Lead Compensators Design Using Frequency...

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5/4/2012 1 Lead Compensators Design Using Frequency Response Techniques Ahmed AbuHajar, Ph.D. Frequency Response of Feedback System Transfer Function of Feedback System: Let ω 180 be the frequency at which the phase of L(jω) is 180 0 Frequency Response of Feedback System bili id i Important Notes: 1Positive Feedback, system is not stable (oscillate at ω 180 ) 2Infinite (or very high gain @ ω 180 Stability Considerations Let assume that there is a frequency ω x such that 3Stable and Tolerable Gain at ω 180

Transcript of Lead Compensators Design Using Frequency...

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Lead Compensators Design Using Frequency Response Techniques

Ahmed Abu‐Hajar, Ph.D. 

Frequency Response of Feedback System

Transfer Function of Feedback System:  Let ω180 be the frequency at which the phase of L(jω) is 1800

Frequency Response of Feedback System

bili id i

Important Notes: 

1‐ Positive Feedback, system is not stable (oscillate at ω180)

2‐ Infinite (or very high gain @ ω180

Stability Considerations

Let assume that there is a frequency ωx such that 3‐ Stable and Tolerable Gain at  ω180

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Phase Margin & Gain MarginPhase Margin (PM)

Let ω0 be the frequency at which the Open Loop Gain is 0dB (unity gain).

PM must be positive 

PM > 30o 60oPM > 30o‐ 60o.

Gain Margin (GM)

@ω180, |L(jω180)| << 1 (0dB). 

GM must be positive 

GM > 6dB

0dB

ω0

GM

ω180

GM > 6dB.

-180o

ω0

PM

ω180

Lead Compensator Design using Frequency response 

The Transfer Function: 

Km

z p

z p

ϕm

ωmThe Maximum Phase ϕm

ωm: The frequency @ which the phase is ϕm

The gain is increased because of Kc and because of the zeros which gives+20dB/Dec

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Designing Lead Compensators

Design Objective 1‐ Increase the phase at the frequency 0dB crossing, hence increases PM2‐ Improves the velocity error constant Kv by selecting the proper Kc.

Steps: 1‐ Find the Loop Gain L(s) = G(s)H(s).

2‐ Determine K= αKc that would give the desired Kv.

3‐ Draw Bode Plot of L1(s) = KG(s)H(s). ‐Must compensate for K changes the PM requirement. ‐ Evaluate the PM. 

5‐ Determine α from the required PM.  ‐The new zero crossing occurs at frequency is where ωm is located. It i h th i f L ( ) i i

4‐ Add 5o‐12o because of the increase in the gain due to the zero

6‐ Determine the location of the zero and the pole as: 

7‐ Choose the value of Kc from K = αKC.8‐ Check the GM and PM requirements. If not met, reiterate the process.(Usually, you need to go to step 4 and add more phase).

‐It is where the gain of L1(s) is given as: 

Lead Compensator Example

Design a lead compensator using Bode Plot Method such that

G(s)C(s)R(s)

1‐ The velocity error constant Kv = 20 sec‐1

2‐ Phase Margin PM = 50o

3‐ Gain Margin GM > 10.

C(s)R(s)

G(s)Gc(s)

Solution

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Lead Compensator ExampleDraw Bode Plot of L1(s)

Using approximated bode plot PM is found to be 17o.

Using Matlab, exact PM was found to be 17.9o.

We need to evaluate ϕm of the compensator to get 50o + (5o ‐12o) 

The maximum phase of the compensator

Lead Compensator ExampleSolve for α

The gain (Km) caused by the early zero 

The new zero crossing (ωm) is where the L1(jω) = ‐ 6.2 dB

From the Graph, that is located at ωm = 9 rad/sec

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Lead Compensator Example

The zero and the pole and KC of the compensators are found as follows

The compensator is given as

Lead Compensator Example

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Lead Compensator Example

Lead Compensator Example

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Lag Compensators Design Using Frequency Response Techniques

Ahmed Abu‐Hajar, Ph.D. 

Lag Compensator

The Transfer Function

p z

Km

p zThe Objective:

To provide attenuation (reduction in magnitude) after z.

By reducing the magnitude before the 0dB crossing (ω0) , the phase margin improves.

The attenuation is determined by the ratio β

The location of z and p must be before ω0.

Design Objectives: 

Improving the steady state error while improving the PM. 

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Lag Compensator Example

G(s)C(s)R(s)

Design a Lag Compensator using Frequency Response method such that:Design a Lag Compensator using Frequency Response method such that:  

1‐ The velocity error constant Kv = 5 sec‐1

2‐ Phase Margin PM = 40o C(s)R(s)

G(s)Gc(s)

Solution

The velocity error constant is give as: 

Lag Compensator Example

K changes the 0dB crossing frequency ω0.

Investigate the effect of K on  ω0.

Draw Bode Plot of L1(s)

Uncompensated the PM is 30o

Due to K =5, the PM is ‐12o

Not stable system.

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Lag Compensator Example

Now, we need to locate the frequency at which we get a phase margin

From the graph, @ ω = 0.7, PM =  40o. 

Add 12o correction factor, (acquired by trial and error)

@ ω0 = 0.5= PM = 52. 

Choose  the 0dB crossing @ω0 = 0.5

Choose z = 0.01  before ω0 p = 0.01

The compensated PM = 40.7o

Lag Compensator Example

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Lag Compensator Example

Lag Compensator Example