Lattice Design II: InsertionsBernhard Holzer, DESY

21K k ρ= − +

0

0

( )*

''( )

xx sM

xx s

⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

0

1cos( ) sin(

sin( ) cos( )

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟

= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟−⎝ ⎠

foc

K s K sKM

K K s K s

'' ( )* 0x K s x+ =

1.) Reminder:1.) Reminder:

equation of motion

single particle trajectory

e.g. matrix for a quadrupole lens:

●

z

x

ρ

s

θ

z

●

DORIS DORIS storagestorage ringring

momentum error:

0pp

∆ ≠2

1 1( )

px x k

p ρρ∆′′ + − = ⋅

2.) Dispersion2.) Dispersion

general solution:

( ) ( ) ( )h ix s x s x s= +

( )( ) i

pp

x sD s ∆=

( ) ( ) ( )p

x s x s D spβ

∆= + ⋅

0

' ' ' ' * '

0 0 1

S

x C S D x

x C S D x

p p

p p

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟∆ ∆⎝ ⎠⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Dispersion:

the dispersion function D(s) is (...obviously) defined by the focusing properties of thelattice and is given by:

∫∫ −= s~d)s~(S)s~(

*)s(Cs~d)s~(C)s~(

*)s(S)s(Dρρ

11

! weak dipoles � large bending radius � small dispersion

Example: Drift

1

0 1DM⎛ ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

�

∫∫ −= s~d)s~(S)s~(

*)s(Cs~d)s~(C)s~(

*)s(S)s(D������

ρρ11

= 0 = 0

1 0

0 1 0

0 0 1DM

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟→ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

�

...in similar way for quadrupole matrices,!!! in a quite different way for dipole matrix (see appendix)

Dispersion in a Dispersion in a FoDoFoDo CellCell::

QF

in analogy to the derivations of ˆ,β β∨

* thin lens approximation:1

QQ

fk

= >> ��

10,

2Q D L≈ → =� �

1 1

2 ff=

�

* length of quad negligible

* start at half quadrupole

1.) calculate the matrix of the FoDo half cell in thin lens approximation:

llDD

!! we have now introduced dipole magnets in the FoDo:� we still neglect the weak focusing contribution 1/ρ2

� but take into account 1/ρ for the dispersion effectassume: length of the dipole = lD

L

QD

2 2

* *HalfCell QD B QFM M M M=

matrix of the half cell

1 0 1 01

* *1 11 10 1Half CellM

f f

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟= −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

�

� �

2

1

' '1

Half Cell

C S fM

C S

f f

⎛ ⎞−⎜ ⎟⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟= =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟−⎝ ⎠ +⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

��

�

� �

� �

∫∫ −= s~d)s~(S)s~(

*)s(Cs~d)s~(C)s~(

*)s(S)s(Dρρ

11

calculate the dispersion terms D, D´ from the matrix elements

0 0

1 1( ) * * 1 1 * *

sD ds s ds

f fρ ρ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= − − −⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠∫ ∫� �

�� �

� �

2 2 2 3 2 31( ) 1 * *

2 22 2 2D

f f f fρ ρ ρ ρρ ρ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= − − − = − − +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

� � � � � � � �� �

� � � �

2

( )2

Dρ

= ��

in full analogy on derives for D´:

'( ) 12

D sfρ

⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

� �

�

2

2

12

' ' ' 1 (1 )2

0 0 10 0 1

halfCell

fC S D

M C S Df f f

ρ

ρ

⎛ ⎞−⎜ ⎟

⎜ ⎟⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟= = + +⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟

⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟

⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

� ��

�

� � � �

� � �

and we get the complete matrix includingthe dispersion terms D, D´

boundary conditions for the transfer fromthe center of the foc. to the center of thedefoc. quadrupole

1/ 2

ˆ

0 * 0

1 1

D D

M

∨ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Dispersion in a Dispersion in a FoDoFoDo CellCell 2

ˆ (1 )2

D Df ρ

∨

→ = − +� �

�

2ˆ0 * (1 )

2D

f fρ→ = − + +� � �

� �

2

221

1

2

2

µ

µ

ρ sin

)sin(*D

+= �

2

221

1

2

2

µ

µ

ρ sin

)sin(*D

−=

∨�

where µ denotes the phase advance of the full celland l/f = sin(µ/2)

0 30 60 90 120 150 1800

2

4

6

8

1010

0.5

D max µ( )

D min µ( )

1801 µ

∨

D

D

Nota bene:

! small dispersion needs strong focusing→ large phase advance

!! ↔ there is an optimum phase for small β

!!! ...do you remember the stability criterion?½ trace = cos µ ↔ µ < 180°

!!!! … life is not easy

3.) 3.) LatticeLattice Design: Design: InsertionsInsertions

... the most complicated one: the drift space

Question to the auditorium: what will happen to the beam parameters α, β, γ if westop focusing for a while …?

2 2

2 2

0

2

' ' ' ' *

' 2 ' ' 'S

C SC S

CC SC S C SS

C S C S

β βα αγ γ

⎛ ⎞−⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟= − + −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟−⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

transfer matrix for a drift:1

' ' 0 1

C S sM

C S

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

„0“ refers to the position of the last lattice element

„s“ refers to the position in the drift

20 0 0

0 0

0 0

( ) 2

( )

( )

s s s

s s

s s

β β α γα α γα α γ

= − += −= −

locationlocation of of thethe waistwaist::

given the initial conditions α0, β0, γ0 : where is the point of smallest beam dimension in the drift … or at which location occurs the beam waist ?

beam waist:0 0( ) 0 *s sα α γ= → =

0

0

αγ

=�

20( ) 1 ( ) 1

( )( ) 0 ( ) ( )

lγ γ αγα β β

= ⎫ +→ = =⎬= ⎭

� �

� � �

beam size at that position:

0

1( )β γ=�

s

β beam waist: α = 0

l

ββ--Function in a Drift:Function in a Drift:

let‘s assume we are at a symmetry point in the center of a drift.

20 0 0( ) 2s s sβ β α γ= − +

as2

00 0

0 0

1 10,

αα γβ β

+= → = =

and we get for the β function in the neighborhood of the symmetry point

Nota bene: 1.) this is very bad !!!2.) this is a direct consequence of the

conservation of phase space density(... in our words: ε = const) … and there is no way out.

3.) Thank you, Mr. Liouville !!!

! ! !! ! !

Joseph Liouville,1809-1882

2

00

( )s

sβ ββ

= +

Optimisation of the beam dimension:

2

00

( )β ββ

= + ��

Find the β at the center of the drift that leads to the lowest maximum β at the end:

If we cannot fight against Liouvuille theorem ... at least we can optimise

2

20 0

ˆ1 0

d

d

ββ β

= − =� !0β→ = �

0ˆ 2β β→ =

If we choose β0 = ℓ we get the smallest β at the end of the drift and the maximum β is just twice the distance ℓ

**

l l

β0

ββ--Function in a Drift:Function in a Drift:

... ... clearlyclearly therethere isis anotheranother problemproblem !!!!!!

Example: Luminosity optics at HERA: β* = 18 cmfor smallest βmax we have to limit the overall length of the drift to L = 2*ℓL = 36 cm

But: ... unfortunately ... in generalhigh energy detectors that areinstalled in that drift spacesare a little bit bigger ...

ZEUS detector: inelasticscattering event of e+/p

react.R L*= Σ

production rate of (scattering) eventsis determined by thecross section Σreact

and a parameter L that is given by the design of the accelerator:… the luminosity

TheThe MiniMini--ββ Insertion:Insertion:

TheThe MiniMini--ββ Insertion:Insertion:

Event rate of a collider ring: *RR Lσ=

Luminosity: given by the total stored beam currents and the beam size at thecollision point (IP)

1 22 * *

0

*1*

4 b *x y

I IL

e fπ σ σ=

How to create a mini β insertion:

* symmetric drift space (length adequate for the experiment)* quadrupole doublet on each side (as close as possible)* additional quadrupole lenses to match twiss parameters to

the periodic cell in the arc

MiniMini--ββ Insertions: Insertions: BetafunctionsBetafunctions

A mini-β insertion is always a kind of special symmetric drift space.�greetings from Liouville

at a symmetry point β is just the ratio of beam dimension and beam divergence.

* 0α =

x´

xεβ

εα β−εγ

εα γ−

●

●

●

●

●

●

2*

*

1 1αγβ β

+= =

**

*

σβσ

=′

**

εσβ

′ =

size of β at the second quadrupole lens (in thin lens approx):… after some transformations and a couple of beer …

IPIP

**l1 l2

2 2

*2 1 21 2*

1 1

1( ) 1 *

l l ls l l

f fβ β

β⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= + + + +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

**

**

Now in a mini β insertion:

MiniMini--ββ Insertions: Insertions: Phase Phase advanceadvance

By definition the phase advance is given by:1

( )( )

s dssβ

Φ = ∫

2

0 20

( ) (1 )s

sβ ββ

= +

4 3.2 2.4 1.6 0.8 0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 490705030101030507090

90

90−

f L( )

44− L

Consider the drift spaces on bothsides of the IP: the phase advanceof a mini β insertion is approximately π, in other words: the tune will increaseby half an integer.

Φ(s)

s

2 20 0 00

1 1( ) arctan

1 /

L Ls ds

sβ β β→ Φ = =

+∫

Are there any problems ??

sure there are...

* large β values at the doublet quadrupoles � large contribution to chromaticity ξ … and no local correction

* aperture of mini β quadrupoleslimit the luminosity

* field quality and magnet stability most critical at the high β sectionseffect of a quad error:

beam envelope at the firstmini β quadrupole lens in the HERA proton storage ring

� keep distance „s“ to the first mini β quadrupole as small as possible

{ }1( ) ( )

4K s s dsξ β

π= ∫

0

0

( ) ( )

4

s l

s

k s s dsQ

βπ

+ ∆∆ = ∫

oo

Mini-β Insertions: some guide lines

* calculate the periodic solution in the arc

* introduce the drift space needed for the insertion device (detector ...)

* put a quadrupole doublet (triplet ?) as close as possible

* introduce additional quadrupole lenses to match the beam parametersto the values at the beginning of the arc structure

parameters to be optimised & matched to the periodic solution:, ,

, ,x x x x

y y x y

D D

Q Q

α βα β

′

8 individuallypowered quadmagnets areneeded to matchthe insertion( ... at least)

Dispersion Suppressors

There are two comments of paramount importance about dispersion:

remember: oscillation amplitude for a particlewith momentum deviation

( ) ( ) ( )*p

x s x s D spβ

∆= +

* *118 , 32x ym mσ µ σ µ= =

4

( ) 1.50.75

5*10 D

D s m

x mmp

p−

⎫=⎪ → ≈∆ ⎬≈ ⎪⎭

! it is nasty!! it is not easy to get rid of it.

beam size at the IP

dispersion trajectory

xβ yβ

0=D

1 1

0 0

1 1( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

s s

s s

D s S s C s ds C s S s dsρ ρ

= −∫ ∫� � � �

2

2

1(1 sin )

2 2*sin

2

D

µ

µρ

∨ −= �

2

2

1(1 sin )

2 2ˆ *sin

2

D

µ

µρ

+= �

Dispersion Suppressors

optical functions of a FoDo cell withoutdipoles: D=0

Remember: Dispersion in a FoDo cell including dipoles

I.) The straight forward one: use additional quadrupole lenses to match the optical parameters ... including the D(s), D´(s) terms

* Dispersion suppressed by 2 quadrupole lenses,

* β and α restored to the values of the periodic solution by 4 additional quadrupoles

→⎪⎭

⎪⎬

⎫

)s(),s(

)s(),s(

)s('D),s(D

yy

xx

αβαβ 6 additional quadrupole

lenses required

FoDo cell including the effect of the bending magnets

Dispersion Suppressor Schemes

periodic FoDostructure

matching sectionincluding 6 additionalquadrupoles

dispersion freesection, regularFoDo without dipoles

Advantage:

! easy, ! flexible: it works for any phase

advance per cell! does not change the geometry

of the storage ring, ! can be used to match between different lattice

structures (i.e. phase advances)

Dispersion Suppressors

Disadvantage:

! additional power supplies needed(→ expensive)

! requires stronger quadrupoles! due to higher β values: more aperture

required

II.)The Half Bend Dispersion Suppressor

1 1

0 0

1 1( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

s s

s s

D s S s C s ds C s S s dsρ ρ

= −∫ ∫� � � �

2sup

sup

2 sin ( ) 12

2sin( ) 0

Cr arc

r arc

C

n

n

δ δδ δ

Φ ⎫= ⎪ =⎬⎪Φ = ⎭

* , 1,3, ...Cn k kπ→ Φ = =

strength of suppressor dipoles is half as strongas that of arc dipoles, δ = ldipole /ρ

in the n suppressor cells the phase advancehas to accumulate to a odd multiple of π

Example: phase advance in the arc ΦC = 60°number of suppr. cells n = 3 δsuppr = 1/2 δarc

Create dispersion in such a way, that it fits exactly the conditions at the centre of the first regular quadrupoles: ˆ( ) , ( ) 0D s D D s′= =

at the end of the arc: add m cells without dipoles followed by n regular arc cells.condition for dispersion suppression:

2(2 1)

2 2C

m nk

π+ Φ = +

1sin , 0,2 ...

2 21

sin , 1,3 ...2 2

C

C

nk or

nk

Φ = =

Φ −= =

Example:

phase advance in the arc ΦC = 60°number of suppr. cells m = 1 number of regular cells n = 1

II.)The Missing Bend Dispersion Suppressor

ResumeResume‘‘

1.) Dispersion in a FoDo cell: small dispersion ↔ large bending radius

short cellsstrong focusing

2

2

1(1 sin )

2 2ˆ *sin

2

D

µ

µρ

+= �

2.) Chromaticity of a cell: small ξ ↔ weak focusing

small β{ }1

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )4total K s s m s D s s dsξ β βπ

= +∫

3.) Position of a waist at the cell end: α0 β0 = values at the end of the cell

0

0

,αγ

=�0

1( )β γ=�

5.) Mini β insertionsmall β↔ short drift space requiredphase advance ≈ 180 °

2

00

( )β ββ

= + ��

4.) β function in a drift 20 0 0( ) 2s s sβ β α γ= − +

oo

Dispersion Dispersion SuppressorsSuppressors... the calculation in full detail (for purists only)

1.) the lattice is split into 3 parts: (Gallia divisa est in partes tres)

* periodic solution of the arc periodic β, periodic dispersion D* section of the dispersion suppressor periodic β, dispersion vanishes* FoDo cells without dispersion periodic β, D = D´ = 0

2.) calculate the dispersion D in the periodic part of the lattice

transfer matrix of a periodic cell:

0 00

0

0 0

00

(cos sin ) sin

( ) cos (1 ) sin(cos sin )

SS

S

S S SS

S

M

β φ α φ β β φβ

α α φ α α φ β φ α φββ β

→

⎛ ⎞+⎜ ⎟

⎜ ⎟= ⎜ ⎟− − +⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

for the transformation from one symmetriy point to the next (i.e. one cell) we have: ΦC = phase advance of the cell, α = 0 at a symmetry point. The index “c” refers to the periodic solution of one cell.

cos sin ( )

1' ' ' sin cos '( )

0 0 10 0 1

C C C

Cell C CC

D lC S D

M C S D D l

β

β

⎛ ⎞Φ Φ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟

−⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟= = Φ Φ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

0 0

1 1( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) * ( )

( ) ( )

l l

D l S l C s ds C l S s dss sρ ρ

= −∫ ∫� � � �

� �

The matrix elements D and D‘ are given by the C and S elements in the usual way:

0 0

1 1'( ) '( ) * ( ) '( ) * ( )

( ) ( )

l l

D l S l C s ds C l S s dss sρ ρ

= −∫ ∫� � � �

� �

here the values C(l) and S(l) refer to the symmetry point of the cell (middle of the quadrupole) and theintegral is to be taken over the dipole magnet where ρ ≠ 0. For ρ = const the integral over C(s) and S(s) is approximated by the values in the middle of the dipole magnet.

φm

ΦC /2

-φm

dipole magnet dipole magnet

Transformation of C(s) from the symmetry point to the center of the dipole:

cos cos( )2

m m Cm m

C C

Cβ β ϕβ β

Φ= ∆Φ = ± sin( )2

Cm m C mS β β ϕΦ= ±

where βC is the periodic β function at the beginning and end of the cell, βm its value at the middle of the dipole and φm the phase advance from the quadrupole lens to the dipole center.

Now we can solve the intergal for D and D’:

0 0

1 1( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) * ( )

( ) ( )

l l

D l S l C s ds C l S s dss sρ ρ

= −∫ ∫� � � �

� �

( ) sin * * * cos( ) cos * * sin( )2 2

m C CC C m C m C m

C

L LD l

ββ ϕ β β ϕρ β ρ

Φ Φ= Φ ± − Φ ±

( ) sin cos( ) cos( )2 2

C Cm C C m mD l δ β β ϕ ϕ⎧ Φ Φ⎡ ⎤= Φ + + − −⎨ ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦⎩

cos sin( ) sin( )2 2

C CC m mϕ ϕΦ Φ ⎫⎡ ⎤− Φ + + − ⎬⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎭

remember the relations cos cos 2cos *cos2 2

x y x yx y

+ −+ =

sin sin 2sin *cos2 2

x y x yx y

+ −+ =

( ) sin * 2 cos * cos cos * 2 sin * cos2 2

C Cm C C m C mD l δ β β ϕ ϕ⎧ Φ Φ ⎫= Φ − Φ⎨ ⎬

⎭⎩

( ) 2 * cos sin * cos * cos * sin2 2

C Cm C m C CD l δ β β ϕ ⎧ Φ Φ ⎫= Φ − Φ⎨ ⎬

⎭⎩

remember: sin 2 2sin *cosx x x=2 2cos 2 cos sinx x x= −

2 2 2( ) 2 * cos 2 sin * cos (cos sin ) * sin2 2 2 2 2

C C C C Cm C mD l δ β β ϕ ⎧ Φ Φ Φ Φ Φ ⎫= − −⎨ ⎬

⎭⎩

I have put δ = L/ρ for the strength of the dipole

2 2 2( ) 2 * cos * sin 2 cos cos sin2 2 2 2

C C C Cm C mD l δ β β ϕ Φ ⎧ Φ Φ Φ ⎫= − +⎨ ⎬

⎭⎩

( ) 2 * cos * sin2

Cm C mD l δ β β ϕ Φ=

in full analogy one derives the expression for D‘:

( ) 2 / * cos * cos2

Cm C mD l δ β β ϕ Φ=

As we refer the expression for D and D‘ to a periodic struture, namly a FoDo cell we requireperiodicity conditons:

*

1 1

C C

C C C

D D

D M D

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟′ ′=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

and by symmetry: ' 0CD =

With these boundary conditions the Dispersion in the FoDo is determined:

*cos *cos *2sin2

CC C m C m CD Dδ β β ϕ ΦΦ + =

*cos / sin2

CC m C mD δ β β ϕ Φ=

This is the value of the periodic dispersion in the cell evaluated at the position of the dipole magnets.

3.) Calculate the dispersion in the suppressor part:

We will now move to the second part of the dispersion suppressor: The section where ... startingfrom D=D‘=0 the dispesion is generated ... or turning it around where the Dispersion of the arc isreduced to zero.The goal will be to generate the dispersion in this section in a way that the values of the periodic cellthat have been calculated above are obtained.

φm

ΦC /2

-φm

dipole magnet dipole magnet

0 0

1 1( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) * ( )

( ) ( )

l l

D l S l C s ds C l S s dss sρ ρ

= −∫ ∫� � � �

� �

The relation for D, generated in a cell still holds in the same way:

(A1)

sup1

1sin * * cos( ) *

2

nm

n C C r C C mi C

D n iββ δ ϕβ=

= Φ Φ − Φ ± −∑

as the dispersion is generated in a number of n cells the matrix for these n cells is

cos sin

1sin cos '

0 0 1

C C C n

nn C C C n

C

n n D

M M n n D

β

β

⎛ ⎞Φ Φ⎜ ⎟

−⎜ ⎟= = Φ Φ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

sup1

1cos * * *sin( )

2

n

C r m C C C mi

n iδ β β ϕ=

− Φ Φ − Φ ±∑

sup sup1 1

*sin * * cos((2 1) ) * *cos sin((2 1) )2 2

n nC C

n m C C r m m C r C mi i

D n i n iβ β δ ϕ β β δ ϕ= =

Φ Φ= Φ − ± − Φ − ±∑ ∑

remember: sin sin 2sin *cos2 2

x y x yx y

+ −+ = cos cos 2cos *cos2 2

x y x yx y

+ −+ =

sup1

* *sin * cos((2 1) ) * 2 cos2

nC

n r m C C mi

D n iδ β β ϕ=

Φ= Φ − −∑

sup1

* *cos sin((2 1) ) * 2 cos2

nC

r m C C mi

n iδ β β ϕ=

Φ− Φ −∑

sup1 1

2 * *cos cos((2 1) )*sin sin((2 1) )* cos2 2

n nC C

n r m C m C Ci i

D i n i nδ β β ϕ= =

⎧ Φ Φ ⎫= − Φ − − Φ⎨ ⎬⎭⎩

∑ ∑

sup

sin *cos sin *sin2 2 2 22 * *cos sin cos *sin sin

2 2

C C C C

n r m C m C CC C

n n n n

D n nδ β β ϕ

⎧ Φ Φ Φ Φ ⎫⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪= Φ − Φ⎨ ⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬⎬Φ Φ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭⎩ ⎭

sup 22 * * cossin *sin *cos cos *sin

2 2 2sin2

r m C m C C Cn C C

C

n n nD n n

δ β β ϕ ⎧ Φ Φ Φ ⎫= Φ − Φ⎨ ⎬Φ ⎭⎩

set for more convenience x = nΦC/2

}{sup 22 * *cossin 2 *sin *cos cos 2 *sin

sin2

r m C mn

C

D x x x x xδ β β ϕ

= −Φ

}{sup 2 2 22 * *cos2sin cos *cos sin (cos sin ) sin

sin2

r m C mn

C

D x x x x x x xδ β β ϕ

= − −Φ

sup 22 * *cos*sin

2sin2

r m C m Cn

C

nD

δ β β ϕ Φ= Φ

and in similar calculations:

sup2 * *cos' *sin

sin2

r m C mn C

C

D nδ β β ϕ

= ΦΦ

This expression gives the dispersion generated in a certain number of n cells as a function of the dipolekick δ in these cells.At the end of the dispersion generating section the value obtained for D(s) and D‘(s) has to be equalto the value of the periodic solution:

�equating (A1) and (A2) gives the conditions for the matching of the periodic dispersion in the arcto the values D = D‘= 0 afte the suppressor.

(A2)

sup 22 * *cos cos*sin *

2sin sin2 2

r m C m C mn arc m C

C C

nD

δ β β ϕ ϕδ β βΦ= =Φ Φ

2sup

sup

2 sin ( ) 12

2sin( ) 0

Cr arc

r arc

C

n

n

δ δδ δ

Φ ⎫→ = ⎪ =⎬⎪→ Φ = ⎭

and at the same time the phase advance in the arc cell has to obey the relation:

* , 1,3, ...Cn k kπΦ = =