kn-\r-Øw, Xncp-hm-Xnc Ifn, H∏-\, am¿Kw-I-fn F∂n-hsb Ipdn®pw \mtSmSn

\mS-I-ß-fmb apSn-tb-‰v, Im°-c»n \mS-Iw, IWym¿I-fn, ]qdm-´v, NmØn-cm¶w F∂n-hsb

Ipdn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

\mtSmSnkwKoXw (tI-c-f-Ønse \mS≥I-e-Iƒ) ˛ tUm. F. sI. \ºym¿

F≥. _n. Fkv, tIm´bw 1989

the-h-chv (tKm-{X-I-em-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ) ˛ tUm. kn. B¿. cmP-tKm-]me≥

\m´-dn-hp-]-T-\-tI-{μw, IWn-aw-Kew

samUyqƒ 4 : \mtSmSn `uXn-I-kw-kvIm-cw, kmaq-lym-Nm-c-ßfpw \m´-dn-hp-I-fpw.

1. \mtSmSnssIth-e-Iƒ ˛ a¨]m-{Xw, ssIØdn

2. \mtSmSn kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy ˛ Im¿jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, DuØm-e-Iƒ

3. \mtSmSn hmkvXp-hnZy ˛ tIc-fob Krl-\n¿ΩmWw

4. \mtSm-Sn-sshZyw ˛ AΩqΩ sshZyw Huj-[-k-ky-ßƒ

5. \m´p-`-£Ww ˛ `£-W-ssh-hn-[y-ßƒ, ]mN-I-hnZy

6. \m´m-Nm-c-ßƒ ˛ hnhm-lm-Nm-c-ßƒ, ac-Wm\-¥c BNm-c-ßƒ

7. \mtSmSn hmZy-ßƒ ˛ ]p≈ph hoW, ]p≈p-h-°p-Sw, \¥pWn, ]d

8. \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ ˛ Irjn, a’y-_-‘-\w, kky-k-ºØv

klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn F√m-hn-`m-K-ßsf Ipdn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW

t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

tKm{X-h¿§ kky-hn-⁄m\w (k-ky-ß-fpsS ˛ tUm. C. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥

\m´-dnhv) Un. kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw 2004

DuØme ˛ hn. F®v Zncm¿, kwkvIrXn, IÆq¿

Un. kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2009

61

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

1. Hmtcm samUyq--fn¬ \n∂pw Hcp skan-\m¿ F¶nepw Xøm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-- -Xm-Wv.

2. Hmtcm hnZym¿∞nbpw Hcp t^mIvtem¿ C\-sa-¶nepw imkv{Xo-b-ambn tiJ-cn®v {]_-‘-cq-]-

Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-- -Xm-Wv.

3. t^mIvtem¿ ayqknbw Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbv Hmtcm hnZym¿∞nbpw ]cn-{i-an-t°-- -Xm-Wv.

4. GsX-¶nepw Hcp t^mIvtemdns‚ Ah-X-c-W-k-μ¿`-Øn¬ sN∂v t\cn-´p≈ \nco-£W ]cn-Nbw

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.

5. arXhpw A⁄m-X-hp-amb t^mIvtemdp-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°p-hm\pw kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ {]tXyI ]cn-io-e-\hpw Xmev]-cyhpw ]pe¿tØ-- -Xm-Wv.

6. t^mIvtem¿ Ah-X-c-W-ßfpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-- -Xm-Wv.

7. HmUntbm hnjz¬ km[y-X-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-- -Xm-Wv.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

t^mIvtem¿ ˛ tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv

tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1992

t^mIvtem¿ ]T\w˛ kn≤m-¥-X-ew ˛ F≥. `‡-h-’e sdÕn

\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\obw ˛ tUm. Fw. hn. hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xncn

Un. kn. _pIvkv tIm´bw

t^mIvtem¿ kmt¶-X-ßfpw ]cn-I-ev]-\-Ifpw ˛ tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv

F^v. F^v. Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, ]ø-∂q¿

t^mIvtem¿ \nL- p ˛ tUm. Fw. hn. hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xncn

Un. kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw

tIcf t^mIvtem¿ ˛ FUn-. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv

F^v. F^v. Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, ]ø-∂q¿

t{Km{X-I-em-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ ˛ tUm. kn. B¿ cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

\m´-dn-hp-]-T-\-tI{μw , IWn-aw-Kew

t^mIv tem¿ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ tUm. kn. B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2007

tI-c-f-Ønse \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ ˛ tUm. F. sI. \ºym¿, F≥. _n. Fkv.

tUm. kn. B¿ cmP-tKm-]m-e≥ FUn‰v sNbvXv Un. kn. _pIvkv {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Xmsg ]d-bp∂

]pkvX-I-ßƒ.

1) \mtSmSn ssIthe 2) Irjn-bpsS \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ

3) kky-ß-fpsS \m´-dnhv 4) \m´p-`-£Ww

*******************

62

Code. MA6B12

ska-Ã¿˛ VI tImg-kv-˛12

ae-bmfIhnX ˛ DØ-c-L´w

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

ka-Im-eo\ ae-bmf Ihn-Xsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI

\thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p-tijw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´ ]pXnb {]h-W-X-I-sf-Ip-dn®p ]Tn-°p-I.

Ihn-{X-b-Øn\pw sshtem-∏n-≈n, CS-t»cn, ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿, i¶-c-°p-dp∏v XpSßnbh¿ Ah-

X-cn-∏n® Ihn-Xm-[m-c-Iƒ°pw tijw ae-bmf IhnX k©-cn® hgn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. ka-Im-enI

Ihn-X-bpsS cq]-]chpw `mh-]-c-hp-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

\thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p-tijw Imev]-\n-I-amb `mhp-I-Xz-tØmSv tN¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ ˛ ¢mknIv

B`n-apJyw ˛ ]mc-º-cy-O-μ- p-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw ˛ B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te°v Xpd-∂n-Sp∂ am¿§-ßƒ ˛ H.

F≥. hn. Ipdp-∏v, kpK-X-Ip-amcn, hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, B¿. cma-N-{μ≥, Fw. F≥. ]meq¿,

Pn. Ipamc-]n≈, ap√-t\gn XpS-ßnb Ihn--I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

tNmdqWv ˛ H. F≥. hn. Ipdp∏v

IrjvWm, \osbs∂ Adn-bn√ ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn

D÷-bn-\nbnse cm∏-I-ep-Iƒ ˛ hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn

H∂p-an√ ˛ B¿. cma-N-{μ≥

samUyqƒ 2

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS BZy-L´w ˛ cq]-]-c-amb B[p-\n-IX ˛ Cd-°p-aXn sNø-

s∏´ B[p-\n-IX F∂ hna¿i\w t\cn-tS-- n-h∂ kml-Ncyw ˛ ]m›mXy B[p-\n-I-X-bp-am-bp≈

kmay-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ, Imev]-\n-I-X-tbm-Sp≈ Ielw F∂ \ne-bn¬ B[p-\n-I-X, F≥. F≥. I°m-

Sv, F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿, A°n-Øw, Aø-∏-∏Wn-°¿ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

]m¿°n¬ ˛ F≥. F≥. I°mSv

]- sØ taim¥n ˛ A°nØw

aZn-cm-in-bn¬ Hcp kmbm”w ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

arXyp-]qP ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿

63

samUyqƒ 3

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse DØ-c-L´w ˛ cq]-]-c-amb B[p-\n-I-Xbv°v tijw cq]-s∏´ cmjv{Sob B[p-\n-

I-X, B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Nph∂ hm¬ F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´ cmjv{Sob Ahÿ ˛ CS-Xp-]£

Xo{hhmZw kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mhp-I-XzsØ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n®p F∂ ]T\w. IS-Ω\n-´, sI. Pn.

i¶-c-∏n-≈, k®n-Zm-\-μ≥, B‰q¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

IpdØn ˛ IS-Ω-\n´

kw{I-aWw ˛ B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω

_wKmƒ ˛ sI. Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈

]\n ˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ≥

samUyqƒ 4

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse B[p-\n-I-L-´-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw cq]-]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb B[p\nIX-

bpsS hgn-I-fn¬ \n∂v amdn k©-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]T-\w. F.

Aø-∏≥, Un. hn\-b-N-{μ≥, _me-N-{μ≥ Np≈n-°m-Sv, tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥, Ipco-∏pg {ioIp-am¿

XpS-ßnb Ihn--I-fpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]T-\w.

_p≤\pw Bń≥Ip-ńbpw ˛ F. Aø-∏≥

Imbn-°-c-bnse IS¬ ˛ Un. hn\-b-N-{μ≥

FhnsS tPm¨ ˛ _me-N-{μ≥ Np≈n-°mSv

Nm¿hm-I≥ ˛ Iqco-∏pg {ioIp-am¿

samUyqƒ 5

ka-Im-enI Ihn-X-bnse hnhn[ {]h-W-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. ]cn-ÿnXn ˛ kv{Xo ˛ ZenXv {]Xn-\n-[m-

\-ßƒ Ihn-X-bn¬ Fßs\ {]I-S-am-Ip∂p F∂ ]T-\w. ]pXnb Ihn-X-bpsS cq]-]-c-amb khn-ti-

j-X-Iƒ. ]n. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥, dôIv Al-Ω-Zv, cmhqÆn, sI. hn. t__n, ]n. cma≥, sI. B¿

tSmWn, Fkv. tPmk^v, taml\IrjvW≥ Ime-Sn, hn. Fw. KncnP, A\nX Xºn, kmhn{Xn cmPo-

h≥, at\mPv Ipdq¿, A≥h¿ Aen, hn. Pn. Xºn, AarX, hocm≥Ipń XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn-X-

I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

efnXw ˛ ]n. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥

inh-KwK ˛ AarX

ag-s∏m-´≥ ˛ taml-\-Ir-jvW≥ ImeSn

]qh-c-ins‚ tNmń¬ ˛ Fkv. tPmk^v

64

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

B[p-\nI kmlnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ FUn. sI. Fw. tPm¿÷v

{]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS

ae-bmf IhnXm kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn

B[p-\n-IX ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ ˛ tUm. F≥. AP-b-Ip-am¿

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS cmjv{Sob kuμcyw ˛ tUm. ]n. tkma≥

F¥mWv B[p-\n-IX ˛ Fw . apIp-μ≥

Ihn-Xbpw ]mc-º-cyhpw ˛ F≥. F≥. I°mSv

B[p-\n-Im-\¥c kmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-ßƒ ˛ FUn. kn. sP. tPm¿÷v

DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX: h¿Ø-am-\hpw hwim-h-enbpw ˛ sI. ]n. A-∏≥

Ihn-Xm-cXn ˛ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn

h¿W-cmPn ˛ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn

***************

65

Code. MA6B13

ska-Ã¿˛ VI tImg-kv-˛13

ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i\w

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

ae-bmf hna¿i\ kmln-XysØ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. Ime-L-´-ßfneqsS-bp≈ hf¿® a\-

n-em-°p-I. hnhn[ hna¿i\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Fßs\ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-®p-sh∂v a\-

n-em-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

Ah-Xm-cnI (a-e-bmf \ncq-]Ww C∂-se) ˛ Fkv Kp]vX≥\mb¿

{]mk-hmZw (km-lnXy ka-c-ßƒ) ˛ sI. `mkv°c ]n≈, NBS tIm´bw

abq-c-k-tμiw (a-e-bmf \ncq-]Ww C∂-se) ˛ kn. ]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥

\f-N-cnXw B´-°-Y-bv°p≈ ˛ F. B¿. cmP-cmP h¿Ω

Im¥m-c-Xm-cIw Ah-Xm-cnI

sNdp-t»cn (]-©m-\-\s‚ hna¿i-{X-bw) ˛ kmlnXy ]©m-\-\≥ ]n.sI.\mcm-b-W-]n≈

Ihn-Xbpw ]Zyhpw (a-e-bm-f-\n-cq-]Ww C∂-se) ˛ kn. A¥-∏mbn

samUyqƒ 2

I∂n-s°m-bvØns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

_mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ Fw. ]n. t]mƒ

Imfn-Zm-k\pw Ime-Øns‚ Zmk≥ ˛ ap- t»cn

\nXy-X-bn¬ Aen-bp∂ \nanjw ˛ Fw. sI. km\p

(A-im-¥n-bn¬ \n∂v im¥n-bn-te-°v)

DZ-b-Øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw (E-Xp-]-cn-h¿Ø-\w) ˛ sI. ]n. i¶-c≥

samUyqƒ 3

hmg-°p-ebpw ]n≥ap-d-°mcpw ˛ Xmbm-´p-i-¶-c≥

(sX-c-s™-SpØ {]_-‘-ßƒ)

IÆo¿∏mSw (Im-hy-hyq¬∏-Øn) ˛ Fw. ]n. i¶pÆn \mb¿ (am-Xr-`q-an)

h≈-tØmƒ Ihnbpw a\p-jy\pw (\-h-X-cw-Kw) ˛ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn

klys‚ aI≥ (io¿jm-k-\w) ˛ Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥

IpSn-sbm-gn-°¬ (A-h-Xm-cn-I) ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

66

samUyqƒ 4

{]W-b-Øns‚ A[-c-kn-μqcw sIms- -gp-Xnb IY ˛ sI. ]n. A∏≥

(I-Y, BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Ø-bpw)

F≥. hn. Ihn-X-bnse tZiob ]cn-t{]£yw ˛ Fw. B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿

(hm-b-\-bpsS hgn-Iƒ)

h≈-tØm-fns\ hos- -Sp-°¬ (ho-s- -Sp-∏p-Iƒ) ˛ ]n. ]n. cho-{μ≥

]nXr-L-Sn-Imcw (]n-Xr-L-Sn-Im-cw) ˛ ]n. sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥

Ihn-X-bpsS Ipcp-Ø-t°-Sv, hmb-\-bp-sSbpw ˛ hn. kn. lmcnkv

(F-gpØpw hmb-\-bpw)

kml-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ:

ae-bm-f-\n-cq-]Ww C∂se ˛ FUn. Fkv Kp]vX≥ \mb¿


ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i\w ˛ kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°mSv

ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww {]mcw-`-L´w ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamI {KŸm-hen

ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww: a[y-L´w ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamI {KŸm-hen

ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww: B[p-\nI L´w ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamI {KŸm-hen

ka-Ime \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXykvX apJ-ßƒ ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamI {KŸm-hen

********************

67

Code. MA6B14 ska-Ã¿˛ VI tImg-kv-˛14

tIc-fob cwK-I-e-Iƒ

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

\mtSmSn A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Iƒ apX¬ ssieo-\njvT Ie-Iƒ hsc-bp≈ Ie-I-tfbpw ]m›mXy

kzm[o-\-Øn-eqsS kz¥-ambn cq]w sImSpØ Ie-I-tfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Ch-bpsS Kth-j-Wm-fl-I-amb ]T-\-Øn\v t{]cn-∏n-°pI

`mc-Xo-bhpw hntZ-io-b-hp-amb \mSy-k-¶¬]-ßƒ°-Xo-X-amb Hcp \mSy-]m-c-ºcyw tIcfw Fßs\

t\Sn-sb-SpØp F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv D- m-°p-I.

hniz-{]-kn-≤-amb Hcp ]c-º-cm-K-X-ssien Zriy Ie-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn-\p-- v. Ch-sb-°p-dn®p kmam-\y-

⁄m\w t\Sn-bn-cn-°p-I.

cwK-]m-T-sØ-°qSn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m- v Zriy kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS ]T\w \n¿Δ-ln-°m≥

{]m]vX-\m-°p-I.

kmln-Xy-]-T\w kmwkv°m-cnI ]T-\-am-sW∂ ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sn-\-\p-k-cn®v Cu Ie-I-fpsS

kwkv°mc ]cn-k-chpw Ch-bn¬ D≈-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ kmwkv°m-cn-Imw-i-ßfpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-t°-

- -Xns‚ A\n-hm-cyX t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

B[p-\nI cwK-k-¶¬∏-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sd Awi-ßƒ Cu Ie-I-fn¬ kzcq-]n-°-s∏-´n-

´p- v. Chsb Is- -Øm≥ hnZym¿∞nsb {]m]vX-\m-°p-I.

P\-Io-bhpw P\-{]n-b-hp-amb B[p-\nI Ie-I-fpsS kwkvImc ]cn-kcw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

samUyqƒ 1: cwK-I-em-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ BZym-¶p-c-ßƒ

]T-\-ta-Je

cwK-I-e-Ifpw Bhn-jv°m-chpw tIc-fob ]cn-t{]-£y-Øn¬

tIc-f-Øn¬ kz¥-amb cwK-Iem ]mc-ºcyw . A\p-jvTm\/ \mtSmSn cwK-I-e-Iƒ, cwK ]mc-º-cy-

Øns‚ BZym-¶p-c-ßƒ -˛ G‰hpw efn-Xhpw {]mNo-\-hp-amb cq]w ˛ shfn-®-∏mSv Xp≈¬. thj-∏-

I¿®bpw `mh-∏-I¿®-bpw. cwK-I-e-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ kz`mhw Gdnbpw Ipd™pw hcp∂ a‰p-I-e-Iƒ

tImXm-Ωq-cn, sIt{¥m≥]m-´v, Xoøm-´v, ]mt\-¶-fn, ]m\, IWn-bm¿I-fn, ]qX\pw Xnd-bpw, If-sa-gp-

Øv, ]mºn≥ Xp≈¬, tht´-°m-c≥ ]m´v, Aø-∏≥]m-´v, ]qc-°-fn, Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°-fn, X´n-t∑¬I-fn,

h´-°-fn, Z^v ap´v, H∏-\, Ad-_-\-ap-´v, IpØvdm-Øo-_v, am¿§w-I-fn, apSn-bm-´w, tafw, taf-]m-c-º-cy-

Øns‚ Zriy{ihy kwkv°mcw ˛ sN- tafw, ]©-hm-Zyw, in¶m-cnta-fw, in¶m-cnta-f-Øns‚ P\-

{]nb kwkv°m-cw.

68

Cu Ie-I-fpsS kmwkv°m-cnI]cn-kcw ˛ Dt±iye-£y-ßƒ (Cu Ie-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-

⁄m\w am{Xw aXn. hnti-j-]-T\w Bhiyan√.)

Ie-bpsS hnI-kn-X-cq-]-ßƒ ˛ sXøw, Xnd, ]S-b-Wn, apSn-tb‰v apX-em-bh

apSn-tb‰v ˛ Hcp \mS-I-Øns‚ LS-\m-]-c-amb ]q¿Æ-X. Imhp-h-´-Øns‚ hnim-e-amb cwK-ÿen

k¶¬∏w tÃPns‚ ]cn-[n-te°v. cwK-k-¶¬∏w, Blm-cyw, Bkzm-Z-I≥.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-ßƒ ˛ tUm. F. sI. \ºym¿

2. \mSy-th-Zn-bn¬ \S≥ ˛ Imhmew\mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿(F≥. IrjvW]n≈bpw

`mc-Xob \mS-I-th-Znbpw ˛]n. hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈)

3. apSn-tb‰v ˛ Fkv. sI. \mb¿ (tI-c-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-ßƒ)

4. tIc-fob hmZy-I-e-I-fpsS D¤-hhpw hnIm-khpw ˛ F. Fkv. F≥. \ºo-i≥

(Xm-f-ßƒ. Xmf-hm-Zy-ßƒ)

5. am∏nfIeIƒ Hc-htem-I\w ˛ F≥. ImXn-cn-t°m-b amÃ¿

(am-∏nf Iem Z¿i-\w) tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿, 2009

samUyqƒ 2: IqSn-bm´w

]T-\-ta-Je

kwkvIrX\mS-I-ß-fpsS tIc-fob A`n-\b k{º-Zm-bw, IqSn-bm-´-Øns‚ D¤-hhpw hf¿®-bpw, sXfn-

hp-Iƒ, Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw, DÆp-\o-en-k-tμiw Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\yw, `‡n-{]-ÿm-\w, {_m“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw,

t£{X-tI{μnXkwkv°mcw, Ipe-ti-Jc h¿Ω-bpsS Imew, tXme≥, IqSn-bm-´-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

{][m\ \mS-I-ßƒ. A`n-t\-Xm-°ƒ, IqØ-º-ew, {]mtZ-inI kwkv°m-c-Øn-\p-ta¬ _rl-Xv]m-c-ºcyw,

hnZq-j-I≥. {]mtZ-in-I-kw-kv°m-chpw `mjbpw {]m[m\yw t\Sp-∂p. NmIym¿Iq-Øv. IqSn-bm-´hpw

IqØpw, kmaq-ly-hn-a¿i\w, t]°-Y-I-fpsS kmaq-ly-{]-k-‡n, ]pcp-jm¿∞-°q-Øv, NXp¿Δn-[m-`n-\b

k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ, ss]¶p-fw-cm-a-®m-Iym-cpsS kw`m-h-\

kv{Xo{]m-Xn-\n[yw ˛ \ßym¿IqØv

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1) IqØ-º-e-ß-fpsS kw`m-h\ ˛ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-∏n-jm-cSn

(IqØ-º-e-ß-fn¬)

2) A`n-\bw ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

(cw-Km-h-X-cWw `mKw aq∂v JWvUw c- v)

3) IqSn-bm-´w, kp`{Zm [\-RvPbw H∂m-a¶w ˛ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

(Iq-Ø-º-e-ß-fn¬)

4) IqSn-bm-´-Ønse hnZq-j-I-∑m¿ ˛ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

(AtX ]pkvX-Iw)

5) `K-h-Z-÷pIw ˛ ]cn-`mj :sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

69

klm-b-I- {K-Ÿ-ßƒ

IqØqw IqSn-bm-´hpw ˛ AΩma≥ Xºp-cm≥

\mSy-I-ev]-{Zpaw ˛ amWn-am-[-h-®m-Iym¿

]pcp-jm¿∞-°qØv ˛ IrjvW-N-{μ≥

\ßym¿IqØv (Cw-•o-jv) ˛ \n¿Ωem ]Wn-°¿

IqØ-º-e-ß-fn¬ ˛ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

samUyqƒ 3 : IY-Ifn

{]tbm-Kw, Ncn-{Xw, hnIm-kw, kwkv°mcw

]T-\ta-Je

17-˛mw \q‰m-- n¬ sIm´m-c°cX-ºp-cm≥ cq]w sImSpØ cma-\m-´w, IY-I-fn-bpsS {]m{Kq]w, cm-amb-

WsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n F´p-Zn-h-ksØ IY-Iƒ, sIm´m-c-°-c-bpsS IrXn-Iƒ, B´-°-Y-I-fpsS LS-\,

hnImkw

tIm´bw Xºp-cm≥, alm-`m-csØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ \mep IrXn-I-fpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb ]q¿Æ-X,

]m{X k¶¬∏w, CXn-hrØw, ]n¬°me kzm[o\w, I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ k{º-Zm-bw.

DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b-cpsS \f-N-cnXw. kmln-Xy-]-c-amb Hu∂-Xyw, CXn-hr-Øw, IYm-]m-{Xw, `mj, -cw-Km-hn-

jv°m-c-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, \√-km-ln-Xy-a√ \√ cwK-km-ln-Xy-sa∂ {]am-Ww. DÆmbn Bhn-jv°-

cn® A¿∞-{]-]-©sØ IY-I-fn-bpsS Zriy-`m-j-bn-eqsS kwth-Z\w sNøp-hm≥ km[y-a-s√∂ hmZw ˛

DØ-c-cm-a-b-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n cNn-°-s∏´ It√-°p-f-ßc cmL-h-]n-jm-c-Sn-bpsS cmh-tWm-¤hw

IY-I-fn-bpsS kuμcy k¶¬∏-Øn-ep-- m-°nb {]I-S-amb am‰w, {]Xn-\mbI≥am¿°v e`n® {]m[m-

\yw.

IoN-I-h-[w, DØ-cm-kz-bw-hcw (C-c-bn-Ω≥X-ºn) \c-Im-kp-c-h-[w, cmP-kqbw (Im¿Øn-I-Xn-cp-\mƒ),

_men-hn-Pbw (I-√q¿ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv) F∂n-ßs\ {]Xn-\m-bI {][m-\-amb IrXn-Iƒ. IØn-th-

jßfpsS Ah-X-c-W-Ønse kmwkv°m-cnI LS-I-ßƒ.

cmP-k-{]-[m-\-ß-fmb IØn-th-j-ß-fpsS Bhn-jv°-c-WsØ CØcw IY-I-fn-eqsS Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-

°¬, Iπn-ßm´v \ºq-Xncn ˛ Iπn-ßm´v cq]w-sIm-SpØ Iπn-ßm-S≥ k{º-Zmbw ˛ hS-°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-

fnse I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ k{º-Zmbw ˛ `‡n kwh¿≤-I-ß-fmb IptN-e-hrØw t]mep≈ P\-{]nb IY-Iƒ

IY-I-fn-bqsS cwK-tim-`sb \ne-\n¿Øp-∂n-√ F∂ hmZw, I√p-hgn k{º-Zmbw Ipbn¬sØm-Sn-bn¬

C´n-cm-cn-®-ta-t\m\pw injy≥ ]´n-°m-s¥mSn cmhp-Æn-ta-t\m-\pw, I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]cn-

Wm-aw, I√p-hgn k{º-Zm-bw, kuμ-cy-k-¶-ev]w, ico-c-`m-jbv°pw \mSy-[¿Ωn°pw h∂ {]m[m\yw,

I√p-hgn k{º-Zm-b-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ IY-I-fn-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-Xn, Iem-a-fiew B[p-\n-Io-I-c-Ww,

{]Nm-c-Ww, {]mtZ-in-I-X-bv°-Xo-X-amb kmam-\y-h-ev°-cWw, P\-{]nb IY-Iƒ, amen-bpsS I¿Æ-i-

]Yw, Cu IY-bpsS kmaqly cmjv{Sob {]k-‡n, IY-Ifn A`ym-khpw ]cn-io-e-\-hpw, If-cn-∏-b‰pw

IY-I-fn-bpw.

70

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS cm{Xn-Iƒ ˛ sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W≥

(a-e-bm-fn-I-fpsS cm{Xn-Iƒ)

2. I¿Øy-]mTw ˛ In≈n-aw-Kew hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv,

(I-Y-I-fn-bpsS cwK-]mTw Ncn-{Xw) Iem-a-fiew Fw. ]n. Fkv. \ºq-Xncn

3. cma-\m´w apX¬ IY-I-fn-hsc (I-Y-Ifn kzcq-]w) ˛as¶mºv inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈, kn. sI. inh-cm-a-∏n≈

4. I√ym-W-ku-K-‘nIw (“Imte IZm-Nn-ZY” F∂ t«mIw apX¬ B cwKw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-hsc)

5. \f-N-cnXw c- mw Znhkw BZy-cwKw (\-f-N-cn-Xw B´-{]-Imcw, Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥ \mb¿)

klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ

IY-I-fn-cwKw ˛ sI. ]n. Fkv. tat\m≥

sNm√nbm´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿ (c- p hmey-ßƒ)

IY-I-fn-bpsS cwK-]mT Ncn{Xw ˛ In≈n-aw-Kew hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

Iem-a-fiew Fw. ]n. Fkv. \ºq-Xncn

IY-Ifn kzcq]w ˛ as¶mºv inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈, kn. sI. inh-cm-a-∏n≈

Iem-a-fiew Ncn{Xw ˛ eoem \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

tIm´bw IY-Ifn ˛ B‰q¿ IrjvW-]n-jm-cSn

\f-N-cnXw Im¥m-c-Xm-cIw hymJym\w ˛ F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

\f-N-cnXw B´-{]-Imcw ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥ \mb¿

DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b¿ ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈

(ssI-c-fn-bpsS IY {]k-‡-`m-K-ßƒ)

\mSym-Nm-cys‚ Pohn-X-ap-{Z-Iƒ ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿, RmbØv _me≥

Fs‚ PohnXw Ac-ßnepw AWn-b-d-bnepw ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥\m-b¿

Xnc-t\m´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew cma≥Ip´n \mb¿

Hm¿Øm¬ hnkvabw ˛ Iem-a-fiew sslZ-cen

IY-I-fn-thjw ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿

]pd-∏mSv ˛ IpΩnWn

IY-Ifn ˛ ]n. hn. IrjvW≥\m-b¿

knUn/. UnhnUn -

tIm´bw IY-Iƒ ˛ thZnI Xriq¿ (am-Xr-`q-an)

cmP-kqbw

samUyqƒ 4 : ]n¬°me cwK-I-e-Iƒ

Ip©≥ \ºym¿ ˛ Xp≈¬, D¤-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ, A`n-\-b-k-{º-Zm-bw, hI-t`-Z-ßƒ

71

tamln-\n-bm´w ˛ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ

ssZh-tZ-inI kzm[o-\w, Nhn-´p-\m-S-Iw, {][m\ \mS-I-ßƒ, Ah-X-cW coXn-Iƒ, kwkvIrX kzm[o-\w,

Xangv kzm[o\w kwKoX \mS-I-ßƒ, B[p-\nI \mS-I-k-¶-ev]-ßƒ. kn\n-a, sSen-^n-enw, IYm-{]-kw-

Kw, anan{In, Imcn-t°-®¿ XpS-ßnb P\-{]nb Ie-Iƒ. Ch-bpsS kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ. ]cn-k-chpw kzm[o-\hpw am{Xw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bm¬ aXn. hni-Z-]-T\w Bh-iy-an-√.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. Ip©≥ \ºym¿ ˛ kmlnXy ]©m-\-\≥ ]n. sI. \mcm-b-W-]n≈

2. Hm´≥Xp-≈¬ (ta-f-∏-Zw) ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥Ip´n s]mXp-hmƒ

3. tamln-\n-bm´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew Ieym-Wn-°p-´n-bΩ

4. Nhn-´p-\m-SI kzcq]w (N-hn-´p-\m-S-Iw) ˛ k_o-\-dm-^n, (\m-j-W¬ _pIvÃmƒ, tIm-´bw 1964)

5. kwKoX \mSIw ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈

(a-e-bmf \mS-I-km-lnXy Ncn-{Xw)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

tIc-f-km-lnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ D≈q¿

ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw ˛ ]n. sP. tXmakv

Iem-a-fiew Ncn{Xw ˛ eoem-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

ssI-c-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈

tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-ßƒ ˛ Fkv. sI. \mb¿

Nhn-´p-\m-SIw ˛ k_o-\m-dm^n

Assk≥sa‚pw t{]mPIvSpw

t^mt´m kn. Un. tiJ-cWw

Iem-Im-c-∑m¿, {]K¤ Bkzm-Z-I¿ F∂n-h-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-apJw

Iem-tI-{μ-ß-fpsS kμ¿i\ dnt∏m¿´v

a‰p Ie-I-fp-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw

Ie-I-sftbm, IYm-]m-{X-ß-tf-tbm, IrXn-I-tf-tbm, ssien-I-tf-tbm, Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ N¿®-Iƒ. Hcp

Ah-X-cWw I- v Bkzm-Z\w \n¿_-‘-ambpw Xøm-dm-°Ww

P\-{]nb Ie-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]T\w Xøm-dm-°¬

*******************

72

Code. MA6B15(E)01

ska-Ã¿ 6

Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv

ssk_¿ ae-bmfw

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 2

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

hnh-c-km-t¶-XnIXsb-∏‰n kmam-\y-ambpw ae-bmfw Iºyq-´-nw-Kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-ap-J-sØ-∏‰n

khn-ti-j-ambpw a\- n-em°n AXv {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-e-Øn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ ]Tn-Xm-°sf

{]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw taJ-e-I-fn¬

ssk_¿temIw sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb

kmam-\y-⁄m\w D- m-°p-I.

ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kn-s‚bpw ae-bmf `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw ka-Im-en-I-ap-J-sØ-

∏‰n kmam\y [mcW \¬Ip-I.

ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kn¬ {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w \¬IpI

C‚¿s\-‰nse ae-bmfw D≈-S° \n¿Ωn°v (Web content making) hnZym¿∞n-Isf {]m]vX-cm-°p-

Ibpw Ah-cpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd--∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

ae-bmf `mj-sbbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw ssk_¿temIw Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂psh∂v

Is- -Øp-I.

ta¬]-d™ taJ-e-I-fnse Kth-j-W-]-T-\-ßƒ°v hnZym¿∞n-Isf t{]cn-∏n-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

`mjmkmt¶XnI hnZy˛A-Xns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw hnIm-khpw (km-am-\y-ambn am{Xw) ae-bmfw A®-Sn-

bpsS Bcw-`w-˛-tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv ˛_-©-an≥ s_bven-˛-Kp- ¿´v....-ssS∏v ssd‰dns‚ IS-∂p-h-c-

hv-˛-ae-bmfw en]n ]cn-jvI-c-Ww˛ ]g-b-en-]nbpw ]pXnb en]n-bpw. Iºyq-´¿˛ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒ, a-e-

bmf Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚ XpS-°w, hnhn[ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-ßƒ, DS-a-ÿXm tkm^v‰vshbdpw kzX-{¥-

tkm^v‰v shb-dpw, sUkvIvtSm∏v ]ªn-jnw-Kv, hnhn[ ae-bmfw tkm^v‰v sh-b-dp-Iƒ

(Input Tools), cN-\, hnhn[ ae-bmfw t^m- p-Iƒ˛ bq\n-tIm-Uv F≥tIm-UnwKv F∂m-se¥v? bq\n-

tImUv t^m- p-Iƒ, ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-apJw ˛ OCR, Text to speech, Speech to Text,

Spell checker F∂n-h-bpsS ae-bm-f-Ønse km[y-X-Iƒ.

samUyqƒ- 2

73

F¥mWv C -kmlnXyw? C -kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hnhn[ {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-ßƒ, ae-bmfw sh_vssk-

‰p-Iƒ, sh_vt]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, Hm¨sse≥ hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-ßƒ -ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Un-bbpw ktlm-Z-c-kw-

cw-`-ß-fmb hn°n-{K-Ÿ-im-e, hn°n-\n-L-- p, hn°n-sNm-√p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw -- - k¿Δ-hn-⁄m\ tImiw

sh_v-F-Un-j≥, kmln-Xy-hn-j-b-I-amb sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ/t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, C- -_p°v, C-sse{_-dn,

UnkvIIw XpS-ßnb k¶-ev]-ßƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ F∂ Aa-Nz¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cW taJ-e. _q temIw

(Malayalam blogosphere), kn‰n-k¨ tP¿W-enkw, tªmKvkm-ln-Xyw.

samUyqƒ 3

F¥mWv ssk_¿ kmlnXyw? ssk_¿ imkv{X-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ, ssk_¿ ]¶p-Iƒ (Punk) XpS-

ßn-bh ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿I-Y-Iƒ, ssk_¿ hnj-b-I-amb t\mh-ep-Iƒ (Fw.-ap-Ip-μs‚

\rØw), ssk_¿ hnj-b-I-amb kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-ßƒ/]T-\-ßƒ (]n.sI cmP-ti-J-c≥.-Pn.-a-[p-kq-Z-

\≥), Xnc-samgn (hyper text) bpw hmb-\-bpw, bmYm¿∞yhpw {]XoXn bmYm¿∞yhpw (Virtual Reality)

ssk_¿ kzXzw, ae-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿_-‘-ap≈ ]Z-ßfpw {]tbm-K-ß-fpw.

samUyqƒ 4: ({]m-tbm-KnI ]co-io-e-\w)

a. ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nwKv

hnhn[ ae-bmfw tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Isfbpw H∏w en]y-¥-cW (Transliteration) tkm^v‰vshb-dp-

Isfbpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw bq\n-tImUv t^m- v D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp ae-bmfw ssS∏nwKv

tkm^v‰vshb¿ F¶nepw ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ]co-io-en-°p-Ibpw thWw. t\m´v]mUv t]mep≈ Hcp

t_knIv FUn-‰¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Um‰m-F≥{Sn ]co-io-en-∏n-®m¬ aXn. (ssS-∏nw-Kns‚ thKX ]co-£n-t°-

- -Xn-√). en]y-¥-cW tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fmb hc-sam-gn, samgn Ioam≥, kz\-teJ F∂n-h-bp-ambn ]cn-N-

b-s∏-S-Ww.

b. ae-bmfw D≈-S-°-\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw t]mjWhpw

ae-bmfw D≈-S° \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ {]mtbm-KnI ]co-io-e\w \¬I-Ww,

hn°n-]o-Un-bbpw A\p-_‘ kwcw-`-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬, hn°n-]o-Un-b-bn¬ teJ-\-ßƒ Fgp-

X¬, FUn‰p sNø¬, tªmKv \n¿Ωn-°¬, tªmKnw-Kv F∂nh {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn ]co-io-en-°-Ww.

(Hmtcm tImtfPpw/Un∏m¿´vsa‚pw Hcp ae-bmfw sh_vsskt‰m As√-¶n¬ ae-bmfw tªmtKm

\n¿Ωn®v AXv ÿnc-ambn A]vtU‰v sNbvXv \ne-\n¿Øn ]cnio-en-°-Ww. sh_vssk‰v ]cn-]m-e-\-

sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]co-io-e-\hpw \¬In-bm¬ \∂v. hnhn[ ae-bmfw ]{X-ß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰p-I-fn¬

teJ-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-hm\pw ]cnio-en-°mw.)

74

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

1. C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-f-Pn˛ -tUm. ANyp-Xvi-¶¿.F-kv.-\m-b¿ (tI-c-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2000)

2. B temIw apX¬ C˛temIw hsc: tUm. sP.hn hnf-\new (tI-cf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v, 2000)

3. C‚¿s\-‰pw C≥^¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw : tUm. ._n CIv_m¬, sI.-c-ho-{μ≥ (Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv,

tIm´-bw, 1999, 6maXv FUn-j≥)

4. C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn F¥v, Fß-s\, F¥n\v? : tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-{μ≥, (I-

d‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿,2003)

5. ssk_¿ ae-bmfw : FUn-‰¿ : kp\oX Sn.hn (I-d‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿,2009)

6. `mh-\m-XoXw (a-e-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿ IY-Iƒ): tUm. ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv,

tIm´-bw)

7. GIm¥ \K-c-ßƒ: tUm. ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw)

8. `mhp-IXzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-- n¬: Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2006)

9. \rØw (t\m-h¬): Fw. apIp-μ≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2006)

10. Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-- nse ae-bmfw (te-J-\w): ]n.-hn. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥, C.-Fw. {io[-c≥ (am-

Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 1999 k]vXw-_¿ 5, ]p.8)

11. Xnc-samgn (te-J-\w): ]n.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥ (`m-jm-t]m-jn-Wn, 2008 sabv, Pq¨)

12. C‚¿s\‰pw bqWn-tImUpw ae-bm-f-`mjm {]iv\-ßfpw (te-J-\w): tUm. atljv awK-em´v (am-Xr-

`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2006 s^{_p-hcn 17, ]p.85, e°w 51)

13. tªmKnwKv: am[y-a-tem-IsØ hnπ-h-h-gn-Iƒ (te-J-\w): hn.-sI. BZ¿iv (am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v,

2007 HIvtSm_¿ 7, ]p.85 e°w 32)

14. C ˛kmlnXyw (te-J-\w): tUm. Fw.-F≥. Imc-t»cn (am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2007 HIvtSm-_¿ 7,

]p.85, e°w 32)

15. ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ: km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw (te-J-\w): kp\oX Sn.-hn. (`m-jm-km-ln-Xn,

2007 Unkw-_¿ ]p. 23,- e°w 2)

16. Cyberspace: First steps (Article)-Micheal Benedict (in Cyber Culture Reader - Ed. David Bell)

Routledge, London, 2000.

17. How Cyberculture Delete Nature (Article), Jerry Mander, The Ecologist, Vol. 29, No.3, March/April

1999)

18. China working paper, CWP, 2005 (Article-Available online-google search)

19. Blogging: Personal participation in public knowledge building in the web (Article-available online-

google search)

20. ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb (http://ml.wikipedia.org)

75

21. hn°n {KŸ-ime (http://ml.wikisource.org)

22. hn°n \nL- p (http://ml.wiktionary.org)

23. hn°n ]mT-ime (http://ml.wikibooks.org)

24. hn°n sNm√pIƒ (http://ml.wikiquotes.org)

25. k¿Δ-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw sh_vFUn-j≥

26. hnhn[ ae-bmfw ]{X-ß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ

27. hnhn[ ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ

˛ (_qtemI-I-Y, _qtemI Ihn-X, _qtemI ImcpWyw F∂nh Dƒs∏sS)

28. amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏n¬ hcp∂ tªmK\

************************

76

Code. MA6B15 (E)02 ska-Ã¿˛ 6 Ce-IvSohv tImg-kv-

hnh¿Ø\w

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 2

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

hyXy-kvX-kw-kvIm-c-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw \ΩpsS kwkvIm-csØ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ km[y-X-Isf {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-I.

hnh¿Ø\ kmln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp s]mXp-[m-c-W-bp-- m-°p-I. hnh¿Ø-\hpw Hcp k¿§-ky-jvSn-

bm-sW∂ Ah-t_m-[-ap-- m-°pI. hnh¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam\y t_m[-ap-- m-°p-I. hnh¿Ø-\-

Øns‚ {]tbm-KnI ]mT-ßƒ ]cn-io-en-°pI

samUyqƒ 1

hnh¿Ø\w F∂m-se¥v? F¥n\v? hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kam-\-cq-]-ßƒ ˛ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `n∂-cq-]-

ßƒ ˛ ]Zm-\p-]Zw, kzX-{¥w, ]p\x-krjvSn ˛ Bi-b-hn-h¿Ø-\w, kw{K-l-hn-h¿Ø-\w, A\p-I-

cWw, hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ aqeyw, hnh¿Ø-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ ˛ hnh¿Ø-Is‚ tbmKy-X-Iƒ

samUyqƒ 2

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb am\-ßƒ. aqe-`mj ˛ e£y-`mjm kwkvIm-c-

ßƒ ˛ ]Zy-km-ln-Xyw, KZy-km-ln-Xyw, imkv{X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, imkvt{X-Xc IrXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]iv\-ßƒ ˛ ssien-I-fp-sSbpw ]g-s©m-√p-I-fp-sSbpw \m´p-`m-jm-]-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw

hnh¿Ø-\w.

samUyqƒ 3

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. `mc-Xob t\mh¬ X¿÷-a-Iƒ ˛ Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥

2. _jo¿ IrXn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w Nne-Nn-¥-Iƒ ˛ hnh. tUm. Fkv. them-bp-[≥

3. X¿P-a-]-T-\-Ønse ]pØ≥]p-Xp-a-Iƒ ˛ tUm. kvIdn-b-k-°-dnb

4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ F∂ {KŸ-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

(`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

5. Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]k‡n ˛ s{]m^. kn. am[-h≥]n≈

samUyqƒ 4

{]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-tebv°pw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jn-te-

bv°p-ap≈ ]cn-`mj. Ihn-Xm-Jfiw/IYm-Jfiw/KZy-`mKw; ssien/]g-s©m√v/]Z-ßƒ

77

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

hnh¿Ø-\-hn-Nmcw ˛ tUm. F≥. C. hniz-\m-Y-A-ø¿

(tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm imkv{X-`qanI ˛ tUm. hn. B¿. {]t_m-[--N-{μ≥

(tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

hnh¿Ø\w ˛ (tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

`mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw ˛ Fw. ]n. kZm-in-h≥ (tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn. hn. hmkp-tZ-h-`-´-Xncn

kvssI_p°v ]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en-°-c)

X¿÷a kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ FUn. Pb-kp-Ip-am-c≥, kvIdnb kv°dnb

Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXy ]oTnI ˛ (tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

Xmc-X-ay-km-lXy ]cn-Nbw ˛ FUn.tUm. NmØ-\mØv ANypX-\pÆn

`mjbpw `mjm-¥-c-Whpw ˛ sI. Fw. tImin

hnh¿Ø\ Nn¥-Iƒ ˛ FUn. tUm. hn. B¿ {]t_m-[-N{μ≥

********************

78

Code. MA6B15 (E) 03

ska-Ã¿ VI

Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv

\h-kw-kvImc ]T-\-ßƒ ]T\ kabw : 54 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 2

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw kwkvIm-c]T\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ {]mNo-\hpw \ho-\-hp-amb k¶¬]-

ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

\h-kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w `uXnI Xe-Ønepw _u≤nI Xe-Ønepw Hcp-t]mse kzm[o\w sNep-

Øp∂ hyh-lm-c-ta-J-e-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. A°m-Z-an-Iv X-e-ß-fn¬ Ch Gsd {]k-‡-am-Wv.

\ΩpsS cmjv{Sob˛km-aqly ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ch Fßs\ k∂n-th-in-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p F∂p≈

\nco-£-Whpw kmam-\y-amb Ah-t_m-[-ap-- m-°epw Cu tImgvkns‚ e£y-am-Wv.

samUyqƒ 1

]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw, Zen-X-\pw, kv{Xo°pw, th- n-bp≈ i_vZ-ßƒ kam-\-X-tbmsS kaq-l-Øns‚

s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬ \n∂p-b-tc-- -Xm-Wv. Ch-bpsS aqeyw BXy-¥n-I-ambn am\-hn-I-Xsb Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-

∂p. AtX-k-abw hnI-k-\-Øns‚ sX‰mb \b-ßsf hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

sske‚v hmen {]t£m`w ˛ Nn]vtIm {]ÿm\w ˛ \¿ΩZ _®mthm Bt¥m-f≥-˛-{]-Ir-Xn-kw-c-

£W kanXn ˛ πm®n-aS ka-c-k-anXn XpSßn hnhn[ Iq´m-bva-Iƒ.

]cn-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw kv{Xosbbpw Ahn-`-‡-ambn I- ]q¿Δn-I-cpsS Bi-b-ßƒ, {]m¥-h-ev°-cn-

°-s∏-´-h-cpsS \oXn-°p-th- n i_vZn® {]Xy-b-imkv{X kwln-X-Iƒ. Ch-bpsS hni-I-e\w

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ CØcw hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn® \h-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ-, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kulrZw

]pe¿Øp∂ hnhn[ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, {]Ir-Xn-Po-h\w˛ {]Ir-Xn-Ir-jn˛ ]-c-º-cm-KX Ipe-sØm-gn-ep-I-fpsS

]p\-cp-÷o-h\w˛\m-´-dn-hp-I-fpsS tiJ-cWhpw t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw ]p\:{]tbm-Khpw ˛kv{Xo-]p-cpj

kaXzw hn`m-h\w sNbvX ]pXnb Pohn-X-ssi-en-Iƒ, Ch-bpsS kmln-Xy-Ønse {]Xn-^-e-\w.

A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v

]md-Iƒ ˛ H.-hn.-hn-P-b≥

thcp-Iƒ hnev]-\bv°v ˛ kn.hn {iocm-a≥

s]m¥≥amS ˛ kn.hn {iocm-a≥

tKm]n-ImZ-WvUIw ˛ Aø-∏-]-Wn-°¿

Ib‰w ˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ≥

abn-eΩ Hcp PohnXw ˛ Bfl-IY

ssZh-Øns‚ IÆv ˛ F≥.-]n. apl-ΩZv

79

Imem-Xo-X-amb ⁄m\w ˛ kp[m-aq¿Øn

I- ¬°m-Sp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Fs‚ PohnXw ˛ s]m°p-S≥

\¿Ω-Z-bvs°mcp ]m´v ˛ Ip™-∏-]-´m-∂q¿

samUyqƒ 2

]cn-ÿn-Xn-˛-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ ssPh-ssh-hn[yw F∂o kw⁄-I-fpsS A¿∞hpw

hym]vXnbpw a\- n-em-°-Ww.

hnhn[ ]cn-ÿnXn kao-]-\-ßƒ : ]cn-ÿnXn kuμ-cy-imkv{Xw˛l-cn-X-cm-jv{So-bw-˛-]-cn-ÿnXn

B[ym-fln-I-hm-Zw-˛-]m-cn-ÿn-XnI kv{Xohm-Zw-˛-`u-a--k-Zm-Nmcw F∂o {]tbm-K-ß-sfbpw kn≤m-¥-ß-

sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-t_m[w \m´-dn-hp-Isf ]cn-]p-jvS-am-°p-∂p˛\m-´-dn-hp-Ifpw \mS≥

kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpw-˛-]-cn-ÿn-Xnbpw Im¿jn-I-kw-kvIm-chpw ˛]-cn-ÿn-Xnbpw Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-hpw.

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v

Imhp-Xo-- t√ ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn

Im‰p-]-d™ IY ˛ H.-hn.-hn-P-b≥

]cn-ÿnXn kuμ-cy-im-kv{X-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw ˛ Sn.-]n.-kp-Ip-am-c≥

sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ ˛ sI.-Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈

`mc-X-∏pj ˛ ]n.-F≥.hn-P-b≥

samUyqƒ 3

Zen-X≥ F∂ kw⁄ ˛ ZenXv k¶¬]-\w-˛-Z-enXv kmln-Xyw˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse ZenXv kmln-Xyw.

kzXzm-hn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ \q\-X-ta-Je, {]m¥-h-evIrX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Bfl-{]-Im-i-\-ßƒ-˛-B-fl-I-Y-˛-

Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bnse ZenXvkmln-Xy-Øns‚ hmsam-gn-h-g-°w˛ \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-I-fnse Zen-XvPo-

hn-Xw-˛-Z-en-XvPo-hn-Xhpw cwK-th-Zn-bpw.

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v

PmXn-°pΩn ˛ sI.-]n.-I-d-∏≥

Nmshmen (t\m-h¬) ˛ ]n.G DØ-a≥

ZenXv ]Z-ßfpw {]tbm-K-ßfpw ssien-Ifpw ˛ Ihn-bq¿ apc-fn, Id‚v _pIvkv, tIm´bw

(Z-enXv `mj Bdmw A≤ym-bw)

Idp-∏ns‚ kuμcy imkv{Xw ˛ sI.-C.-F≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv

(I-dp-∏ns‚ kuμcy imkv{Xw) Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

Zen-X¿ BcmWv? ZenXv kmlnXyw F¥v? ˛ sI.-kn.-]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥

F¥n\v? F∂o A≤ym-b-ßƒ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, 2008

(Z-enX kmlnXy {]ÿm-\w)

samUyqƒ 4

80

kvXo]£ Nn¥-I-fpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ, kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Ah-Im-i-

Øn\pw ka-Xz-Øn-\p-am-bp≈ kv{Xo apt∂-‰-ßƒ-˛-hn-Zym-`ymkw, sXmgn¬, Ie-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬

\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ]mX-Iƒ ]n∂n´ kv{Xoi‡n˛B-tKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ em‰n-\-ta-cn-°,-{^m≥kv, Cw•-- v,

B{^n° F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ sân-\n-k-Øn-\p-- mb DZbhpw hf¿®-bpw˛ kmam\ymh-tem-I-\w.

hnhn[ sân-\nÃv hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ

DZm-c-kv{Xo-hm-Zw, kmaqlykv{Xohm-Zw, Ct°m-s^-an-\n-kw, ªm°vsân-\n-kw, ae-bm-f-Ønse

kv{Xo]£kmln-Xyw-˛-B-Zy-Ime Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ tXm´-°m´v C°m-h-Ω,-e-fn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\w, sI.-

k-c-kz-Xn-bΩ XpS-ßn-b-hsc Ipdn®v kmam-\y-[m-c-W, _u≤n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hn`n-∂-ambn

kv{Xosb Hcp \h-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS ]p\:krjvSn-bpsS ]pXnb {]iv\-]-cn-k-cw.

hni-Z-am-b-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. kp`-{Zm¿÷p\w \mS-I-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v (s{]m-^. ]n.-i-¶c≥-

\ºym¿ ût- -j≥, Xr»q¿)

2. PmK-cqI ˛ {]nb.-F.-Fkv

3. sNdnb Icn-]p-c- temIsØ kv{XobpsS

kz]v\-ßƒ ˛ hn.-Fw.-Kn-cnP

4. apSn-sØøw Dd-bp-tºmƒ (km-dm-tPm-k-^ns‚

]m]-Ød F∂ IrXn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I) ˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ≥

5. kv{Xobpw kwkvIm-chpw:

⁄m\-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Hcp At\z-jWw ˛ efnXm se\n≥ ( hnth-N-\-

Øns‚ `n∂ ap-J-ßƒ, tIcf imkv{X-km-

lnXy ]cn-j-Øv)

**************

81

Code. MA5D01

ska-Ã¿ V

Hm∏¨ tImgvkv

Ne-®n-{X-]-T\w ]T\ kabw : 54 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 4

Dt±iy-e-£y-ßƒ

B[p-\n-I-Im-e-L-´-ß-fnse i‡-amb Hcp am[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Ne-®n-{X-I-esb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

Øp-I.

kn\na F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D¤hw, Ncn{Xw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kma-\y-

⁄m\w D- m-hp-I.

Xnc-°-Ym-c-N-\, kn\n-am-t´m-{Km^n, FUn-‰n-ßv, i_vZ-te-J-\w, kwhn[m\w XpS-ßnb kn\n-a-

bpsS kmt¶-Xn-I-X-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

Hcp eLp-kn-\n-a/Imw-]kv ^nenw/tUmIyp-sa‚dn \n¿Ωn-°m-\p≈ Xmev]cyw hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬

D- m-°p-I. Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\w, Ne-®n{X \ncq-]Ww F∂o cq]-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw hni-I-e\w

sNøm\pw Fgp-Xm-\p-ap≈ tijn hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ D- m-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

bqWn‰v 1

kn\na F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D¤hw-˛kn-\n-a-bpsS imkv{Xob XXzw-˛-s]-gvkn-Ã≥kv Hm^v

hnj≥: Hcp sk°‚n¬ 24 s{^bn-ap-Iƒ F∂ XØzw. kn\na: kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Iem-cq-

]w. kn\na F∂ P\-Iob am[yaw

bqWn‰v 2

kn\n-a-bnse Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-I-ƒ ^o®¿kn-\n-a-Iƒ-˛-{lkz kn\n-a-Iƒ-˛-tUm-Iyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-Iƒ-

B\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ shtÃ¨ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ Un‰-IvSohv kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ slmd¿ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ ayqkn-

°¬ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ tImaUn kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ ªm°v B‚v ssh‰v kn\n-a-Iƒ-˛-\n-»_vZ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ cmjv{Sob

kn\n-a-Iƒ-˛kv{Xo {]tabw apJy-amb kn\n-a-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ kn\n-a-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p≈ Xcw-Xn-cp-hp-

Isf Ipdn®v kmam-\y-amb [mc-W-bp-- m-I-Ww

bqWn‰v 3

kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn{Xw hf¿®-˛-B-Zy-Ime kwhn-[m-b-I¿, eqan-b¿ {_tZ-gvkv, tkmhn-b‰v kn\n-a-

Iƒ-˛-P¿Ω≥ FIvkv{]-j-\n-kw-˛-\n-tbm-dn-b-en-kw-˛-{^©v \yq thhv kn\n-a-˛-k-a-Im-enI temI kn\n-a-

bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

82

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-SWw

_m‰n¬ jn∏vt]m-Sw-In≥ ˛ kwhn-[m\w : sk¿Pn sFk≥Ão≥

ss_kn-°nƒ Xohvkv ˛ kwhn-[m\w : hnt´m-dnb Unkn°

Nn¬{U≥ Hm^v slh≥ ˛ kwhn-[m\w : aPoZv aPoZn

Xmsg sImSpØ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS CjvSm-\p-k-cWw ImWm≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw. Ah-

bn¬\n∂v ¢mkv, skan-\m¿, t{]mPIvSv F∂nh Xøm-dm-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw.

aZ¿ ˛ ]ptUm-hv°n≥

]mj≥ Hm^v tPm¨ Hm^v B¿°v

kn‰n-k¨ sIbv≥ ˛ Hm¿k¨sh-√kv

emkv{SmU ˛ s^√n\n

Hm∏¨ kn‰n ˛ tdmk-en\n

\k-dn≥ ˛ eqbn-_p-\p-h¬

sh¬Uv kvt{Sm_-dokv ˛ CwKvam¿ _¿‹m≥

dmj-tam¨ ˛ Ipdm-tkmh

^mc≥lo‰v ˛ {^mt¶m-{Sqt^m

kn\na ]mc-ssUtkm ˛ Guiseppe Tornatort

ssk¢nÃv ˛ samlvkn≥ aIva¬_^v

kv{]nwKv kΩ¿ ^mƒ & kv{]nwKv ˛ Inw.-In.-Up°v

Zn dnt´¨ ˛ Andrei zyadinstar

d¨ teme-d¨ ˛ tSmw-ssSIvh¿

Hm^vsskUv ˛ Pm^¿ ]\mln

F tjm´v ^nenw F_u´v In√nwKv ˛ Iok temhvkv°n

AKznsd Z dmØv Hm^v tKmUv ˛ sh¿W¿ sl¿ tkmKv

Z emÃv s{Sbn≥

]m≥kv em_-dn¥v ˛ Gillermo Del Toro Gomez

Z t{K‰v UnIvvtS-‰¿ ˛ Nm¿fn Nmπn≥

bqWn‰v 4

C¥y≥ kn\na: BZy-Ime kn\n-a-Iƒ- kXy-Pn-Xvtd, EXzn-IvL-´Iv, arWmƒsk≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿

\S-Ønb _wKmfn kn\n-a-bnse ]co-£-W-ßƒ. Kncojv Imk-d-h-≈n, iymw s_\-K¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS

kn\n-a-Iƒ, kn\n-a-bnse kv{Xo {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßƒ- aocm-\m-b¿, A]¿Wm-sk≥, Zo]-taØ XpS-ßn-b-h-

cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ. ka-Im-enI Xangv kn\n-a-bnse ]pXnb {]h-W-X-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S-Ww.

taLm-[mt° Xmcm ˛ EXznIv L´°v

83

anÃ¿ B‚v an nkv Aø¿ ˛ A]¿Wm-sk≥

kp{_-“-Wy-]pcw ˛ iin-Ip-am¿

C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-hßpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw a\- n-em-°m≥ Xmsg sImSp-Øn-co-

°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ ImWm\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw hnZym¿∞n-I-tfmSv \n¿t±-in-°mw. Assk≥sa‚v, t{]mP-

IvSv, ¢mkv, skan-\m¿ F∂nh {]kvXpX kn\n-a-Isf hne-bn-cp-Øn-sIm- v Xøm-dm-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw.

Nmcp-eX ˛ kXy-Pn-Xvtd

`qh≥tjmw ˛ arWmƒ sk≥

LS-{im≤ ˛ Kncojv Imk-d-h≈n

hm´¿ ˛ Zo]-taØ

`qanI ˛ iymws_-\-K¬

A{K-lm-c-Øn¬ IgpssX ˛ iymws_-\-K¬

]cp-Øn-ho-c≥ ˛ Aao¿ kp¬Øm≥

Hmt´m-{Km^v ˛ tNc≥

ªm°v ˛ kRvPbv eoem _≥kmen

Iº\n ˛ cmwtKm-]m¬ h¿Ω

sam-Uyqƒ 2

bqWn‰v 1

Ne-®n{X kt¶-X-ßƒ : kmam\y ]cn-Nbw - s{^bnw, tjm´v, ko≥, koIz≥kv, sam- mjv F∂nh-

sb-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W.

bqWn‰v 2

kwhn-[m-\w, kn\n-am-t´m-{Km-^n, FUn-‰n-ßv, i_vZ-te-J-\w, U∫nßv F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-

\y-[m-cW

bqWn‰v 3

Xnc-°-Y, Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ \n∂v kn\n-a-bn-te-°p≈ am‰w -hntizm-Øc Xnc-°-Y-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬,

C¥y≥ Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ -aebmfw Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ, t\mh¬, IY, \mSIw F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p≈ A\p-h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ (Adaptation)

bqWn‰v 4

tUmIyp-sa‚n kn\n-a-Iƒ, {lkz-kn-\n-a-Iƒ, (Short films) ayqknIv B¬_-ßƒ, \yqkv do¬, B\n-

ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ, ]cky Nn{X-ßƒ, BZy-Ime tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ, tdmt_m¿´v ^vfml¿´n-bpsS

\m\q°v Hm^v Zn t\m¿Øv, s_¿´v lm≥kv{S-bpsS •mkv-hm¿´vUn-kv\n-bpsS B\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ,

B\-μv]Svh¿≤≥, Fw.F. dlvam≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-co-°p∂ tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Ifpw hoUn-tbm-Ifpw hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

84

\m\q°v Hm^v Zn t\m¿Øv ˛ tdm_¿´v ^vfml¿´n

•mkv ˛ s_¿´v lm≥kv{S

kq ˛ s_¿´v lm≥kv{S

t_mws_ Ah¿ kn‰n ˛ B\-μv]Svh¿≤≥

]I¿∂m´w ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmP≥

Ipa-c-\-√q-cnse Ipf-ßƒ ˛ Fw.F dlvam≥

]Xn-s\-´m-asØ B\ ˛ ]n.-_m-e≥

]o˛-jn‰v ˛ Aap-Z≥

F¿Øv tkmßv ˛ ssa°¬ PmIvk¨

^mc≥ lo‰v 9/11 ˛ ssa°¬ aq¿

B\n-ta-j≥ ^nen-ap-Iƒ

{]n‚vUv sdbv≥t_m ˛ KoXm-RvPen dmhp

^‚m-knb 2000˛ knUv\n ÃpUntbm

]cky Nn{X-ßƒ

]mt°Pv ˛ \yqtbm¿°v ^nenw s^Ãn-h¬

samUyqƒ 3

bqWn‰v 1

ae-bmf kn\na Bcw-`w˛ hnK-X-Ip-am-c≥, _me≥, \yqkv t]∏¿ t_mbv XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime

kn\n-a-Ifpw kwhn-[m-b-Icpw- kmam\y ]cn-N-bw.

bqWn‰v 2

]n.-F≥. tat\m≥, cmap-Im-cym-´v, ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, Ac-hn-μ≥, sI.Pn tPm¿÷v XpS-ßnb

kwhn-[m-b-I¿ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn¬ \S-Ønb ]co-£-W-ßƒ.

tPm¨ F{_-lmw, ]fl-cm-P≥, `c-X≥, Sn.hn N{μ≥, se\n≥ cmtP-{μ≥ XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-b-I-

cpsS kn\n-a-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

P\-{]nb kn\n-a-Iƒ, kwhn-[m-b-I¿˛ kXy≥ A¥n-°m-Sv, {io\n-hm-k≥, sª n XpS-ßnb kwhn-

[m-b-I-cpsS kn\n-a-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. ]pXp-\nc kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 4

ae-bmf kn\nam \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ D¤-hw. {][m-\-\n-cq-]-I¿. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse Zfn-Xv-

˛kv{Xo˛kh¿W {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ß-fpsS cmjv{So-bsØ Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\w. A`n-t\-Xm-°sf Ipdn-®p≈

]T\w.

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ

Hmfhpw Xochpw ˛ ]n.-F≥. tat\m≥

85

sImSn-tb‰w ˛ ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

hmkvXp-lmc ˛ Ac-hn-μ≥

ImgvN ˛ sª n

A[n-I-hm-b\ ImgvN-˛-¢m v/skan-\m¿/Assk≥sa‚v F∂n-h-bv°mbn \n¿t±-in-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ

Hcn-SØv ˛ Ac-hn-μ≥

Fen-∏-Ømbw ˛ ASq¿

Xqhm-\-Øp-ºn-Iƒ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥

\n¿Ωmeyw ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

I≈≥ ]hn-{X≥ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥

hS-°p-t\m-°n-b{¥w ˛ {io\n-hm-k≥

sshimen ˛ `c-X≥

ssZh-Øns‚ hnIr-Xn-Iƒ ˛ se\n≥ cmtP-{μ≥

IYm-h-ti-j-≥ ˛ Sn.hn N{μ≥

\mtSm-Sn-°m‰v ˛ kXy≥ A¥n-°mSv

klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ

temI-kn-\na ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥

C¥y≥ kn\na ˛ Fw.-F^v tXmakv

ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY ˛ hnP-b-IrjvW≥

25 temI-kn-\n-a-Iƒ ˛ Pn.-]n.-cm-a-N-{μ≥ (Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv)

kn\n-a-bpsS CS-ßƒ ˛ kn.hn _me-Ir-jvW≥

ImgvN-bpsS Aim¥n ˛ hn.-cm-P-Ir-jvW≥

Ne-®n-{X-Øn‚ s]mcpƒ ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥

kn\n-a-bpsS temIw ˛ ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

kn\n-a-bpsS hgn-bn¬ ˛ sF.-jäp-J-Zmkv

ae-ap-I-fn¬ a™p-s]-øp∂p ˛ sF.-jäp-J-Zmkv

kn\n-abpw kwkvIm-chpw ˛ sI. tKm]n-\m-Y≥

k©m-cn-bpsS hoSv ˛ sF.-jäp-J-Zmkv

kn\n-a-bnse ico-c-`mj ˛ tPmkv. sI.-am-\p-h¬ (I-d‚v _pIvkv)

ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶c

P\-{]nb kn\n-a-bpsS cmP-in-ev]n-Iƒ-------˛

]fl-cm-P≥ , `c-X≥ ˛ Imhn¬ cmPv

Ac-hn-μs‚ Ie ˛ H.-sI. tPmWn (t_m-[n)

^pSvt_mƒ kn\n-a-Iƒ ImgvNbpw

86

{]Xn-\n-[m-\hpw ˛ a[p-P-\m¿±-\≥ (Un.-kn.-_n)

Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ FUn: ]∑\ cma-N-{μ≥ \mb¿, ]n.sI

]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI {KŸm-hen

75 Years of Malayalam Cinema DVD

A history of the cinema from its origin to 1970 - Eric Rhod (Penguin Books)

How to read a film James Monaco

Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥

hntizm-Øc Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ Un.kn _pIvkv

kl-{km-_vZ-Øns‚ kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ frame film south

******************

87

Code. MA2C01

ska-Ã¿ II

tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv

Kerala Culture (tIcf kwkvImcw-): -{]mNo-\-˛-a[y-Ime tIcfw


s{IUn‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

2 ska-Ãp-I-fn-embn 2 tImgvkp-I-fm-bn-´mWv tIc-f-]-T\w hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. tIc-f-

Øns‚ Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®pw kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

D- m-°p-I-bmWv e£yw. Ncn-{X-Ir-Xn-I-tfm-sSm∏w kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-w-kvIm-cn-

I-˛-km-ln-Xy-˛-cm-jv{Sob {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS Bfl-I-Y-Ifpw Poh-N-cn-{X-ßfpw Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw

]T-\-Øn\v klm-bI-{K-Ÿ-ß-fmbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

samUyqƒ 1: Ncn{Xw ˛kwkv°mcw˛\n¿h-N-\-ßƒ˛ km[y-X-Iƒ, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, _‘-ßƒ. hnhn[

Ncn-{X-c-N\m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ tIcfw : `qan-imkv{Xw ˛ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-˛-kw-kv°m-c-˛-N-cn{X

cN-\-bpsS D]m-Z-m\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ: D¬]Øn IY-Iƒ ˛ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ ˛ kmlnXy

IrXn-Iƒ ˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ Ch-sb-Ip-dn®v kmam\y ]cn-N-bw.

samUyqƒ 2: kwL-Imew :˛ Ime-\n¿Wbw ˛ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ ˛ aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb

kmaqly PohnXw ˛ XnW-Iƒ˛ {][m-\-cm-Pm-°≥am¿ ˛ Ipe-ti-J-c-Imew : hnhn[ aX-

ßƒ Bcy-{Zm-hnU k¶-e\w ˛ {][m\ cmPm-°≥am¿ ˛ P∑nk{º-Zm-bw-˛-a-cp-a-°-Ømbw

˛ PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-˛-{_m-“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw˛ hmWn-Py-_-‘-ßƒ ˛ Ch-sb-‰n kmam-\ym-h-tem-I-

\w.

samUyqƒ 3: GIo-IrX km{am-Py-Ø-I¿® ˛ \mSp-hm-gn-I-fpsS hf¿® ˛ {][m\ \m´p-cm-Py-ßƒ˛

thWm-Sv, s]cp-º-S-∏v, s\Sn-bn-cn-∏v, tIme-Øn-cn, Ad-bv°¬ XpS-ßnb kzcq-]-ß-fp-sSbpw

cmP-hw-i-ß-fp-sSbpw hf¿®bpw InS-a-’-c-ßfpw ˛ hntZ-in-I-fpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ ˛

Ip™men ]c-ºc ˛ ama-¶a-tlm-’hw

samUyqƒ 4: Iebpw kwkv°m-chpw : tIc-fo-b-cw-K-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fp-sSbpw Bhn¿`m-

hw-˛-kz-Xz-cq-]o-I-cWw ˛ sXøw, Xnd, apSn-tb-‰v, IqØv, IqSn-bm-´w, IY-I-fn, Xp≈¬.....

]m´v, aWn-{]-hm-fw, KmY, B´-°Y XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-Ip-dn®v kmam-\y-]-T-\w.

**********

88

Code. MA3C02

ska-Ã¿ III

tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv

Kerala Culture (tIcf kwkvImcw-):A[n-\n-thi-˛B-[p-\nItIcfw


s{IUn‰v : 4

samUyqƒ 1: hntZim-[n-]Xyw C¥y-bn¬-˛-tI-c-f-Øn¬ t]m¿´p-Kokv U®v {^©v {_n´ojv A[n-\n-th-i-

ßƒ, hnhn-[-bp-≤-ßƒ, Iem-]-ßƒ, B{I-a-W-ßƒ, ˛ B[n-]-Xyhpw XI¿®bpw

ssakq¿ B[n-]Xyw tIc-f-Øn¬-˛-\m-Sp-hm-gn-Øw, \m´p-cm-Py-ßƒ˛ XI¿®.

samUyqƒ 2: anj-Wdn {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ : DZbw t]cq¿ kp\-l-tZmkv ˛ Iq\≥Ip-cn-iv kXyw, A®-Sn,

]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w, `mjm-{]-h¿Ø-\w, `mjm-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ,˛ tlm¿Øpkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv

tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ ˛ tlmwdqƒ {]ÿm-\w, I¿j-I-{]-ÿm-\w, Jnem-^Øv {]ÿm\w

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-˛-a-e-_m¿ tIm¨{Kkv apt∂-‰-ßƒ ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-h¬°-cWw

sFIy-tI-c-fw.

samUyqƒ 3: \thm-∞m\w : ]m›mXyw, ]uckvXyw ˛ kmln-Xyw, Ie, Ncn-{Xm-h-t_m[w, \nb-a-

\n¿ΩmWw, \oXn-\n¿Δ-lWw F∂o-cw-K-ß-fn¬ \mSp-hmgn aqey-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kaqlw

knhn-en-b≥ aqey-ß-fn-te°v ˛ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-ßƒ˛ Nm∂m¿ el-f,

]menbw ka-cw, t£{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_-cw˛ hy‡n-Iƒ : Aø-¶m-fn, N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ,

{io\m-cm-bW Kpcp, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv, a∂Øv ]fl-\m-`≥˛ kwL-

S-\-Iƒ: tbmK t£a-k`, Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n.-tbm-Kw, F≥.-F-kv.-F-kv, km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e\

kwLw.

samUyqƒ 4: apt∂-‰-ßƒ: satΩm-dn-b-ep-Iƒ-˛-I¿jI Iem-]-ßƒ-˛-tIm¨{K v, IΩyq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-

ßƒ, {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ˛ {KŸ-imem {]ÿm-\-ßƒ-˛-I-em-km-lnXy cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\-

Iƒ, -ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, sFIy-tI-c-f-Øns‚ Bkq-{XnX hnIk\w˛ `q]-cn-jvI-c-W, Im¿jn-

I, hnZym-`ymk ]cn-jvI-cW _n√p-Iƒ-˛-hy-h-km-b-h¬°-c-Ww-˛-ap-∂-Wn-`-c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ-

˛]©h-’c ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ km£-cXm {]kvYm-\w-˛-A-[n-Imc hntI-{μo-I-c-Ww˛ ZfnXv,

kv{Xo im‡o-I-c-Ww-˛-Ip-Sn-tb-‰w-˛-{]-hm-kw.

***********

89

klm-b-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿-˛-cm-P≥ Kpcp-°ƒ ˛ tIcf Ncn{Xw

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥.]n.sI ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn{Xw

Zmtam-Z-c≥.sI ˛ tIcf Ncn{Xw

{io[-c-ta-t\m≥.F ˛ tIcf Ncn-{Xw, kwkvImcw

KtWjv sI.-F≥ ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿.-Fw.-B¿ ˛ a≤y-Ime tIc-fw, kº-Øv, kaqlw

kwkvImcw

_me-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.sI ˛ PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw tIcf Ncn-{Xhpw

C.-Fw.-Fkv ˛ tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`qan

˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ tZiob {]ÿm\w

Ip™≥ ]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ \mgn-I°-√p-Iƒ

DÆp-\oen ktμiw Ncn{X ZrjvSnbn¬

P∑n k{º-Zmbw tIc-f-Øn¬

DÆp-\oen ktμiw Ah-Xm-cnI

emem-Xn-e-Iw, BapJ ]T\w

tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv ˛ tIcf ]T\w

tKmhn-μ-]n-≈.]n ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ kthm-∞m\w

tXmakv ]n.sP ˛ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw

tXmakv sFkIv ˛ tIcfw aÆpw a\p-jy\pw

\ºq-Xn-cn F≥.Fw ˛ tImgn-t°m-Sns‚ IY

kmaq-Xncn Ncn-{X-Ønse ImWm-∏p-d-ßƒ

\mcm-b-W≥ Fw.-Pn.-Fkv ˛ tIcf Ncn-{X-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ ine-Iƒ

hk-¥≥ Fkv.sI ˛ \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ

tIcf Ncn{X hn⁄m-\-tImiw

them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»cn ˛ k©m-cn-Ifpw tIcf Ncn-{Xhpw

hmWn-bw-Ipfw {]mtZ-inI Ncn{Xw

IS-Ø-\m´v {]mtZ-inI Ncn{Xw

s]cp-º-S∏v/ht∂cn tZi-N-cn{Xw

tIc-f-Ønse {KŸ-imem {]ÿm\w ˛ sÃ]vkv

tIcf Iem-a-WvUew Ncn{Xw ˛ eoe \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

\ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan

Bfl-I-Y-Iƒ

90

Ign™ Imew ˛ sI.-]n. tIi-h-tam-t\m≥

Jnem-^Øv kvac-W-Iƒ ˛ samgn-Ip∂w

Fs‚ \mSp-I-S-Ø¬ ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n

hymg-h´ kvac-W-Iƒ ˛ _n. Ieym-Wn-bΩ

Ac-\q-‰m- v ˛ ]n.-\m-cm-b-W≥ \mb¿

Bfl-IY ˛ C.-Fw.-Fkv

Fs‚ PohnX IY ˛ G.-sI.Pn

Fs‚ IpXn∏pw InX∏pw ˛ ^mZ¿ hS-°≥

IÆocpw In\mhpw ˛ hn.Sn

Pohn-X-∏mX ˛ sNdp-ImSv

sImgn™ Ce-Iƒ ˛ tPmk^v ap- -t»cn

Hfn-hnse Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ˛ tXm∏n¬ `mkn

]pXp-∏≈n cmL-hs‚ Bfl-IY ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n

hnhn[ Poh Ncn-{X-ßƒ

ta¬]-d™ IrXn-Iƒ hmbn®v skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xøm-dm-°Ww.

kne-_ v Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn Xo¿°p-∂-Xn\v Assk≥sa‚v, skan-\m¿ F∂nh {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

skan-\m¿/Assk≥sa‚v

tIc-f-Øns‚ Imem-hÿ ˛Irjn˛kmaqly PohnXw˛ Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm\w ˛Irjn˛-tXm-´-hn-f-

Iƒ˛km-aqly PohnXw ˛kz`mhw ˛\mWy-hn-f-Iƒ˛`-t£ym-ev]m-Z\w ˛ hyh-kmb hev°-c-Whpw

Irjnbpw

kwL-km-lnXyw˛ IrXn-Iƒ, Fgp-Øp-Im¿, XnW-k-¶-ev]hpw Imhy Pohn-Xhpw kmlnXy IrXn Ncn-{X-

Øns‚ D]m-Zm\w F∂ \ne-bn¬.

a≤y-Ime tIcfw ˛temI-N-co-{X-Ønse a≤y-Im-e-L´ k¶¬]w, Ccp-f-S™ Imew F∂ \nK-a\w icn-

tbm, atlm-Z-b-]pcw ˛sImSp-ß-√q¿.

tImf-\o-I-cWw˛ ]gb k¶-ev]-ßƒ, PohnX bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ, ]pXnb ImgvN-Iƒ˛ kmln-Xy-Øn¬,

Ncn-{X-Øn¬, kmaq-lnI t_m[-Øn¬.

A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww˛ Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-ßƒ, kzm[o-\-ßƒ

{]mtZ-inI Ncn-{X-c-N\˛ {]mtZ-InI Ie-Iƒ, D¬k-hw, BNm-c-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ˛]-T\w

****************

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