Lecture 7: Back into the Icehouse: Last 55 Myr (Chapter 6)
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Transcript of Lecture 7: Back into the Icehouse: Last 55 Myr (Chapter 6)
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Lecture 7:
Back into the Icehouse: Last 55 Myr
(Chapter 6)
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CO2 evolution in the last 50 Myr
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Did climate cool?
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Cooling inferred from terrestrial evidencesAntarcticArctic
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Northern mid-lattiude cooling inferred from leave shapeProblem with land records: incomplete, sporadic,regional
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Cooling trend inferred from benthic foraminifera 18OAbyssal Time Machine (continuous!) 18Oshell= 18OW + 18OT Paleothermometeri) 18OT =T/4.2oCCooler (temperature dependence) increases ii) 18OW More continental ice increases 18OW (fractionation)
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standard(SMOW)heavylightHeavy (minor) isotope (18O)Light isotope(16O)Evaporation leads to fractionationHeavy molecular more stable
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Isotope fractionationthermodynamic fractionation proportional to temperature
Chart2
1.0033
1.0045
1.0058
1.0074
1.0091
1.0111
1.0123
1.0135
Temperature (C)
Fractonation Coefficients
Sheet1
Calculating delta values from Dansgaards Rayleigh Model (10/03)Delta Values of Condensation
From 1964 Paperbased on fraction remaining
CondensationdDCalculated from this table
T Alpha (D)Alpha (18)Alpha(original)Alpha (end)Alpha meanTemperatureFraction VaporEpsolonTrajectories
1001.0291.0033Calculating alpha D from T1.07081.10861.0897300.2617823479-0.0979613927Gulf
801.0371.0045TemperatureAlphaDeltadD Condensate (total liquid)dD (Rayleigh Condensate) Amount of Change
601.0461.0058HereHereCondensation-41.539488335-81.9723499501
401.061.0074Original301.07080.0708at an instant
201.0791.0091End01.10860.1086
01.1061.0111Alpha(original)Alpha (end)Alpha meanTemperatureFraction VaporEpsolon
-101.1231.0123Calculating alpha O18 from T1.009321.01121.01026200.2617823479-0.0110759494
-201.1461.0135TemperatureAlphaDeltad18O Condensate (total liquid)d18O (Rayleigh Condensate) Amount of SIP change
HereHereCondensation-6.3528717272-11.8195673699
y = 8E-06x2 - 0.0015x + 1.1086Original201.009320.00932
y=alpha DEnd01.01120.0112
y = 3E-07x2 - 0.0001x + 1.0112In order to calculate the delta values for a given moment based on the Rayleigh Distillation
y= alpha 18Oyou must first enter the original and end temperatures in spaces F:9&10, and F15&16
to calculate the appropriate alpha values. You then have to move to G:33&34 to calculate Fraction of Vapor
The delta values are then displayed in K:8 and K:14
TempVapor Pressure (atmospheres)Calculated Vapor FractionRemaining Vapor Deltas
Beginning Air mass temperature202.334Remaining Vapor Delta D (Using Rayleigh)
Air mass T at point of interest00.6110.2617823479-171.9036171298
Remaining Vapor Delta 18O (Using Rayleigh)d18OT
Fraction of Vapor-22.7646038072-8.46183737965
TemperatureTempVapor PVapor PkPa-16.0250250557-5
CK(torr)(Atm)-300.05
-302430.28590.0003761842-250.08With Moisture sourced at 20
-252480.4760.0006263158-200.125Water T dDd18OdDd18OdDd18O3500
-202530.7760.0010210526-150.191300030-94.854653951-12.0906972419Slope calculator0.7563187676
-152581.2410.0016328947-100.286250025-19.8708334408-2.537809538425-122.2387065791-15.7061931421
-102631.950.0025657895-50.422200020-22.1533149547-2.75998823320-41.6233299145-5.29121790820-146.5522993985-19.0005345437
-92642.16260.002845526300.61115-20.941148842-2.566314025415-42.7931136466-5.329358837915-62.0415432191-7.864267864715-165.5514984379-21.6328430763
-82652.37520.003125263250.87210-44.153558247-5.379559350510-65.6780067033-8.144820593810-84.6827404214-10.682643566410-184.8625155103-24.3630067056average rise over run5.5
-72662.58780.003405101.2275-69.8275638218-8.46183737965-90.9881629953-11.2282301985-109.7175229337-13.76796887385-247.2888304523-33.5964077778
-62672.80040.0036847368151.7030-98.1933508675-11.84467456680-118.9401677654-14.61066465840-137.3497850114-17.15089241190
-52683.0130.0039644737202.334-5-133.2977079455-16.0250250557-5-153.3700406308-18.7778144508-5-171.227436277-21.3063462263-5
-42693.32620.0043765789253.161dD = -0.0653x2 + 6.2591x - 99.577dD = -0.0489x2 + 5.9924x - 120.69dD = -0.04x2 + 5.7936x - 139.22
-32703.63940.0047886842304.232TempCalculated dDTempCalculated dDTempCalculated dD
-22713.95260.0052007895355.6069-48.53449-70.719314-65.9496
-12724.26580.0056128947407.351JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember
02734.5790.006025459.547WinterSpring
12744.97180.0065418421d18OTd18OT
22755.36460.0070586842AR03-5.2924838236.8472222222AR03-5.65212517738.870370371AR03-4.582589016512.819444445AR03-4.062925777417.194444445AR03-3.606042319420.6388888875AR03-4.337737055825.5AR03-4.337737055825.5AR03-4.53469771826.759444018AR03-4.355609485823.044444446AR03-5.461253803616.533333336AR03-5.001688735412.033333334AR03-6.42123211746.8055555555
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42776.15020.0080923684AZ06-9.617952120112.222222225AZ06-5.583873683813.694444445AZ06-5.328187596813.94444444AZ06-8.795989249918.94444444AZ99-8.568016666722.5185185167CA45-7.690672949119.88888889CA45-7.690672949119.88888889AZ06-7.909795215330.5370370367AZ99-7.463487232824.5763888888AZ06-9.179076303723.97222222AZ99-9.115259068810.5952380956AZ99-13.02894845646.4351851853
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NV03-20.3219927275-2.5185185183NM12-19.2590.555555556NM12-12.91664865255.4305555555NM12-10.911963656410.1666666662NV00-7.512185930720.44444444NV03-12.436135510617.222222225NV03-12.436135510617.222222225NV00-5.197807694626.7222222233NV03-11.519235080916.88888889NM12-8.961088888911.7037037067NV00-10.93909426147.148148148NV00-15.06680633334.8148148147
NV05-9.6817415784-2.611111111NV00-13.119886.166666667NV00-10.6786211.5NV00-6.148602106715.527777775NV03-18.800113374312.77777778NV05-11.608466666716.44444444NV05-11.608466666716.44444444NV03-6.781240485520.916666665NV05-12.772552112714.72222222NV00-10.492287242916.111111115NV03-17.4514326771.4814814817NV03-18.6954266666-1.222222222
NY08-12.9302957701-1.3194444445NV03-16.53643709412.4722222222NV03-10.87529445425.027777778NV03-11.7344966889.5925925913NV05-12.09560512.08333333NY08-6.400558982319.3472222225NY08-6.400558982319.3472222225NV05-7.994619575418.77777778NY08-7.466265387816.3611111125NV03-11.024011444610.0833333338NY08-10.28147607294.875NY08-13.6298835455-2.6805555555
NY10-14.6070774053-0.5370370373NV05-17.6093181818-2.722222222NV05-18.98035NV05-12.0759467989.611111111NY08-9.978544223113.583333335NY10-6.915725194718.51388889NY10-6.915725194718.51388889NY08-6.918965899420.766666668NY10-7.952664219616.541666665NV05-12.76169.888888889NY10-10.32114066935.388888889NY10-14.3530388072-1.0972222222
NY99-7.2088421963-0.6666666668NY08-14.8972077514-4.9444444445NY08-14.9264812011-1.416666667NY08-10.07871987437.3194444445NY10-6.208042123714.305555555NY99-5.1926097120.755555556NY99-5.1926097120.755555556NY10-7.626918600420.500000002NY99-5.802009117717.169452075NY08-8.663258676210.4222222204NY99-7.23828642836.0138888888NY99-11.3622941269-0.8
OK00-9.5419896214.0555555557NY10-16.605562073-4.074074074NY10-13.84031511391.0555555553NY10-9.30220100098.6555555562NY99-5.134934549615.86111111OK00-4.938208414925.87777778OK00-4.938208414925.87777778NY99-6.236905234521.2361111125OK00-4.753946611222.7222222233NY10-11.275025400810.977777776OK00-8.33055644348.319444445OK00-10.55816224464.074074074
OK17-10.2045407085.0138888888NY99-13.4610336291-3.2962962963NY99-12.53831571631.5NY99-5.678314994810.4444444448OK00-6.180161928620.2962962983OK17-3.965773490825.3975546067OK17-3.965773490825.3975546067OK00-4.281240573427.266666666OK17-6.591686498522.2499999983NY99-7.303128791211.655555554OK17-3.55891213069.1944444438OK17-12.821218226.6111111108
OK29-15.8858456754-0.2962962963OK00-10.25579325176.814814815OK00-5.556820372910.8444444452OK00-6.355850069615.166666666OK17-4.83899084420.6111111117OK29-5.613483564323.01851852OK29-5.613483564323.01851852OK17-3.384832923926.5966255OK29-5.813197926420.088888888OK00-6.421754158517.0185185167OK29-9.4047892746.0416666668OK29-13.11896458282
OR02-8.58468384467.0416666665OK17-7.75158042178.0185185187OK17-4.682534763312.055555556OK17-5.232955683116.155555556OK29-6.553639074117.744444442OR02-7.342573017613.711111112OR02-7.342573017613.711111112OK29-4.546818000224.4999999983OR02-5.631507699714.5925925933OK17-5.03800595916.8425925933OR02-7.49567754038.7870370372OR02-7.74360420336.888888889
OR10-10.80428730064.722222222OK29-12.32543206033OK29-7.15242019498.013888889OK29-7.814735841612.566666666OR02-7.981821297511.8333333333OR10-8.57528289416.2OR10-8.57528289416.2OR02-6.44568215115.2OR10-7.46441362817.555555554OK29-7.057011616813.4714007225OR10-10.04041727177.1203703702OR10-8.91753117033.8888888888
OR18-18.22024984951.1666666665OR02-9.94927935948.763888888OR02-9.10042356069.0416666675OR02-5.90856113310.2222222225OR10-10.0579934813.51851852OR18-11.820707130417.755555556OR18-11.820707130417.755555556OR10-9.334428237218.62962963OR18-20.046067889916.72222222OR02-7.08561692811.911111112OR18-15.04668080355.1296296297OR18-16.54120537210.824074074
PA15-10.20154156980.0000000003OR10-11.8717529567.0555555558OR10-11.2699727878.9166666663OR10-8.142343998910.5694444445OR18-13.601208317614.2129629617PA15-6.305613226118.98611111PA15-6.305613226118.98611111OR18-13.277135483221.069444445PA15-6.680679368716.4814814833OR10-8.306718144312.233333334PA15-14.66424103554.1666666665PA15-16.4273837022-4.4722222225
SC06-5.598091879410.6666666633OR18-16.44806162592.6296296297OR18-14.00260742516.9111111112OR18-13.222102926211.0567155072PA15-4.359943408914.555555555SC06-3.243993233726.511111112SC06-3.243993233726.511111112PA15-6.276622877220.0185185167SC06-4.470409150323.5000000033OR18-13.445322910711.3333333333SC06-8.394789226914.1851851833SC06-4.98459432158.7083333328
TN00PA15-15.4434419834-3.6111111115PA15-14.83077834950.666666667PA15-16.51948693818.6666666667SC06-3.485070171221.583333335SD08-8.438923352818.588888886SD08-8.438923352818.588888886SC06-2.802603412426.16666667SD08-10.860032317416.822222222PA15-7.739542111710.149487857SD08-15.62380760630.5777777778SD08-17.9947672577-4.0925925923
TX03-4.981226608911.7361111125SC06-5.90839646259.333333335SC06-3.274955555613.97222222SC06-5.876883411517.9722222225SD08-7.69066714614.00925926SD99-10.579814891319.677777776SD99-10.579814891319.677777776SD08-5.326200068722.21111111SD99-8.689998821715.844444444SC06-4.152479830117.8611111075SD99-13.7188031134-0.6666666666SD99-15.5756790688-6.388888889
TX10-3.12246146311.73884449SD08-18.7016571146-0.25SD08-15.09124275663.347222222SD08-16.82366140227.5555555557SD99-6.854055358714.8333333333TN00-4.038268929423.125TN00-4.038268929423.125SD99-5.738807344621.4907407417TN00-6.588346836520.3518518533SD08-15.49605622928.2777777777TN00-6.52144124388.8530892057TN00-5.84526930092.8333333337
TX56-6.90775645846.9444444443SD99-16.0294129122-2.7777777775SD99-10.96181770391.9027777778SD99-8.73460917777.814814815TN00-4.442405028117.01851852TX03-4.743608764227.6388888883TX03-4.743608764227.6388888883TN00-5.17864704623.9166666675TX03-3.081235726.0092592583SD99-9.52877011968.8222222222TX03-2.977335097916.588888888TX03-3.495251644312.6388888908
UT01-19.850998327-6.055555556TN00-4.47018892314.277777778TN00-7.42171520258.9444444465TN00-6.808328261114.027777775TX03-2.45402905224.4629629633TX10-3.643784732726.9444444433TX10-3.643784732726.9444444433TX03-1.869881621728.4166666667TX10-3.23401077925TN00-6.638744716214.0555555533TX10-3.39412240315.733333334TX10-4.075693711511.66666667
UT99-17.3695620585-6.037037037TX03-5.544697455714.7777777775TX03-4.309144997317.566666666TX03-3.532548171820.58888889TX10-2.662101887123.955555554TX56-5.047516372623.333333335TX56-5.047516372623.333333335TX10-1.299658395728.333333336TX56-4.984620457421.98148148TX03-4.260093684822.185185185TX56-6.328759988212.0555555555TX56-4.08579631095.817383548
VT99-13.6968488164-8.3518518512TX10-6.212708961513.583333335TX10-2.673268987116.8518518533TX10-2.881511827320.23611111TX56-3.899897869920.8749999975UT01-13.7610946116.27777778UT01-13.7610946116.27777778TX56-2.974918299325.8333333333UT01-8.733814.86111111TX10-4.215076785121.255555554UT01-15.89242055220.6944444445UT01-18.4636192131-5.5925925927
WA14-14.77707237352.3333333333TX56-8.748103465110.3333333315TX56-3.293069142713.194444445TX56-3.734140530316.74074074UT01-12.07597255911.652777776UT99-11.166155860213.8UT99-11.166155860213.8UT01-8.497898150320.680555555UT99-8.729727355812.355555554TX56-5.683007053718.194444445UT99-14.1761881205-1.6296296297UT99-18.3824193006-6.986111111
WA24-15.1354085407-0.9861111108UT01-17.2328651251-4.888888889UT01-15.37924227174.8055555555UT01-15.60096049178.3148148147UT99-11.27050537399.0972222222VT99-8.396787393515.4506172834VT99-8.396787393515.4506172834UT99-6.379882081116.0740740733VT99-9.489032252312.1611111122UT01-13.23120518897.7037037037VT99-11.5707935434-0.2166666667VT99-12.6067685881-6.3222222219
WI36-20.1144324771-10.6944444462UT99-14.2322917319-4.4814814817UT99-14.1909933240.0333333334UT99-9.15086095564.875VT99-9.316673468110.8535353527WA14-8.102027421713.8090909091WA14-8.102027421713.8090909091VT99-8.60776013617.3686868682WA14-6.66349617214.6444444444UT99-12.95982931326.1666666665WA14-11.97333777675.02WA14-11.0653880232.5363636364
WI99-13.8513604599-3.9722222222VT99-15.0537423081-7.8444444445VT99-14.2488735843-3.15VT99-12.25033203664.1277777778WA14-9.099442954811.6727272727WA24-10.090076444415.933333334WA24-10.090076444415.933333334WA14-6.767887694816.8714285714WA24-8.600976562516.77777778VT99-10.20484625646.5353535353WA24-13.83181536872.472222222WA24-13.4031824374-0.8425925927
WY06-22.6851375-13.11111111WA14-10.98697087023.7111111111WA14-11.62259500235.86WA14-11.29971291968.74WA24-13.824710795912.833333334WI36-7.106218463415.777777778WI36-7.106218463415.777777778WA24-10.634140244819.544444446WI36-8.094454955911.7592592583WA14-7.94043921189.0818181818WI36-13.470542689-3.0277777778WI36-21.2498708537-11.2766011138
WY08-13.6765398682-12WA24-16.20159069041.986111111WA24-14.15935427955.125WA24-11.74395209719.011111111WI36-6.916107000811.5740740738WI99-5.03585123620.6574074083WI99-5.03585123620.6574074083WI36-7.478976534116.9907407433WI99-7.248907278717.055555555WA24-11.89807736939.398148149WI99-9.39996828733.175925926WI99-13.0382227607-2.1388888888
WI36-24.7223682198-8.63888889WI36-16.0343032966-3.4027777778WI36-12.75821637883.9027777778WI99-6.354483239115.3425925917WY06-14.152852156911.6388888875WY06-14.152852156911.6388888875WI99-5.273854510121.5277777767WY06-9.58044971779.5555555562WI36-11.96639484645.388888889WY06-20.2189875084-5.12962963WY06-25.8232179814-10.6388888885
1628900WI99-14.8904960604-2.4444444443WI99-9.30576944942.597222222WI99-8.66241343988.7500000002WY06-15.06596940958.092592593WY08-10.42084087938.8333333332WY08-10.42084087938.8333333332WY06-8.03905657714.0138888875WY08-11.65225871737.9166666665WI99-8.933474648210.8703703717WY08-20.8780236924-7.1944444445WY08-24.2818996461-10.092592593
1729000WY06-21.7646548358-13.55555556WY06-16.116390547-2.3148148147WY06-16.5716541592.3888888887WY08-13.18040065663.997244268WY08-7.695832170812.69444444WY06-16.21865551653.1888888888
1829100WY08-24.159-13.66666667WY08-17.0676666667-5.833333333WY08-14.3320329167-0.574074074WY08-16.61694261361.638888889
1929200
2029317.5350.0230723684R20.620.590.460.340.280.360.260.180.230.440.660.64
2129419.2280.0253Slope0.580.570.490.430.400.390.350.230.280.620.650.65
2229520.9210.0275276316% of RM0.800.840.780.730.730.750.690.450.501.010.930.89
2329622.6140.029755263295% confidence0RM slope0.720.680.630.580.550.520.510.520.560.610.700.73
2429724.3070.0319828947JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember
25298260.0342105263
2629928.80.0378947368JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember
2730031.60.0415789474R20.620.590.460.340.280.360.260.180.230.440.660.64
RM slope0.720.680.630.580.550.520.510.520.560.610.700.73
Empirical Slope0.580.570.490.430.400.390.350.230.280.440.620.65
RM-Emperical0.140.110.140.150.150.130.160.290.280.170.080.08
2930237.20.0489473684% of RM0.800.840.780.730.730.750.690.450.500.730.880.89
30303400.0526315789
3130444.40.0584210526
3230548.80.0642105263
3330653.20.07
3430757.60.0757894737
35308620.0815789474
SpringSummerFall
0.000.000.00
0.000.000.00
0.000.000.00
0.000.000.00
SpringSummerFall
0.000.000.00
0.000.000.00
0.000.000.00
0.000.000.00
SpringSummerFall
0.000.000.00
0.000.000.00
0.000.000.00
0.000.000.00
SpringSummerFall
0.000.000.00
0.000.000.00
0.000.000.00
0.000.000.00
East Coast
SummerAutumnWinterSpring
dDTdDTdDdDT
-17.54718000426.5337690624-27.861963088915.1563307494-19.5390068569-15.008254303723.0156695159
-22.251669348324.2761437921-36.946050083111.8759259258-34.9693691866-25.28796923320.2333333332
-17.500963465626.4282407421-22.875278814814.0230352292-72.8925553729-31.906958652413.247172876
-38.827861537619.2489839537-45.78595016167.5205761318-52.0972889289-28.294781635718.8480096673
-27.182146329824.1412037046-37.99431894459.3904284791-100.0853288623-59.988925193814.3925925927
-25.099122808624.568055557-31.295763823411.5660433829-105.466128257-55.288452244514.3189926748
-24.987451597525.2478632488-27.312715312312.3333333331-70.3776915263-40.289997025716.1683501672
-44.044110938619.836478997-87.05203059565.6851851846-103.6028819651-51.72377790915.9537037034
-45.409030727719.6466666672-54.54898458966.3194444442-30.6970177806-23.626468784823.4338624343
-34.273737934221.0517241383-69.05718840085.5645390179-43.8033207756-75.475655612410.866830065
-44.679265754519.5999999996-29.021294228513.0999999979-102.1500579462-21.796067504922.6210826208
-16.81129806225.9917695496-78.85444952341.0515297908-28.0595645634-28.922252866520.3285714294
-58.864692051916.2096296296
R20.95748216150.820963034400.749917236
Equation-1.5707x - 42.4147.0804x - 124.624.5521x - 116.383.494x - 122.1
Slope3.84641872144.648201116803.8071197016
% re-evaporated0.0700379483-0.012902893500.1188841961
4.13610288134.58898986945.2486690274.3207937987
Sheet1
1.0033
1.0045
1.0058
1.0074
1.0091
1.0111
1.0123
1.0135
Temperature (C)
Fractonation Coefficients
Sheet2
000
-19.8708334408-22.1533149547-20.941148842
-41.6233299145-42.7931136466-44.153558247
-62.0415432191-65.6780067033-69.8275638218
-84.6827404214-90.9881629953-98.1933508675
-109.7175229337-118.9401677654-133.2977079455
-137.3497850114-153.3700406308
-171.227436277
30 (c)
25(c)
20(c)
Temperature (c)
dD
Rayleigh Model
Sheet3
0001000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
000000
000000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
20
30
Annual
Desert Southwest RM
0001000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
000000
000000
00000
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
20
30
Annual
Northeast RM
000
000
000
000
000
000
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
35
January
February
000
000
000
000
000
000
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
35
January
October
000
000
000
000
000
000
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
35
January
December
000
000
000
000
000
000
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
35
January
November
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Perecent of RM slope
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
0
20
35
February
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Months
d18O/C
Rayleigh Model - Emperical Slopes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Temperature (C)
Vapor Pressure (kPa)
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18O fractionationAntarctica and Greenland all melting reduces 18OW from 0 -1
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IAEA/WMO/GNIP Stations (183 stations in 53 countries)
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Long term mean seasonal cycle
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Cooling trend inferred from benthic foraminifera 18Oi) 18OT =T/4.2oCCooler (temperature dependence) increases ii) 18OW More continental ice increases 18OW (fractionation)Abyssal Time Machine (continuous!) 18Oshell= 18OW + 18OT Paleothermometer18OT =1.5, 18OW =018Oc =1.5
18OT =1.7518OW =1.018Oc =2.75
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An independent paleothermometer: Ma/Ca
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Two independent paleothermometers=> ice sheet
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Cooling trend inferred from benthic foraminifera d18O1) Cooler (temperature dependence)2) More continental ice (fractionation)Consistent evidenceDeep ocean/high latitude cools by 15oC over 55 myrAbyssal Time Machine (continuous!)
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Why does the climate cools?
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Ocean Gateway Hypotheses Hypothesis:Opening of Drakes Passage (20myr) cools the AntarcticHypothesis: Closing of Panama isthmus (10-4 myr) redirects warm/salty water northward, preventing sea ice formation, more evaporation to help glaciation
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Hypothesis: Closing of Panama isthmus (10-4 myr) redirects warm/salty water northward, preventing sea ice formation, more evaporation to help glaciation Problem: earlier by 2 myr for glacial cycleModeling: opposite due to heat transport
Opening of Panama Isthmus
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Hypothesis:Opening of Drakes Passage (20myr) cools the AntarcticProblem: timing 10 myr before intense glaciation, 10 myr after first glaciationModeling: not too much effect,Combined A+O heat transport not much changeDrake Passage Lesson: needs to be more quantitative and comprehensive!
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Ocean Gateway Hypotheses Hypothesis:Opening of Drakes Passage (20myr) cools the AntarcticProblem: timing 10 myr before intense glaciation, 10 myr after first glaciationModeling: not too much effectHypothesis: Closing of Panama isthmus (10-4 myr) redirects warm/salty water northward, preventing sea ice formation, more evaporation to help glaciation Problem: earlier by 2 myr for glacial cycleModeling: opposite due to heat transport
Contradictory to each other! Too much handwavering
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Why does the climate cools?The Role of CO2Reduced CO2: Slower input (BLAG)Faster removal (uplifting weathering)
Increased coastal upwelling buried enough organic carbon
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Testing spreading (BLAG) hypothesisOKNo??
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Testing uplifting weathering hypothesis
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Tibetan Plateauthe unusually large uplifting in the last 20 myrNo major high topography like this in the last 150 myr
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Tibetan Plateaususpended particles, evidence of unusual physical weathering from Tibet
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Himalayan sediments in the Indian Ocean:Evidence of strong physical weatheringSteep terrain along the southern HimalayaUplift intensified monsoon (why?)
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Negative feedback on uplifting due to chemical weatheringPositive feedback on uplifting due to ice rock fragmentationFeedbacks on uplifting weathering
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References for ReadingTibet Uplift: Climate ImpactAn, Z., Kutzbach, J. Prell, W. & Porter, S., 2001: Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature, 411, 62-66
Boos and Kuang, 2010: Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by oragrphic insolation versus plateau heating. Science, 463, 218-222Asian monsoonPotential Impact on global thermohaline
Emile-Geay J., et al., 2003: Warren revisited: Atmospheric freshwater fluxes and Why is no deep water formed in the North Pacific, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.108(C6), 3178, doi:10.1029/2001JC001058
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Early Pliocene Climate: An Analogue for Future Global Warming Climate?(move to later orbital)Fedorov A. et al., 2006: The Pliocene Paradox (Mechanisms for a permanent El Nino). Science, 312, 1485-1489
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Strong gradientWeak gradientWest
EastSSTTropical Pacific SST changes (Wara et al. 2005)SST18O
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End of Chapter 6
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Volcanic aerosol cooling
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**NOTE: both east and west Tropical Pacific cooled after 3 Ma, but gradient didnt really increase.