Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial...

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Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011 Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Transcript of Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial...

Page 1: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives

Christopher Croke

University of Pennsylvania

Math 115UPenn, Fall 2011

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 2: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Limits

For (x0, y0) an interior or a boundary point of the domain of afunction f (x , y).Definition:

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

f (x , y) = L

if for every ε > 0 there is a δ > 0 such that: for all (x , y) in thedomain of f if

0 <√

(x − x0)2 + (y − y0)2 < δ

then|f (x , y)− L| < ε.

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 3: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Limits

For (x0, y0) an interior or a boundary point of the domain of afunction f (x , y).Definition:

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

f (x , y) = L

if for every ε > 0 there is a δ > 0 such that: for all (x , y) in thedomain of f if

0 <√

(x − x0)2 + (y − y0)2 < δ

then|f (x , y)− L| < ε.

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 4: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

This definition is really the same as in one dimension and sosatisfies the same rules with respect to +,−,×,÷. See forexample page 775 for a list.

For example:if

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

f (x , y) = L and lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

g(x , y) = K

thenlim

(x ,y)→(x0,y0)f (x , y) + g(x , y) = L + K

lim(x ,y)→(1,0)

x2 + 2y + 3

x + y=?

lim(x ,y)→(0,0)

x2 − y2

x − y=?

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 5: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

This definition is really the same as in one dimension and sosatisfies the same rules with respect to +,−,×,÷. See forexample page 775 for a list.For example:if

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

f (x , y) = L and lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

g(x , y) = K

thenlim

(x ,y)→(x0,y0)f (x , y) + g(x , y) = L + K

lim(x ,y)→(1,0)

x2 + 2y + 3

x + y=?

lim(x ,y)→(0,0)

x2 − y2

x − y=?

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 6: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

This definition is really the same as in one dimension and sosatisfies the same rules with respect to +,−,×,÷. See forexample page 775 for a list.For example:if

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

f (x , y) = L and lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

g(x , y) = K

thenlim

(x ,y)→(x0,y0)f (x , y) + g(x , y) = L + K

lim(x ,y)→(1,0)

x2 + 2y + 3

x + y=?

lim(x ,y)→(0,0)

x2 − y2

x − y=?

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 7: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

This definition is really the same as in one dimension and sosatisfies the same rules with respect to +,−,×,÷. See forexample page 775 for a list.For example:if

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

f (x , y) = L and lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

g(x , y) = K

thenlim

(x ,y)→(x0,y0)f (x , y) + g(x , y) = L + K

lim(x ,y)→(1,0)

x2 + 2y + 3

x + y=?

lim(x ,y)→(0,0)

x2 − y2

x − y=?

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 8: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Continuity(The definition is really the same.)

f is continuous at (x0, y0) if

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

f (x , y) = f (x0, y0).

This means three things:

f is defined at (x0, y0).

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0) f (x , y) exists.

They are equal.

There is an added complication here. Consider

f (x , y) =

{ yx2+y2 if (x , y) 6= (0, 0)

0 if (x , y) = (0, 0)

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 9: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Continuity(The definition is really the same.)

f is continuous at (x0, y0) if

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

f (x , y) = f (x0, y0).

This means three things:

f is defined at (x0, y0).

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0) f (x , y) exists.

They are equal.

There is an added complication here. Consider

f (x , y) =

{ yx2+y2 if (x , y) 6= (0, 0)

0 if (x , y) = (0, 0)

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 10: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Continuity(The definition is really the same.)

f is continuous at (x0, y0) if

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

f (x , y) = f (x0, y0).

This means three things:

f is defined at (x0, y0).

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0) f (x , y) exists.

They are equal.

There is an added complication here. Consider

f (x , y) =

{ yx2+y2 if (x , y) 6= (0, 0)

0 if (x , y) = (0, 0)

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 11: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Continuity(The definition is really the same.)

f is continuous at (x0, y0) if

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

f (x , y) = f (x0, y0).

This means three things:

f is defined at (x0, y0).

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0) f (x , y) exists.

They are equal.

There is an added complication here. Consider

f (x , y) =

{ yx2+y2 if (x , y) 6= (0, 0)

0 if (x , y) = (0, 0)

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 12: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Continuity(The definition is really the same.)

f is continuous at (x0, y0) if

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0)

f (x , y) = f (x0, y0).

This means three things:

f is defined at (x0, y0).

lim(x ,y)→(x0,y0) f (x , y) exists.

They are equal.

There is an added complication here. Consider

f (x , y) =

{ yx2+y2 if (x , y) 6= (0, 0)

0 if (x , y) = (0, 0)

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 13: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

If f (x , y) has different limits along two different paths in thedomain of f as (x , y) approaches (x0, y0) thenlim(x ,y)→(x0,y0) f (x , y) does not exist.

It is not enough to check only along straight lines! See theexample in the text.

Continuity acts nicely under compositions:If f is continuous at (x0, y0) and g (a function of a single variable)is continuous at f (x0, y0) then g ◦ f is continuous at (x0, y0).Example:

sin(y2

x2 − 1)

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 14: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

If f (x , y) has different limits along two different paths in thedomain of f as (x , y) approaches (x0, y0) thenlim(x ,y)→(x0,y0) f (x , y) does not exist.

It is not enough to check only along straight lines! See theexample in the text.

Continuity acts nicely under compositions:If f is continuous at (x0, y0) and g (a function of a single variable)is continuous at f (x0, y0) then g ◦ f is continuous at (x0, y0).Example:

sin(y2

x2 − 1)

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 15: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

If f (x , y) has different limits along two different paths in thedomain of f as (x , y) approaches (x0, y0) thenlim(x ,y)→(x0,y0) f (x , y) does not exist.

It is not enough to check only along straight lines! See theexample in the text.

Continuity acts nicely under compositions:If f is continuous at (x0, y0) and g (a function of a single variable)is continuous at f (x0, y0) then g ◦ f is continuous at (x0, y0).

Example:

sin(y2

x2 − 1)

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 16: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

If f (x , y) has different limits along two different paths in thedomain of f as (x , y) approaches (x0, y0) thenlim(x ,y)→(x0,y0) f (x , y) does not exist.

It is not enough to check only along straight lines! See theexample in the text.

Continuity acts nicely under compositions:If f is continuous at (x0, y0) and g (a function of a single variable)is continuous at f (x0, y0) then g ◦ f is continuous at (x0, y0).Example:

sin(y2

x2 − 1)

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 17: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Partial Derivatives of f (x , y)

∂f

∂x

”partial derivative of f with respect to x”

Easy to calculate: just take the derivative of f w.r.t. x thinking ofy as a constant.

∂f

∂y

”partial derivative of f with respect to y”

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 18: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Partial Derivatives of f (x , y)

∂f

∂x

”partial derivative of f with respect to x”

Easy to calculate: just take the derivative of f w.r.t. x thinking ofy as a constant.

∂f

∂y

”partial derivative of f with respect to y”

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 19: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Examples: Compute ∂f∂x and ∂f

∂y for f (x , y) =

2x2 + 4xy

(xy3 + xy)3

sin(xy + y)

x3y

y + x2

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 20: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Examples: Compute ∂f∂x and ∂f

∂y for f (x , y) =

2x2 + 4xy

(xy3 + xy)3

sin(xy + y)

x3y

y + x2

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 21: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Examples: Compute ∂f∂x and ∂f

∂y for f (x , y) =

2x2 + 4xy

(xy3 + xy)3

sin(xy + y)

x3y

y + x2

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 22: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Examples: Compute ∂f∂x and ∂f

∂y for f (x , y) =

2x2 + 4xy

(xy3 + xy)3

sin(xy + y)

x3y

y + x2

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 23: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Example: For f (x , y) = 5 + 2xy − 3x2y2 find

∂f

∂x(1, 2)

∂f

∂y(2, 0)

This notion shows up in many fields and many notations have beendeveloped for the same thing.

∂f

∂xfx zx

∂z

∂x∂x f

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 24: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Example: For f (x , y) = 5 + 2xy − 3x2y2 find

∂f

∂x(1, 2)

∂f

∂y(2, 0)

This notion shows up in many fields and many notations have beendeveloped for the same thing.

∂f

∂xfx zx

∂z

∂x∂x f

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 25: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Example: For f (x , y) = 5 + 2xy − 3x2y2 find

∂f

∂x(1, 2)

∂f

∂y(2, 0)

This notion shows up in many fields and many notations have beendeveloped for the same thing.

∂f

∂xfx zx

∂z

∂x∂x f

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 26: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

What does ∂f∂x (a, b) mean geometrically?

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 27: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

What does ∂f∂x (a, b) mean geometrically?

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 28: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Definition:∂f

∂x(a, b) =

d

dx|x=af (x , b) =

= limh→0

f (a + h, b)− f (a, b)

h

Similarly

∂f

∂y(a, b) =

d

dy|y=bf (a, y) = lim

h→0

f (a, b + h)− f (a, b)

h

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 29: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Definition:∂f

∂x(a, b) =

d

dx|x=af (x , b) =

= limh→0

f (a + h, b)− f (a, b)

h

Similarly

∂f

∂y(a, b) =

d

dy|y=bf (a, y) = lim

h→0

f (a, b + h)− f (a, b)

h

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 30: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Definition:∂f

∂x(a, b) =

d

dx|x=af (x , b) =

= limh→0

f (a + h, b)− f (a, b)

h

Similarly

∂f

∂y(a, b) =

d

dy|y=bf (a, y) = lim

h→0

f (a, b + h)− f (a, b)

h

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 31: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

You can do implicit differentiation in the same way as for functionsof one variable.

Example: Find ∂z∂x when z is is defined implicitly as a function of x

and y by the formula;

x2 + y2 + z2 = 5.

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 32: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

You can do implicit differentiation in the same way as for functionsof one variable.Example: Find ∂z

∂x when z is is defined implicitly as a function of xand y by the formula;

x2 + y2 + z2 = 5.

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 33: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

For f (x , y) since fx and fy are functions of x and y we can takepartial derivatives of these to yield second partial derivatives.

Notation

∂x

(∂f

∂x) =

∂2f

∂x∂x.

∂y

(∂f

∂x) =

∂2f

∂y∂x.

∂x

(∂f

∂y) =

∂2f

∂x∂y.

∂y

(∂f

∂y) =

∂2f

∂y∂y.

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 34: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

For f (x , y) since fx and fy are functions of x and y we can takepartial derivatives of these to yield second partial derivatives.Notation

∂x

(∂f

∂x) =

∂2f

∂x∂x.

∂y

(∂f

∂x) =

∂2f

∂y∂x.

∂x

(∂f

∂y) =

∂2f

∂x∂y.

∂y

(∂f

∂y) =

∂2f

∂y∂y.

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 35: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

For f (x , y) since fx and fy are functions of x and y we can takepartial derivatives of these to yield second partial derivatives.Notation

∂x

(∂f

∂x) =

∂2f

∂x∂x.

∂y

(∂f

∂x) =

∂2f

∂y∂x.

∂x

(∂f

∂y) =

∂2f

∂x∂y.

∂y

(∂f

∂y) =

∂2f

∂y∂y.

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 36: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

For f (x , y) since fx and fy are functions of x and y we can takepartial derivatives of these to yield second partial derivatives.Notation

∂x

(∂f

∂x) =

∂2f

∂x∂x.

∂y

(∂f

∂x) =

∂2f

∂y∂x.

∂x

(∂f

∂y) =

∂2f

∂x∂y.

∂y

(∂f

∂y) =

∂2f

∂y∂y.

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 37: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

For f (x , y) since fx and fy are functions of x and y we can takepartial derivatives of these to yield second partial derivatives.Notation

∂x

(∂f

∂x) =

∂2f

∂x∂x.

∂y

(∂f

∂x) =

∂2f

∂y∂x.

∂x

(∂f

∂y) =

∂2f

∂x∂y.

∂y

(∂f

∂y) =

∂2f

∂y∂y.

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 38: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Example: Compute all second partials off (x , y) = x3 + 2xy2 − y2 + 1.

Theorem

Mixed derivative theorem If f (x , y),fx ,fy ,fxy ,and fyx are defined inan open region about (a, b) and all are continuous at (a, b) then

fxy (a, b) = fyx(a, b)

Moral: ”Can differentiate in any order”This also holds for more derivatives:

fxyxx

∂3f

∂x∂y2

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 39: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Example: Compute all second partials off (x , y) = x3 + 2xy2 − y2 + 1.

Theorem

Mixed derivative theorem If f (x , y),fx ,fy ,fxy ,and fyx are defined inan open region about (a, b) and all are continuous at (a, b) then

fxy (a, b) = fyx(a, b)

Moral: ”Can differentiate in any order”This also holds for more derivatives:

fxyxx

∂3f

∂x∂y2

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 40: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Example: Compute all second partials off (x , y) = x3 + 2xy2 − y2 + 1.

Theorem

Mixed derivative theorem If f (x , y),fx ,fy ,fxy ,and fyx are defined inan open region about (a, b) and all are continuous at (a, b) then

fxy (a, b) = fyx(a, b)

Moral: ”Can differentiate in any order”

This also holds for more derivatives:

fxyxx

∂3f

∂x∂y2

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 41: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

Example: Compute all second partials off (x , y) = x3 + 2xy2 − y2 + 1.

Theorem

Mixed derivative theorem If f (x , y),fx ,fy ,fxy ,and fyx are defined inan open region about (a, b) and all are continuous at (a, b) then

fxy (a, b) = fyx(a, b)

Moral: ”Can differentiate in any order”This also holds for more derivatives:

fxyxx

∂3f

∂x∂y2

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 42: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

This all works for functions with more variables.

Example:Compute fxyz for f = xyz + exzxsin(z) + x3ln(z).

It turns out that just because fx(a, b) and fy (a, b) exist does notmean that f is continuous at (a, b):

f (x , y) =

{1 if xy = 00 if xy 6= 0

It turns out that one has to b more careful (see text) about what itmeans to be differentiable at (a, b) but it is enough if fx and fyexist and are continuous in a disk about (a, b).If f is differentiable at (a, b) then it will be continuous at (a, b).

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 43: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

This all works for functions with more variables. Example:Compute fxyz for f = xyz + exzxsin(z) + x3ln(z).

It turns out that just because fx(a, b) and fy (a, b) exist does notmean that f is continuous at (a, b):

f (x , y) =

{1 if xy = 00 if xy 6= 0

It turns out that one has to b more careful (see text) about what itmeans to be differentiable at (a, b) but it is enough if fx and fyexist and are continuous in a disk about (a, b).If f is differentiable at (a, b) then it will be continuous at (a, b).

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 44: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

This all works for functions with more variables. Example:Compute fxyz for f = xyz + exzxsin(z) + x3ln(z).

It turns out that just because fx(a, b) and fy (a, b) exist does notmean that f is continuous at (a, b):

f (x , y) =

{1 if xy = 00 if xy 6= 0

It turns out that one has to b more careful (see text) about what itmeans to be differentiable at (a, b) but it is enough if fx and fyexist and are continuous in a disk about (a, b).If f is differentiable at (a, b) then it will be continuous at (a, b).

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 45: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

This all works for functions with more variables. Example:Compute fxyz for f = xyz + exzxsin(z) + x3ln(z).

It turns out that just because fx(a, b) and fy (a, b) exist does notmean that f is continuous at (a, b):

f (x , y) =

{1 if xy = 00 if xy 6= 0

It turns out that one has to b more careful (see text) about what itmeans to be differentiable at (a, b) but it is enough if fx and fyexist and are continuous in a disk about (a, b).If f is differentiable at (a, b) then it will be continuous at (a, b).

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 46: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

This all works for functions with more variables. Example:Compute fxyz for f = xyz + exzxsin(z) + x3ln(z).

It turns out that just because fx(a, b) and fy (a, b) exist does notmean that f is continuous at (a, b):

f (x , y) =

{1 if xy = 00 if xy 6= 0

It turns out that one has to b more careful (see text) about what itmeans to be differentiable at (a, b) but it is enough if fx and fyexist and are continuous in a disk about (a, b).

If f is differentiable at (a, b) then it will be continuous at (a, b).

Christopher Croke Calculus 115

Page 47: Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivativesccroke/lecture14-2,3.pdf · Limits and Continuity/Partial Derivatives Christopher Croke University of Pennsylvania Math 115 UPenn, Fall 2011

This all works for functions with more variables. Example:Compute fxyz for f = xyz + exzxsin(z) + x3ln(z).

It turns out that just because fx(a, b) and fy (a, b) exist does notmean that f is continuous at (a, b):

f (x , y) =

{1 if xy = 00 if xy 6= 0

It turns out that one has to b more careful (see text) about what itmeans to be differentiable at (a, b) but it is enough if fx and fyexist and are continuous in a disk about (a, b).If f is differentiable at (a, b) then it will be continuous at (a, b).

Christopher Croke Calculus 115