[email protected] (for Central and North EU27) and sweet sorghum (for South EU27) as...

σζηήμαηα βηομάδας/ βηοενέργεηας

Koukios Emmanouel

NTUA Professor

School of Chemical Engineering

[email protected]

Το παρόν εκπαιδεσηικό σλικό σπόκειηαι ζε άδειες τρήζ ης Creative Commons. Για εκπαιδεσηικό σλικό, όπως εικόνες, ποσ σπόκειηαι ζε ά δεια τρήζ ης άλλοσ ηύποσ, ασηή πρέπει να αναθέρεηαι ρηηώς.

Άδεηα Υρήζες

ΤΣΖΜΑΣΑ

ΒΗΟΜΑΕΑ/ΒΗΟΔΝΔΡΓΔΗΑ

Α = ΔΠΗΛΟΓΖ ΒΗΟΛΟΓΗΚΩΝ ΠΟΡΩΝ

Β = ΔΠΗΛΟΓΖ ΣΔΥΝΟΛΟΓΗΑ ΜΔΣΑΣΡΟΠΖ

Γ = ΔΠΗΛΟΓΖ ΣΔΛΗΚΟΤ ΠΡΟΪΌΝΣΟ/ΤΠΖΡΔΗΑ

Γ = ΥΔΓΗΑΜΟ ΤΣΖΜΑΣΟ & ΥΩΡΟΘΔΗΑ (Α - Β – Γ)

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Biomass is the fourth largest source of energy in the world after coal, petroleum and natural gas, providing about 14 per cent of the world’s primary energy consumption.* Biomass energy: by far the largest renewable energy source, representing 10.4 per cent of the world’s total primary energy supply or 77.4 per cent of global renewable energy supply. However, biomass energy represents only 1 per cent of the total fuel used for electricity production.

Biomass - Bioenergy - Biofuels

* A. Zobaa, R. Bansal; HANDBOOK OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY; World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.; 2011

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Biomass - Bioenergy - Biofuels Biomass production: Photosynthesis

The gross primary production of a plant or, in general, of an ecological system is the rate at which solar energy is assimilated, i.e. the total amount of energy produced by photosynthesis.

Bent Sørensen; Renewable Energy Its physics, engineering, use, environmental impacts, economy and planning aspects; Elsevier Academic press; 2004

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The general chemical model of biomass is Xi is number of constituents of species i. Dry biomass has the chemical formula:


* Ibrahim Dincer, Calin Zamfirescu; Sustainable energy systems and applications; Springer Science and Business Media.; 2011 6

Why to use Biomass for energy products*?

(1) A renewable, potentially sustainable and relatively environmentally friendly source of energy; (2) A huge array of diverse materials, frequently stereo-chemically defined, giving the user many new structural features to exploit; (3) Its increased use would extend the lifetime of diminishing crude oil supplies; (4) Negligible sulfur content and, therefore, not contribution to sulfur dioxide emissions that cause acid rain; (5) Its combustion produces less ash than coal combustion and the ash produced can be used as a soil additive on farms, etc.


* A. Zobaa, R. Bansal; HANDBOOK OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY; World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.; 2011 7

Why to use Biomass for energy products*?

(6) The combustion of agricultural and forestry residues and municipal solid

wastes for energy production is an effective use of waste products that reduces the significant problem of waste disposal, particularly in municipal areas;

(7) It is a domestic resource which is not subject to world price fluctuations or

the supply uncertainties as of imported fuels;

(8) It provides a clean, renewable energy source that could improve our environment, economy and energy securities;

(9) Its use could be a way to prevent more carbon dioxide production in the

atmosphere as it does not increase the atmospheric carbon dioxide level.



Biomass use for energy products, any drawbacks?*

Bioenergy projects can lead to both direct and indirect LUC. Direct LUC (dLUC) involves changes in land use on the site used for bioenergy feedstock production, such as the change from food or fibre production (including changes in crop rotation patterns, conversion of pasture land, and changes in forest management) or the conversion of natural ecosystems. Indirect LUC (iLUC) refers to the changes in land use that take place elsewhere as a consequence of the bioenergy project. For example, displaced food producers may re-establish their operations elsewhere by converting natural ecosystems to agricultural land, or due to macro-economic factors, the agriculture area may expand to compensate for the losses in food/fibre production caused by the bioenergy project.


* IEA; Biomass Feedstocks for Energy Markets; IEA BIOENERGY TASK 43. Ltd.; 2013 9

Biomass: Biological resources of agricultural origin

Farm residues; i.e. straw, leaves trimmings etc. Forest residues; i.e. branches, leaves, tops etc. Livestock wastes; i.e. manure etc. Dedicated energy crops; i.e. sugar beet, sweet sorghum, rape seed etc. Secondary residues from agro-industries; i.e. sugar beet pulp, olive kernel, etc. Secondary residues from forest-industries; i.e. residues from pulp and paper, wood mill residues etc, New generation of dedicated energy crops; i.e. micro and macro algae


From traditional production function of agro-systems to new residential, recreational and eco-friendly preservation functions.

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Biomass categorization: According to: Origin waste (forest vs agricultural vs industrial vs municipal) vs dedicated

crops

Major feedstock specification to be assessed for energy product generation Sugar vs starch vs lignocellulose vs lipids vs overall energy content

Water content High water content vs low water content


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“Bioenergy - Biofuels”: Thermochemical, biochemical

and other physico-chemical processes applied to

bioresources for the production of energy end-

uses/products: Thermal (Bio-Heat) Power (Bio-Electricity) Biofuels; Solid, i.e. pellets, charcoal; Liquid, i.e. bioethanol, biodiesel; or gaseous, i.e. biogas, Combination of the above energy products A new integration of agriculture and industry


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Biomass energy content*

Heating values range from 17.5 GJ per ton for various herbaceous crops

like wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse to about 20 GJ per ton for wood (dry weight basis). The corresponding values for bituminous coal and lignite are 30 GJ per ton and 20 GJ per ton respectively.

At the time of its harvest biomass contains considerable amount of moisture, ranging from 8 to 20 per cent for wheat straw, to 30 to 60 per cent for woods, to 75 to 90 per cent for animal manure. In contrast the moisture content of the most bituminous coals ranges from 2 to 12 per cent.

The energy densities for the biomass at the point of production are lower than those for coal.



Pathways from bioresource to the end products

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Pathways from bioresource to the end products

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Biomass conversion routes comparison* Energy analysis calculations have shown that combustion, pyrolytic, and gasification technologies are competitive in their energy conversion efficiencies with biotechnological production of fuel ethanol or biogas


* DAVID M. MOUSDALE; BIOFUELS Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Sustainable Development; CRC Press; 2008 16

Agro-energy districts: definition

“Districts”: Regions, Areas, Localities, Territories Emphasis on the local/regional dimension of the resources and their exploitation plan Activities avoiding the strategies of import/export Involvement of local community to the whole process, from the initial decision making process up to the distribution of the added value Smart specialization of each region depending on the available

resources, infrastructures, culture, previous know-how

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Technical specifications

Potential

Spatial distribution

Conversion technology options

End use

Agro-energy districts: The Pyramid

Type of biomass

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Equi-Agry: efficiency and equity trade off in European agroenergy districts

Foggia, June-July 2014

Using Bioresources

Sustainability Assessment:

Efficiency vs. Equity

EFFICIENCY: Technology, Economy

EQUITY: Society & Environment

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Biomass use for energy products, sustainability

challenges: *

1. Developing competitive feedstock supply and value chains, based on identification of appropriate feedstock and conversion technologies, including co-produced biobased products and their substitution for alternative products. 2. Quantifying the environmental and socio-economic of different bioenergy supply chains, including benefits of co-products. 3. Assessing the effects of adoption of sustainability risk mitigation techniques on feedstock availability and cost. 4. Developing governance of sustainable supply chains that provides sound operating conditions for participants along the supply chains, while addressing concerns about various risks associated with bioenergy. 5. As feedstock production is dependent on geographical factors, another layer of complexity is added as site-specific issues need to be reconciled within the context of global supply chains.


* IEA; Biomass Feedstocks for Energy Markets; IEA BIOENERGY TASK 43. Ltd.; 2013 20

* DAVID M. MOUSDALE; BIOFUELS Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Sustainable Development; CRC Press; 2008


Competition for the biomass resources

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Total biofuel chain definition

Biomass collection agro-forest residues

Biomass collection agro-forest industry residues

Biomass production for energy applications

Transportation Pretreatment Bio-refining

Biofuel production

Co-products

Local

pretreatm

ent

Storage

... Bio-H2

Bioresource Supply Chain Management

Equi-Agry: efficiency and equity trade off in European agroenergy districts, Foggia, June-July 2014 22

Approach

1. Security of Supply_ Feedstock: Estimation of Biomass potential in EU for

Fermentative Bio-Hydrogen Production 2. Security of Supply_ Logistics: State of the art in the modeling of biomass

logistic chains 3. Security of Supply_ “Biorefining”: Identification of the crucial parameters of a

potential biorefinery approach- handling by-products

Bioresource Supply Chain

Management


Identification of relevant crops, based on the current land use data The adoption of “biorefining” approach for these crops in order to identify the relevant biomass sources (main product, crop residues at farm, agro-industrial residues). Quantitative statistical data collection for agricultural and agro-industrial production for regions, countries and EU27. Assumptions for future land use (1/3 of fallow land to be utilized for energy crop production), agricultural production (10% of the current agricultural production to be utilized for Hydrogen production whenever this is technically feasible), for residue availability (100%) and bm2bh conversion efficiency (100 kg Hydrogen for every ton of Carbohydrate). Miscanthus (for Central and North EU27) and sweet sorghum (for South EU27) as potential future energy crops. The relative potential calculations were based on the available yield, carbohydrate and moisture content data for these two crops. Carbohydrate content of the potential feedstocks based on either experimental data or literature. Development of matrices where all the above are presented in a user friendly way

“Mapping the Landscape” of potential for EU biomass

Equi-Agry: efficiency and equity trade off in European agroenergy districts, Foggia, June-July 2014

Assumptions

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COST

SUSTAINABILITY TECHNICAL SUITABILITY

FEEDSTOCK SELECTION


BS

I

Biomass Cost (euro/GJ H2)

SUSTAINABLE

BUT UNFEASIBLE

UNFEASIBLE

AND

UNSUSTAINABLE

FEASIBLE BUT UNSUSTAINABLE

FEASIBLE AND SUSTAINABLE

Comparative Assessment and Selection of Feedstock: Performance

Maps


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• Το έργο «Ανοηθηά Αθαδεμαϊθά Μαζήμαηα Δ.Μ.Π.» έτε ι τρημαηοδοηήζει μόνο ηη αναδιαμόρθωζη ηοσ εκπαιδεσηικού σλικού.

• Το έργο σλοποιείηαι ζηο πλαίζι ο ηοσ Επιτει ρηζι ακού Προγράμμαηος «Εκπαίδεσζη και Δια Βίοσ Μάθηζη» και ζσγτρη μαηοδοηείηαι από ηην Εσρωπαϊκή Ένωζη (Εσρωπαϊκό Κοινωνικό Ταμείο) και από εθνικούς πόροσς.

[email protected] (for Central and North EU27) and sweet sorghum (for South EU27) as...

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