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C U#H ^bMcKHT"YdOH QcKHL1YdP\u_"U^ r_ N_ ¬TVdPJ NOHJ qfMcKH1U#TV`?rHU#HJ _"Xh| qH1^bdP^HJ KHLM#HNONPHJ Q#HNOTVU#WVX#H1XZY H1^ _"Xh| W"Y_"U#Q#H1J8\Zd^bHJJH1J HJk^8¬TVXZYbU#dOH q_uY8N_ ¹ ^ ORQWSNH dS_KNMXN_ORQASPHÅ H T KCN_OOÆWO-^'N_H Á!dPYb_"L<]"É]H1^pLTVU#Jk^bd^bX#HSJTVX#JaJHJa¬T"Yb`*HJaNOHJqfNOX#JÂKH1N_u~T"YhKHHJ GHY[W_ORH^dS_KNMXN_ORQASPH^ Å H T KCN OOÆAO-^'N_H^ NH^ J KtL ^ KHNO_u~T"YhKHH1J®U#T"^_"`*`(HU^¥q_uY+, H eZU#`3_"Um LMadOU#WVH Y,m.-zTV`*TVUf_"W]_*H1^FÁ[eZJTVURNPHCL_"QZYbH^bMKHT"YbdPghX#HNOHqfNOX#JF_"LM#H1\:KH@r_NxÇM#HXZYbHC_"L1^bX#HNPNOH"m`3_"NPW"YZKH!JTVUEdPU#L,_uq_"LdP^hKHÂr_<QcKH1L1YbdPYHSLT"YYHL1^bH`(HU^pNOHJqfMcKHU#TV`.rH1U#HJRNOdKHJr_<N_CW"Y_,\ZdP^b_u^bdOTVUi

"!$#&%('*) * 4BED; # 6DFGT<2=AG>4[EDFGT , 2 T FX4 , #¡ Da

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°fWVXZYbHJ ¼ iO,½!H1^ ¼ i¸ ¼ ;=< > i dOU#JkdmuqTVXZY:X#U#HQ#HJL YbdPq#^bdPTVU(LT"YkYbHL1^bHQ#HNx¸_u^TV`*H!w ¼ 9: ` mdON#HJw^

dOU#Q#dPJkq~H1U#Jb_ufNOHQ#HSQ#dPqTVJH1YaQ#HNxKHNPHL1^YTV`3_"WVUKH1^bdPJ`*H[H1^Q#HSNO_C`nKHL,_"U#dOgoX#H!ghXf_"U]^bdOgoX#H"i dtQ#HJH H1^bJNOdKH1J=r_Q#HJt\Zd^bHJJH1J!KHNPH1\:KH1HJIdPU^H1Y\ZdPHU#U#HU]^,mdON"¬ _"XZ^IQcKH1q_"JJkH1YzNO_`nKHL,_"U#dOgoX#HghXf_"U]^bdOgoX#H0H ^^Y_,\u_"dONONPH1Y=HU`nKH1L,_"U#dOgoX#H[ghXf_"U]^bdOgoX#HpYbHNO_u^bdP\hdOJk^bHuih TVXZY*KH1^bX#Q#dPH1YNOH[JweZJk^,rH1`*HRJTVNO_"dPYbHCw ¼ :!> ` mN_!W"Y_,\Zd^_u^bdOTVUH1^:N_!`nKHL_"U#dOghX#HLNO_"JJdPghX#HJXZ*JH1U^,mo_"NOT"YJ0goX#HqTVXZY:^kY_\u_"dONPNOH1Y0JXZY:NOH1J0^YTVX#JU#TVdPYJmfW"Y_\hdP^_u^dOTVUÂH1^aYHN_u^bd\Zd^ZKH[JTVU]^RdOU#Q#dPJkq~H1U#Jb_ufNOHJpH1^pNO_CYbH1N_u^bd\ZdP^hKHFWzKH1UKH1Y_"NOHFJxÇdO`(qTVJH"i

C U#H=¬TVdPJ QKH1^bH1Yb`(dOUcKHHJ NPHJ^bMcKHT"YdOHJ UcKHL1HJJb_"dYbHJmVTVUdPQ#HU^dP°fHNOHJIq_uY_"`.rH1^YHJzq~H Y^bdOU#H1U^bJ1mdOU#Q#dPJkq~H1U#Jb_ufNOHJFr_SN_FQ#HJL1Ybdq#^bdOTVU(Q#HJcqfMcKHU#TV`.rH1U#HJcqfM]eZJdPghX#HJL1TVU#JdOQcKH1YhKHJH1^cQ#HJ_uYbWVX#`(HU^JQ#dO`(HU#JdOTVU#U#H1NOJ¥TVU q_uYbNOHµJTVXZ\]HU]^±Qx¸_uYbWVX#`(HU^J¨QxKH1LM#H1NONOH,¦q~H1Y`*H1^^bH1U^¨Q#HºghXf_"U]^bdP°fH YghX#H1NOghX#H1JpT"YbQZYbH1JpQ#HFW"Y_"U#Q#HXZY,i

vitesses (c)

1

0.1

10 10 10 1012-15 -10 20

Mécaniquequantique

Mécanique classique Cosmologie(newtonienne)

Cosmologie relativisteDynamique relativisteMécaniquequantiquerelativiste

cordes ?

100 distances (m) "!$#&%('*) 8 + ,/.1029354?6-298 T 3:ÓDFXT , 4 NXT<@BAD86D2=8 N .102=@[FXT 298M6 Í AZ4B35TyÌ E-298 2=A Y @BA , NXT<@BA 6-29802 ,/. 2=;V; 298 6D2 ;<@BA-C E-29E-FX8 H 2=AU3ML2bNGFO298QP 2bN 6D2Ò-T<NO298O8O298 H 2=AEZADT<N 0298 PQa

?% >E7z- B5SB 5!7 BA (;:AC2@4 2?'3B ;:5 45 465(; &5!7 45 ),/¦5!;0- &5GT"YbJgoXxyX#UJkehJk^,rH`*H0HJk^LTVU#Jk^bd^bXKHQxyX#Uv^kYrHJW"Y_"U#QSU#TV`#YHQ#HLTVU#Jk^dP^bXf_"U]^bJKHNKH`*HU]^_"dYbHJm

JX#JL1H1q#^bdPfNPHJQxydOU]^bH1Yb_"WVdPYFw[`(TVNOHRQ#H[W]_ a q_uY=H|#H`(qfNPH[LTVU]^bdOHU]^¿ ¼ > _u^bTV`*HJmhdON Q#H1\ZdPHU]^dONPNOX#JTVdYbHCQ#H(q#YhKH1^bH1U#QZYbHr_X#U#H*Q#H1JL1Ybdq#^bdOTVUªQcKH1^b_"dONONKHH(Q#H<NxKH1\]TVNOXZ^bdPTVUQ#HJSQ#HW"YhKHJvQ#H<NOd~H1Y^hKHdOU#Q#d\ZdPQ#X#HNOJ§Q#H´LMf_"goX#H²LTVU#Jk^bd^bXf_"U]^,i[U _ _"NOT"YbJ¦YbHLTVXZYJ®r_®Q#HJ¯_uq#q#YbToLM#H1J±WVNOT"_"NOH1J¬TVXZYbU#dPJJb_"U]^Q#HJdOU#¬T"Yb`*_u^bdOTVU#JvJkXZYNOHJW"Yb_"U#Q#HXZYbJ`*Te]HU#U#HJ q#YbHJJdPTVUmz^bH`<q=KH1Y_u^bXZYbH<q_uYH |ZH`(qfNOH, i~GI_ HMWXLpY M_K LFORQASPH TVXm~Qf_"U#JFX#U#H\]H1YbJdPTVU6qfNPX#J@KHNO_u~T"YhKH1H"m~N_Â¹ ^ ORQASPH N K,N_O-^'N_ORQASPHPO HJk^?NPHL,_"QZYbHLTVU#LH1q#^bX#H1NSq~H1Y`*H1^^_"U]^LH1^^bH¶_uq#q#YbThLM#H¶WVNPT"_"NOH"ia=H¶JTVU]^Q#HJ3^bMcKHT"YdOHJghX#dRqTVJJrHQ#H1U^NOHXZYJÂTVXZ^dONOJ3Jwq=KHLdP°fgoX#HJm`3_"dPJ*ghX#dpYH1q~TVJH1U^ÂfdOHU³HU]^bHU#Q#X

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^bMcKHT"YdOHJaLN_"JJkdOghX#H1J c ÄU]^bH1Y_"L1^dOTVU¶W"Y_,\Zd^_u^bdPTVU#U#HNONPH<H1^vdOU]^bH1Y_"L1^dOTVUKHNPHL1^YdOghX#HumILTVXZqfNKHHJEr_ENO_`nKH1L,_"U#dOgoX#H

LNO_"JJdOgoX#H§ÃQZeZUf_"`*dPghX#H@U#H1^bTVU#dOHU#U#H, maL1HghX#dRqH1Yb`*H ^ENxKH1^bX#Q#H6Q#XºJkehJk^,rH`(HJTVNO_"dPYbHum=Q#HJJkehJk^,rH`*H1JLMf_uYbWzKHJTVXºQ#HJLTVXZY_"U]^bJ³KHNPHL1^YdOghX#H1Jq_uYH |#H`<qfNOH"mQ#H6`?H`*H@ghX#HLHNPNOH6Q#HJTVU#Q#HJm

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ghXf_"NPdP^_u^dP\]HÂHU±qfMehJdOgoX#H"i [U±q~TVXZYY_"d^3Q#dPYH.ghXxÇdONJx¸_"WVd^*Q#H?Nxy_uY^*Q#HEQKHQ#X#dPYbH?H,_"X#LTVXZqQxydPU#¬T"Yb`3_u^bdPTVU#JJXZYcX#UCqfMKHU#TV`.rHU#HqfMehJdOgoX#HaNPT"YbJgoX#HaNxyTVUCUxyHU<LTVU#Uf_"dP^:_Fq#YdOT"Ybdf_"JJkH a qHXQ#HLM#TVJHJi0[xyHJw^Q#TVU#LX#U#HÂ¬ _ L1TVUnJdP`(qfNOH<q~TVXZY¬ _"dPYH3Q#HÂNO_E~TVU#U#H3qfM]eZJdPghX#H3HU«YbHU#Qf_"U]^LTV`(q#YhKHM#HU#JdfNOHJRQ#H1Jp`nKHL_"U#dOJ`*H1Jq_uY¬TVdOJpL1TV`(qfNOH |ZHJi

GI_vqfMehJdOgoX#H.KH1^bX#Q#dOHpQ#HJ=T"Z©wH1^bJ=ghX#dLTVXZ\oYbHU]^Q#HJ*KHLM#HNONPHJQ#HRNOTVU#WVX#H1XZYbJ=H |Z^kYH`*H`(HU^Q#dP\]H YbJHJmFJTVXZ\]HU]^ªdP`(q~TVJJkdPfNOH1J¯r_´dP`3_"WVdOU#H Y,iRÄNCH1Jk^TVU QxKHL YbdPYbHnghX#HNPghX#HJX#U#J¶Q#H¨L1HJU#TV`#YbHJi NPT"YbJagoXxyHUÂqfMehJdOgoX#HSQ#HJq_uY^bdPLX#NOHJaTVU^Yb_\u_"dONPNOHFJXZYRQ#HJaJkeZJw^rH`*HJQ#H

¼Cy¼V¼V¼<¼V¼V¼C¼V¼V¼(¼V¼V¼<¼V¼ `TVX ¼ 9:!= `.mJTVdPÊX#U²`*dONPNOdOTVU#drH`*H@Q#H¶`*dPNONPd_uYbQ#drH`*H@Q#H¶`.rH1^kYbH"mN_§LTVJk`*TVNOTVWVdPH6^Yb_"dP^bH6Q#HU#TV`#YbHJ^bHNOJghX#H

¼V¼C¼V¼V¼(¼V¼V¼<¼V¼V¼<¼V¼V¼<¼V¼V¼(¼V¼V¼C¼V¼V¼(¼V¼V¼ `TVX ¼ >@; `.mZJTVdâL1HUâ`*dPNONOdPTVU#J=Q#H`(dONONPd_uYbQ#J=Q#HF`*dPNONOdO_uYbQ#JQ#HF`.rH1^YHJi#GI_qfM]eZJdPghX#HHJk^Q#TVU#LX#U#HCJLdOH1U#LH(_"Xh|6`X#N^bdPqfNPHJ[¬ _"LH1^^HJmq#YbT"_ufNOH1`*HU]^NO_3JHX#NOHCJLdPHU#LH?r_ÂJ1xydOU]^hKH1YHJJH1Yr_Q#HJQ#TV`3_"dPU#HJ_"X#JJdZ\u_uYbdKH1Ji"scNPNOH*KH1\hdP^bH=HUYbH1\u_"U#LM#HaJkTVdOWVU#HX#JH1`*HU]^:Q#H=^Yb_"dP^bH1YQ#HNO_!L1TV`(qfNOH |ZdP^hKHH1ÎNxKH1^bX#Q#HcQ#H:NxÇM#TV`*`*H H1^zQ#HcN_=\ZdPH0q_uYzH |#H1`(qfNOHYbHNrH1\]H:Qf_,\u_"U^_"WVH:Q#HcNO_aLM#dO`*dPH"mN_=fdOTVNPTVWVdOH"mN_ªqfJkehLM#TVNPTVWVdOH"mNO_¦JToLdOTVNPTVWVdOH"m '' LH1Y^_"dPU#HJEQ#H6LHJJLdPHU#LHJ¶NOHJq#YbH`(drH1YbH1J*Jx¸_uq#qfXZe_"U]^Qx¸_"dPNONPHXZYbJ^Y,rHJaN_uYbWVH`(HU^JXZYpN_qfMehJdOgoX#H"i

GT"YbJgoX#HNxyTVU JxydPU^hKH YbHJJH®_"Xh| T"YbQZYbHJ³Q#H W"Y_"U#Q#HXZY _uq#q#YbThLM#H ghXf_"NOd^_u^bd\]H²Q#HNO_qfM]eZJdPghX#H m:TVU±LM#H1YbLM#HQ#H1J(\"_"NPHXZYbJ3L,_uYb_"L1^hKH1YbdPJk^bdPghX#HJ3_uq#q#YT|ZdO`3_u^bd\]HJiÁF_"U#J3LH.L,_"J1mcX#U¬ _"L1^bH1XZY ¼ w ¼ ¬TVdOJqfNOX#JpTVX ¼ ¬TVdOJa`*TVdOU#JUxÇHJk^pq_"J^Y,rHJadO`(qT"Y^_"U]^ ;< > iGIT"YJghX#HNxyTVUE_T"#^bHUX3NOH~TVU3T"YbQZYHpQ#HRW"Y_"U#Q#H1XZY,moNPHJLT, ·PU#LdOQ#H1U#LHJ(KH1^_"U]^cYb_uYbHJmL"xyH1Jk^c\oY_"dOJH1`fNO_ufNOH`(HU^q_uYbLH?goX#H?NxÇTVU¯_ ! " Q#X³qfMcKHU#TV`.rHU#H²KH1^bX#Q#dKHuic_uYH |ZH`(qfNOH

;< > zÐ 2=8ON ;Ð @ Ó-]_2=N 6-2 ;Ð 029;<4Ó @[FX4 NXT @ A 6-298 N .102b@BFGT<298ZÏ .Í 8GTÇÌ ED2=8#Ì ED216Ð 4B3 029;<T<@[FG2=F ;V4ÏDF 02 , TV8OT<@BA 8GE-F NG2=;V;<2 C[FX4[AD6D2=EDFba

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NOT"YJghX#HFNxÇTVUEJXZq#qTVJHvghX#HFN_CJk^YbX#L ^bXZYbH_u^bTV`(dOghX#H[H1Jk^R¬TVU#QcKHHSJXZYRNxydOU]^bH1Yb_"L1^bdOTVU³KHNOH1L1^YbdPghX#H"mTVU@T"#^bdOH1U^RqTVXZY!N_(^_"dPNONPHvL,_uY_"L1^hKH1YbdOJw^bdOgoX#HvQ#HNxy_u^bTV`*HSNO_(\"_"NPHXZY » > I > ¼ 9:@: `.m_"NOT"YJ=ghXx¸_,\]HL[NxyM]ehq~T"^MtrHJH[ghX#H[LuxyHJk^NxydOU]^bH1Yb_"L1^bdOTVU3W"Yb_\hdP^_u^bdPTVU#U#HNONPHRghX#d LTV`(q#^bH[TVU3^YTVXZ\]H » > ) II > ¼ > ` ÃqfNOX#J<W"Y_"U#Q§ghX#HNxÇX#U#dP\]H1YbJ i0G0xyT"fJkH1Y\u_u^bdOTVU§H|ZqKH1YbdP`*HU]^_"NOH¬TVXZYbU#d^FqTVXZYSNPHJ!Q#dP\]H1YJ_u^TV`*HJ[Q#HJ!Y_,e]TVU#JFQ#H ¼C . ¼ 9:

r_@ ¼ 9<: Èi ÄN HJk^FLNO_"dPY!ghXxy_"X

YbHW]_uYQ¨Q#HENO_Q#d KH1YbH1U#LHEHU]^YbHNOHJCQ#HXh|Ü#TV`#YbHJ¦KH \]ThghXcKH1JCqfNPX#J<Mf_"XZ^(dON=HJk^<NKH1WVdP^bdP`*H3Q#HLTVU#LNPXZYbH=ghX#H=LuxyHJk^zfdOHUNxÇdOU]^bH1Y_"L ^bdOTVUKHNPHL1^YdOghX#H=goX#d,©wTVX#HX#UYuTVNPHL1YbX#LdO_"NhQf_"U#J NO_RJk^YbX#L1^XZYbHQ#HJ:_u^bTV`*HJ1i]!xÇHJk^0Qf_"U#J0LHaJkHU#JcgoX#HNxyTVUCLM#H1YbLM#H1Y_Âr_!QcKH1^bH Yb`*dOU#H Y:Q#H1JcT"YbQZYbH1J:Q#HW"Y_"U#Q#HXZYm^bTVXZ^SHU«W]_uYbQf_"U^Âr_.NxÇHJkq#Ybd^vN_UKHLHJJkdP^hKHQ#H(^bMcKH1T"YbdOHJKHN_uT"YZKHHJSqTVXZYvYbHU#QZYH3LTV`(q#^bH<Q#HJQcKH1^_"dPNOJSdO`<q~T"Y^_"U]^bJQ#XÂqfMKHU#TV`.rHU#H"i

GHp^_ufNPH,_"X*Ld l Q#HJJkTVX#JY_"JJH`fNPHpghX#H1NOghX#H1JcT"YbQZYbH1JQ#HpW"Y_"U#Q#H1XZY^Y,rHJ_uq#q#YbT|ZdO`3_u^dO¬JQ#HQ#dO`(HU#JdOTVU#JH1^pQ#H`3_"JkJHJi

& ')($) % 5 Î FX6-FG298 6-2 C[FX4[AZ6-29E-F , 4[FG4 , N 02=FGTV8_NXTyÌ E-298 FG2=A , @ AWNOF 0298"29A[Ï .Í 8GTÇÌ ED2:Ï @ E-F 6-298Ï .1029A-@W3ML29A-298 L4 6-298 02 ,/. 29;<;<298 NOF=L298"6DTÇÒB2=FX8_298:a ) ) ! ) ! ) F' '*) ) ! ) ) * ADTÇÒB2=FG8 3 ! &#" 'WC # Ñ $ Ñ ' 'WCDa 3 Ñ&% 4B;<4¤DT 2 (' 3 ' 'WC ' Ñ & 'WCZa 3 Ñ%+ @ ; 29TV; ' 3 % " 'WC U &! % 'WCDa 3 Ñ&%% 2bFGFG2 3 'WC & ' p)%'WCDa 3[Ñ&%%\@ 3 3 2 " 3 )'WC ) ' % 'WCZa 3 Ñ%* FO@BN 029T<AD2 Ñ 3 Ñ # Ñ (' 'WC % S@B; 02 , ED;<2 8GTV3Ï ; 2 Ñ' 3 Ñ % 'WC # NG@ 3 2 ; @ E-FX6 Ñ ' " 3 Ñ & 'WC & 'WCZa 3[Ñ%# NG@ 3 2+* Ñ ' " 3 Ñ 'WC 'WCZa 3[Ñ% @ Í 4BE; @ E-FX6 Ñ ' 3 Ñ & 'WC ' 'WCDa 3[Ñ&%* FO@BNO@ A Ñ ' & 3 Ñ 'WC ' ' 'WCDa 3 Ñ&% ; 2 , NGFG@BA " Ñ ' 3 Ñ&% " 'WC, EZ4 F' " Ñ ' 3 Ñ 'WC \E a 4Da H EDAZT N 02 4B8_NGFG@BA-@W35TyÌ E-2 P.- '/' 3R 8\4Da ; a H 4BADA 02=2w¡ ;VEZ35T L2=FO2 P0- ' & 3R :ÏZ4 FX8O2 , - 4-a ;Ja

0Â%21 2?AC)>E7 5 4/,B 52?70/1'3262@5),)15

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Q#HJIT"YbQZYbHJQ#H:W"Y_"U#Q#HXZYzQ#H:qfMcKHU#TV`.rH1U#HJzqfM]eZJdPghX#HJmq_uYb¬TVdPJz`.H`(H0J_"U#JLTVU#Uf_ ·P^kYbHcNO_a¬T"Yb`*Hq#YhKHL1dOJHQ#HSN_CNOTVd~qfM]eZJdPghX#H`*dOJHFHU©wHXi

=TVU#JdOQcKH YbTVU#Jzq_uYH|#H`(qfNPH:NO_\hdP^bHJkJH:QcKH °fU#dOHcq_uY$L » I B i !UvqHXZ^`(HJXZYbH1YIN_Q#dOJk^b_"U#LHI HUv`.rH ^YbHJc` m,NO_aQ#XZYhKH1H B HUvJkHLTVU#Q#HJÃJtH ^N_=\Zd^bHJJkH7L[HUv`.rH1^YbHJtq_uYJkHLTVU#Q#H!ÈiyJ 9: i[U KH1L1YbdP^vghX#H*NPHJvQ#dO`(HU#JdOTVU#JSQ#H I JTVU]^Q#HJNPTVU#WVX#HXZYbJmAM ION »QP mILHNPNOHJvQ#H B Q#HJv^H`(qfJmM BHN »SR H1^=LHNPNOHJcQ#HEL<Q#HJ=NPTVU#WVX#HXZYbJq_uY=X#U#d^hKH[Q#Hp^bH1`(qfJmMTL N »UPR 9<: i !U3q~H1XZ^3KHW]_"NOH`(HU^`*HJkXZYbH1YNO_FNPTVU#WVX#HXZY IOV HU ! dPNOTV`.rH ^YbHJ ! `H1^:N_Q#XZYhKHH B#V HU*M#HXZYHJ!M m]`3_"dPJQxyX#U#Haq_uYk^NOH1J\u_"NOHXZYbJSUoX#`nKH YbdOgoX#HJSq#YbdPJHJSq_uYSNOHJNOTVU#WVX#HXZYbJSH1^NOH1JSQ#XZYhKHH1JU#H(JTVU]^vqfNOX#JSNOHJ`?H`*HJH1^SQx¸_"XZ^YbHCq_uYvNO_YbHNO_u^bdOTVUWL V » I V B V dO`(qTVJH<goX#H*N_\"_"NPHXZYvUX#`nKH1YdOghX#H<LT"YYbH1Jkq~TVU#Qf_"U]^bHq~TVXZYcN_!\ZdP^HJJHaJTVdP^cH |Zq#YbdP`nKHHHU ! dONOTV`.rH1^YbHJq_uYM#H1XZYbH ! `.iyM 9: i [U*q~HXZ^c¬T"Yb`*HNPNOH`(HU^KHL1YdPYbHNOH!q_"JJb_"WVHSQxÇX#U.JkehJk^,rH`*H!QxÇX#U#dP^hKHJr_<Nx¸_"XZ^YbHFJTVX#JaN_<¬T"Y`*H

IOV » W IX X XY ! ` ¼V¼V¼ Y `

H1^ B/V » R BX X XZ M V¿ ¼V¼ Z J

!"# =TV`*`*H L V » I V B/V mTVU§HUnQKHQ#X#dP^ L » W I R B m JTVd^ » W 9<:R TVUnYH`3_uYbgoX#HNO_`.H`(HF¬T"Y`*HgoX#H MTL N » M ION M BHN 9<: mffdPHU.goX#HNPHJ JTVdPHU^pQ#HSJdP`(qfNOH1JU#TV`#YbH1JH1^

L V » LX X X

! ` M 9: : ; ` J 9:

354H354 @ED >/D B D D$D @ED D/:AJI>#: @ @ D7>.DC U#Hv_"U#HLQ#T"^HvM#dOJk^T"YbdOgoX#HFqH1Yb`*H1âQxydPNONPX#Jk^YbH1YpNxÇH1*L,_"L1dP^hKHFQ#HJR_uYWVX#`*HU]^bJpQ#dP`*HU#JdPTVU#U#HNOJm

ghX#dcTVU^qH1Yb`*dPJvQf_"U#JNOHJ_"U#UcKHH1J<½ ¼ r_ -_,eZNPT"YQ#HQKH1^bH1Yb`(dOU#H1YNxKHU#H1YWVdOH3QcKHW]_"WzKHHNPT"YbJvQ#Xq#YbH`(dOH1Y H1JJb_"dhQ#HTV`~H _"X[TVXZ\]H,_"XhlÈ@H |#dPghX#Hr_pq_uY^dPY QxÇX#U°fNP`®Q#H=NxyH |hqfNOTVJdPTVUvQ#d X#JhKHq_uY=Nx¸_uYb`nKH1H_"NPT"YbJcgoX#H[Q#HJYbHU#JH1dOWVU#H`*H1U^bJ^HNOJgoX#HRNxKHU#H1YbWVdPH[QKHW]_"WzKHHRH ^_"dOHU]Î©wX#Jk^H`*HU]^LNO_"JJoKHJJkHL1YbH1^Jm"NOH:JX#LL"rH1J0Q#H-_ehNOT"Yz_aqfNOTVU#WzKHcNOHJ`(dONOd^_"dPYHJ_"`¨KH1YbdPL,_"dOU#JIQf_"U#JNOHJkLH1q#^bdPLdOJ`(HH1^SNxydPU#L1YhKHQ#X#NPdP^hKH, ;=< > iIG0xydPQKHH*Q#H -z_ehNOT"YKH ^_"dP^JdO`<qfNOH`*H1U^Q#H*LTVU#JdPQKH1YbH1YvghX#H*NxyH |hqfNOTVJdPTVUq#YbToQ#X#dOJb_"d^X#U#HCTVU#Q#HCQ#H<LM#ThLumt\hdOJdfNOHJXZYFNOH°fNOÈm~H1^FghX#HNOHY_,e]TVU Q#H<NxyTVU#Q#HCQ#HLM#ToLUxKH ^_"dP^=¬TVU#L ^bdOTVUghX#HpQ#H[NxKH1U#H1YbWVdOH[QcKH1W]_"WKHH! 3moQ#X3^bH1`(qfJ B KHLTVX#NKH[Q#H qfX#dOJ=NxÇH |ZqfNPTVJdOTVU3H ^=Q#HN_CQ#HU#Jd^ZKHSQ#HNx¸_"dY" c »$# % F B F "h i

E ρ

R(t)

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KHgoXf_u^bdOTVU#Jp_"Xh|.Q#dP`*HU#JdPTVU#J M/ N »0P > R 9 > m!M BHN » R H1^ M1" N »20P 9 TVU?LM#H1YbLM#HEr_¦KH1L1YbdPYHvX#U#HghXf_"U]^bd^ZKHM#TV`*TVWfrHU#H.r_X#U#HCNOTVU#WVX#HXZYi [U KH1NOdO`(dOU#HN_`3_"JJkH"mghX#d Uxy_uq#q_uY_ ·P^FghX#HCQf_"U#J H1^"fmhq_uYN_LTV`fdOUf_"dPJTVU M3 " N »UP = R 9 > i [U_"NOT"YbJT"#^bdPHU^dP`*`nKHQ#dO_u^bH`*HU]^X#U#HFNOTVU#WVH1XZYHU.¬T"Y`3_"U^9MO4 B > "h : = N »SP mL1HSghX#dLTVU#Q#X#d^[_"XEY_,e]TVUEQ#HSNxyTVU#Q#HFQ#HvLM#ThLFq#YbT"q~T"Yk^bdOTVU#U#HNr_.4 *" 9: B > : = m

» LTVU#Jk^ % *" 9: B > : = wViO=TVU#Uf_"dOJJ_"U^!NO_*Q#HU#JdP^hKHCQ#HNx¸_"dYRH1^[H1U6JkXZq#q~TVJb_"U]^FghX#HN_<LTVU#Jk^_"U]^bHHJk^[Q#HNxyT"YbQZYHvQ#H

VmZLH[goX#d~JxÇHJk^YhKH1\:KHNKH[LT"YkYbHL1^q_uYX#U#HF_"Uf_"NPehJH[X#NP^hKH YbdOHXZYH!qfNPX#J=q~TVX#JJoKH1H"m#dON~JkXZ(^Q#H[^Y_"LH Y

;< > â a 4 FG29AÓZ;V4 NGNw T 3 29AD8GT @ AD4[; 4[AD4B; Í 8GTV8 @[FX6-@ AM4[AD6 FG2=4 ,/.+ , T 29A , 2)* EÓZ;VT<8 . 2=FG8w # 358ONO2=FG6Z4B3 Wa

' &

NOU%" = aHU@¬TVU#L1^dOTVU@Q#HNOU B % H ^ B JkTVU^F_"LL1HJJdfNOHJ*r_*q_uY^bdY[Q#X?°fNO`=q~TVXZY!QcKH1^bH Yb`*dOU#H YN_\"_"NPHXZYaQ#H 3i [U.T"#^bdOH1U^pHUEH H1^

NPU " = » NOULTVU#Jk^ NOU NOU B F wVi VJTVd^.X#U#H¶QZYbTVd^bHQ#Hq~HU]^bH¦ngoX#ddPU^bH YbLH1q#^bHNx¸_|ZHQ#HJET"YbQ#TVU#UKHHJ¨r_¨NO_n\u_"NOHXZYENOU JdNOULTVU#Jk^ ¼ i

"!$#&%('*)H5 FG@BT<NG2R29A , @W@ 6-@ ADA 02b2M; @BCB4[FGT<N . 35TyÌ E-298Ï 2=FQ3 2bNGNX4[AWN 6Ð 4 ,b, 0296-2=FRL4U;PÐ 029A-2=FGCBT<26 02=CB4 C 02b2 a A 2 " 2bNk ;PÐ 2¤ÏZFO298O8GT<@BA 6-2 Ï 29E-NU4BED8G8OT 8_2 3 2bNGNGFO2 8O@BED8S;<4 Y @BFX352 & -H P ' D6]Ð @ LE>;Ð 2w¤ÏDFG2=8G8OT<@BAU2=A;<@[CZa

$% 9 &52?'3B B52?5F7 ),/ &5!7 BA )1A (;:A 2?/-AS-0/1'32

4674 >/J< +@D D 0D : /D$> GIH1Jq_uY_"`.rH ^YbHJ@¬TVU#Qf_"`*HU]^_"Xh|®dOU]^bH1Y\]H1Uf_"U^Qf_"U#JNO_µQ#dOJw^_"U#LH -zH1YYbHl TVNOH1dON* JTVU]^

LNO_"dPYbH`(HU^vNOHJ`3_"JkJHJvYbHJwq~HL1^dP\]HJ H1^ Q#X TVNPHdONH ^Q#H3N_ -zH1YkYbH"mNO_Eq=KH1YbdOToQ#H3Q#HYhKH1\]TVNPXZ^bdOTVUQ#HN_ -IH1YYbHH1^RNO_(LTVU#Jk^_"U]^bHQ#HvW"Y_,\ZdP^b_u^bdOTVU ) goX#dL_uY_"L1^hKH1YdOJHvNxydPU^bH Y_"L1^bdPTVUW"Y_,\Zd^_u^bdOTVU#U#H1NONOHui !U´KH1L1YbdP^

»2# F F F) wVi¸]

ghX#HNxyTVU.LM#H1YLM#HCJTVX#J[NO_*¬T"Yb`*HSq_uY^dOLX#NPdrH1YbHQxÇX#U#HLTV`fdOUf_"dPJTVU?Q#HvqfX#dOJJ_"U#LHJi=TV`*`*H) IKI V I HJk^:X#U#HEKHU#H1YbWVdPH"m]TVU*_ M ) IKI V ION » 0P > R 9 > m]JTVd^ M ) N » 0 9<: P R 9 > i !U(HU(QcKHQ#X#d^NxÇH |Zq#YHJJdPTVU

» ) > : # wViy½

scUµJXZq#q~TVJ_"U^EghX#H6N_n¬TVU#L ^bdOTVU # HJw^EQxÇT"YbQZYbH¨H1^ÂHUºXZ^bdPNOdPJb_"U^ÂNPHJQ#TVU#UcKH1HJEq~TVXZY ) m ª» ¼ ! WH1^ » F_"UmZTVUT"#^dOHU]^NxÇT"YbQZYbH[Q#H!W"Y_"U#Q#HXZYQ#H!N_vQ#dPJk^_"U#LH -zH1YkYbH l TVNPHdON ¼ :@: ` ;< > i;< > # E;VT 29EU6-2 U '#' 3 29AMF 0294[;VT<N 021 Z;PÐ @[FX6-FG2 6-2 C[FX4[AD6D2=EDF"298_N 6D@BA , NGFbL298 , @[FGFO2 , N=a

!"# GHµYhKH1JX#NP^_u^ » ) > : # ¶UxyH1Jk^¨YbdPHU Qxy_"XZ^YbH³ghX#H³N_#rH`*H¯NOTVd

Q#HH qfNOH1Y¦Mf_ufdP^X#HNONPH`*HU]^ KHL1Ybd^bH±JTVX#J«N_²¬T"Yb`*H > » ) ½ > ivGz_¥¬TVU#L1^bdPTVU# <\u_"XZ^Q#TVU#L¨Ã½ > 9<: ¼C ¼ H ^HJk^ÂdOU#QcKH1qHU#Qf_"U]^bHQ#X¯Y_uq#qT"Y^ iG0x¸_ufJHU#L1HEQ#H Qf_"U#J<LH1^^HÂH|Zq#YbHJkJdOTVU§H1Jk^CNOHÂ¬ _"dP^CQ#HNxKHgoX#dP\u_"NOHU#L1HÂ`*_"JJHdOU#H1Yk^bdOHNPNOH l`3_"JJkHW"Y_,\Zd^_u^bdPTVU#U#HNONPHÂgoX#d=q~H1Yb`(H1^(Q#HÂJdP`(qfNOd°fH1Y(NO_`3_"JkJHQ#HNxÇT"#©wH ^(W"Y_,\Zd^_"U]^,m dOLdNO_-zH1YkYbH"mfQf_"U#JpNPHFq#YbdPU#LdPqHS¬TVU#Qf_"`*H1U^_"NtQ#HN_<QZehUf_"`*dOgoX#H

Q > gQ B > » )

I > ^ W

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"!$#&%('*)5 298tÏZ;V4[A L2bNG298"6DEU8 Í 8ONbL2*3 2 8O@B;V4[T<FO2 a=TVU#Uf_"dOJJ_"U^=NPHaY_,e]TVU*Q#HaNxyT"YkfdP^bHaQ#HpN_ -zH1YYbHumJ_Sq=KH1YbdOToQ#HpQ#HpYhKH1\]TVNOXZ^bdPTVU(H1^cLHNPNOHpQxÇX#U#H

_"XZ^YbH:qfN_"UrH1^bHum _u^bXZYbU#Hq_uY H|#H`(qfNPH!"R_"U#Jb muTVUq~H1XZ^ Jx¸_ Y_"U#LM#dPYQ#X¬ _"L1^bH1XZYUoX#`nKH YbdOgoX#H½ > 9: q~TVXZYvT"#^bHU#dPYNPH<Y_,e]TVUªQ#H3NxÇT"YfdP^H(Q#H3LH1^k^bH(qfN_"UrH ^bH(q_uYX#U#H*Y,rH1WVNOH*JdP`(qfNOH<Q#Hq#YbT"qT"Y^bdOTVU#Uf_"NPdP^hKH c

>ª» > FJTVd^ » > >: : ,½ ¼V¼C ¼ ; ! `

&

"!$#&%('*) 8 * A-2nÒ-E-2 6D2 + 4 NXE-FXA-2 H T 354 CB2 6ZE ]_@ E-Fb 3 4 FX8 NGT<F 02=2 6ZE8OT<NO2 / #%%% 0#$&* 6!&1'0#" "'!/.(/1:)0( !$ 35T<FO@ T F 6DE 8OT<NG2 6D2 ;V4 # +## 8ONOFG@BAD@ 3 Í ÏZT , NXE-FG2 @ Y N . 2 6D4 Í 0"%( 6$.' "'0'0 6&0#$&* PQa

4H35498;:0D B D <I: > /DKJUB!+@EJ #D$J >#D$J_uYzNxÇT"fJH1Y\u_u^bdOTVUv_"Jk^YbTVU#TV`*dPghX#H"m,TVUvqHXZ^QcKH ^bH1Yb`*dPU#H1YNxyT"YbQZYHcQ#HW"Y_"U#Q#H1XZY Q#HN_Q#dOJk^b_"U#LH

Q#X TVNPHdON_"XLH1U^YH<Q#HN_W]_"N_|ZdOH"m ¼V¼V¼V¼ _ N É? ¼ > ` U#T"^YbHJkTVNOHdPN HJk^FJdP^XKH

Qf_"U#JÂNOH@^bdOH1YJqKH YbdPqfMcKH1YdOghX#HQ#HNO_ªW]_"N_|#dPH(H1^Q#HNO_«\hdP^bH1JJH@Q#H6YhKHLHJJkdOTVU L ¼V¼ r_ ¼V¼ ! ` J 9<: Q#X TVNPHdON:_"XZ^bTVXZYQ#XªL1HU^kYbH*Q#H*NO_EW]_"N_|ZdOH"itGHJvQ#TVU#UcKHHJvYHN_u^bd\]HJÂr_.NO_\]TVdOHN_"L ^ZKHH!q~HXZ\]HU]^H1^kYbHL1TVU#JdOQcKH1YhKHHJRLTV`(`*H!L,_uY_"L1^hKH YbdOJk^dOghX#H1JaQ#HNxyH1U#JH`fNOHFQ#HJRW]_"NO_|#dOH1Ji

"!$#&%('*)5$ +-,/.102*35456D2 ;Ð 2*3ÏZ;V4 , 29352=AWN"6ZE8 Í 8ONbL2*3 2 8O@B;V4[T<FG2^6Z4[AD8\;<4 CB4[;V4b¤DT<2 as:U?JXZq~TVJb_"U]^!ghX#HN_*W]_"NO_|#dOHFHJk^RX#U?T"#©wH ^(r_(NxKHghX#dPNOd#YbHSW"Y_,\Zd^_u^bdPTVU#U#HNtT"=KHdOJJ_"U^!_"Xh|

NOTVdPJ:Q#HaN_FQZeZUf_"`*dPghX#H"mVTVU(qHXZ^H|Zq#YbdP`*H1Y:N_`*_"JJH H Q#HaN_W]_"NO_|#dPHL1TV`*`*HX#U#HR¬TVU#L1^bdPTVU

!"# 1

"!$#&%('*)~5 " * AD2:Ò-ED2 6-2^;<4aÒ @BT<2^;V4 , N 02=20Ò 2=FG8 ; 2 , 2=AWNGFO2 6-2 ;<4 CB4[;V4b¤DT<2HGL4RCB4BE ,/. 2 T 354 CB26DEM]_@ E-F^6DE 5]O4BAÒ-T 2=F 1H / 0#"%(/ 6$#. "$0/0 6& 0'&* PGP 2=N 6D2R;V4UCB4B;<4¤DT 2 3 HGL4 6DFO@ T NG2 PQa

Q#H H m?L =m ¨H1^ ) c H »2# % H F L F F)

» LTVU#Jk^ )H L + - ) wVi V

scU*YH1q#YbHUf_"U]^NOHJQ#dP`*HU#JdPTVU#JQ#H ) H ^=LHNPNOHJQ#HEL moTVU3`*TVU]^YbHRgoX#H M N » M/L > ) 9: N i [UHU.QcKH1Q#X#dP^

H » H L > ) 9: # H F wVi¸¿]

H1^aq~TVXZY[NPHJR`.H`(HJYb_"dOJTVU#JRgoX#Hq#YhKH1LKHQ#H`*`(HU^pq~TVXZY[NO_ -zH1YYH"m TVU.qHXZ^!_uYbWVX#`(HU^H1YRgoX#HNOH!YhKHJkX#NP^_u^aHJk^pHUE¬ _"d^pdPU#QKH1q~HU#Qf_"U]^[Q#HN_<`*_"JJHFQ#HSNxÇT"Z©wH1^W"Y_\hdP^_"U]^,m#JTVd^pdPLdi [U?__"dOU#JkdINxyT"YbQZYbHFQ#HvW"Y_"U#Q#H1XZY H ¾?r_* É ¼ : ! WmfJTVd^,m_\]H1L ª» ¼ ! W3X#U#HS\u_"NOH1XZYHU@X#U#dP^hKHJ[Q#H`3_"JJHJkTVN_"dPYH H ¼ :@: L1HghX#dzL1T"YYbHJkqTVU#Q¯r_*NxyT"YbQZYHQ#HW"Y_"U#Q#HXZY!Q#XU#TV`#YbHFQxKH1^bTVdPNOHJQ#HSU#T"^kYbHSW]_"NO_|#dOHC ¼V¼ `*dPNONOdO_uYbQ#J=QxKH ^bTVdONPHJaQf_"U#JaX#U#HSX#U#dPghX#HSW]_"NO_|#dPH ¸ i

[U@U#T"^bH1Y_3ghX#HSLH1^^bHH|Zq#YbHJkJdOTVU@LTVU#Q#X#d^[HU?q#YbdOU#L1dPq~HEr_*X#U#HH1Jk^bdO`*_u^bdOTVU.Q#HNO_(`3_"JJkHLT"YYHJkq~TVU#Qf_"U]^@r_6NO_?q_uYk^bdOHdOU]^bH1YU#HÂQ#HÂN_?W]_"NO_|#dOH?Q#X¨LH1U^YH«r_?N_?Q#dPJk^_"U#LH ¼V¼V¼V¼ _ N iÄNzUxÇHJk^[q_"J[LH1Yk^_"dOU@ghX#HNxyHJkJHU]^bdOHNzQ#HCNO_*`3_u^bdrH1YbHSQf_"U#J!X#U#HW]_"NO_|#dOHSJTVdP^[L1TVU#LHU]^YhKHQf_"U#JNOH1JYhKHWVdPTVU#JL1HU^kY_"NOHJ1mIL,_uYSNOHJFW]_"N_|ZdOHJ!JTVU]^vH1U^bTVXZYhKHHJvQxÇX#U¶Mf_"NOTÂq=KH1YbdPqfMcKH YbdOgoX#H*ghX#d q~H1XZ^LTVU]^YbdfX#H1YQ#Ha¬ _ LTVU*U#T"^_ufNPHCr_NO_`3_"JkJH^T"^_"NOH"i [T"^kYbHaH1Jk^bdO`*_u^bdOTVUCHJk^:LH1qHU#Qf_"U^LT"YYbHL ^bHL,_uYNO_.`3_"JJH<^bT"^_"NOH(Q#HJW]_"N_|ZdOHJHJk^Q#H3NxÇT"YbQZYbH*Q#H? ¼ :@: r_¶ ¼ :!> `*_"JJHJvJkTVN_"dPYHJÂ ¼ :!>HU]\ZdYbTVUEq~TVXZYaN_CU#T"^YbH"i¸ i

[U¨q~H1XZ^¦KHW]_"NPH`*HU]^CU#T"^bH1Y<ghX#HNxÇH |Zq#YHJJdPTVUnq#YhKHL KHQ#HU]^bH.HJk^<X#U#H._"XZ^kYbH¬T"Yb`*HQ#HENO_ZrH`*HCNOTVdQ#H FH1qfNPH1Y_uq#qfNPdOghXcKH1H*LH1^^H(¬TVdOJS_"X¶`*TVXZ\]H`(HU^FQ#X TVNPHdONQf_"U#JvNO_W]_"N_|ZdOH"is:UU#T"^_"U]^pgoX#H L ª» mfTVU?_CfdPHU >ª» ) H ½ > i

ÄNHJk^Cq_uY*_"dPNONPHXZYbJdOU]^hKH1YbH1JJb_"U]^*Q#HÂJHEQ#H`*_"U#Q#H1Y(L1TV`fdPHU¨Q#HYhKH1\]TVNPXZ^bdOTVU#JLTV`<qfNrH1^bH1JQf_"U#JN_[W]_"N_|ZdOHNPH=JkeZJw^rH`*HJkTVN_"dPYHFTVXN_ -zH1YYH_[H HL ^bXKHaQ#H qfX#dOJJb_[L1YhKH,_u^dOTVUi"GI_!qKH YbdOToQ#H\u_"N_"U]^ ¼C "É«r_ É ¼ _"U#J,mLHNO_ELT"YYbH1Jkq~TVU#QªQ#H1qfX#dPJ½ `*dONPNOd_uYQ#JQxy_"U#UKHHJmr_EX#U#H\ZdPU#W"^_"dOU#HQ#H^bTVXZYbJ(w¿¶r_.u½^bTVXZYbJFHU\hdPYbTVUiÈ«H`(HCNPHJFLM#d YbH1Jv_"Xh|#goX#HNOJFU#TVX#JFJTV`*`*HJMf_ufdP^XKHJmuL1TV`*`*HcNxÃ_"WVH:Q#HN_ -zH YYbH"mJTVU]^Q#dP*L1dONOH1Jar_pJHYbH q#YZKHJHU]^bH1YiV TVXZY Q#TVU#U#H1YghX#H1NOghX#H1JdO`*_"WVHJmLTVU#JkdOQcKH1YbTVU#JX#U´^Y,rH1JÂ\hdOHXh|³¬TVJJkdONOH6Q#H6NxOrH YbH?q#YbdO`3_"dYbH"m=LTV`(`*H?X#Uµ^YdONOT"fd^bH?Q#XL,_"`#YbdPHU@TVXQ#X6L,_uYTVU#dO¬ rH1YbHum~\ZdOH1Xh|@Q#H< ¼V¼ `(dONONPdOTVU#JaQx¸_"U#UcKHHJ1iÁ!XZY_"U]^FLH1^^HQ#XZYZKHH"mtdONz_H HL1^bXcKH3HU]\ZdYbTVU¦^bTVXZYbJSQ#H3N_EW]_"NO_|#dOH.NxÇHJJH1U^bdPHNFr_.NxKH1^b_u^vQ#H*¬TVJJkdONOH3dPN:H1Jk^v\hYb_"d m_"NOT"YJghXxÇHUÂX#UEJdrHLNOHFTVUÂUxyHUH HL ^bX#HgoXxyX#U#HF¬Y_"L1^bdPTVUQ#HF`*dPNONOdPTVU#drH`(H [TVX#JJTV`*`*H1Jq~HXÂQ#HLM#TVJHJ ''

M &

?% 9 &52?'3B B52?5!7 ),/ &5F7 BA )/,2*-5!;:A-:/1'*2 &5)15-;/1D.+?5 5R-p'*B &5[-0/-:/1'32 (;:A 2?/- AS-:/1'32~/,2*- 5F;:A-:/1'*2 &5)15-;=/1DE+?5

G4674 > QD$@EJI>/: @ D < D$@ED >/D2 < D>#J<?>'ED$J BED2 % <&: QD B EB!0: D$@ D

G:xy_u^bTV`*HQxyM]eZQZYbTVW#rH1U#H.HJk^<L,_uY_"L1^hKH1YbdOJoKHq_uY*NPHJ(`*_"JJHJ I H1^ I Q#HNxKH1NOHL1^kYbTVU¨H1^<Q#Xq#YbT"^bTVUmVNPHXZYbJ0LMf_uYbWVHJ H1^ mVNO_FLTVU#Jw^_"U^H L_uY_"L1^hKH1YdOJk^bdPghX#HQ#HNxydPU^H1Y_"L1^bdPTVU«KH1NOHL1^kYbdOgoX#HNPHJH H1^JCW"Yb_\hdP^_u^bdPTVU#U#HNOJSJTVU^CUcKHWVNPdOWVH,_ufNPHJvH1^CN_?LTVU#Jw^_"U^HÂQ#HÂcNO_"U#L ! mqfX#dPJghX#HNPH^Y_"d^bH`*H1U^Q#TVdP^H1^YHgoXf_"U^bdPghX#HHUY_"dPJTVU.Q#HFN_q~H1^bd^bH!^_"dONPNOH!Q#HSNx¸_u^bTV`*Hui

=TV`*`*H!NxKHU#H1YbWVdPHH1Jk^RL,_uYb_"L1^hKH1YbdPJoKHHFq_uYRNOH!^bH1Y`*HQxÇdOU]^bH1Y_"L ^bdOTVU > ½ m#TVUEq~TVJH Y_ghX#HFN_^_"dONPNOH!L,_uY_"L ^ZKH1^bdPJk^bdOgoX#HQ#HNxy_u^bTV`*H"mIm#HJk^pQ#HSN_¬T"Yb`*H

»2# > F ½ F/I F/I F F JTVdP^ » > ) ½ + I - I wVi ¾V

=TV`*`*H M > ½ ION » 0P > R 9 > mTVU_ M ½ N » M > 9 I 9: N R > i"=TV`fdOUcKH[r_9M N » 0P > R 9<: mLH1^k^bH¶H |hq#YbHJJdPTVUºq~H1Y`*H1^QxKHNPdO`*dPU#H1Y R H1ÊdON!\ZdOH1U^2M N » M ½ 3 > > 9: I 9<: N mJTVd^,mHULM#TVdOJdPJJb_"U]^=_!q#YbdOT"Ybd_uYfd^Y_"dYbH`*HU]^0N_!`3_"JJHQ#HpNxKHNPHL1^YTVU?L"xÇHJk^©wX#Jk^bd°=KHpJdfNxÇTVU<YbH1`3_uYbghX#HghX#H[NPHpq#YbT"^bTVULT, ·PU#LdOQ#H[H1UÂTVU#U#H!_uq#q#YbT|ZdO`3_u^dOTVU3_,\]HL[NOHpLHU]^YbH!Q#H[W"Y_,\ZdP^hKHRQ#H[Nxy_u^bTV`*HpH ^YbHJw^bHSQ#TVU#Lr_Cq~H1XEq#Y,rHJadO`*`*T"fdPNOHm

» ½ > > 9: I 9: # I I LHghX#dfLTVU#Q#X#d^,m]Qf_"U#JcNxÇMeoq~T"^bMrH1JHaTtrX<N_!¬TVU#L1^bdPTVU*HJk^:QxyT"YbQZYH ;< > r_!NxÇH |Zq#YbH1JJdOTVU<Q#X(Y_,e]TVUQ#Hv=TVMZYaQ#HSNx¸_u^bTV`*H[QxÇMehQZYbTVW#rHU#H

» ½ >I > » ¼C V"Â ¼ 9:

` wVi¸É]

[U T"#^bdOH1U#QZY_8Q#H `*_"U#drH1YbH JdP`*dONO_"dPYbH NxKHU#H1YWVdOH L_uY_"L1^hKH1YdOJk^bdPghX#H q_uY NxyH |hq#YbHJJdPTVU > ½ goX#dLTVU#Q#X#dP^Cr_ ;=< > » I

½ > > » V¾ ¿ ¼ 9<: À wVi¸]

s:UÝbH1q#YbH1Uf_"U^YbdOWVTVXZYbH1X#JH`*HU]^.NPH`.H`*H?Y_"dOJkTVU#U#H`*HU]^,mTVUµqHXZ^.L,_"NPLX#NOH Y.N_ª^_"dPNONOHL,_uY_"L ^ZKH1YbdPJk^bdOgoX#H8Q#X JkehJk^,rH`(H q#YbT"^bTVUhluKHNOH1L1^YbTVU HU NOH JXZq#qTVJb_"U]^ NOdKH q_uY NPHJ ¬T"YbL1HJW"Y_,\Zd^_u^bdOTVU#U#H1NONOH1JX#U#dPghX#H`(HUî [UE^YTVXZ\]HS_"NPT"YbJ

» >) IlI > ¼ > ` F wViO ¼

L"xÇHJk^kl r_l Q#dPYHaX#U*U#TV`#YbHJb_"U#Jc_"X#LX#U#Hp`(HJXZYbHa_\]H1LaNO_!YhKH_"NOdP^hKHH ^:`.H`*HJXZqKH1YbdPHXZYr_!N_[^_"dPNONOHQ#HNxÇX#U#dP\]H1YbJ ÄwNhHJk^Q#TVU#LLN_"dYghX#H=NO_!Jw^YbX#L1^bXZYHQ#HNx¸_u^bTV`*H:HJk^ ^Y,rHJ fdOHUCQKHL1Ybd^bH_"XC`*Te]H1UQ#H!N_`nKHL,_"U#dPghX#H[goXf_"U^bdPghX#H< cH1^Q#HNxydPU^bH Y_"L1^bdPTVU±KH1NOHL1^kYbdOgoX#H( iZG:xy_ufJHU#LHFQ#H H1^Q#H) `*TVU]^YbH3ghX#HÂW"Y_,\Zd^_u^bdOTVUªH ^<YbH1N_u^bd\ZdP^hKH*U#H©wTVX#H1U^*_"X#LX#UnYuTVNPHTVX¨HU¦^bTVXZ^CL,_"JX#UnYuTVNPHUcKHWVNPdOWVH,_ufNPHHUq#YbH`*drH1YbH_uq#q#YbT|ZdO`3_u^dOTVUi;< > * A , 4[; , EZ; 2w¤D4 , N\3 @BAWNGFG2Ì E-2(H P?- [a;< > 4Ò 4[;<29E-F 2w¤D4 , NG2 2=8ON ;V4 3 @BT<NXT 02^6-2 , 2bNGNG2 Ò 4[;<2=EDFw " - # 2 D@ LE 2 - Ñ ' (Za

!"# G4H354 <ID E> /D BED$J Q: @A< @ED$J Xh| KHLM#HNONPHJSQ#H<NOTVU#WVX#HXZYdOU]^bH1Yb`nKHQ#d_"dYbHJmtNOH1JFqfMcKHU#TV`.rHU#HJSqfM]eZJdPghX#HJJTVU]^SWVTVXZ\]H1YUKHJ

q_uYN_ªLTV`<q=KH1^bdP^dOTVU±HU]^YbH@Q#HXh|¯dPU^H1Y_"L1^bdPTVU#Ji=TV`*`*H.H|#H`(qfNPH.TVU¯q~HXZ^LTVU#JkdOQcKH1YbH YENO_Mf_"XZ^bHXZY!`*_|#dO`*_"NOH QxÇX#U#H`*TVU]^_"WVU#HSJXZYRX#U#HvqfN_"UrH1^bHTtrX?NPHSLMf_"`(q@Q#HvqHJb_"U]^bHXZY[\u_"XZÊ i=H1^^bHMf_"XZ^bH1XZY`*_|#dO`*_"NOHFHJk^F_u^^bH1dOU]^bHNOT"YbJkghX#HN_(q#YHJJdPTVUH |ZH1YbL KH1HCq_uY!NPHvq~TVdOQ#J[Q#HNO_`*TVU]^_"WVU#HHJk^JXZ(Jb_"U^HCqTVXZYFq#YT\]ToghX#H1YFN_3¬X#JdPTVUQ#HCJb_3_"JH"iGI_ÂLTVMcKH1JdOTVUQ#HJJkTVNOdOQ#H1JHJk^RWVTVXZ\]H1YbUcKHHvqTVXZY!Jb_(q_uY^Rq_uY[NxKHU#H YbWVdOHKH1NOHL1^kYbTVJk^_u^bdPghX#HvH ^[TVU.q~HXZ^RHU@HJk^bdP`*H1YRNxyT"YbQZYHQ#HRW"Y_"U#Q#H1XZYr_( Q#HpNxKHU#H1YWVdOHpQxÇdOTVU#dPJb_u^bdOTVU(Q#HJ_u^bTV`(HJm]L,_"NOL1X#NKHHpq#YhKHLHQ#H`(`*HU]^ ;u y > i [Uq~H1XZ^ Q#TVU#L=U#T"^bH1YzN_RQ#HU#Jd^hKHQxKHU#H1YbWVdPHUKHLHJkJb_"dPYbHvr_pNO_p¬X#JdPTVUCQxÇX#UJTVNOdPQ#H 9 j » TrXW ¼ 9<: `8HJk^FNxÇT"YbQZYbHQ#HW"Y_"U#Q#HXZYQ#HCNO_3Q#dOJk^_"U#L1HCH1U^YH(_u^bTV`(HJ[Qf_"U#J!X#UJTVNPdOQ#H"m ¼ H H ^ ¼Ç¼ ViGHJcq_uY_"`.rH1^YbHJ0q~H1Yk^bdOU#HU]^bJcqTVXZYNxyHJk^dO`3_u^bdPTVU<Q#H JkTVU^cQ#TVU#LRNOHaLMf_"`<q3Q#Hpq~H1Jb_"U^HXZYE m0NO_Q#HU#JkdP^hKH " ¼ ! W ` 9 Q#X§`3_u^hKH Ybd_"XnH1^ 9 j c ¯» # F E F "o !U±`*TVU]^YbH¬ _"LdPNOH`*H1UâghX#H M N » M E 9: " 9<: N m#JTVdP^ (» LTVU#Jk^ " 9: E 9: H1^p°fUf_"NPH`*HU]âqTVXZYpNO_ -zH YYbH

" E V ¼ ` wViOVLHghX#d#LTVU#Jw^bdP^bX#HX#U(T"YQZYbHaQ#HW"Y_"U#Q#HXZY0^Y,rH1J:LT"YkYbHL1^,iVG0xys0\]H1YbHJw^cLX#NP`*dOU#HHU<H H ^Fr_[q#Y,rHJ0Q#H ¼V¼V¼ ` H1^RNPHJa\]TVNPL,_"U#JpQ#H1J·ONPHJpj!_,_, ·TVU^pX#U#HvMf_"XZ^bHXZY[Q#H ¼V¼V¼ `8_"XEQ#HJJX#J[Q#X?U#d\]H,_"XQ#HvNO_<`*H1YaH1âYbH1q~TVJkHU^RJXZY[N_qfN_"goX#HSThL KH,_"U#dOgoX#Hq_"Ld°fghX#Hr_(½ ¼V¼V¼ TVX@ ¼V¼V¼ ` _"Xhl Q#H1JJTVX#JQ#XÜ#d\]H,_"X¦Q#HÂNO_6`(H1Y,i [U¨L1TV`(q#YbHU#Q KHW]_"NOH`(HU^goX#HJXZYCÈ_uYJ.`(TVdOU#Jv`3_"JkJdP\]HghX#HNO_-zH1YkYbHvH1^!Q#TVU#L_,\]HLX#U#H_"LL KHNKH1Yb_u^bdOTVU?Q#HNO_(q~HJb_"U]^bHXZY!`(TVdOU#QZYbHdONH |#dPJk^bHvQ#HJ[¬ _"NO_"dOJH1JRQ#H ¼ ! ` Q#HMf_"XZ^bH1XZY,i

"!$#&%('*) 5# * . @BNO@ 8 6]Ð EDA , 4[A Í @BA?H ]OEZT<;V;<2bN #BP\2=N 6Ð EDA-253 @ AWNG4[CBA-258GE-F >4 FX8 H2#]OEDTV;<;<2=N P TV3 4 C[298 6ZE^]_@BEDF H /0#"%(/ 6$#. "$00 6&0'&* P/a=HJY_"dPJTVU#U#H`*HU]^bJ=Q#TVU#U#HU]^NxÇT"YbQZYbHRQ#H[W"Yb_"U#Q#HXZYQ#H[N_vMf_"XZ^bH1XZYQ#HJ=`*TVU]^_"WVU#HJcqTVXZY

Q#HJ_"Jk^YbH1J_,e_"U]^X#U#H<_"L1^bd\Zd^ZKHv^bHL1^TVU#dOghX#HuiHUxyH1Jk^!q_"JNO_L_"JFQ#HCN_3GX#U#H<q_uYFH |ZH`(qfNOHghX#dqTVJJrHQ#H1Yb_"dP^[_"XZ^kYbH`*HU]âQ#HJp`*TVU]^_"WVU#HJ^Y,rH1JÂKHNPH1\:KHH1JiG4 4 +JJ&D BED D0D

G:xÇHJk^bdP`3_u^bdPTVU Q#H²N_ `3_"JkJHºQ#H²N_ -IH1YYbH´qHXZ^¥H1^YH²¬ _"dP^bHºH1U L1TV`(q_uY_"U]^±NxKHU#H1YbWVdPHW"Y_,\Zd^_u^bdOTVU#U#H1NONOH±r_¨NxKHU#H1YWVdOH KH1NOHL1^kYbdOgoX#H"iaGI_ -zH YYbHH1Jk^?HUºH H1^?X#U²T"Z©wH1ÊHU8KHgoX#dONOd#YbH"iG0xyH H1^Q#H!N_vW"Y_,\Zd^_u^bdOTVUmghX#d^bHU#Qªr_H TVU#QZYbH YaNPH[JkeZJw^rH`*H"moHJk^LTV`<q~HU#JoKHRq_uYNO_Jk^_ufdONPdP^hKH_u^bTV`*dPghX#H"iG0xKHU#H1YWVdOH3W"Y_,\Zd^_u^bdOTVU#U#H1NONOHC^bT"^_"NPH(HJk^Q#HNO_.¬T"Yb`*H M » ) > izÄNcHJw^_"JJH a Q#d*LdPNOHªQxÇHJk^bdP`*H1Y?NxKHU#H1YWVdOH®KHNPHL1^YbdPghX#HªL,_uY.N_±L1YbTtXZ^bH¶^H1YYbHJw^YbH«HJk^@JTVNPdOQ#H"ma`3_"dOJNxÇdOU]^hKH1YbdPHXZYIQ#H:NO_ -zH YYbH0HJkÎNOdOgoX#dOQ#H"i [USqHXZÎ^TVXZ^bH¬TVdOJLTVU#JdPQKH1YbH1YzghX#H0N_Jk^_ufdPNOdP^hKHKH1NOHL1^kYbdOgoX#HHJk^ _"JJXZYhKHHq_uYNxKH1U#H1YbWVdOHcQxydOTVU#dPJb_u^bdPTVU^ ehqfdPghX#H"mQ#HNxÇT"YbQZYbHcQ#H » r_v ¼ H¯q_uY_u^TV`*H"m

;vu y > * @ E-F Y @BAZ6-FG2 EZAS8O@B;VT<6D2 T<; Y 4BE-N 4ÏÏ @[FGNO2=F EDA-2 029A-2=FOC T 2Ì EDT AD2cÏ 29E-N 2bNGFG2Ì EÐ EDA-2 Y FX4 , NGT<@BA 6-2 ;PÐ 029A-2=FGCBT<26]Ð T<@BAZT<8G4 NXT @ A±Ì EDT , @BFOFG298ÃÏ @BAZ6 L4 ;V4 6ZT<8G8_@ , T<4[NGT<@BA 6-2 ;Ð 4 NG@ 352Ba Î A¦Ï 29E-N7A-@BNO2=F3Ì E-2 ;<4Ò 4[;<2=EDF ,/. @ T<8GT 2 " 2 , @[FGFO298ÃÏ @ AD67L4REZA-2^NO2*3Ï 02=FX4 NXE-FG2 6-2p"!= , 2Ì EDT298_N NG@BE-N5L4 Y 4[T<N FG4BT<8O@BAZAD4Ó ; 2=Ï @ E-F EDAD2NG293Ï 02bFX4 NXE-FG2\6D2 Y ED8GT @ A a 4 , @[FGFG2=8Ï @BAD6Z4[A , 2 029A-2=FOC T 2$# NG293Ï 02bFX4 NXE-FG2ÏZFO@bÒ-T<29AWN16D2 ;V4:Ï .Í 8GTÇÌ ED2 8ONX4 NXT<8ONGTyÌ E-2ÏZ4[F\;<20Ó T<4BT<8 6-2 ;V4 , @BAZ8_NX4[AWNG2 6D2 @B;<N 354BADA&%'EÌ EZT 3 298OEDFO2 ;Ð 029A-2=FOC T 2 , TVA 02=NGTyÌ E-2^3 @ Í 29ADAD2 L45NO2*3Ï 02bFX4 NXE-FG26-@ ADA 02b2 %' # H(%' - Ñ % ( ! Ñ '=P/a

&

LH*goX#d¬ _"dP^vX#U^bT"^_"N q~TVXZYSNOH<\]TVNPX#`*HCQ#H*N_ -zH1YYbH<Q#H M » ½ TtrX2 » HJk^N_SQ#dPJk^_"U#LHp^ eoqfdOghX#HpHU^kYbH[_u^bTV`*H1JcQf_"U#JX#U3JTVNPdOQ#HRTVX3X#U3NPdOgoX#dOQ#H"iscU¨KHW]_"NO_"U^cLHJ=Q#HXh|LTVU]^YbdfXZ^bdOTVU#JmdON~\hdOHU]âX#U#HSH |hq#YbHJJdPTVU?HU]^YbHYb_e]TVUH1^p`*_"JJH c

> » ½

)

F wViOV

JTVd^,mZ_,\]HL ¶» ¿ ¼ ; ` X#U#H!`3_"JkJH[Q#H ª» * ¼ > ! Wfmh^Y,rHJq#YbThLM#H!Q#H!N_v\u_"NOHXZY=YhKH1HNONPH ¿ ¼ > ! Wfi

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_u^bXZYbU#H, m U#dI_"X?JTVNPHdONtghX#dtY_,e]TVU#U#HKHU#T"Yb`nKH`*HU]^pQxKHU#H1YbWVdPHvH1^pUxyHJk^pQ#TVU#LSq_"JpX#U?T"Z©wH1^Cr_NxKHghX#dPNOd#YbH!Qf_"U#JpJTVUµKH ^_u^pQxKHU#H1YbWVdPHS`*dPU#dO`3_"NPH"i

Â% 9 &52?'3B B52?5F7 4/ 2<5F;:7

54674 +> #D BED$J @E: 'G0xyHJw^bdO`3_u^dOTVUªQ#HÂN_?^_"dONPNOH*Q#XnU#Te_"X¦q~HXZ^CJHÂ¬ _"dPYbHQ#HN_@`.H`(H3`3_"U#drH1YH3ghX#HLHNPNOHQ#H

Nxy_u^bTV`*H"iIGIH1JCq_uY^dOLX#NPHJLTVU#Jk^bd^bXZ^bdP\]H1Jmq#YbT"^bTVU#JCH1^CU#HXZ^YbTVU#JCJTVU]^6r_?q~H1Xnq#Y,rHJCQ#HÂ`?H`*H`3_"JJkHJ I ¿]¾º ¼ 9 >BA ! W´H1^6JTVU]^NPdKHH1J@q_uYdOU]^bH1Yb_"L1^bdOTVU ¬T"Y^bH¦L,_uY_"L ^ZKH1YbdPJhKHH«q_uYNO_LTVU#Jk^b_"U^bH E m E > ¼ 9 >BA ! W ` J 9 > izGH*^Y_"d^bH`*H1U^SU#H*q~HXZ^JkH3¬ _"dPYbH3goXxyHUª`nKH1L,_"U#dOgoX#HghXf_"U]^bdPghX#H"mfQxyTtrXNxÇdOU]^bH1Y\]HU]^bdPTVUEQ#H c »2# IAF E > F i [U.T"#^bdPHU]^R_"dPU#Jd

> I E > ¼C ¿ ¼ 9<:!= `

JdNxÇdOU]^bH1Y_"L ^bdOTVUnKH1NOHL1^kYbdOgoX#HpUxydPU^H1Y\ZdPHU]^=ghX#H^Y,rHJ¬ _"dfNOH`(HU^cQf_"U#J=N_SJw^YbX#L1^bXZYHRQ#X3U#Te_"XmLHghX#dtHJkâH H1L1^bdP\]H1`*HU]^pLT"YkYbHL1î

!"#

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[UvJH:q#YT"q~TVJH:Q#HcQcKH1^bH Yb`*dOU#H YNxÇT"YbQZYbH0Q#HcW"Y_"U#Q#H1XZYQ#HcNO_a`3_"JkJH0\]TVNPX#`*dOgoX#H0_"JJThL1dKHH " W R iGHY_e]TVU#U#H1`*HU]^ LTVJ`*dPghX#H:HJk^X#UH |#H1`(qfNOH:Q#H=LHghXxÇTVU_uq#q~HNPNOH=X#UvY_,e]TVU#U#H`*H1U^Q#HL1T"YqfJU#TVdPYRH1^RNO_<qfX#dOJJ_"U#LHQKHW]_"WKHHSq_uY[X#U#d^hKHvQ#HvJkXZYb¬ _"LHvq_uY[X#U@LT"YqfJpU#TVdPY[HJw^[Q#TVU#UKHHvq_uY[NO_NOTVdQ#H ^bH¬ _"U TrX6NO_*LTVU#Jk^_"U]^bHQ#H ^bH1¬ _"U@\u_"XZ^ » ¿ ¿]" ¼ 9 ! W J 9 9 i [U²KHL1Ybd^Q#TVU#L!" W R » # F F Nx¸_"dPQ#HaQ#H M N » 0R 9 9 m.M N » m M N »SPR 9: H1^EM1" N » 0P 9 mTVUET"#^dOHU]^ M/" N » M 9 N m#JTVdP^

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L > » " GFE " =H1^^bH.YbH1N_u^bdPTVU³H1Jk^ÂLT"YYbHL ^bH@Q#X³qTVdOU]^Q#H?\hX#H?Q#dO`*HU#JkdOTVU#U#HNm`3_"dOJ3dPNpHJw^¯KH \ZdOQ#H1U^ÂghXxÇdON¬ _"X#QZY_"d^pX#U.L1ThH1(LdOHU]^RL_uY_"L1^hKH1YdOJb_"U]^RNPHJagoXf_"NOd^ZKHJa_zKH1YbThQZehUf_"`*dOgoX#HJQ#HSNxyTVdOJkH,_"Xi

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