Lecture 7: Back into the Icehouse: Last 55 Myr (Chapter 6)

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Lecture 7: Back into the Icehouse: Last 55 Myr (Chapter 6). CO2 evolution in the last 50 Myr. Did climate cool?. Cooling inferred from terrestrial evidences. Antarctic. Arctic. Northern mid-lattiude cooling inferred from leave shape. 10-15 o C. Problem with land records: incomplete, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Lecture 7: Back into the Icehouse: Last 55 Myr (Chapter 6)

  • Lecture 7:

    Back into the Icehouse: Last 55 Myr

    (Chapter 6)

  • CO2 evolution in the last 50 Myr

  • Did climate cool?

  • Cooling inferred from terrestrial evidencesAntarcticArctic

  • Northern mid-lattiude cooling inferred from leave shapeProblem with land records: incomplete, sporadic,regional

  • Cooling trend inferred from benthic foraminifera 18OAbyssal Time Machine (continuous!) 18Oshell= 18OW + 18OT Paleothermometeri) 18OT =T/4.2oCCooler (temperature dependence) increases ii) 18OW More continental ice increases 18OW (fractionation)

  • standard(SMOW)heavylightHeavy (minor) isotope (18O)Light isotope(16O)Evaporation leads to fractionationHeavy molecular more stable

  • Isotope fractionationthermodynamic fractionation proportional to temperature

    Chart2

    1.0033

    1.0045

    1.0058

    1.0074

    1.0091

    1.0111

    1.0123

    1.0135

    Temperature (C)

    Fractonation Coefficients

    Sheet1

    Calculating delta values from Dansgaards Rayleigh Model (10/03)Delta Values of Condensation

    From 1964 Paperbased on fraction remaining

    CondensationdDCalculated from this table

    T Alpha (D)Alpha (18)Alpha(original)Alpha (end)Alpha meanTemperatureFraction VaporEpsolonTrajectories

    1001.0291.0033Calculating alpha D from T1.07081.10861.0897300.2617823479-0.0979613927Gulf

    801.0371.0045TemperatureAlphaDeltadD Condensate (total liquid)dD (Rayleigh Condensate) Amount of Change

    601.0461.0058HereHereCondensation-41.539488335-81.9723499501

    401.061.0074Original301.07080.0708at an instant

    201.0791.0091End01.10860.1086

    01.1061.0111Alpha(original)Alpha (end)Alpha meanTemperatureFraction VaporEpsolon

    -101.1231.0123Calculating alpha O18 from T1.009321.01121.01026200.2617823479-0.0110759494

    -201.1461.0135TemperatureAlphaDeltad18O Condensate (total liquid)d18O (Rayleigh Condensate) Amount of SIP change

    HereHereCondensation-6.3528717272-11.8195673699

    y = 8E-06x2 - 0.0015x + 1.1086Original201.009320.00932

    y=alpha DEnd01.01120.0112

    y = 3E-07x2 - 0.0001x + 1.0112In order to calculate the delta values for a given moment based on the Rayleigh Distillation

    y= alpha 18Oyou must first enter the original and end temperatures in spaces F:9&10, and F15&16

    to calculate the appropriate alpha values. You then have to move to G:33&34 to calculate Fraction of Vapor

    The delta values are then displayed in K:8 and K:14

    TempVapor Pressure (atmospheres)Calculated Vapor FractionRemaining Vapor Deltas

    Beginning Air mass temperature202.334Remaining Vapor Delta D (Using Rayleigh)

    Air mass T at point of interest00.6110.2617823479-171.9036171298

    Remaining Vapor Delta 18O (Using Rayleigh)d18OT

    Fraction of Vapor-22.7646038072-8.46183737965

    TemperatureTempVapor PVapor PkPa-16.0250250557-5

    CK(torr)(Atm)-300.05

    -302430.28590.0003761842-250.08With Moisture sourced at 20

    -252480.4760.0006263158-200.125Water T dDd18OdDd18OdDd18O3500

    -202530.7760.0010210526-150.191300030-94.854653951-12.0906972419Slope calculator0.7563187676

    -152581.2410.0016328947-100.286250025-19.8708334408-2.537809538425-122.2387065791-15.7061931421

    -102631.950.0025657895-50.422200020-22.1533149547-2.75998823320-41.6233299145-5.29121790820-146.5522993985-19.0005345437

    -92642.16260.002845526300.61115-20.941148842-2.566314025415-42.7931136466-5.329358837915-62.0415432191-7.864267864715-165.5514984379-21.6328430763

    -82652.37520.003125263250.87210-44.153558247-5.379559350510-65.6780067033-8.144820593810-84.6827404214-10.682643566410-184.8625155103-24.3630067056average rise over run5.5

    -72662.58780.003405101.2275-69.8275638218-8.46183737965-90.9881629953-11.2282301985-109.7175229337-13.76796887385-247.2888304523-33.5964077778

    -62672.80040.0036847368151.7030-98.1933508675-11.84467456680-118.9401677654-14.61066465840-137.3497850114-17.15089241190

    -52683.0130.0039644737202.334-5-133.2977079455-16.0250250557-5-153.3700406308-18.7778144508-5-171.227436277-21.3063462263-5

    -42693.32620.0043765789253.161dD = -0.0653x2 + 6.2591x - 99.577dD = -0.0489x2 + 5.9924x - 120.69dD = -0.04x2 + 5.7936x - 139.22

    -32703.63940.0047886842304.232TempCalculated dDTempCalculated dDTempCalculated dD

    -22713.95260.0052007895355.6069-48.53449-70.719314-65.9496

    -12724.26580.0056128947407.351JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

    02734.5790.006025459.547WinterSpring

    12744.97180.0065418421d18OTd18OT

    22755.36460.0070586842AR03-5.2924838236.8472222222AR03-5.65212517738.870370371AR03-4.582589016512.819444445AR03-4.062925777417.194444445AR03-3.606042319420.6388888875AR03-4.337737055825.5AR03-4.337737055825.5AR03-4.53469771826.759444018AR03-4.355609485823.044444446AR03-5.461253803616.533333336AR03-5.001688735412.033333334AR03-6.42123211746.8055555555

    32765.75740.0075755263AZ03-13.2082854023-2.972222222AZ03-12.7876858182-1.166666667AZ03-7.08744.055555556AZ03-8.53132837848.111111111AZ03-9.99812.05555556AZ99-5.410556337727.1666666683AZ99-5.410556337727.1666666683AZ03-5.726306732917.66666667AZ06-3.659057631328.64814815AZ03-16.47583.5AZ06-5.074215.61111111AZ06-11.065485656111.680555555

    42776.15020.0080923684AZ06-9.617952120112.222222225AZ06-5.583873683813.694444445AZ06-5.328187596813.94444444AZ06-8.795989249918.94444444AZ99-8.568016666722.5185185167CA45-7.690672949119.88888889CA45-7.690672949119.88888889AZ06-7.909795215330.5370370367AZ99-7.463487232824.5763888888AZ06-9.179076303723.97222222AZ99-9.115259068810.5952380956AZ99-13.02894845646.4351851853

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    NV03-20.3219927275-2.5185185183NM12-19.2590.555555556NM12-12.91664865255.4305555555NM12-10.911963656410.1666666662NV00-7.512185930720.44444444NV03-12.436135510617.222222225NV03-12.436135510617.222222225NV00-5.197807694626.7222222233NV03-11.519235080916.88888889NM12-8.961088888911.7037037067NV00-10.93909426147.148148148NV00-15.06680633334.8148148147

    NV05-9.6817415784-2.611111111NV00-13.119886.166666667NV00-10.6786211.5NV00-6.148602106715.527777775NV03-18.800113374312.77777778NV05-11.608466666716.44444444NV05-11.608466666716.44444444NV03-6.781240485520.916666665NV05-12.772552112714.72222222NV00-10.492287242916.111111115NV03-17.4514326771.4814814817NV03-18.6954266666-1.222222222

    NY08-12.9302957701-1.3194444445NV03-16.53643709412.4722222222NV03-10.87529445425.027777778NV03-11.7344966889.5925925913NV05-12.09560512.08333333NY08-6.400558982319.3472222225NY08-6.400558982319.3472222225NV05-7.994619575418.77777778NY08-7.466265387816.3611111125NV03-11.024011444610.0833333338NY08-10.28147607294.875NY08-13.6298835455-2.6805555555

    NY10-14.6070774053-0.5370370373NV05-17.6093181818-2.722222222NV05-18.98035NV05-12.0759467989.611111111NY08-9.978544223113.583333335NY10-6.915725194718.51388889NY10-6.915725194718.51388889NY08-6.918965899420.766666668NY10-7.952664219616.541666665NV05-12.76169.888888889NY10-10.32114066935.388888889NY10-14.3530388072-1.0972222222

    NY99-7.2088421963-0.6666666668NY08-14.8972077514-4.9444444445NY08-14.9264812011-1.416666667NY08-10.07871987437.3194444445NY10-6.208042123714.305555555NY99-5.1926097120.755555556NY99-5.1926097120.755555556NY10-7.626918600420.500000002NY99-5.802009117717.169452075NY08-8.663258676210.4222222204NY99-7.23828642836.0138888888NY99-11.3622941269-0.8

    OK00-9.5419896214.0555555557NY10-16.605562073-4.074074074NY10-13.84031511391.0555555553NY10-9.30220100098.6555555562NY99-5.134934549615.86111111OK00-4.938208414925.87777778OK00-4.938208414925.87777778NY99-6.236905234521.2361111125OK00-4.753946611222.7222222233NY10-11.275025400810.977777776OK00-8.33055644348.319444445OK00-10.55816224464.074074074

    OK17-10.2045407085.0138888888NY99-13.4610336291-3.2962962963NY99-12.53831571631.5NY99-5.678314994810.4444444448OK00-6.180161928620.2962962983OK17-3.965773490825.3975546067OK17-3.965773490825.3975546067OK00-4.281240573427.266666666OK17-6.591686498522.2499999983NY99-7.303128791211.655555554OK17-3.55891213069.1944444438OK17-12.821218226.6111111108

    OK29-15.8858456754-0.2962962963OK00-10.25579325176.814814815OK00-5.556820372910.8444444452OK00-6.355850069615.166666666OK17-4.83899084420.6111111117OK29-5.613483564323.01851852OK29-5.613483564323.01851852OK17-3.384832923926.5966255OK29-5.813197926420.088888888OK00-6.421754158517.0185185167OK29-9.4047892746.0416666668OK29-13.11896458282

    OR02-8.58468384467.0416666665OK17-7.75158042178.0185185187OK17-4.682534763312.055555556OK17-5.232955683116.155555556OK29-6.553639074117.744444442OR02-7.342573017613.711111112OR02-7.342573017613.711111112OK29-4.546818000224.4999999983OR02-5.631507699714.5925925933OK17-5.03800595916.8425925933OR02-7.49567754038.7870370372OR02-7.74360420336.888888889

    OR10-10.80428730064.722222222OK29-12.32543206033OK29-7.15242019498.013888889OK29-7.814735841612.566666666OR02-7.981821297511.8333333333OR10-8.57528289416.2OR10-8.57528289416.2OR02-6.44568215115.2OR10-7.46441362817.555555554OK29-7.057011616813.4714007225OR10-10.04041727177.1203703702OR10-8.91753117033.8888888888

    OR18-18.22024984951.1666666665OR02-9.94927935948.763888888OR02-9.10042356069.0416666675OR02-5.90856113310.2222222225OR10-10.0579934813.51851852OR18-11.820707130417.755555556OR18-11.820707130417.755555556OR10-9.334428237218.62962963OR18-20.046067889916.72222222OR02-7.08561692811.911111112OR18-15.04668080355.1296296297OR18-16.54120537210.824074074

    PA15-10.20154156980.0000000003OR10-11.8717529567.0555555558OR10-11.2699727878.9166666663OR10-8.142343998910.5694444445OR18-13.601208317614.2129629617PA15-6.305613226118.98611111PA15-6.305613226118.98611111OR18-13.277135483221.069444445PA15-6.680679368716.4814814833OR10-8.306718144312.233333334PA15-14.66424103554.1666666665PA15-16.4273837022-4.4722222225

    SC06-5.598091879410.6666666633OR18-16.44806162592.6296296297OR18-14.00260742516.9111111112OR18-13.222102926211.0567155072PA15-4.359943408914.555555555SC06-3.243993233726.511111112SC06-3.243993233726.511111112PA15-6.276622877220.0185185167SC06-4.470409150323.5000000033OR18-13.445322910711.3333333333SC06-8.394789226914.1851851833SC06-4.98459432158.7083333328

    TN00PA15-15.4434419834-3.6111111115PA15-14.83077834950.666666667PA15-16.51948693818.6666666667SC06-3.485070171221.583333335SD08-8.438923352818.588888886SD08-8.438923352818.588888886SC06-2.802603412426.16666667SD08-10.860032317416.822222222PA15-7.739542111710.149487857SD08-15.62380760630.5777777778SD08-17.9947672577-4.0925925923

    TX03-4.981226608911.7361111125SC06-5.90839646259.333333335SC06-3.274955555613.97222222SC06-5.876883411517.9722222225SD08-7.69066714614.00925926SD99-10.579814891319.677777776SD99-10.579814891319.677777776SD08-5.326200068722.21111111SD99-8.689998821715.844444444SC06-4.152479830117.8611111075SD99-13.7188031134-0.6666666666SD99-15.5756790688-6.388888889

    TX10-3.12246146311.73884449SD08-18.7016571146-0.25SD08-15.09124275663.347222222SD08-16.82366140227.5555555557SD99-6.854055358714.8333333333TN00-4.038268929423.125TN00-4.038268929423.125SD99-5.738807344621.4907407417TN00-6.588346836520.3518518533SD08-15.49605622928.2777777777TN00-6.52144124388.8530892057TN00-5.84526930092.8333333337

    TX56-6.90775645846.9444444443SD99-16.0294129122-2.7777777775SD99-10.96181770391.9027777778SD99-8.73460917777.814814815TN00-4.442405028117.01851852TX03-4.743608764227.6388888883TX03-4.743608764227.6388888883TN00-5.17864704623.9166666675TX03-3.081235726.0092592583SD99-9.52877011968.8222222222TX03-2.977335097916.588888888TX03-3.495251644312.6388888908

    UT01-19.850998327-6.055555556TN00-4.47018892314.277777778TN00-7.42171520258.9444444465TN00-6.808328261114.027777775TX03-2.45402905224.4629629633TX10-3.643784732726.9444444433TX10-3.643784732726.9444444433TX03-1.869881621728.4166666667TX10-3.23401077925TN00-6.638744716214.0555555533TX10-3.39412240315.733333334TX10-4.075693711511.66666667

    UT99-17.3695620585-6.037037037TX03-5.544697455714.7777777775TX03-4.309144997317.566666666TX03-3.532548171820.58888889TX10-2.662101887123.955555554TX56-5.047516372623.333333335TX56-5.047516372623.333333335TX10-1.299658395728.333333336TX56-4.984620457421.98148148TX03-4.260093684822.185185185TX56-6.328759988212.0555555555TX56-4.08579631095.817383548

    VT99-13.6968488164-8.3518518512TX10-6.212708961513.583333335TX10-2.673268987116.8518518533TX10-2.881511827320.23611111TX56-3.899897869920.8749999975UT01-13.7610946116.27777778UT01-13.7610946116.27777778TX56-2.974918299325.8333333333UT01-8.733814.86111111TX10-4.215076785121.255555554UT01-15.89242055220.6944444445UT01-18.4636192131-5.5925925927

    WA14-14.77707237352.3333333333TX56-8.748103465110.3333333315TX56-3.293069142713.194444445TX56-3.734140530316.74074074UT01-12.07597255911.652777776UT99-11.166155860213.8UT99-11.166155860213.8UT01-8.497898150320.680555555UT99-8.729727355812.355555554TX56-5.683007053718.194444445UT99-14.1761881205-1.6296296297UT99-18.3824193006-6.986111111

    WA24-15.1354085407-0.9861111108UT01-17.2328651251-4.888888889UT01-15.37924227174.8055555555UT01-15.60096049178.3148148147UT99-11.27050537399.0972222222VT99-8.396787393515.4506172834VT99-8.396787393515.4506172834UT99-6.379882081116.0740740733VT99-9.489032252312.1611111122UT01-13.23120518897.7037037037VT99-11.5707935434-0.2166666667VT99-12.6067685881-6.3222222219

    WI36-20.1144324771-10.6944444462UT99-14.2322917319-4.4814814817UT99-14.1909933240.0333333334UT99-9.15086095564.875VT99-9.316673468110.8535353527WA14-8.102027421713.8090909091WA14-8.102027421713.8090909091VT99-8.60776013617.3686868682WA14-6.66349617214.6444444444UT99-12.95982931326.1666666665WA14-11.97333777675.02WA14-11.0653880232.5363636364

    WI99-13.8513604599-3.9722222222VT99-15.0537423081-7.8444444445VT99-14.2488735843-3.15VT99-12.25033203664.1277777778WA14-9.099442954811.6727272727WA24-10.090076444415.933333334WA24-10.090076444415.933333334WA14-6.767887694816.8714285714WA24-8.600976562516.77777778VT99-10.20484625646.5353535353WA24-13.83181536872.472222222WA24-13.4031824374-0.8425925927

    WY06-22.6851375-13.11111111WA14-10.98697087023.7111111111WA14-11.62259500235.86WA14-11.29971291968.74WA24-13.824710795912.833333334WI36-7.106218463415.777777778WI36-7.106218463415.777777778WA24-10.634140244819.544444446WI36-8.094454955911.7592592583WA14-7.94043921189.0818181818WI36-13.470542689-3.0277777778WI36-21.2498708537-11.2766011138

    WY08-13.6765398682-12WA24-16.20159069041.986111111WA24-14.15935427955.125WA24-11.74395209719.011111111WI36-6.916107000811.5740740738WI99-5.03585123620.6574074083WI99-5.03585123620.6574074083WI36-7.478976534116.9907407433WI99-7.248907278717.055555555WA24-11.89807736939.398148149WI99-9.39996828733.175925926WI99-13.0382227607-2.1388888888

    WI36-24.7223682198-8.63888889WI36-16.0343032966-3.4027777778WI36-12.75821637883.9027777778WI99-6.354483239115.3425925917WY06-14.152852156911.6388888875WY06-14.152852156911.6388888875WI99-5.273854510121.5277777767WY06-9.58044971779.5555555562WI36-11.96639484645.388888889WY06-20.2189875084-5.12962963WY06-25.8232179814-10.6388888885

    1628900WI99-14.8904960604-2.4444444443WI99-9.30576944942.597222222WI99-8.66241343988.7500000002WY06-15.06596940958.092592593WY08-10.42084087938.8333333332WY08-10.42084087938.8333333332WY06-8.03905657714.0138888875WY08-11.65225871737.9166666665WI99-8.933474648210.8703703717WY08-20.8780236924-7.1944444445WY08-24.2818996461-10.092592593

    1729000WY06-21.7646548358-13.55555556WY06-16.116390547-2.3148148147WY06-16.5716541592.3888888887WY08-13.18040065663.997244268WY08-7.695832170812.69444444WY06-16.21865551653.1888888888

    1829100WY08-24.159-13.66666667WY08-17.0676666667-5.833333333WY08-14.3320329167-0.574074074WY08-16.61694261361.638888889

    1929200

    2029317.5350.0230723684R20.620.590.460.340.280.360.260.180.230.440.660.64

    2129419.2280.0253Slope0.580.570.490.430.400.390.350.230.280.620.650.65

    2229520.9210.0275276316% of RM0.800.840.780.730.730.750.690.450.501.010.930.89

    2329622.6140.029755263295% confidence0RM slope0.720.680.630.580.550.520.510.520.560.610.700.73

    2429724.3070.0319828947JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

    25298260.0342105263

    2629928.80.0378947368JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

    2730031.60.0415789474R20.620.590.460.340.280.360.260.180.230.440.660.64

    RM slope0.720.680.630.580.550.520.510.520.560.610.700.73

    Empirical Slope0.580.570.490.430.400.390.350.230.280.440.620.65

    RM-Emperical0.140.110.140.150.150.130.160.290.280.170.080.08

    2930237.20.0489473684% of RM0.800.840.780.730.730.750.690.450.500.730.880.89

    30303400.0526315789

    3130444.40.0584210526

    3230548.80.0642105263

    3330653.20.07

    3430757.60.0757894737

    35308620.0815789474

    SpringSummerFall

    0.000.000.00

    0.000.000.00

    0.000.000.00

    0.000.000.00

    SpringSummerFall

    0.000.000.00

    0.000.000.00

    0.000.000.00

    0.000.000.00

    SpringSummerFall

    0.000.000.00

    0.000.000.00

    0.000.000.00

    0.000.000.00

    SpringSummerFall

    0.000.000.00

    0.000.000.00

    0.000.000.00

    0.000.000.00

    East Coast

    SummerAutumnWinterSpring

    dDTdDTdDdDT

    -17.54718000426.5337690624-27.861963088915.1563307494-19.5390068569-15.008254303723.0156695159

    -22.251669348324.2761437921-36.946050083111.8759259258-34.9693691866-25.28796923320.2333333332

    -17.500963465626.4282407421-22.875278814814.0230352292-72.8925553729-31.906958652413.247172876

    -38.827861537619.2489839537-45.78595016167.5205761318-52.0972889289-28.294781635718.8480096673

    -27.182146329824.1412037046-37.99431894459.3904284791-100.0853288623-59.988925193814.3925925927

    -25.099122808624.568055557-31.295763823411.5660433829-105.466128257-55.288452244514.3189926748

    -24.987451597525.2478632488-27.312715312312.3333333331-70.3776915263-40.289997025716.1683501672

    -44.044110938619.836478997-87.05203059565.6851851846-103.6028819651-51.72377790915.9537037034

    -45.409030727719.6466666672-54.54898458966.3194444442-30.6970177806-23.626468784823.4338624343

    -34.273737934221.0517241383-69.05718840085.5645390179-43.8033207756-75.475655612410.866830065

    -44.679265754519.5999999996-29.021294228513.0999999979-102.1500579462-21.796067504922.6210826208

    -16.81129806225.9917695496-78.85444952341.0515297908-28.0595645634-28.922252866520.3285714294

    -58.864692051916.2096296296

    R20.95748216150.820963034400.749917236

    Equation-1.5707x - 42.4147.0804x - 124.624.5521x - 116.383.494x - 122.1

    Slope3.84641872144.648201116803.8071197016

    % re-evaporated0.0700379483-0.012902893500.1188841961

    4.13610288134.58898986945.2486690274.3207937987

    Sheet1

    1.0033

    1.0045

    1.0058

    1.0074

    1.0091

    1.0111

    1.0123

    1.0135

    Temperature (C)

    Fractonation Coefficients

    Sheet2

    000

    -19.8708334408-22.1533149547-20.941148842

    -41.6233299145-42.7931136466-44.153558247

    -62.0415432191-65.6780067033-69.8275638218

    -84.6827404214-90.9881629953-98.1933508675

    -109.7175229337-118.9401677654-133.2977079455

    -137.3497850114-153.3700406308

    -171.227436277

    30 (c)

    25(c)

    20(c)

    Temperature (c)

    dD

    Rayleigh Model

    Sheet3

    0001000

    0000000

    0000000

    0000000

    0000000

    0000000

    000000

    000000

    00000

    00000

    00000

    00000

    00000

    00000

    00000

    Winter

    Spring

    Summer

    Autumn

    20

    30

    Annual

    Desert Southwest RM

    0001000

    0000000

    0000000

    0000000

    0000000

    0000000

    000000

    000000

    00000

    Winter

    Spring

    Summer

    Autumn

    20

    30

    Annual

    Northeast RM

    000

    000

    000

    000

    000

    000

    00

    00

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    20

    35

    January

    February

    000

    000

    000

    000

    000

    000

    00

    00

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    20

    35

    January

    October

    000

    000

    000

    000

    000

    000

    00

    00

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

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    0

    0

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    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    20

    35

    January

    December

    000

    000

    000

    000

    000

    000

    00

    00

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

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    0

    0

    0

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    0

    0

    0

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    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    20

    35

    January

    November

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

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    0

    0

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    0

    0

    0

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    Perecent of RM slope

    00

    00

    00

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    00

    00

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    20

    35

    February

    0

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    Months

    d18O/C

    Rayleigh Model - Emperical Slopes

    0

    0

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    Temperature (C)

    Vapor Pressure (kPa)

  • 18O fractionationAntarctica and Greenland all melting reduces 18OW from 0 -1

  • IAEA/WMO/GNIP Stations (183 stations in 53 countries)

  • Long term mean seasonal cycle

  • Cooling trend inferred from benthic foraminifera 18Oi) 18OT =T/4.2oCCooler (temperature dependence) increases ii) 18OW More continental ice increases 18OW (fractionation)Abyssal Time Machine (continuous!) 18Oshell= 18OW + 18OT Paleothermometer18OT =1.5, 18OW =018Oc =1.5

    18OT =1.7518OW =1.018Oc =2.75

  • An independent paleothermometer: Ma/Ca

  • Two independent paleothermometers=> ice sheet

  • Cooling trend inferred from benthic foraminifera d18O1) Cooler (temperature dependence)2) More continental ice (fractionation)Consistent evidenceDeep ocean/high latitude cools by 15oC over 55 myrAbyssal Time Machine (continuous!)

  • Why does the climate cools?

  • Ocean Gateway Hypotheses Hypothesis:Opening of Drakes Passage (20myr) cools the AntarcticHypothesis: Closing of Panama isthmus (10-4 myr) redirects warm/salty water northward, preventing sea ice formation, more evaporation to help glaciation

  • Hypothesis: Closing of Panama isthmus (10-4 myr) redirects warm/salty water northward, preventing sea ice formation, more evaporation to help glaciation Problem: earlier by 2 myr for glacial cycleModeling: opposite due to heat transport

    Opening of Panama Isthmus

  • Hypothesis:Opening of Drakes Passage (20myr) cools the AntarcticProblem: timing 10 myr before intense glaciation, 10 myr after first glaciationModeling: not too much effect,Combined A+O heat transport not much changeDrake Passage Lesson: needs to be more quantitative and comprehensive!

  • Ocean Gateway Hypotheses Hypothesis:Opening of Drakes Passage (20myr) cools the AntarcticProblem: timing 10 myr before intense glaciation, 10 myr after first glaciationModeling: not too much effectHypothesis: Closing of Panama isthmus (10-4 myr) redirects warm/salty water northward, preventing sea ice formation, more evaporation to help glaciation Problem: earlier by 2 myr for glacial cycleModeling: opposite due to heat transport

    Contradictory to each other! Too much handwavering

  • Why does the climate cools?The Role of CO2Reduced CO2: Slower input (BLAG)Faster removal (uplifting weathering)

    Increased coastal upwelling buried enough organic carbon

  • Testing spreading (BLAG) hypothesisOKNo??

  • Testing uplifting weathering hypothesis

  • Tibetan Plateauthe unusually large uplifting in the last 20 myrNo major high topography like this in the last 150 myr

  • Tibetan Plateaususpended particles, evidence of unusual physical weathering from Tibet

  • Himalayan sediments in the Indian Ocean:Evidence of strong physical weatheringSteep terrain along the southern HimalayaUplift intensified monsoon (why?)

  • Negative feedback on uplifting due to chemical weatheringPositive feedback on uplifting due to ice rock fragmentationFeedbacks on uplifting weathering

  • References for ReadingTibet Uplift: Climate ImpactAn, Z., Kutzbach, J. Prell, W. & Porter, S., 2001: Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature, 411, 62-66

    Boos and Kuang, 2010: Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by oragrphic insolation versus plateau heating. Science, 463, 218-222Asian monsoonPotential Impact on global thermohaline

    Emile-Geay J., et al., 2003: Warren revisited: Atmospheric freshwater fluxes and Why is no deep water formed in the North Pacific, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.108(C6), 3178, doi:10.1029/2001JC001058

  • Early Pliocene Climate: An Analogue for Future Global Warming Climate?(move to later orbital)Fedorov A. et al., 2006: The Pliocene Paradox (Mechanisms for a permanent El Nino). Science, 312, 1485-1489

  • Strong gradientWeak gradientWest

    EastSSTTropical Pacific SST changes (Wara et al. 2005)SST18O

  • End of Chapter 6

  • Volcanic aerosol cooling

  • **NOTE: both east and west Tropical Pacific cooled after 3 Ma, but gradient didnt really increase.